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ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
ignoring parameter: client.norc.org
ignoring parameter: jole
ignoring parameter: soleweb
ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.jstor.org
ignoring parameter: stable
ignoring parameter: 3270652
ignoring parameter: www.nber.org
ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.econ.yale.edu
ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 1991.
3501. |
Kraft, Joan Marie Coverdill, James E. |
Employment, Job Characteristics, and the Use of Birth Control by Sexually Active, Never-Married Black, Hispanic, and White Women Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Contraception; Hispanics; Occupational Status; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An investigation of ways that employment and job characteristics influence the use of birth control by sexually active, unmarried, Hispanic, black, and white women ages 17-28. Data from the 1982-1985 waves of the NLSY support the hypothesis that women who work, especially those in high-wage, high-status, and full-time jobs, will find premarital conceptions to be costlier than women who do not work and those in lesser jobs, and as a result, will be more likely to try to avoid a premarital conception through the use of birth control. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kraft, Joan Marie and James E. Coverdill. "Employment, Job Characteristics, and the Use of Birth Control by Sexually Active, Never-Married Black, Hispanic, and White Women." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1991. |
3502. |
Kramer, Amit |
Unions as Facilitators of Employment Rights: An Analysis of Individuals' Awareness of Parental Leave in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 47,4 (October 2008): 651-658. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00539.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Benefits; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study considers the role of unions and individual characteristics as facilitators of knowledge among employees concerning labor rights. Labor policy by itself is often meaningless without mechanisms that allow implementation of such policy. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), individuals that are entitled to parental leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act but are ignorant of their right were identified. Using longitudinal data from 1992 to 2002, we find that union members' knowledge regarding their rights is better than that of nonunion members. Other individual and work characteristics are also associated with knowledge regarding parental leave rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Amit. "Unions as Facilitators of Employment Rights: An Analysis of Individuals' Awareness of Parental Leave in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 47,4 (October 2008): 651-658.
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3503. |
Kramer, Amit Cho, Seonghee Gajendran, Ravi S. |
12-Year Longitudinal Study Linking Within-person Changes in Work and Family Transitions and Workplace Injury Risk Journal of Safety Research published online (17 September 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.08.009. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437520301055 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Size; Income; Injuries, Workplace; Work Hours/Schedule Introduction: Despite the rich tradition of research on predictors of workplace injury, most studies rely on cross-sectional, between-person designs. Furthermore, prior research has often overlooked the possibility that factors outside the work domain can influence the occurrence of actual injuries at work. To address these limitations, the current study examined the effects of work and family demands on the occurrence of workplace injury. Drawing on the intuition of the work-home resources model (W-HR), we investigated how within-person level changes in demands and resources from both domains influence work injuries over a 12-year period. Method: We used 12 years of longitudinal data (N = 7,820) to study the long-term within-person changes in work and family domains and to capture the event of low frequency incidence such as workplace injury. Specifically, we conducted multilevel analyses to study the links between within-person change in time and energy resources both in work and family domains and within-person change in the likelihood of experiencing a workplace injury. Results and conclusion: The findings showed that within-person changes in work hours, spousal work hours, income and number of children, were significantly associated with changes in the likelihood of experiencing a workplace injury. We conclude with a discussion of implications for theory and future research of workplace injuries. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Amit, Seonghee Cho and Ravi S. Gajendran. "12-Year Longitudinal Study Linking Within-person Changes in Work and Family Transitions and Workplace Injury Risk." Journal of Safety Research published online (17 September 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.08.009.
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3504. |
Kramer, Amit Chung, Wonjoon |
Work Demands, Family Demands, and BMI in Dual-earners Families: A 16-year Longitudinal Study Journal of Applied Psychology 100,5 (September 2015): 1632-1640. Also: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038634 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Children; Family Income; Family Size; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Work Hours/Schedule Many scholars assert that work and family demands are negatively related to individuals' long-term physical health, but few studies have explicitly examined this relationship. Among these exceptions, most have employed a cross-sectional design that is limited in its ability to establish causality. We use body mass index (BMI) that generally increases during one's lifetime as an indicator of physical health, and seek to explore the amount of control individuals may have on this seemingly inevitable progression. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we propose that an increase in demands--both in the work realm (e.g., the number of work hours) and in the family realm (e.g., the number of spouse work hours)--is likely to speed up the increase of BMI. Using a nationally representative sample of 4,264 individuals who were part of a dual-earner family between 1994 and 2010, we find that a within-person increase in weekly work hours, an increase in spouse weekly work hours, and an increase in the number of children are all related to a small within-person increase of the BMI growth trajectory. Within-person increase in work responsibility demands is related to a small within-person decrease in the BMI growth trajectory. We discuss implications of the relationships between work and family demands and long-term physical health. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Amit and Wonjoon Chung. "Work Demands, Family Demands, and BMI in Dual-earners Families: A 16-year Longitudinal Study." Journal of Applied Psychology 100,5 (September 2015): 1632-1640.
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3505. |
Kramer, Amit Son, Jooyeon |
Who Cares about the Health of Health Care Professionals? An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Working Time, Health, and Occupational Turnover Industrial Relations and Labor (IRL) Review 69,4 (August 2016): 939-960. Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/69/4/939 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Occupations; Work Hours/Schedule Health care workers are employed in a complex, stressful, and sometimes hazardous work environment. Studies of the health of health care workers tend to focus on estimating the effects of short-term health outcomes on employee attitudes and performance, which are easier to observe than long-term health outcomes. Research has paid only scant attention to work characteristics that are controlled by the employer and its employees, and their relationship to employees' long-term physical health and organizational outcomes. The authors use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) from 1992 to 2010 to estimate the relationships among working time, long-term physical health, job satisfaction, and turnover among health care employees. Using a between- and within-person design, they estimate how within-person changes in work characteristics affect the within-person growth trajectory of body mass index (BMI) over time and the relationship between working-time changes and physical health, and occupational turnover. The study finds that health care employees who work more hours suffer from a higher level of BMI and are more likely to leave their occupation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Amit and Jooyeon Son. "Who Cares about the Health of Health Care Professionals? An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Working Time, Health, and Occupational Turnover." Industrial Relations and Labor (IRL) Review 69,4 (August 2016): 939-960.
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3506. |
Kramer, Karen |
Environment and Genetic Influence on Job Satisfaction: Twin Analysis Using the NLSY M.A. Thesis, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Keyword(s): Genetics; Job Satisfaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen. Environment and Genetic Influence on Job Satisfaction: Twin Analysis Using the NLSY. M.A. Thesis, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, 2002. |
3507. |
Kramer, Karen Kramer, Amit |
At-Home Father Families in the United States: Gender Ideology, Human Capital, and Unemployment Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1315-1331. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12327/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Care; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fathers; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Human Capital; Unemployment The rising population of stay-at-home fathers is driven by economic conditions, human capital, and changing gender ideology. When unemployment rates increase, women become breadwinners in these families. The growing gender education gap is a crucial factor in spousal work and caregiving arrangements. The authors test these propositions by tracking individuals using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth and the Current Population Survey. They find that unemployment rates are associated with having both caregiving and unable-to-work stay-at-home father families and that the probability that households choose stay-at-home father arrangements is greater when mothers have more education than fathers. Finally, individual differences in gender ideology have strong effects on the probability that families choose a caregiving stay-at-home father family structure. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen and Amit Kramer. "At-Home Father Families in the United States: Gender Ideology, Human Capital, and Unemployment." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1315-1331.
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3508. |
Kramer, Karen Kramer, Amit Chung, Wonjoon |
Work Demands, Family Demands, and BMI: A Gendered Experience Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Employment; Gender Differences; Household Demand; Stress; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although many scholars believe that work and family demands are negatively related to individual’s long-term physical health only few studies have examined this relationship, mostly using cross-sectional designs. Drawing on gender roles theory the time availability perspective, we propose that the relationship between work demands, family demands, and health stronger for women than for men. Using a nationally representative sample of 4,297 individuals who were contentiously employed between 1994 and 2008 we find that work demands are related to both negative and positive effects on BMI and that working more hours raises women’s, but not men’s, BMI. We discuss theoretical implications of the relationships between work, family and physical health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen, Amit Kramer and Wonjoon Chung. "Work Demands, Family Demands, and BMI: A Gendered Experience." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012. |
3509. |
Kramer, Karen Pak, Sunjin |
Relative Earnings and Depressive Symptoms among Working Parents: Gender Differences in the Effect of Relative Income on Depressive Symptoms Sex Roles 78, 11-12 (June 2018): 744-759. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-017-0848-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Family Income; Fathers; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Modeling, Structural Equation; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between income and psychological well-being is well established. Yet, most of this research is conducted at the individual level without taking into account the role played by relative earnings at the couple level. In the present study we estimate the effect of share of family income on depressive symptoms of individuals. Specifically, we examine whether within-person change in the share of family income has differential effects on the level of depressive symptoms of mothers and fathers. Using data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79), we follow the same individuals over 4 years and analyze their data using a cross-lagged structural equation model. Controlling for net income, we find that an increase in one's share of family income is related to an increased level of depressive symptoms among mothers and a decreased level of depressive symptoms among fathers. When looking at a subsample of stay-at-home parents, we find that a change from providing some share of the family income to stay-at-home parent status over time is related to higher level of depressive symptoms among fathers but not mothers. Furthermore, we find that egalitarian gender ideology moderates this relationship for mothers but not for fathers. We discuss potential implications of our findings to the work-family and gender literature and to counselors and therapists who specialize in treating depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen and Sunjin Pak. "Relative Earnings and Depressive Symptoms among Working Parents: Gender Differences in the Effect of Relative Income on Depressive Symptoms." Sex Roles 78, 11-12 (June 2018): 744-759.
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3510. |
Kramer, Karen Pak, Sunjin |
Relative Earnings in Families and Depression Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between income and psychological well-being is well established. Yet almost all research on income and well-being is conducted at the individual level or household level, without taking into account the role played by relative earnings within the context of couples. In this study I estimate the effect of relative earnings of mothers and fathers on their depression levels over time. Specifically, I examine whether non-traditional division of paid labor (stay-at-home or secondary-earner father, and primary- or sole-earner mother) is associated with higher levels of depression than traditional division of paid labor (Primary- or sole-earner father, and stay-at-home or secondary-earner mother). Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79) I find support for the overarching hypothesis that non-traditional division of paid labor is associated with higher depression levels for both mothers and fathers. Furthermore, I find that gender ideology does not seem to moderate this relationship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen and Sunjin Pak. "Relative Earnings in Families and Depression." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
3511. |
Kramer, Karen Pak, Sunjin Park, So Young |
Paid Parental Leave Duration, Number of Children, and Income Growth: A Longitudinal Analysis Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Growth; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is a growing awareness in the literature that work-family policies, while allowing employees to better balance work and life outside work, may also result in penalties, or lower rewards for employees who use such policies. In this paper we explore this proposition by examining the effect of paid parental leave use on salary growth of men and women after the birth of their first and second child. In addition, we explore whether the age gap between the first and second child is related to salary growth over time. Using the commitment hypothesis model and the ideal workers norms framework, we hypothesize that parents will be penalized for having children, that they will be further penalized for using paid parental leave, and that men will be penalized more for taking leave. We use the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth for 1979 and 1997 to test our hypotheses with a sample of individuals who worked continuously (returned to work after taking their paid leave). We find that both men and women are penalized in term of their salary growth for having their first child, but only women are penalized for having a second child. Further, we find that taking parental leave results in a significant reduction in the slope of wage growth and that it takes women five to seven years to catch up with the salary growth of employees who did not take parental leave, while for men it takes almost 12 years to catch up. Age gap between children is not significantly related to salary growth. We conclude with implication to theory and future research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen, Sunjin Pak and So Young Park. "Paid Parental Leave Duration, Number of Children, and Income Growth: A Longitudinal Analysis." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
3512. |
Kranzler, John H. |
Commentary on Some of the Empirical and Theoretical Support for the Bell Curve School Psychology Review 24,1 (1995): 36-41 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of School Psychologists Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; g Factor; I.Q.; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Discusses 2 important components of the Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (R. J. Herrnstein and C. Murray, 1994). The 1st is the original empirical evidence presented by Herrnstein and Murray to demonstrate the central role of intelligence in American life. The 2nd is Spearman's g , the general factor underlying individual differences in all tests and performances involving cognitive ability. Although the results of Herrnstein and Murray's multiple regression analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cannot be easily dismissed, these data do not provide unequivocal support for their policy recommendations. Despite the fact that a considerable amount of contemporary research substantiates the importance of g as a psychological construct, educational and public policy should be based on more than psychometrics and statistics. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1995 American Psychological Association, all rights reserved) |
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Bibliography Citation
Kranzler, John H. "Commentary on Some of the Empirical and Theoretical Support for the Bell Curve." School Psychology Review 24,1 (1995): 36-41.
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3513. |
Krapp, Peter |
Age, IQ and Ability Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Cognitive Development; Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Ethnic Differences; Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Social Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The development of abilities, & of differences in cognitive abilities between racial & ethnic groups, has long been a contested topic both within sociology & between psychology & sociology. The recent publication of The Bell Curve (see IRPS No. 79/95c02104) has revived the social Darwinist interpretations of these differences according to which individual intelligence scores represent biologically inherited abilities. It also suggests that racial & ethnic differences in such scores represent genetic differences in cognitive ability. At the individual level of analysis, The Bell Curve found many social behaviors of interest to be more closely correlated with intelligence test scores of teenagers than with their socioeconomic status (SES). It compared measures of SES dominated by parents' education to 1980 measures of cognitive ability as predictors of 1980 behaviors. However, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth contains data on intelligence tests administered earlier. When test taking ability (intelligence) is measured by intelligence tests in high school, the differences between the effects of SES & test scores vanish. When earlier intelligence test scores are used, the effect of test scores vanishes altogether. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Krapp, Peter. "Age, IQ and Ability." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
3514. |
Krashinsky, Harry |
Do Marital Status and Computer Usage Really Change the Wage Structure? Journal of Human Resources 39,3 (Summer 2004): 774-791. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Marital Status; Skills; Wages This analysis uses several identification strategies and data sources to control for individual ability and determine the causal effect of marital status and computer usage on wages. Although data from the CPS, NLSY and a data set of identical twins show that there are large cross-sectional effects of these variables, new econometric specifications are applied to these data which indicate that marital status and computer usage are not important causal determinants of earnings, even after adjustments are made for measurement error and within-twin differences in ability. |
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Bibliography Citation
Krashinsky, Harry. "Do Marital Status and Computer Usage Really Change the Wage Structure?" Journal of Human Resources 39,3 (Summer 2004): 774-791.
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3515. |
Krashinsky, Harry |
Evidence on Adverse Selection and Establishment Size in the Labor Market Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,1 (October 2002): 84-96. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3270650 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Labor Market Demographics; Layoffs; Wage Effects A commonly suggested explanation for the finding that laid-off workers have greater mean post-displacement earnings losses than workers who lose their jobs through plant closings is that the former are of lower quality than the latter. But there is also an alternative explanation for this result: laid-off workers suffer larger earnings losses because, as a group, they have more to lose in the first place, having been displaced from larger, higher-wage establishments. An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth confirms this hypothesis. Accounting for establishment size removes virtually all of the difference in wage losses from the two groups of displaced workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Krashinsky, Harry. "Evidence on Adverse Selection and Establishment Size in the Labor Market." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56,1 (October 2002): 84-96.
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3516. |
Krashinsky, Harry |
Urban Agglomeration, Wages and Selection: Evidence from Samples of Siblings Labour Economics 18,1 (January 2011): 79-92. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537110000965#sec4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings; Urbanization/Urban Living; Wages The large and significant relationship between city population and wages has been well-established in the agglomeration literature, and the influence of selection effects on this wage premium is important. This paper contributes new evidence to the understanding of this premium by using two different data sets of siblings in order to estimate the agglomeration premium while controlling for unobserved heterogeneity with a family-specific fixed effect. The inclusion of a familial fixed effect into the regression framework makes the city size wage premium insignificant, and there is a large return to a variable representing the correlation between familial ability and residence in an urban area in all of the data sets used in the analysis. The results are discussed in the context of the existing literature, and they demonstrate the importance of family background and selection effects for interpreting the agglomeration premium, which is small in the fixed effects regression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Krashinsky, Harry. "Urban Agglomeration, Wages and Selection: Evidence from Samples of Siblings." Labour Economics 18,1 (January 2011): 79-92.
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3517. |
Kreipe, Richard |
Youth and Obesity Presented: Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, College of Human Ecology, Ecology of Obesity Conference, June 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: College of Human Ecology, Cornell University Keyword(s): Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Racial Differences; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Kreipe] noted that the top two public health issues of major concern to the nation are declining physical activity and increasing overweight or obesity, as outlined by Healthy People 2010, the national public health framework designed to identify the most significant health threats to Americans and to establish national goals to reduce those threats. Physical activity and overweight/obesity are also the World Health Organization's number one and two health indicators. There has been an "epidemic increase," Kreipe said, in overweight children, according to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, conducted over a 12-year period from 1986 to 1998. The study found that all racial groups experienced increasing rates of obesity. The study examined physical activity in 2,400 girls (half of them African American, half Caucasian), and found a decline in physical activity in 100 percent of African American girls and 56 percent of Caucasian girls. By the age of 16 and 17, there was no habitual leisure physical activity in 56 percent of African American girls and 31 percent of Caucasian girls. This is "very concerning to us all," Kreipe said. Kreipe pointed to several developmental issues that relate to adolescent obesity. First, while the onset of puberty has always been considered age 11 in most girls, now the average age for the onset of breast development in girls has dropped to age 8 or 9, which Kreipe attributes primarily to increased nutrition, although there may be other environmental causes as well. Second, obesity may change how adolescents grapple with autonomy: issues of self-control, readiness to change, and their relationships with parents and other authority figures. That is, being larger may give some adolescents a physical advantage over their peers and may make them more likely to challenge adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kreipe, Richard. "Youth and Obesity." Presented: Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, College of Human Ecology, Ecology of Obesity Conference, June 2005. |
3518. |
Kretsch, Natalie Harden, K. Paige |
Marriage, Divorce, and Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Sibling-Comparison Study Emerging Adulthood 2,2 (June 2014): 138-149. Also: http://eax.sagepub.com/content/2/2/138.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marital status is a robust predictor of alcohol consumption in young adulthood; however, the extent to which observed associations are due to socialization or selection processes is unclear. The current study examined associations between marital status and alcohol use, assessed in a sample of 5,150 young adults (ages 18–30) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. A longitudinal sibling-comparison design controlled for family-level environmental and genetic selection factors and for an individual’s premarital trajectory of alcohol use. Nested model comparisons tested whether gender and age moderated the effects of marriage and divorce. Controlling for selection factors, the transition into marriage predicted decreases in alcohol consumption, and this effect was consistent across gender and age. Divorce predicted increased consumption, particularly for men. Findings support a causal relationship between changes in marital status and alcohol use, rather than an association due to selection factors and suggest gender-specific changes in alcohol use following divorce. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kretsch, Natalie and K. Paige Harden. "Marriage, Divorce, and Alcohol Use in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Sibling-Comparison Study." Emerging Adulthood 2,2 (June 2014): 138-149.
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3519. |
Krisch, Joshua A. |
The Kids of Parents Who Smoke Marijuana Wind Up Vaping Weed Fatherly, October 8, 2018. Also: https://www.fatherly.com/health-science/weed-smoking-parents-marijuana-kids/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Fatherly Keyword(s): Drug Use; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. New research finds that children are more likely to start smoking marijuana when their mothers smoke, too. [News media article based on Sokol, Natasha A., Cassandra A. Okechukwu, Jarvis T. Chen, S.V. Subramanian and Vaughan W. Rees. "Maternal Cannabis Use During a Child's Lifetime Associated With Earlier Initiation." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55,5 (November 2018): 592-602] |
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Bibliography Citation
Krisch, Joshua A. "The Kids of Parents Who Smoke Marijuana Wind Up Vaping Weed." Fatherly, October 8, 2018. |
3520. |
Krishnan, Jayanthi |
Labor Quality Upgrading and Restrictive Hiring Practices in Union Workplaces Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Control; Firms; Job Turnover; Labor Supply; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Unions This dissertation is concerned with the issue of rationing of scarce union jobs. A number of alternative rationing devices are possible: a simple lottery, job queues and positive selection. The conjecture that unionized employers upgrade the quality of labor they hire (positive selection) appears frequently in the literature. This dissertation addresses two questions: (1) What is the impact of the locus of hiring control (employer or union) on quality upgrading in unionized jobs. (2) What determines the locus of union control. A model of hiring by unions is used to show that incumbent workers in a unionized firm would upgrade quality of new hires as long as they attach more value to their own rents than to the rents of newcomers. The hypothesis suggested by this analysis, that upgrading in union-controlled-hiring situations if less than or equal to that in employer-controlled-hiring situations, is tested using data from the NLSY. The results indicate that upgrading of labor quality does not differ across union-controlled and employer-controlled sectors. The effect of union power is ambiguous. These hypotheses are tested with interindustry data on the prevalence of the closed shop in 1946, the year before it was made illegal (Taft-Hartley Act) in 1979. The results strongly support the hypothesis that unions tend to control hiring in situations of high job turnover. |
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Bibliography Citation
Krishnan, Jayanthi. Labor Quality Upgrading and Restrictive Hiring Practices in Union Workplaces. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1990. |
3521. |
Kroeger, Sarah |
The Role of Gender in Income Mobility: Evidence from the NLSY79 Working Paper, Department of Economics, Boston University, October 2010. Also: http://people.bu.edu/skroeger/files/kroeger_mobility2010.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Boston University Keyword(s): Earnings; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies of intergenerational income mobility in the United States have focused primarily on the transmission of earnings from fathers to sons. However, thanks to the increase in female labor force participation during the last several decades and the collection of longitudinal, multi-generational data, it is now possible to include both mothers and daughters in this analysis. I estimate the total magnitude of the inter-generational elasticity of income, and provide a decomposition of this elasticity into paternal and maternal effects. Although the magnitude of the paternal effect is the larger, the maternal effect is significant. Roughly one fourth of intergenerational income transmission can be attributed to maternal earnings, and omitting maternal income biases the estimate of the effect of paternal income by over 20 percent. I used data from the National Longitudinal Study to estimate income elasticity with respect to parental earnings. In particular, my goal was to measure the difference in the degree of income mobility experienced by daughters versus sons, as well as the relevance of maternal earnings to income mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kroeger, Sarah. "The Role of Gender in Income Mobility: Evidence from the NLSY79." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Boston University, October 2010. |
3522. |
Kroeger, Sarah |
Why Has the College Gender Gap Expanded? In: Gender in the Labor Market: Research in Labor Economics 42. S.W. Polacheck et al., eds. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015: 159-203. Also: http://emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S0147-912120150000042005 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Graduates; Gender Differences; Noncognitive Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to estimate the changing returns to cognitive and non-cognitive skills with respect to college completion, and quantifies the extent to which gender differences in these skills are driving the college gender gap. The use of two distinct college graduation cohorts allows a dynamic analysis of the widening female advantage in college graduation. I decompose the increase in the college gender gap into three pertinent categories of measurable attributes: family background, cognitive skills, and non-cognitive skills (captured by school suspensions, behavioral problems, and legal infractions). A second decomposition is applied to the change in the gap between the two periods. The results show that roughly half of the observed college graduation gender gap in the NLSY97 is due to female advantages in observable characteristics, and roughly half is "unexplained": due to gender differences in the coefficients. With respect to the change in the gap, approximately 29% of the difference in differences is the "explained" component, attributed to changes in the relative characteristics of men and women. In particular, declining non-cognitive skills in men are associated with about 14% of the increase in the gender gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kroeger, Sarah. "Why Has the College Gender Gap Expanded?" In: Gender in the Labor Market: Research in Labor Economics 42. S.W. Polacheck et al., eds. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015: 159-203.
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3523. |
Kroeger, Sarah Thompson, Owen |
Educational Mobility across Three Generations of American Women Economics of Education Review 53 (August 2016): 72-86. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775716302552 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Grandchildren; Grandparents; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility We analyze the intergenerational transmission of education in a three-generation sample of women from the 20th century US. We find strong three-generation educational persistence, with the association between the education of grandmothers and their granddaughters approximately two times stronger than would be expected under the type of first-order autoregressive transmission structure that has been assumed in much of the existing two-generation mobility literature. These findings are robust to using alternative empirical specifications and sample constructions, and are successfully replicated in a second independently drawn data set. Analyses that include males in the youngest and oldest generations produce very similar estimates. A variety of potential mechanisms linking the educational outcomes of grandparents and grandchildren are discussed and where possible tested empirically. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kroeger, Sarah and Owen Thompson. "Educational Mobility across Three Generations of American Women." Economics of Education Review 53 (August 2016): 72-86.
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3524. |
Krupka, Douglas James |
Location-Specific Human Capital, Migration and Amenities Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childhood; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The role of amenities in the flow of migrants has been debated for some years. This paper advances an original model of amenities that work through household production instead of directly through the utility function. Area characteristics (amenities) affect the household production function, causing certain kinds of human capital investments to be rewarded more than others. Area heterogeneity makes such investments specific to certain areas, in that some areas' characteristics will reward certain kinds of knowledge more than others. This specificity, along with an assumed period of exogenous location (before migration can be carried out) increases the opportunity costs of moving and diminishes migration flows between dissimilar locations. The new theoretical results differ from the results of the standard model. Empirical tests of the model's predictions against the predictions of the standard model using the NLSY79 Geocode Data Files are carried out. The results support the hypothesis that childhood investments affect migration flows in the way proposed by the model. Implications for regional development efforts carried out by municipalities are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Krupka, Douglas James. Location-Specific Human Capital, Migration and Amenities. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2004. |
3525. |
Krupka, Douglas James Noonan, Douglas S. |
City Air and City Markets: Worker Productivity Gains across City Sizes International Regional Science Review 36,2 (April 2013): 183-206. Also: http://irx.sagepub.com/content/36/2/183.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Geocoded Data; Occupations; Urbanization/Urban Living; Wage Differentials; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Higher nominal wages in urban areas are well-documented phenomena which imply higher productivity of urban workers. Yankow and Wheeler show that these gains come through a variety of sources including static agglomeration economies and dynamic learning and matching efficiencies in cities. Yet, earlier articles offer little evidence of how the effects of learning and matching on urban wage differentials vary by city size. This article allows for the relative importance of these productivity advantages to differ according to the size of the city and finds significant differences between small, medium, and large cities. We find that learning efficiencies are most important in medium-sized cities, while a mix of learning and matching efficiencies are important in the largest and smallest cities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Krupka, Douglas James and Douglas S. Noonan. "City Air and City Markets: Worker Productivity Gains across City Sizes." International Regional Science Review 36,2 (April 2013): 183-206.
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3526. |
Kruse, Douglas L. |
Profit Sharing and the Demand for Low-Skill Workers In: Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers. R. Freeman and P. Gottschalk, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998: 105-153 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Rural Sociological Society Keyword(s): Benefits; Earnings; Educational Returns; Job Skills; Job Training; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Skilled Workers; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Difficulty in finding and keeping jobs is an important part of the earnings problems of low-skill workers. Profit sharing has been proposed as a means to increase demand for workers. To examine the potential role of profit sharing in the employment of low-skill workers, this study uses recent longitudinal data from young employees to examine: 1) the prevalence of profit sharing by personal and job characteristics, including the skill requirements of jobs; 2) its relationship to pay and other benefits; and 3) its association with the disposition of a job over a five-year period, focusing on the risk of layoff. Key findings are that profit sharing is more common among the highly-educated, and for jobs requiring more schooling, but is not generally associated with training requirements of jobs. Pay levels and other benefits are generally higher for profit-sharers and for those moving into profit-sharing jobs, but pay levels are equivalent between profit-sharers and non-sharers with equivalent benefits. Finally, profit sharing is associated with lower layoff risks for both existing jobs and new jobs, although the apparent lack of substitution with fixed pay raises the question of whether profit sharing is affecting labor demand as predicted by theory. The profit-sharing estimates do not appear to vary systematically with skill requirements of jobs, indicating that if current forms of profit sharing do increase demand for workers, they do so across all skill levels. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kruse, Douglas L. "Profit Sharing and the Demand for Low-Skill Workers" In: Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers. R. Freeman and P. Gottschalk, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998: 105-153
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3527. |
Kruse, Douglas L. Mahony, Douglas |
Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics NBER Working Paper No. 6479, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w6479 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Child Health; Child Labor; Children; Children, Well-Being; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Quality/Consistency; Illegal Activities; Labor Market, Secondary; Labor Supply; Work Hours/Schedule This study provides the first comprehensive estimates of children and youth working under conditions that violate federal and state child labor laws. Using the CPS, NLS, and other sources, it is estimated that 148,000 minors are employed illegally in an average week-working too many hours or in hazardous occupations-and 290,000 are employed illegally at some point during a year. The total number of hours worked illegally is about 113 million per year, for which these minors are paid over $560 million. Whites, males, and 1 15-year-olds are the most likely to be working in volation of child labor laws. Youths working illegally in hazardous jobs earn on average $ 1.38 per hour less than legal young adults in the same occupations, which combined with the savings from employing youths for excessive hours adds up to a total employer cost savings of roughly $155 million per year. In addition to raising important policy concerns about the health and well-being of these youths, the findings make a case for the development of high-quality employment data on children and youths, to improve estimates of illegal employment and study its effects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kruse, Douglas L. and Douglas Mahony. "Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics." NBER Working Paper No. 6479, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. |
3528. |
Kruse, Douglas L. Mahony, Douglas |
Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54,1 (October 2000): 17-40. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696030 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Child Labor; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Illegal Activities; Occupations; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages, Youth; Work Hours/Schedule Using the Current Population Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey, and other sources, the authors provide the first comprehensive estimates of the number of minors working in violation of federal and state child labor laws (working excessive hours or in hazardous occupations), their characteristics, their wages, and trends in illegal child labor. Although illegal employment of 15-17-year-olds has declined since the 1970s, some 154,000 minors are employed illegally in an average week, and 301,000 in a year. Illegal work hours total about 110 million per year. Whites, males, and 15-year-olds are the most likely to be working in violation of child labor laws. Youths working illegally in hazardous jobs earn, on average, $1.38 per hour less than legal young adults in the same occupations, which, combined with savings from employing youths for excessive hours, adds up to employer cost savings of roughly $136 million per year. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kruse, Douglas L. and Douglas Mahony. "Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54,1 (October 2000): 17-40.
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3529. |
Kruttschnitt, Candace McLeod, Jane D. Dornfeld, Maude |
Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children? Working Paper No. 91-4, Life Course Center, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: University of Minnesota Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Drug Use; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences This study examines the interrelationships among social locations, parenting and antisocial behavior for both black and white children. Based on previous theoretical formulations, the authors hypothesized that the effects of social locations on children's antisocial behavior would be mediated by parenting processes and would vary by racial group. Despite minor race differences in the processes linking social locations to antisocial behavior, the general structure of these processes are quite similar for blacks and whites. Specifically, among children of both races, parenting behaviors offer a nearly complete explanation for the higher levels of antisocial behavior observed among poor children. Similar results do not appear for the other social locations that were examined. Parenting behaviors explained relatively little of the relationship between marital disruptions and antisocial behavior and maternal deviance and antisocial behavior, regardless of race. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kruttschnitt, Candace, Jane D. McLeod and Maude Dornfeld. "Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children?" Working Paper No. 91-4, Life Course Center, Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 1991. |
3530. |
Kudlyak, Marianna |
How Cyclical Is the User Cost of Labor? The Journal of Economic Perspectives 38,2 (Spring 2024): 159-180. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27301890 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Employment; Employment Tenure; Hiring Process; Labor Demand; Labor Economics; Labor Market; Labor User Cost; Wages; Wages, Starting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In employment relationships, a wage is an installment payment on an implicit long-term agreement between a worker and a firm. The price of labor that impacts firm's hiring decisions, instead, reflects the hiring wage as well as the impact of economic conditions at the time of hiring on future wages. Measured by the labor's user cost, the price of labor is substantially more pro-cyclical than the new-hire wage or the average wage. The strong procyclicality of the price of labor calls for other forces for cyclical labor demand to explain employment fluctuations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kudlyak, Marianna. "How Cyclical Is the User Cost of Labor?" The Journal of Economic Perspectives 38,2 (Spring 2024): 159-180.
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3531. |
Kudlyak, Marianna |
The Cyclicality of the User Cost of Labor Journal of Monetary Economics 68 (November 2014): 53-67. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393214001135 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Firms; Labor Supply; Modeling; Wages The user cost of labor is the expected difference between the present discounted value of wages paid to a worker hired in the current period and that paid to a worker hired in the next period. Analogously to the price of any long-term asset, the user cost, not wage, is the relevant price for a firm that is considering adding a worker. I construct its counterpart in the data and estimate that it is substantially more procyclical than average wages or wages of newly-hired workers. I demonstrate an application of the finding using the textbook search and matching model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kudlyak, Marianna. "The Cyclicality of the User Cost of Labor." Journal of Monetary Economics 68 (November 2014): 53-67.
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3532. |
Kugler, Adriana D. |
Employee Referrals and Efficiency Wages Labour Economics 10,5 (October 2003): 531-557. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537103000472 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Modeling, Mixed Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Wage Differentials; Wage Models Many workers believe personal contacts are crucial for obtaining jobs in high-wage sectors. On the other hand, firms in high-wage sectors report using employee referrals to screen and monitor new employees. This paper develops a matching model that can explain the link between inter-industry wage differentials and employee referrals. Referrals lower monitoring costs because high-effort referees can exert peer pressure on co-workers, allowing firms to pay lower efficiency wages. On the other hand, informal search provides fewer contacts than formal methods. In equilibrium, referrals match high-paying jobs to well-connected workers, while formal methods match less-attractive jobs to less-connected workers. Industry-level data show a positive correlation between industry wage premiums and employee referrals. Moreover, evidence using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) shows similar OLS and fixed-effects estimates of the 'returns' to employee referrals, but insignificant effects after controlling for sector of employment. This evidence is more consistent with an efficiency wage explanation than either an ability or matching explanation of referrals. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kugler, Adriana D. "Employee Referrals and Efficiency Wages." Labour Economics 10,5 (October 2003): 531-557.
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3533. |
Kugler, Adriana D. Saint-Paul, Gilles |
How Do Firing Costs Affect Worker Flows in a World with Adverse Selection? Journal of Labor Economics 22,3 (July 2004): 553-585. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/383107 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Layoffs; Modeling; Re-employment; Unemployment; Unions This article provides theoretical and empirical analyses of a firing costs model with adverse selection. Our theory suggests that, as firing costs increase, firms increasingly prefer hiring employed workers, who are less likely to be lemons. Estimates of re-employment probabilities from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth support this prediction. Unjust-dismissal provisions in U.S. states reduce the re-employment probabilities of unemployed workers relative to employed workers. Consistent with a lemons story, the relative effects of unjust-dismissal provisions on the unemployed are generally smaller for union workers and those who lost their previous jobs due to the end of a contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Kugler, Adriana D. and Gilles Saint-Paul. "How Do Firing Costs Affect Worker Flows in a World with Adverse Selection?" Journal of Labor Economics 22,3 (July 2004): 553-585.
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3534. |
Kuhfeld, Megan Gershoff, Elizabeth Thompson Paschall, Katherine W. |
The Development of Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Achievement Gaps during the School Years Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 57 (July-August 2018): 62-73. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019339731730343X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Ethnic Differences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Although a large body of research has documented racial/ethnic gaps in academic achievement at school entry, less is known about the interaction between race and poverty as achievement gaps develop. This study examined developmental trends in academic achievement gaps between poverty and race/ethnicity groups from school entry to middle school using two large longitudinal data sets. We used time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) to estimate how the associations among race/ethnicity, poverty status, and math and reading achievement vary across continuous age from age 5 to age 15. Poor White students consistently outperformed poor Black and poor Hispanic students, with gaps widening around ages 7-8. Furthermore, we found that within-group variation increased across time, which indicated that a standardized difference in later grades translates to a larger difference in knowledge in later grades. The results highlight the importance of studying race and poverty in interaction when measuring achievement gaps. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kuhfeld, Megan, Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff and Katherine W. Paschall. "The Development of Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Achievement Gaps during the School Years." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 57 (July-August 2018): 62-73.
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3535. |
Kühhirt, Michael Klein, Markus Demirer, Ibrahim |
Children’s Academic Achievement and Behavior Problems at the Intersection of Gender and Family Environment American Sociological Association published online (12 October 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231199395 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Academic Development; Behavior; Behavioral Problems; Children; Children, Academic Development; Families, Single-Parent; Family Environment; Family Structure; Gender; Mothers; Mothers, Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article investigates whether gender differences in children's math, reading, and behavior problems vary across mothers' education and family structure. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth-Children and Young Adults (N > 6,200; age range = 5–14; 51 percent female; 30 percent Black, 20 percent Hispanic, and 50 percent other ethnic backgrounds), we hypothesized that boys growing up with less educated mothers and in single-parent families may lag behind girls more significantly in reading and behavior problems. They may be less ahead in math than their peers from more advantaged backgrounds. Our findings demonstrate this heterogeneity of gender differences by maternal education but not by family structure. This may indicate that cultural norms associated with gender play a significant role in explaining the observed heterogeneity across family circumstances. We replicated these findings for academic achievement using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class 1998-1999. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kühhirt, Michael, Markus Klein and Ibrahim Demirer. "Children’s Academic Achievement and Behavior Problems at the Intersection of Gender and Family Environment." American Sociological Association published online (12 October 2023).
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3536. |
Kuhnen, Camelia M. Melzer, Brian |
Noncognitive Abilities and Financial Delinquency: The Role of Self‐Efficacy in Avoiding Financial Distress Journal of Finance 73,6 (December 2018): 2837-2869. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jofi.12724 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Noncognitive Skills; Pearlin Mastery Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate a novel determinant of financial distress, namely, individuals' self‐efficacy, or belief that their actions can influence the future. Individuals with high self‐efficacy are more likely to take precautions that mitigate adverse financial shocks. They are subsequently less likely to default on their debt and bill payments, especially after experiencing negative shocks such as job loss or illness. Thus, noncognitive abilities are an important determinant of financial fragility and subjective expectations are an important factor in household financial decisions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved |
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Bibliography Citation
Kuhnen, Camelia M. and Brian Melzer. "Noncognitive Abilities and Financial Delinquency: The Role of Self‐Efficacy in Avoiding Financial Distress." Journal of Finance 73,6 (December 2018): 2837-2869.
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3537. |
Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon Heflin, Colleen M. |
Unemployment Compensation's Effect on Early Childhood Development Presented: Baltimore MD, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Research Conference, November 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Unemployment Compensation; Unemployment Insurance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. PURPOSE: Unemployment spells are associated with substantive long-lasting reductions in future earnings and negative mental health status outcomes. The negative effects of unemployment also extend to intergenerational transfers such that parental job displacement, especially of fathers, is correlated with children's lower annual earnings, lower educational achievement, grade retention, and high school completion. Despite ample evidence demonstrating a link between parental unemployment spells and negative child outcomes, there is very little research that explores the role of unemployment insurance (UI) in alleviating these negative intergenerational transfers. DATA: In this study, we will analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) and Children of the NLSY79. The NLSY79 is a panel survey of 12,686 men and women who were 14-21 years old in 1978 and is designed to gather detailed data about employment, education/training, income, fertility, and family characteristics. The data are nationally representative of people living in the United States in 1978. The Children of the NLSY79 is a supplemental survey of all children born to the 6,283 women in the original sample. The supplemental survey provides data on the cognitive development of the children born to these mothers. METHODS: We use a lagged dependent variables approach to model the relationship between early childhood cognitive scores and unemployment insurance receipt. It is possible that parental characteristics associated with employment termination and layoffs are also correlated with child cognitive outcomes. To minimize this selection bias threat, our sample includes only those families who faced an unanticipated firm closure. Our baseline models control for as many measurable characteristics as possible that might differ between short-term and long-term UI participants and be related to child outcomes. However, endogeneity is still a substantial problem because those who leave UI may be systematically different from those who experience prolonged exposure to UI in unmeasured ways that are correlated with child outcomes. To further reduce the possibility of selection bias, we use a family fixed effects model that compares siblings' outcomes when UI was received to those when UI was not received. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: This research can inform public policy in important ways. UI has often been criticized for creating disincentives to find work. However, one very good reason for states to provide UI to displaced workers is to minimize the negative effects of unemployment spells that might be associated with reduced income levels. Currently, very little is known about the effects of parental UI receipt on children's cognitive or behavioral outcomes. This study seeks to address this area of need in the research base, given the current focus and multiple expansions of UI eligibility across the states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon and Colleen M. Heflin. "Unemployment Compensation's Effect on Early Childhood Development." Presented: Baltimore MD, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Research Conference, November 2012. |
3538. |
Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon Heflin, Colleen M. |
Unemployment Insurance Effects on Child Academic Outcomes: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children and Youth Services Review 47,3 (December 2014): 246-252. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914003430 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Unemployment Insurance Despite evidence linking parental unemployment spells and negative child outcomes, there is very little research that explores how participation in the Unemployment Insurance (UI) Program could buffer these effects. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) and Children of the NLSY79 data, we estimate a series of fixed effects and instrumental variables models to estimate the relationship between UI participation and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (math and reading comprehension). Once we control for the non-random selection process into UI participation, our results suggest a positive relationship between UI participation and PIAT math scores. None of the models suggests a negative influence of UI participation on child outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon and Colleen M. Heflin. "Unemployment Insurance Effects on Child Academic Outcomes: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Children and Youth Services Review 47,3 (December 2014): 246-252.
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3539. |
Kum, Jae Ho |
Dynamic Search of Non-employed Individuals Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Underemployment; Wages, Reservation In this dissertation the factors causing individuals to choose among non-employment states that is among different methods of search including being out-of-the labor force are addressed. And the effects of these choices on the search outcomes of non-employed individuals are analyzed. For these purposes an estimable discrete-time dynamic stochastic model of search method choice is developed. The model is estimated using data from the 1986 and 1987 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohorts (NLSY). Estimation is carried out separately by race. The estimates reveal that search costs are decreasing as job seekers accumulate search experience. Also it is found that blacks have higher search costs than do whites and that formal search methods are most costly. Simulation results are in agreement with the predictions of standard search theory: lowering search costs increases the reservation wage and extends the anticipated period of search. Tests of whether or not search and out-of-the labor force are distinct states lead to ambiguous results. While job offer probabilities and accepted wages appear to be the same, exit rates into employment differ between them. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kum, Jae Ho. Dynamic Search of Non-employed Individuals. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1992. |
3540. |
Kumazawa, Risa |
Educational Attainment: The Effects of Socioeconomic Differences Honors Project Paper 49, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1994. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/49 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Studies; Poverty; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Educational attainment is a topic that has been discussed in both economics and sociology. Economic research has focused on the importance of socioeconomic factors, mainly race/ ethnic origins and poverty status (Wolfe, 1973; Hoffman, 1987; Krein & Beller, 1988; Kominski, 1990; Courtless, 1991). Research in sociology has also dealt with other important factors such as attitudes and influences of significant others (Sewell, 1971; Featherman, 1972; Hauser, 1973; Featherman, 1980; Velez, 1986). Little has been done to incorporate both types of research.While sociological research took important factors into account such as attitudes, many of the initial models were constructed for studying whites. My research will predict educational attainment more accurately by integrating the models from both areas. It also tests to determine if the model predicts differently for four prominent population groups--whites, blacks, Hispanics and Asians. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kumazawa, Risa. "Educational Attainment: The Effects of Socioeconomic Differences." Honors Project Paper 49, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1994. |
3541. |
Kumazawa, Risa |
Effects of Heterogeneity in Marital Status on Welfare Participation Working Paper, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, April 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Geocoded Data; Heterogeneity; Marital Status; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Probit; Racial Studies; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the heterogeneity of unmarried mothers who participate on welfare, which is predicted to be correlated with the welfare generosity of the states of residence. Two econometric methods for dealing with heterogeneity are introduced. The first uses observed marital status variables while the second uses predicted hazard rates of marriage from the Cox proportional hazard model constructed from marital histories of the women. The pooled probit welfare participation regressions use these measures of heterogeneity in marital status to control for unobservable differences among women in the sample. The results suggest that predicted hazard rates of marriage are highly correlated with race and ethnicity variables, making minority women no different from white women in their welfare proneness once their arriageability is controlled for. In addition, divorced women with higher marriage prospects are more likely to participate on welfare, suggesting that they consider marriage and welfare to be substitutes.... The data used for this study is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) with supplementary geocode data that indicate where the respondent lived each year. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kumazawa, Risa. "Effects of Heterogeneity in Marital Status on Welfare Participation." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, April 2003. |
3542. |
Kumazawa, Risa |
Essays on Behavioral Responses to Welfare Generosity Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Marital Disruption; Migration; State Welfare; Welfare; Women; Women's Studies This research investigates the effects of women's behavioral responses to welfare generosity in the United States during the years prior to the welfare reform. While policy makers argued that welfare-induced migration and marital breakups were likely to promote subsequent dependence on welfare in more generous states, the literature continued to show insignificant behavioral responses to differential state benefit levels. Despite such results, the welfare reform of 1996 was designed to reduce the disincentive effects of the welfare system. Chapter 1 introduces an alternative measure of welfare generosity that sheds light on the insignificant results of previous literature. The "replacement ratio" measures how much of each state's welfare benefit levels can be replaced by typical wages of a homogenous group of workers. This measure is an improvement over the conventional measure that only indexes benefits to the Consumer Price Index as there are significant cost-of-living differences across states and over time. In subsequent chapters, the replacement ratio is used as an alternative measure of welfare generosity to show greater behavioral responses due to its greater interstate and inter-temporal dispersion. Chapter 2 investigates whether women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who have a higher propensity to migrate to a more generous state are at-risk of becoming welfare dependent over the long term. Unlike the previous studies that did not link the two behavioral responses, this paper finds that there is a direct link between welfare migration propensities and welfare duration, if a sample of welfare eligible women are considered. The results support the action of policy makers to introduced time limits, despite a lack of strong empirical evidence that linked welfare dependence to welfare migration propensities. Chapter 3 studies how heterogeneity of marital status affects welfare participation. While years since divorce does not matter, the predicted hazard rates of first and second marriages are correlated with the race/ethnicity variables and affect welfare participation by reducing the significance of these observable differences across women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kumazawa, Risa. Essays on Behavioral Responses to Welfare Generosity. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2002. |
3543. |
Kunz, James Peter |
Welfare and Poverty: Pathways to Adult Economic Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Educational Attainment; Fatherhood; Labor Market Outcomes; Mothers, Adolescent; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenthood; Parents, Single; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Welfare Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience youth cohort, the educational and labor market outcomes of young men in the United States were examined, with emphasis on adolescent fathers. Adolescent fathers complete fewer years of education and are less likely to finish high school compared to adult fathers. As a result of federal welfare reform legislation passed in 1996, states are required to impose lifetime limits on federal welfare benefits to low-income families and are allowed to prohibit benefits to unmarried teenagers. Both provisions have been justified as being in the long-run economic interest of children and teenagers. Proponents of lifetime limits argue that children from welfare families become caught up in a "cycle of dependency" and, as a result, work less, earn less, and become more likely to be on welfare themselves when they become adults. Those who would prohibit assistance to unmarried teenagers argue that these women also compare unfavorably as adults to women who wait until they are married or in their twenties to have children. While it may well be true that both children from welfare families and unmarried teenagers fare more poorly as adults, the pathways by which these results obtain are much less understood. This dissertation explores some of the path ways from poverty, welfare, and single teen motherhood to poor adult outcomes. First, an overview of the theoretical perspectives that have been brought to bear on the intergenerational effects of the Aid to Dependent Families with Children (AFDC) is presented and recent studies of these effects are critiqued. This review finds scant theoretical justification, in either the economic, sociological, or psychological literature, for the belief that welfare, in and of itself, causes poor adult outcomes and concludes that it is difficult to separate the effects of welfare from the effects of poverty. Following this review, two empirical studies examine commonly cited pathways to poor adult outcomes. The first study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and finds that family welfare receipt during childhood has little effect on measured self-esteem during early adolescence. The second study uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to look at the impact of single teen motherhood on later economic outcomes and finds that controlling for unmeasured family background reduces, but does not eliminate, these negative effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that the long-run benefits of placing time limits on welfare and prohibiting aid to teenagers are likely to be overstated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kunz, James Peter. Welfare and Poverty: Pathways to Adult Economic Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, 1997. |
3544. |
Kunze, Astrid Troske, Kenneth R. |
Gender Differences in Job Search among Young Workers: A Study Using Displaced Workers in the United States Southern Economic Journal 82,1 (July 2015): 185-207. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4284/0038-4038-2012.239/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Gender Differences; Job Search; Job Tenure; Wages This article investigates gender differences in job search, job tenure, and wages, whether these differences vary over the early part of the life-cycle, and whether they are associated with fertility decisions. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths on highly attached displaced workers aged 20 to 45, we find that 20- to 29-year old women and women older than 40 experience longer spells of displacement than comparable men, but that time to a new job is similar by gender for those between 30 and 39 years of age. The age pattern in male-female wage differences in the post-displacement job is similar, with the largest differences occurring at ages 20 to 29 and over 40. We find no gender differences in tenure in the post-displacement job. We interpret the differences for the younger ages to be related to fertility and we provide evidence that supports this view. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kunze, Astrid and Kenneth R. Troske. "Gender Differences in Job Search among Young Workers: A Study Using Displaced Workers in the United States." Southern Economic Journal 82,1 (July 2015): 185-207.
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3545. |
Kupermintz, Haggai |
The Bell Curve: Corrected for Skew Education Policy Analysis Archives 4,20 (December 1996). Also: http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v4n20.html#1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Education Policy Analysis Archives Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Ethnic Differences; I.Q.; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Education Policy Analysis Archives is a peer-reviewed scholarly electronic journal. This commentary documents serious pitfalls in the statistical analyses and the interpretation of empirical evidence presented in The Bell Curve. Most importantly, the role of education is re-evaluated and it is shown how, by neglecting it, The Bell Curve grossly overstates the case for IQ as a dominant determinant of social success. The commentary calls attention to important features of logistic regression coefficients, discusses sampling and measurement uncertainties of estimates based on observational sample data, and points to substantial limitations in interpreting regression coefficients of correlated variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kupermintz, Haggai. "The Bell Curve: Corrected for Skew." Education Policy Analysis Archives 4,20 (December 1996).
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3546. |
Kurahashi, Michiko |
Internal Labor Markets and Occupational Sex Segregation: An Event History Analysis of Gender Differences in Job and Upward Wage Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Mobility; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Wages; Work Histories This study investigates the effects of internal labor markets and occupational sex segregation on gender differences in the rates of job and upward wage mobility. Past research has identified two types of mobility barriers--one between internal and external labor markets and the other between male-typed and female-typed occupations--as key elements contributing to the persistence of gender gaps in job rewards. Past discussion has focused on the independent effects of these mobility barriers on job outcomes and failed to examine the ways in which they overlap and form boundaries that disadvantage women in the workplace. The author conceptualizes labor market boundaries based on the assumption that there is additional occupational segregation by gender within internal and external labor markets. Informed by the concepts of internal labor markets and occupational sex segregation, the author examines several hypotheses concerning gender and labor market differences in the rates of job and upward wage mobility. Using job history data and event history analytic techniques, the author specifies and estimates a series of models. The data are drawn from the NLSY 1979-85, a large survey of young men and women 14 to 28 years old. The results indicate that: (1) labor market arrangements and occupational sex segregation function as barriers that restrict mobility among different sets of positions in the labor market; and (2) gender differences in the labor market positions young women and men occupy explain some differences in job and upward wage mobility. However, the findings show that individuals who move between female-typed occupations within the internal labor market have higher rates of upward shifts in wages than those who change jobs between male-dominated occupations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kurahashi, Michiko. Internal Labor Markets and Occupational Sex Segregation: An Event History Analysis of Gender Differences in Job and Upward Wage Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1990. |
3547. |
Kurz, Brenda Jo |
Impact of Adolescent Illegitimacy on Academic Achievement: An Analysis Within Racial and Socio-Economic Status Groups Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Mothers; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The purpose of the study is to evaluate the relationship between adolescent illegitimacy and academic achievement within specific race and socio-economic status (SES) groups. The primary hypothesis is that among the very low- SES blacks, the effect of adolescent illegitimacy on achievement is negligible. For other race-SES groups, the effect is expected to be adverse. The magnitude of the effect is postulated to be greater for whites than blacks and to increase for both whites and blacks with SES. Data from the NLSY were used to test the hypotheses. Proportional hazards analyses were conducted. A second objective of the study was the development of prognostic models for adolescent illegitimacy. The effect of adolescent illegitimacy on the academic achievement of the young mother was found to differ among the various race-SES specific groups. No effect was detected among the high-low SES blacks whereas an adverse effect was observed among all other groups. The power of some of the analyses was low. However, the consistency of the patterns generated by the analyses of interest and the supplementary analyses support the findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kurz, Brenda Jo. Impact of Adolescent Illegitimacy on Academic Achievement: An Analysis Within Racial and Socio-Economic Status Groups. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1986. |
3548. |
Kuziemko, Ilyana Pan, Jessica Shen, Jenny Washington, Ebonya |
The Mommy Effect: Do Women Anticipate the Employment Effects of Motherhood? NBER Working Paper No. 24740, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. Also: http://nber.org/papers/w24740 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Penalty/Career Penalty After decades of convergence, the gender gap in employment outcomes has recently plateaued in many rich countries, despite the fact that women have increased their investment in human capital over this period. We propose a hypothesis to reconcile these two trends: that when they are making key human capital decisions, women in modern cohorts underestimate the impact of motherhood on their future labor supply. Using an event-study framework, we show substantial and persistent employment effects of motherhood in U.K. and U.S. data. We then provide evidence that women do not anticipate these effects. Upon becoming parents, women (and especially more educated women) adopt more negative views toward female employment (e.g., they are more likely to say that women working hurts family life), suggesting that motherhood serves as an information shock to their beliefs. Women on average (and, again, more educated women in particular) report that parenthood is harder than they expected. We then look at longer horizons--are young women's expectations about future labor supply correct when they make their key educational decisions? In fact, female high school seniors are increasingly and substantially overestimating the likelihood they will be in the labor market in their thirties, a sharp reversal from previous cohorts who substantially underestimated their future labor supply. Finally, we specify a model of women's choice of educational investment in the face of uncertain employment costs of motherhood, which demonstrates that our results can be reconciled only if these costs increased unexpectedly across generations. We end by documenting a collage of empirical evidence consistent with such a trend. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kuziemko, Ilyana, Jessica Pan, Jenny Shen and Ebonya Washington. "The Mommy Effect: Do Women Anticipate the Employment Effects of Motherhood?" NBER Working Paper No. 24740, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. |
3549. |
Kwon, Dohyoung |
Essays on Inequality and Human Capital Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2015. Also: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1670/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Iowa Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Educational Returns; Human Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contributes to the current understanding of human capital and its importance for earnings inequality and taxation. Human capital is typically defined as the stock of knowledge or skills acquired through education and working experience. The first chapter analyzes student borrowing behaviors in postsecondary education in the United States, the second chapter studies cross-country differences in earnings inequality within an endogenous growth model of human capital accumulation, and the third chapter examines the impact of endogenous human capital formations over a life-cycle on optimal fiscal policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kwon, Dohyoung. Essays on Inequality and Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2015.. |
3550. |
Kwon, Eunsun Park, Sojung Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Na Youn |
Multiple Pathways Linking Early Socioeconomic Circumstances and Depressive Symptoms in Late Middle Age in the U.S. Aging and Mental Health published online (21 July 2021): DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1951659. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13607863.2021.1951659 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Health, Chronic Conditions; Life Course; Marital Instability; Modeling, Structural Equation; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Socioeconomic Background; Unemployment; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Method: Drawing from the social pathway model, this study expands the life course literature by utilizing data collected over 35 years from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort, spanning four life course phases (childhood, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late-middle adulthood). Through structural equation analyses with a phantom model, we estimated depressive symptoms in late middle age as a result of pathway effects starting with childhood socio-economic status (SES) which effect young adulthood and middle adulthood. The multi-pathway life course model includes three potential mediators of middle adulthood: health risk behaviors, social activity, and negative life events. Results: We found limited support for a direct effect of childhood SES disadvantage on depressive symptoms in middle age. Instead, much of the effects of childhood SES on later-year depressive symptoms appear to be mediated by SES in young adulthood. Further, the long-term pathway is mediated through the influence of health risk behaviors and negative life events in middle adulthood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kwon, Eunsun, Sojung Park, Hyunjoo Lee and Na Youn Lee. "Multiple Pathways Linking Early Socioeconomic Circumstances and Depressive Symptoms in Late Middle Age in the U.S." Aging and Mental Health published online (21 July 2021): DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1951659.
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3551. |
Kwon, Seok-Woo Ruef, Martin |
The Imprint of Labor Markets on Entrepreneurial Performance Journal of Business Venturing 32,6 (November 2017): 611-626. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902616302464 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Census of Population; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Entrepreneurship; Geocoded Data; Labor Market Demographics; Unemployment Rate, Regional Using the 1979-2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, our study tracks the earnings of individual entrepreneurs from the beginning of their entrepreneurial careers, examining the effects of labor markets on their earnings trajectory. Results show that apart from self-selection, labor markets impose a penalty on the initial earnings of entrepreneurs who start a business in adverse economic conditions, a disadvantage that persists for up to a decade. We also identify two factors expected to alleviate the imprinting effect of labor markets: migration outside the imprinting environment and serial entrepreneurship. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kwon, Seok-Woo and Martin Ruef. "The Imprint of Labor Markets on Entrepreneurial Performance." Journal of Business Venturing 32,6 (November 2017): 611-626.
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3552. |
La Taillade, Jaslean J. Hofferth, Sandra L. Wight, Vanessa R. |
Consequences of Fatherhood for Young Men’s Relationships with Partners and Parents Research in Human Development 7,2 (2010): 103-122. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15427609.2010.481531 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Family Process Measures; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Household Structure; Marital Conflict; Parent-Child Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examined how the onset and timing of the transition to fatherhood affects the type and quality of young men’s relationships with partners and parents. Data are drawn from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Young Adult Survey and included young men (ages 18–31 years old in 2006) who varied on residential status with their children and timing of fatherhood (N = 1,931). Results indicated the effects of fatherhood varied across types of fathers, with residential fathers more likely to be in a committed but less satisfactory relationship regardless of timing of fatherhood. Nonresidential fathers were more likely to have close relationships with their mothers and fathers, but findings varied by timing of fatherhood and gender of parent. Implications of these findings are framed in terms of young men’s developmental readiness for multiple demands of first-time fatherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
La Taillade, Jaslean J., Sandra L. Hofferth and Vanessa R. Wight. "Consequences of Fatherhood for Young Men’s Relationships with Partners and Parents." Research in Human Development 7,2 (2010): 103-122.
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3553. |
Lach, Jennifer |
Advanced Placement American Demographics 22,4 (April 2000): 22 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Demographics Inc. Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Job Promotion; Racial Differences; Work Experience A promotion usually means more money---and more work. But are male and female workers tapped equally for advancement? A new analysis by researchers Deborah Cobb-Clark and Yvonne Dunlop shows that while a gender gap in promotions exists in the early careers of young men and women, it seems to disappear over time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Cobb-Clark and Dunlop tracked promotion rates for the same group of workers in 1990 and 1996. In 1990, the group ranged in age from 23 to 33 years. Men were more likely to get promoted in 1990, but women took the lead six years later, slighly edging out their male colleagues for the corner office. In a recent issue of "Monthly Labor Review" from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the authors suggest that gains in work experience may explain why women catch up with men later in their careers. The story is similar when it comes to black men, they add. In 1990, promotion rates for black men reached 30.4 percent, compared to 34.2 precent for men overall. The gap narrowed substantially by 1996, with advancement for black men at 25.5 percent and men overall at 25.4 percent. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lach, Jennifer. "Advanced Placement." American Demographics 22,4 (April 2000): 22.
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3554. |
LaChance, Laura |
Effects of Changes in Maternal Occupational Characteristics on Maternal Depression and Adolescent Well-Being Master's Thesis, The Ohio State University, Department of Sociology, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Maternal Employment; Occupational Prestige; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Work Hours/Schedule In this study, I examine how work-to-family spillover functions in families with adolescent children. In particular, I hypothesize that persistently low or declining substantive complexity of a mother's occupation, chronic over-time hours or movement into over-time hours, and chronic non-standard shift work or movement into non-standard shift work will lead to higher levels of maternal depression. Moreover, I predict that adolescents of mothers with elevated depression will have higher levels of depression, risk-taking attitudes and lower self-esteem themselves. Overall, I find that low or declining levels of occupational complexity have negative implications for mothers' well-bring. Additionally, these mothers were more likely to experience an increase in their levels of depression during the two years immediately following a move to working over-time hours. These same maternal working conditions, however, have almost no direct impact on adolescent well-being. However, increases in maternal depression are linked to greater adolescent depression and lower self-esteem. These findings provide evidence that poor maternal working conditions affect adolescent depression and self-esteem indirectly through increased maternal depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
LaChance, Laura. Effects of Changes in Maternal Occupational Characteristics on Maternal Depression and Adolescent Well-Being. Master's Thesis, The Ohio State University, Department of Sociology, 2001. |
3555. |
Lacy, Naomi L. |
You Can't Buy Marital Quality, Can You? A Study of the Effects of Income and Its Sources on Marital Quality Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Family Income; Income; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, this study tests the hypothesis that there is a curvilinear relationship between income and two dimensions of marital quality--marital happiness and marital conflict for married mothers. The curvilinear relationship is hypothesized to be strongest at lower income levels. Alternatively, spline analysis explores the possibility of a threshold relationship. Prior research on the relationship between income and marital quality has had inconsistent findings; early research found a significant relationship while later research has generally failed to find a significant relationship. At a theoretical level, there is reason to believe that income and marital quality should be related. The analysis finds a curvilinear relationship between marital quality and family income, a relationship that does not depend on the proportion of income earned by the husband. Reconciling the results from several analytic strategies, it appears that the sharpest improvement in both dimensions of marital quality occurs between incomes of $0 and $10,000. Failure to include the poorest group may explain why some studies find a weak relationship between income and marital quality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lacy, Naomi L. You Can't Buy Marital Quality, Can You? A Study of the Effects of Income and Its Sources on Marital Quality. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1997. |
3556. |
Lafferty, Mike |
Divorce Hurts Bottom Line, Study Says The Columbus Dispatch, January 20, 2006, News; Pg. 7A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: The Dispatch Printing Company Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Stability; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Newspaper article in the Columbus Dispatch discussing Jay Zagorsky's research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lafferty, Mike. "Divorce Hurts Bottom Line, Study Says." The Columbus Dispatch, January 20, 2006, News; Pg. 7A. |
3557. |
Lahey, Benjamin B. D'Onofrio, Brian M. Van Hulle, Carol A. Rathouz, Paul J. |
Prospective Association of Childhood Receptive Vocabulary and Conduct Problems with Self-Reported Adolescent Delinquency: Tests of Mediation and Moderation in Sibling-Comparison Analyses Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 42,8 (November 2014): 1341-1351. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10802-014-9873-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Birth Order; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Characteristics; Kinship; Modeling, Multilevel; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Scale Construction; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Associations among receptive vocabulary measured at 4-9 years, mother-reported childhood conduct problems at 4-9 years, and self-reported adolescent delinquency at 14-17 years were assessed using data from a prospective study of the offspring of a large U.S. nationally representative sample of women. A novel quasi-experimental strategy was used to rule out family-level confounding by estimating path-analytic associations within families in a sibling comparison design. This allowed simultaneous tests of the direct and indirect effects of receptive vocabulary and childhood conduct problems, and of their joint moderation, on adolescent delinquency without family-level environmental confounding. The significant association of receptive vocabulary with later adolescent delinquency was indirect, mediated by childhood conduct problems. Furthermore, a significant interaction between receptive vocabulary and childhood conduct problems reflected a steeper slope for the predictive association between childhood conduct problems and adolescent delinquency when receptive vocabulary scores were higher. These findings of significant indirect association were qualitatively identical in both population-level and within-family analyses, suggesting that they are not the result of family-level confounds. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lahey, Benjamin B., Brian M. D'Onofrio, Carol A. Van Hulle and Paul J. Rathouz. "Prospective Association of Childhood Receptive Vocabulary and Conduct Problems with Self-Reported Adolescent Delinquency: Tests of Mediation and Moderation in Sibling-Comparison Analyses." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 42,8 (November 2014): 1341-1351.
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3558. |
Lakdawalla, Darius N. |
The Economics of Teacher Quality Journal of Law and Economics 49,1 (April 2006): 285-329. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JLE/journal/issues/v49n1/490104/490104.web.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Schooling; Skilled Workers; Teachers/Faculty; Technology/Technological Changes; Wage Rates Concern is often voiced about the quality of American schoolteachers. This paper suggests that, while the relative quality of teachers is declining, this decline may be the result of technological changes that have raised the price of skilled workers outside teaching without affecting the productivity of skilled teachers. Growth in the price of skilled workers can cause schools to lower the relative quality of teachers and raise teacher quantity instead. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth demonstrates that wage and schooling are good measures of teacher quality. Analysis of U.S. census microdata then reveals that the relative schooling and experience-adjusted relative wages of U.S. schoolteachers have fallen significantly from 1940 to 1990. Moreover, class sizes have also fallen substantially. The declines in class size and in relative quality seem correlated over time and space with growth in the relative price of skilled workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lakdawalla, Darius N. "The Economics of Teacher Quality ." Journal of Law and Economics 49,1 (April 2006): 285-329.
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3559. |
Lakdawalla, Darius N. Philipson, Tomas |
Labor Supply and Weight Journal of Human Resources 42,1 (Winter 2007): 85-116. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40057299 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Exercise, On-the-job; Health Factors; Job Characteristics; Labor Supply; Occupations; Weight We use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate on-the-job exercise and weight. For male workers, job-related exercise has causal effects on weight, but for female workers, the effects seem primarily selective. A man who spends 18 years in the most physical fitness-demanding occupation is about 25 pounds (14 percent) lighter than his peer in the least demanding occupation. These effects are strongest for the heaviest quartile of men. Conversely, a male worker spending 18 years in the most strength-demanding occupation is about 28 pounds (15 percent) heavier than his counterpart in the least demanding job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Human Resources is the property of University of Wisconsin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lakdawalla, Darius N. and Tomas Philipson. "Labor Supply and Weight." Journal of Human Resources 42,1 (Winter 2007): 85-116.
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3560. |
Lakdawalla, Darius N. Philipson, Tomas |
The Growth of Obesity and Technological Change: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination NBER Working Paper No. 8946, National Bureau of Economic Research, May, 2002. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W8946 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Income; Job Characteristics; Obesity; Technology/Technological Changes; Weight This paper provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the long-run growth in weight over time. We argue that technological change has induced weight growth by making home- and market-production more sedentary and by lowering food prices through agricultural innovation. We analyze how such technological change leads to unexpected relationships among income, food prices, and weight. Using individual-level data from 1976 to 1994, we then find that such technology-based reductions in food prices and job-related exercise have had significant impacts on weight across time and populations. In particular, we find that about forty percent of the recent growth in weight seems to be due to agricultural innovation that has lowered food prices, while sixty percent may be due to demand factors such as declining physical activity from technological changes in home and market production. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lakdawalla, Darius N. and Tomas Philipson. "The Growth of Obesity and Technological Change: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination." NBER Working Paper No. 8946, National Bureau of Economic Research, May, 2002. |
3561. |
Lakdawalla, Darius N. Reville, Robert T. |
Unclaimed Injuries and Workers' Compensation Adequacy NIOSHTIC No. 20029254, Washington, DC: National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, 22 Sep 2005. Also: http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=20029254&f1=*&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=1&RecNo=1&View=e& Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Keyword(s): Health Care; Injuries, Workplace The workers' compensation system was designed to provide health care and compensation for workers with occupational injuries or illness without regard to fault. Nearly all workers are covered by workers' compensation insurance, but not every worker that is injured on the job actually receives workers' compensation benefits. This project examines how many workers fail to file for compensation from job-related injuries, and what factors appear to explain this failure. It also examines the impact of this failure on the adequacy of wage replacement that workers receive from the workers' compensation system. By doing so, it sheds important light on several important issues regarding the measurement of the economic consequences of workplace injuries, particularly for underserved populations. This study examines the filing decision of injured workers using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative survey with detailed information on demographic variables as well as occupational injuries and workers' compensation filing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lakdawalla, Darius N. and Robert T. Reville. "Unclaimed Injuries and Workers' Compensation Adequacy." NIOSHTIC No. 20029254, Washington, DC: National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, 22 Sep 2005. |
3562. |
Lakhani, Hyder Gilroy, Curtis Capps, Cavan |
Logistic Microdata Model of Army Reenlistment U.S. Army Research Institute PERI-RG Draft Working Paper, July 1984. Also: http://www.abstractstorm.com/79/7919/A791961.html?searchTerms=Logistic~Microdata~Model~of~Army~Reenlistment~ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Army Behavior and Systems Research Laboratory Keyword(s): Military Enlistment; Military Personnel; Veterans; Wages The 1981 NLSY, ages 19-24, is used to determine the shadow civilian wages of Army enlisted personnel on the verge of their first term reenlistment/separation decision. The use of NLSY data is an improvement over the previous studies which used civilian wages of veterans from sample surveys, which tended to bias civilian wages upward. The natural logarithm of civilian wages of the youth cohort in our model is a function of education, experience, experience squared, race, number of dependents and unemployment rate. All of the coefficients had the expected signs and all, except experience squared, were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. These coefficients were used to impute civilian wages of military enlistees who were eligible for reenlistment. The logistic reenlistment equations used micro data for 81 Military Occupational Specialties grouped into 17 occupationally homogeneous Career Management Fields. The explanatory variables for reenlistment or separation included relative pay (military pay/estimated civilian wage), selective reenlistment bonus (SRB), race, number of dependents, unemployment rates, and AFQT score (CAT I-III A). Almost all of the coefficients, except unemployment, had the expected signs and were statistically significant. SRB and relative pay were particularly important. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lakhani, Hyder, Curtis Gilroy and Cavan Capps. "Logistic Microdata Model of Army Reenlistment." U.S. Army Research Institute PERI-RG Draft Working Paper, July 1984. |
3563. |
Lamb, Michael E. |
Effects of Nonparental Child Care on Child Development: An Update Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41,6 (August 1996): 330-342. Also: http://www.mendeley.com/research/effects-nonparental-child-care-child-development-update/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Canadian Psychiatric Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Infants; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To review the published literature on the effects of nonparental and out-of-home care on infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Method: Narrative literature review. Results: Although substantial controversy persists, the accumulated evidence suggests that nonparental care does not necessarily have either beneficial or detrimental effects on infants and children, although it can have such effects. In some circumstances, care providers establish relationships with children that have significant effects on development, and this increases the importance of ensuring that care providers are well trained, behave sensitively, and are stable rather than ephemeral figures in children's lives. Nonparental care is associated with behaviour problems (including aggression and noncompliance) when the care is of poor quality and opportunities for meaningful relationships with stable care providers are not available, however. Conclusion: The effects of out-of-home care vary depending on the quality of care as well as the characteristics of individual children, including their age, temperaments, and individual backgrounds. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lamb, Michael E. "Effects of Nonparental Child Care on Child Development: An Update." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41,6 (August 1996): 330-342.
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3564. |
Lan, Ke-Jeng |
Inflation Effects on the Labor Market: A Transition Rate Model Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Inflation; Job Search; Labor Turnover; Transition Rates, Activity to Work; Wages, Reservation The impact of inflation, particularly unexpected inflation, on the operation of the labor market remains an important and empirically unresolved issue. Earlier work, largely based on time series analysis of industry aggregate quit data, found little impact of inflation on that critical labor market mechanism. This earlier work has been criticized for not adequately distinguishing between expected and unexpected inflation. At the same time, longitudinal micro data sets of high quality have become available, permitting the estimation of more complete transition models that incorporate job acceptance by workers who are not employed as well as job termination by employed workers. This dissertation analyzes empirically the impact of unexpected and expected inflation of these labor market transitions. In a two-state (employment, unemployment) search model, the reservation approach is utilized in analyzing the male sub-sample of the 1979 NLSY over the period 1980 to 1983. The wage information is corrected for selectivity bias by a two-stage estimation method, and reservation wages are then derived. A maximum-likelihood technique is used with the structural transition model to estimate the parameters of the true wage offer distribution. Implied transition rates are then calculated. The impact of unexpected inflation on transition rates appears through its influence on the real reservation wage. Confirming the results of earlier works, the empirical results indicate that the impact of "unexpected" inflation on transition rates is insignificant because the impact of unexpected inflation on the intervening reservation wage is not significant. Hence, trying to "fool" youths by unexpected inflationary policies in order to reduce their unemployment rate is unlikely to be successful. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lan, Ke-Jeng. Inflation Effects on the Labor Market: A Transition Rate Model. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989. |
3565. |
Lane, Patrick David |
The Return on Returning: The Economic Benefit of Baccalaureate Degree Completion after Stopping Out Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Degree; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An emerging strategy in higher education and workforce development policy circles aims to raise local, state, and national degree attainment rates by targeting those who left postsecondary education after earning significant college credits but without completing a degree. This dissertation examines some of the assumptions behind these programs testing whether these "near completers" who return to finish a degree receive a positive economic return compared to those who do not return to finish a degree. Additionally, this research examines whether their outcomes are impacted by the sector (either public, private non-profit, or private for-profit) of the college or university at which they complete their degree. Finally, this study examines whether individual characteristics affect the likelihood that an individual who has stopped out of college will return to complete a degree. Overall, I find that the economic return varies across racial/ethnic background and that not all subgroups earn a positive return from finishing a degree, but returns do not differ by sector. Finally, I find that many of the factors generally associated with increased educational attainment do not appear to have a relationship with the likelihood of finishing a degree. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lane, Patrick David. The Return on Returning: The Economic Benefit of Baccalaureate Degree Completion after Stopping Out. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver, 2015. |
3566. |
Lang, Kevin Manove, Michael |
Education and Labor Market Discrimination American Economic Review 101,4 (June 2011): 1467–1496. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.4.1467 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education; Educational Attainment; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a model of statistical discrimination and educational sorting, we explain why blacks get more education than whites of similar cognitive ability, and we explore how the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), wages, and education are related. The model suggests that one should control for both AFQT and education when comparing the earnings of blacks and whites, in which case a substantial black-white wage differential emerges. We reject the hypothesis that differences in school quality between blacks and whites explain the wage and education differentials. Our findings support the view that some of the black-white wage differential reflects the operation of the labor market. (JEL I21, J15, J24, J31, J71) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lang, Kevin and Michael Manove. "Education and Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review 101,4 (June 2011): 1467–1496. A.
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3567. |
Lang, Kevin Weinstein, Russell |
A Test of Adverse Selection in the Market for Experienced Workers NBER Working Paper No. 22387. National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. Also: http://nber.org/papers/w22387 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Wage Growth We show that in labor market models with adverse selection, otherwise observationally equivalent workers will experience less wage growth following a period in which they change jobs than following a period in which they do not. We find little or no evidence to support this prediction. In most specifications the coefficient has the opposite sign, sometimes statistically significantly so. When consistent with the prediction, the estimated effects are small and statistically insignificant. We consistently reject large effects in the predicted direction. We argue informally that our results are also problematic for a broader class of models of competitive labor markets. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lang, Kevin and Russell Weinstein. "A Test of Adverse Selection in the Market for Experienced Workers." NBER Working Paper No. 22387. National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. |
3568. |
Lang, Kevin Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Does Growing Up with a Parent Absent Really Hurt? Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research,The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, October 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children; Cognitive Ability; Education; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Wealth It is widely recognized that children who grow up without one of their biological parents in the home do worse, on average, than other children. However, having a single parent is highly correlated with lots of other socioeconomic disadvantages. Therefore, we must be cautious about ascribing the negative outcome to the parent's absence. Using a variety of controls and instruments, we find little evidence that absence of a parent affects income or wealth. Father's presence has a notable impact on cognitive ability, education and marital status for men. For women. mother's presence is important for cognitive ability and education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lang, Kevin and Jay L. Zagorsky. "Does Growing Up with a Parent Absent Really Hurt?" Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research,The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, October 1997. |
3569. |
Lang, Kevin Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Does Growing Up with a Parent Absent Really Hurt? Journal of Human Resources 36,2 (Spring 2001): 253-273. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069659 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Children; Cognitive Ability; Economic Well-Being; Fathers, Absence; Parental Influences; Parents, Single It is widely recognized that children who grow up without a biological parent do worse, on average, than other children. However, because having a single parent is highly correlated with many other socioeconomic disadvantages, the negative outcomes might be caused by something beyond the parent's absence. Econometric tests using a variety of background controls and parental death as an exogenous cause of absence, show little evidence that a parent's presence during childhood affects economic well being in adulthood. The two exceptions are that living without a mother impacts girls' cognitive performance while having a father die lowers sons' chances of marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lang, Kevin and Jay L. Zagorsky. "Does Growing Up with a Parent Absent Really Hurt?" Journal of Human Resources 36,2 (Spring 2001): 253-273.
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3570. |
Lang, Susan |
A Grandparent at Home Buffers Drawbacks of Single-Parenthood Human Ecology 33,2 (1 August 2005): 20-10. Also: http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=108&sid=aa9dda03-7cf8-4e69-839a-2a350b337ae2%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=eih&AN=18364012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of Human Ecology, Cornell University Keyword(s): Academic Development; Grandparents; Parents, Single; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article cites a study conducted by researcher Rachel Dunifon which discusses the role of grandparents in single-parent families. Many studies have shown that children living in a single-parent family tend to do worse academically and receive less intellectual stimulation than children. Having a grandparent in the home, however, appears to buffer some of these negative effects, according to a new study in the College of Human Ecology. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Dunifon found that living with a single mother is linked to significant declines in academic achievement. In contrast, the test scores of children who live in single-mother families that also contain a grandparent do not significantly differ from children in married-couple families. See: Dunifon, Rachel: Influence of Grandparents in Single-Mother Families |
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Bibliography Citation
Lang, Susan. "A Grandparent at Home Buffers Drawbacks of Single-Parenthood." Human Ecology 33,2 (1 August 2005): 20-10. |
3571. |
Langton, Callie |
Pathways to Increasing Child Health: Implications for Policy, Research, and Practice Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Health; Cohabitation; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Families, Two-Parent; Family Characteristics; Household Structure; Insurance, Health; Marriage; Parental Investments Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How to promote child health has been the focus of much debate among scholars, policy makers, and practitioners. Yet, research on reliably measuring subjective aspects of child health over time as well as on how family structure and income support policies may influence child health is limited. This dissertation is comprised of three papers that focus on these topics. The first paper examines how socioeconomic and psychosocial factors affect agreement between parental proxy reports and children's self-reports of children's health related quality of life. Results show that parental mental health status, education, work, and health literacy are associated with the consistency of these reports, suggesting that parent and child reports are not interchangeable and that their level of agreement may be influenced by a host of family characteristics. The second paper investigates differences in health insurance coverage for children whose parents cohabit and those whose parents are married, with a focus on families that include a social (non-biological) parent. Child health insurance coverage may vary as a function of differences in access to economic resources and differences in access to employer sponsored health insurance policies between family structures. Results from this paper suggest children in cohabiting and social-father families are more likely to have public and less likely to have private coverage than those in (married) two-biological parent families. The final paper uses an instrumental variables strategy to examine associations of an exogenous change in income due to expansions in the Earned income Tax Credit with family health behaviors, child health outcomes, and children's health insurance coverage. Results suggest that children in families that experience an exogenous increase in income are more likely to be covered by (private) health insurance, to have gone to the dentist in the previous year, and to be reported by their mother as being in excellent health. This dissertation has implications for better understanding factors that place children at risk for health problems as well as for identify pathways by which social policy programs and the healthcare system can promote optimal quality of life for low-income children and families. |
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Bibliography Citation
Langton, Callie. Pathways to Increasing Child Health: Implications for Policy, Research, and Practice. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2011. |
3572. |
Lanigan, John Joseph, Jr. |
An Evaluation of the Opportunity Cost and Inservice Training and Earnings of the Modern Military on Young Male Enlistees Ph.D. Dissertation, Brandeis University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Earnings; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Military Training; Racial Differences; Residence; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Underemployment; Veterans Youth often perceive enlistment in the armed forces as an opportunity to learn something useful while in the service and improve their lives when they leave the service. The attraction of these economic opportunities is the central theme the All Volunteer Force. The aim of this study has been to ascertain the opportunity cost of choosing military experience and to describe training, employment and earnings during the in-service period. The study examines the question of investment in human capital using data from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) 1979 youth sample. Results show minorities disproportionately choose to enter the Army where shorter training in soft occupational areas predominate. Analysis of annual earnings explains 64% of the variation between youth in the military and their civilian counterparts. Youth in the military experience a positive current earnings difference compared to their civilian counterparts. Unlike the civilian earnings distribution, youth in the military showed no significant difference in earnings by race/ethnicity. Contrary to prior studies that viewed military service as an economic handicap, the results of this study provide evidence that military service appears to be a good economic investment in human capital. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lanigan, John Joseph, Jr. An Evaluation of the Opportunity Cost and Inservice Training and Earnings of the Modern Military on Young Male Enlistees. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brandeis University, 1988. |
3573. |
Lanning, Jonathan A. |
Opportunities Denied, Wages Diminished: Using Search Theory to Translate Audit-Pair Study Findings into Wage Differentials The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy published online (28 August 2013): DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2012-0055. Also: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bejeap-2012-0055/html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article proposes a framework with which to estimate the impact on labor market outcomes implied by audit-pair study findings. I present a search model with discrimination and calibrate the model with experimental data from audit studies of the U.S. labor market and the NLSY79 to estimate the wage and unemployment implications of documented hiring disparity. All simulated results are highly consistent with the hypothesis that hiring discrimination may be an important component of the observed labor market disparity between African American and white workers in the U.S. Additionally, while the simulations only generate a small proportion of the observed gaps in unemployment, it proves to be one of the few models capable of explaining simultaneous wage in unemployment gaps. The most robust finding of the article is that non-trivial wage gaps can result even from the seemingly small differences in hiring rates documented in these studies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lanning, Jonathan A. "Opportunities Denied, Wages Diminished: Using Search Theory to Translate Audit-Pair Study Findings into Wage Differentials." The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy published online (28 August 2013): DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2012-0055.
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3574. |
Lantis, Robert M. |
Essays in Education and Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Benefits; Geocoded Data; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Insurance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The final essay, written jointly with Brittany Teahan, investigates potential unintended consequences of unemployment insurance (UI) policy on alcohol use and abuse. Using NLSY data supplemented with Geocode data, we estimate the effect of benefit replacement rates on changes in individual alcohol consumption following job loss. Identification relies on variation in replacement rates across states and over time. We find evidence that income effects from increased benefits dominate potential stress reducing benefits of UI. Moreover, we find that increased benefits increase the likelihood an individual abuses alcohol following job loss. Individuals' responsiveness to changes in replacement rates varies based on drinking history. We find that individuals with no history of alcohol abuse are the most sensitive to changes in UI policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lantis, Robert M. Essays in Education and Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2014. |
3575. |
Lantis, Robert M. Teahan, Brittany A. |
The Effect of Unemployment Insurance on Alcohol Use and Abuse Following Job Loss Economics and Human Biology 30 (September 2018): 92-103. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X18300480 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Geocoded Data; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance We investigate whether unemployment insurance (UI) policy affects the drinking behavior of the unemployed. Using NLSY data supplemented with Geocode data, we estimate the effect of benefit replacement rates on changes in individual alcohol consumption following job loss. Identification relies on variation in replacement rates across states and over time. Results indicate that a 100% increase in benefit replacement rate, roughly equivalent to a state moving from the lowest to the highest replacement rate, would, on average, result in unemployed individuals consuming 19.1 additional drinks a month. Looking at the change in an individual's binge drinking upon job loss, individuals receiving the highest level of benefits are 14.7% more likely to increase their binge drinking than those receiving the least generous benefits. We find that individuals' responsiveness to changes in replacement rates vary based on drinking history, industry labor market conditions, education, and age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lantis, Robert M. and Brittany A. Teahan. "The Effect of Unemployment Insurance on Alcohol Use and Abuse Following Job Loss." Economics and Human Biology 30 (September 2018): 92-103.
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3576. |
Lanza, Stephanie T. Coffman, Donna L. Xu, Shu |
Causal Inference in Latent Class Analysis Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 20,3 (2013): 361-383. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10705511.2013.797816#.Ue6Vc3caUus Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Propensity Scores; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lanza, Stephanie T., Donna L. Coffman and Shu Xu. "Causal Inference in Latent Class Analysis." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 20,3 (2013): 361-383.
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3577. |
Lanza, Stephanie T. Collins, Linda M. |
A Mixture Model of Discontinuous Development in Heavy Drinking From Ages 18 to 30: The Role of College Enrollment Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67,4 (July 2006): 552-561. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/A_Mixture_Model_of_Discontinuous_Development_in_Heavy_Drinking_From_Ages_18/878.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; College Enrollment; High School Students Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: The purpose of this study was to illustrate the use of latent class analysis to examine change in behavior over time. Patterns of heavy drinking from ages 18 to 30 were explored in a national sample; the relationship between college enrollment and pathways of heavy drinking, particularly those leading to adult heavy drinking, was explored. Method: Latent class analysis for repeated measures is used to estimate common pathways through a stage-sequential process. Common patterns of development in a categorical variable (presence or absence of heavy drinking) are estimated and college enrollment is a grouping variable. Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 1,265). Results: Eight patterns of heavy drinking were identified: no heavy drinking (53.7%); young adulthood only (3.7%); young adulthood and adulthood (3.7%); college age only (2.6%); college age, young adulthood, and adulthood (8.7%); high school and college age (4.4%); high school, college age, and young adulthood (6.3%); and persistent heavy drinking (16.9%). Conclusions: We found no evidence that prevalence of heavy drinking for those enrolled in college exceeds the prevalence for those not enrolled at any of the four developmental periods studied. In fact, there is some evidence that being enrolled in college appears to be a protective factor for young adult and adult heavy drinking. College-enrolled individuals more often show a pattern characterized by heavy drinking during college ages only, with no heavy drinking prior to and after the college years, whereas nonenrolled individuals not drinking heavily during high school or college ages are at increased risk for adult heavy drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lanza, Stephanie T. and Linda M. Collins. "A Mixture Model of Discontinuous Development in Heavy Drinking From Ages 18 to 30: The Role of College Enrollment ." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67,4 (July 2006): 552-561.
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3578. |
Lardieri, Alexa |
Study: Children of Mothers Who Use Pot Are More Likely to Try It Earlier U.S. News and World Report, September 24, 2018. Also: https://www.usnews.com/news/health-care-news/articles/2018-09-24/study-children-of-mothers-who-use-pot-are-more-likely-to-try-it-earlier Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: U.S. News & World Report Keyword(s): Drug Use; Mothers, Behavior; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children whose mothers use marijuana are likely to begin using the drug earlier than children whose mothers do not, according to new research. [News media article based on Sokol, Natasha A., Cassandra A. Okechukwu, Jarvis T. Chen, S.V. Subramanian and Vaughan W. Rees. "Maternal Cannabis Use During a Child's Lifetime Associated With Earlier Initiation." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55,5 (November 2018): 592-602] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lardieri, Alexa. "Study: Children of Mothers Who Use Pot Are More Likely to Try It Earlier." U.S. News and World Report, September 24, 2018. |
3579. |
Larzelere, Robert E. Knowles, Sada J. Adkison-Johnson, Carla Cox, Ronald B. Jr. Lin, Hua Mandara, Jelani |
Ethnic Differences in the Effects of Five Disciplinary Techniques on Subsequent Externalizing Behavior Problems Marriage and Family Review 59,8 (30 Nov 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2023.2199732 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Behavioral Development; Disciplinary Techniques; Discipline; Ethnic Differences; Grounding; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Privilege Removal; Spanking To identify disciplinary alternatives to replace spanking, this study investigated ethnic differences in the associations of five disciplinary techniques with subsequent externalizing behavior problems in a national sample of 7- to 11-year-olds with ANCOVAs and difference-score analyses. Most techniques led to significant reductions in externalizing problems for African Americans or Hispanics, but only after overcoming known biases in ANCOVA and not for other European Americans. Privilege removal had the most significantly effective results, followed by grounding. Sending children to their room and spanking significantly reduced externalizing problems only in one or two analyses for African Americans, whereas removing children’s allowance was significantly effective in one overall analysis. Parenting research needs to distinguish between more vs. less effective use of all disciplinary techniques across multiple situational and cultural contexts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Larzelere, Robert E., Sada J. Knowles, Carla Adkison-Johnson, Ronald B. Jr. Cox, Hua Lin and Jelani Mandara. "Ethnic Differences in the Effects of Five Disciplinary Techniques on Subsequent Externalizing Behavior Problems." Marriage and Family Review 59,8 (30 Nov 2023).
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3580. |
Laske Bell, Mary Therese |
Risk Orientation and Risk-Taking Behavior: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on Mental Health and Substance Use among Young Adults Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bullying/Victimization; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Neighborhood Effects; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Laske Bell, Mary Therese. Risk Orientation and Risk-Taking Behavior: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on Mental Health and Substance Use among Young Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2014. |
3581. |
Lassi, Nicholas |
Delayed and Unmet Prescription Drug Access Linked to Elevated Anxiety Symptoms During COVID-19: Retrospective Findings from the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Cohort Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 13 (March 2024): 100411. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100411 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Anxiety; COVID-19/Coronavirus Pandemic; Health Care; Health, Mental/Psychological; Medication/Prescriptions Background: The COVID-19 pandemic produced substantial challenges to pharmacy systems worldwide and provoked concerns about a wider influence on mental health. While various studies have investigated the relationship between disruptions in access to healthcare and mental health, the effects of delayed and unmet access to prescription drugs on anxiety-related outcomes have been underexamined. Objective: This study analyzed the impact of delayed and unmet access to prescription drugs on anxiety-related outcomes, including anxiety, inability to stop or control worrying, worrying too much, trouble relaxing, trouble sitting still, being annoyed or irritable, and fear of future events, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Child and Young Adult dataset, encompassing 2,193 individuals. One-way multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between access to prescription drugs and anxiety-related symptoms. Results: The findings show that, before the pandemic, instances of delayed/unable to access prescription drugs were either not linked to anxiety symptoms or, in some cases, were linked to anxiety symptoms but no different than during the pandemic. Delayed access to prescription drugs amid the pandemic was significantly linked with increases in anxiety symptoms not found pre-pandemic, including worrying too much (F = 18.433, p < .001, η2p = 0.017), trouble relaxing (F = 11.423, p < .001, η2p = 0.010), and being easily annoyed or irritable (F = 3.881, p = .021, η2p = 0.004). Similarly, unmet access to prescription drugs amid the pandemic was significantly linked with increases in anxiety-related symptoms not found pre-pandemic, including an inability to stop or control worrying (F = 14.666, p < .001, η2p = 0.013) and worrying too much (F = 18.433, p < .001, η2p = 0.017). Conclusions: These results have implications for pharmacy administrators and policymakers seeking to understand and limit adverse mental health outcomes within pharmacy during times of crisis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lassi, Nicholas. "Delayed and Unmet Prescription Drug Access Linked to Elevated Anxiety Symptoms During COVID-19: Retrospective Findings from the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Cohort." Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy 13 (March 2024): 100411.
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3582. |
Later, Kennon Trattner, Jonathan Santos, Carlos Garrison, S. Mason |
Examining the Causal Link between Divorce and Mental Health of their Offspring Using the Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Model Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 2020 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Kinship; School Performance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children of divorce have increased depression, anxiety, and perform worse in school. These consequences affect subsequent generations (Amato and Cheadle 2005), suggesting a heritable 'divorce-induced' epigenetic modification or a genetic mediation as a result of neuroticism and extraversion (Jocklin et al. 1996). Therefore, we aim to understand whether divorce actually affects an individual's wellbeing or reflects those same genetic components. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examined the cross-generational impact of divorce on mental health (according to the Behavior Problems and Child Depression Report), following individuals of different ages. We compared maternal cousins using the discordant kinship model (Garrison and Rogers 2016). Controlling for genetic confounds, results suggest that divorce does not impact children's mental health by itself, however, the timing of a divorce might be a factor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Later, Kennon, Jonathan Trattner, Carlos Santos and S. Mason Garrison. "Examining the Causal Link between Divorce and Mental Health of their Offspring Using the Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Model." Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 2020. |
3583. |
Latimer, Sharon Melissa |
A Contextual Analysis of the Effects of Gender and Place on Workers' Incomes Sociological Spectrum 20,3 (July-September 2000): 345-356. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/027321700405081 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Education; Family Size; Gender; Income; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Occupations; Rural Areas; Wages, Women This research uses the 1987 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to construct a national and Appalachian subsample of workers at the initial stages of their labor force participation and during a national economic recovery. This contextual research examines the impact of education, work effort, type of job, marital status, family size, Appalachian residence, urban or rural location, unemployment rate, and manufacturing concentration on the incomes of women and men. The results document the overall depressive effect that living in Appalachia has on the incomes of both male and female workers. Copyright of Sociological Spectrum is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Latimer, Sharon Melissa. "A Contextual Analysis of the Effects of Gender and Place on Workers' Incomes." Sociological Spectrum 20,3 (July-September 2000): 345-356.
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3584. |
Latimer, Sharon Melissa |
Multi-Level Analyses of Work and Welfare Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1994. DAI-A 56/01, p. 372, Jul 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Industrial Relations; Mobility; Occupational Segregation; Wages; Welfare Feminist researchers have broadened our understanding of inequality by documenting the connection between domestic labor, institutionalized male dominance, occupational segregation, and the welfare system. Diana Pearce and others have found that workers who are in a precarious position in terms of wages, mobility, job security, and benefits (i.e., they are employed in the secondary sector of the labor market) are at an even greater disadvantage when they become unemployed. More specifically, Pearce found that women were significantly less likely than men to receive unemployment insurance when they became unemployed. One problem with Pearce's work is that she ignores the impact of race/ethnicity on men and thus fails to examine the extent to which men of color are likewise disadvantaged in their claims to unemployment insurance. In addition, Pearce fails to incorporate the importance of geography in her analysis of the welfare system. Unlike most of the feminist research, multi-level labor market analyses recognize the influence of geography (i.e., the characteristics of a place) on inequality. One main problem with this research is that researchers have sporadically included gender, race, and ethnicity in their analyses. My research overcomes the limitations of past research by combining insights from a feminist analysis of the welfare system with insights from spatial analysis of inequality. Using the 1987 National Longitudinal Surveys for Youth, this multilevel research examines how human capital variables, household variables, and labor market variables intersect with gender, race, and ethnicity to influence an individual's position within the occupational structure (as measured by primary or secondary sector employment and income) and the welfare system (as measured by receipt of unemployment insurance). By analyzing the relationships between geography, race, ethnicity, gender, human capital, household variables, occupational segregation, and the welfare system, this research provides a more accurate depiction of the relationship between and the consequences of the social construction of reproduction, economic production, and state policies toward disadvantaged workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Latimer, Sharon Melissa. Multi-Level Analyses of Work and Welfare. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1994. DAI-A 56/01, p. 372, Jul 1995. |
3585. |
Lau, Catherine |
Essays on Effects of the Housing Market Collapse Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Ownership; Income; Net Worth; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapters Three and Four use different data sets to empirically test the effect of high mortgage loan to home value on a number of health outcomes. Chapter Three employs the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), a rich, nationally representative sample of the population over 50 years of age and finds significant correlation between high mortgage loan to value and negative health outcomes. Changes in home values are used as an instrument variable to further identify the effect of loan to value on health; results are not conclusive of causality. Chapter Four uses the NLSY79 to explore the effect of mortgage debt on a younger cohort that, in comparison to the HRS, is more likely to rely on wage income and have lower net worth. Results point to higher loan to value in conjunction with unemployment as having a significant negative impact on health for this cohort, but higher loan to value alone does not significantly affect overall health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lau, Catherine. Essays on Effects of the Housing Market Collapse. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2012. |
3586. |
Lau, Catherine Leung, Leigh Ann |
Mortgage Debt as a Moderator in the Association between Unemployment and Health Public Health 128,3 (March 2014): 239-245. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350613004095 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Ownership; Unemployment Objective: While homeownership is generally viewed as good for society, the consequences of the concomitant mortgage debt have not been well examined. This study investigates the role of mortgage debt as a moderator in the relationship between unemployment and health. Study Design: A cross-sectional analysis of a representative sample of US homeowners aged 38–46 surveyed in 1998–2006. Methods: Subjects were 3667 adults living in owned homes aged 38–46 who reported being either employed or unemployed. Logistic models were performed using maximum likelihood estimation to estimate the relative risk of self-reporting fair or poor health with regard to employment status and how employment status interacted with mortgage status. Results: Among homeowners, being unemployed for more than 13 weeks with a mortgage is associated with a higher likelihood of reporting fair or poor health (odds ratio 2.38, 95% confidence interval 1.28–4.45). Being unemployed for more than 13 weeks with a mortgage loan that is more than 80% of the value of the home is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting fair or poor health (odds ratio 8.99, 95% confidence interval 2.50–32.29). |
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Bibliography Citation
Lau, Catherine and Leigh Ann Leung. "Mortgage Debt as a Moderator in the Association between Unemployment and Health." Public Health 128,3 (March 2014): 239-245.
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3587. |
Laughlin, Teresa Laine Clarke |
Curious Workmanship: An Analysis of the Role of Nonpecuniary Rewards to Work, and the Female-Male Wage Differential M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Rates; Working Conditions This study investigates the role that nonpecuniary rewards play in the determination of wages for women and men. Using the idea of compensating differentials, the question of whether the measure of discrimination against women in the workplace falls when working conditions are included in the analysis, is investigated. This study analyzes a data set from the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Regression estimates of the earnings functions of men and women are run, using the logarithm of the wage rate, and the logarithm of a total compensation index which includes a weighted measure of nonpecuniary benefits. The results suggest that, although the wage differential between women and men is reduced, the measure of discrimination against women is increased. |
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Bibliography Citation
Laughlin, Teresa Laine Clarke. Curious Workmanship: An Analysis of the Role of Nonpecuniary Rewards to Work, and the Female-Male Wage Differential. M.A. Thesis, California State University - Fullerton, 1992. |
3588. |
Laughlin, Teresa Laine Clarke Solberg, Eric J. |
The Gender Pay Gap, Fringe Benefits, and Occupational Crowding Working Paper, California State University - Fullerton, April 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Discrimination, Employer; Wage Gap; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Canonical correlation analysis is used to construct an index of total compensation for work that includes measures of the wage rate and fringe benefits using the 1991 NLSY. Earnings equations are estimated for seven occupations using both the logarithm of the wage rate and the index of total compensation. The results indicate that the pay gap is much smaller when the index of total compensation is used. An estimated gender coefficient is statistically significant for the traditional earnings equation in all occupations except for the most female dominated occupation. However, when the index is used as the dependent variable, the gender coefficient is statistically significant in only one occupation which contains relatively heterogeneous jobs. Regressions by occupation for male and females are used to test the equality of structures between models separated by gender, and the gap is decomposed into a part due to differences in traits and a residual part The results are consistent with a hypothesis that occupational assignment is the primary determinant of the pay gap, and this is consistent with the "crowding" explanation of the gender gap. The preponderance of evidence is against the employer "taste" discrimination explanation of the pay gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Laughlin, Teresa Laine Clarke and Eric J. Solberg. "The Gender Pay Gap, Fringe Benefits, and Occupational Crowding." Working Paper, California State University - Fullerton, April 1994. |
3589. |
Laurence, Janice H. Heisey, Jane G. Means, Barbara Waters, Brian K. |
Demographic Comparison of Low-Aptitude Military and Nonmilitary Youth Working Paper, Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, VA, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Human Resources Research Organization Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Military Service; Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The characteristics of low-aptitude male military recruits from Project 100,000 and the ASVAB misnorming periods were compared with corresponding civilian low-aptitude groups from the 1966 and 1979 National Longitudinal Surveys. Project 100,000 data were compared to unweighted data from NLS '66 and ASVAB misnorming data were compared to unweighted NLS '79 data in terms of aptitude subcategory, year of birth, race, education, geographic region, and income. These analyses were undertaken to develop appropriate civilian comparison groups for the military low-aptitude samples so that the impact of military service on the post-service lives of low-aptitude personnel might be studied. Results showed that Project 100,000 men differed from the NLS '66 sample mostly in terms of race and education. ASVAB misnorming and NLS '79 men differed in terms of education as well. The results of these analyses led to the estimation of sampling weights for the civilian low-aptitude groups to facilitate later analyses of economic variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Laurence, Janice H., Jane G. Heisey, Barbara Means and Brian K. Waters. "Demographic Comparison of Low-Aptitude Military and Nonmilitary Youth." Working Paper, Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, VA, 1985. |
3590. |
Laurence, Janice H. Ramsberger, Peter F. Gribben, Monica A. |
Effects of Military Experience on the Post-Service Lives of Low-Aptitude Recruits: Project 100,000 and the ASVAB Misnorming In: Low-Aptitude Men and the Military: Who Profits, Who Pays? New York, NY: Praeger, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Praeger Publishers Keyword(s): Aptitude; Military Service; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Though considerable research has been devoted to ascertaining the military performance of low aptitude recruits, there is a lack of documentation of the effects of military experience on those with low cognitive ability. Therefore, the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense funded a study of low aptitude military veterans to determine the long-term effects of military service. More specifically, the Veterans' Life Experiences Study (VETLIFE) was conducted by the Human Resources Research Organization with the assistance of the National Opinion Research Center. Surveys with content based upon the 1966 NLS of Young Men and the 1979 NLSY were administered from October 1986 through December 1987 to samples of low aptitude military veterans who were previously participants of the 1966-1971 Project 100,000 or entered service erroneously as part of the 1976-1980 "misnorming" of the enlistment test. To serve as a baseline for comparisons, samples of nonveterans were drawn from the preexisting 1966 and 1979 base years of the NLS. The NLS 1966 coincided with the Project 100,000 sample, containing men of comparable birth years. Likewise, there was considerable overlap between the young men interviewed as part of the 1979 NLSY and those who entered under the misnorming. The male low aptitude nonveteran components of the NLS surveys with birth-years coinciding with their respective veteran group have been identified. Following a variety of demographic (weighting) and economic adjustments, the NLS samples will be compared with the veteran groups to determine whether or not low aptitude veterans fared better, worse, or equal to their nonveteran counterparts on variables such as income, employment, educational attainment, etc. as a result of having served in the military. |
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Bibliography Citation
Laurence, Janice H., Peter F. Ramsberger and Monica A. Gribben. "Effects of Military Experience on the Post-Service Lives of Low-Aptitude Recruits: Project 100,000 and the ASVAB Misnorming" In: .
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3591. |
Lawrence, Matthew |
When I Was Your Age: The Intergenerational Transmission of Mothers' High School Academic Programs Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children, School-Age; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; High School Curriculum; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Associations between parents' completed educational attainments and their children's educational outcomes are important indicators of intergenerational inequalities in schooling. As Mare (2011) has noted, however, identifying the causes of parental statuses - not only their effects - is essential for clarifying how they shape children's opportunities. Since parents' total years of schooling or highest degrees received are themselves educational outcomes, examining parents' earlier educational experiences may reveal more about the ways families reproduce advantages and disadvantages. This paper adopts this perspective to estimate the causal effect of the type of academic curriculum mothers pursued in high school on the type of academic curriculum their children pursued at the same educational stage. I link mother-child pairs across the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and its Children and Young Adult Survey, and use a marginal structural model with inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the causal effects. I find that a mother's pre-college educational experiences contribute significantly to the total effect of her schooling on her child's outcomes. The total effect decomposes into a direct effect and an indirect effect. The direct effect is stronger than the indirect effect, suggesting that a mother's earlier educational experiences independently influence her child's high school curriculum beyond influencing the probability she reached a certain level of schooling. These findings confirm that identifying the causes of parental attainment and the multiple pathways that connect them to children's outcomes yields insights about how families transmit advantages and disadvantages across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lawrence, Matthew. "When I Was Your Age: The Intergenerational Transmission of Mothers' High School Academic Programs." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
3592. |
Lawrence, Matthew Cadogan |
Generating Educational Inequality: Multigenerational Approaches to the Transmission of Advantage and Disadvantage Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Family Background and Culture; High School Curriculum; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second paper responds to Mare's (2011) call to pay attention to the causes of family background effects. I begin by conceptualizing parents' completed educational attainment as an outcome influenced by parents' high school curricula. Tracing parents' schooling experiences back reinforces the distinction Duncan made between the distribution of a status within a sample of parents and the distribution of a status within parents' generations. To account for that difference, I estimate the effect of a mother's high school academic program on her eventual attainment using probabilities calculated among all the women in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, not only those who eventually had a child in the Children and Young Adults Survey. I compare the effects of a mother's curricular type and her eventual attainment on the probability that her child would be in a college preparatory curriculum in high school. I find that the total effect of having a mother who was in a college preparatory academic program is equal to the direct effect of having a mother who completed college. Decomposing that total effect shows that a mother's earlier educational experiences matter not only because they allowed her to reach a certain level of schooling, but because they have independent "lingering effects" on her child's opportunities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lawrence, Matthew Cadogan. Generating Educational Inequality: Multigenerational Approaches to the Transmission of Advantage and Disadvantage. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2014. |
3593. |
Laws, Jerry |
Working Too Early? Occupational Health and Safety, May 2005: on-line. Also: http://ohsonline.com/articles/2005/05/working-too-early.aspx?sc_lang=en Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Stevens Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; High School Students; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Part-Time Work; Racial Differences; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article focuses on the summary of six annual surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) on American youths. According to this the U.S. high school juniors and seniors overwhelmingly are working during the school year. Working all year is much more common among high schoolers in all grades than is working just during the summer or just during the school year. BLS did not tell us whether American high school students want to work or have to work, but its table of avenge hours worked shows that much higher percentages of black and Hispanic juniors and seniors worked 11 hours per week or more for at least 51 percent of their school weeks than worked 10 hours or less. BLS also found there was little difference in the working patterns of the freshmen who dropped out as sophomores and the freshmen who eventually graduated, except that those who dropped out worked more hours when they were freshmen than those who did not drop out-especially if they were Hispanic or black. Among all students who had not received a diploma by age 20, whether or not they worked during their school years looked practically identical for all four grades. The BLS National Longitudinal Survey of Youth examined only wage and salary jobs, in which youths have an ongoing, formal relationship with a particular employer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Laws, Jerry. "Working Too Early?" Occupational Health and Safety, May 2005: on-line. |
3594. |
Le, Nhan |
Human Capital, Technological Change and Wage Inequality Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Indiana University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Human Capital; Mobility, Occupational; Technology/Technological Changes; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation studies how the interaction between human capital and technological change determines the trends in wage inequality in the United States. Since the late 1980s, the US labor market has been characterized by rising "wage polarization," a phenomenon involving the rise in employment shares of the low and high earners in the labor market. Recently, leading economists hypothesized that the information computer technology (ICT) revolution which raised demand for high pay cognitive occupations, is responsible for wage polarization. Their theory is commonly known as the "routinization hypothesis." The first chapter of my thesis questions whether the ICT revolution actually raises the demand for high pay cognitive jobs in place of middle pays non-cognitive jobs. Replicating regression analyses in the literature, I find that exposure to ICT is indeed associated with higher individual wage growth for cognitive workers. When individual cognitive ability is factored in, however, cognitive occupation per se no longer gives an edge over others in gaining from ICT. This result suggests that underlying the observed rise in demand for cognitive occupations is a complementary relationship between ICT and cognitive ability. In the second chapter, I observe that occupational mobility has a crucial role in workers' attainment of cognitive occupations, which is generally abstracted away by the routinization hypothesis. Using an economic model widely used in the literature on post-schooling earnings, I demonstrate that in order to provide a better understanding of the changes in occupational structure of the labor force, the routinization hypothesis must be supported by a theory based on occupational mobility. The last chapter studies the interaction between technological change and the supply of educated workers. It is applied in the context of international trade to show that exposure to trade does not necessarily lead to rising wage inequality if the education system can sufficiently support rising demand for education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Le, Nhan. Human Capital, Technological Change and Wage Inequality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Indiana University, 2012. |
3595. |
Le, Vincent C. |
The Relationship between Household's Risk Preference and the Homeownership Decisions among Young Adults in Changing Housing Market Conditions Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Programs in General Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Risk Perception Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For many decades, the American Dream of homeownership has been a source of pride and one of the traditional ways to improve financial and non-financial well-being for American households. However, during the recent housing crisis, millions of homeowners lost their homes or experienced negative home equity due to job loss, reductions in work hours, or a decline in home values. The recent housing crisis made many individuals and families rethink their American Dream. As with most investments, there are some risks associated with owning a home, especially when housing markets are volatile and the economy is uncertain. Understanding the relationship between household's risk preference and homeownership decisions may help households make better and more informed decisions regarding their housing tenure choice. This study investigates the relationship between household's risk preference and homeownership decisions among young adults made during the stability in the housing market, which occurred around 1993, and during the decline in the housing market, which occurred around 2010. This study also examined demographic and economic characteristics of homeowners during those periods. Two separate datasets from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 were utilized to address research questions and research hypotheses under the lens of the expected utility theory. The results showed shifts in household's risk preferences, homeownership rates, and demographic and economic characteristics between periods. Compared to households who preferred lowest risk level, households who preferred highest risk level were more likely to own a home in both periods. The relationships between household’s risk preference and homeownership decisions did not change between periods. However, some relationships between household's demographic and economic characteristics and homeownership decisions changed between periods. |
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Bibliography Citation
Le, Vincent C. The Relationship between Household's Risk Preference and the Homeownership Decisions among Young Adults in Changing Housing Market Conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Programs in General Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 2018. |
3596. |
Lee, Chioun |
Do Blacks and Whites Experience Depression Differently: Assessing the Validity of the CES-D Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is one of the most widely used measures for depressive symptoms in social science research. Although some researchers have highlighted problems with aspects of the scale’s validity, its validity has not been thoroughly assessed. In this study, using white and African American young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I investigate the construct and convergent validity of the CES-D through a step-wise process, applying multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). For the first two steps, I test construct validity, examining item bias through whole completed items followed by testing the structural equivalence of the CES-D subscales by race. I also assess the convergent validity of CES-D using structural relationships between the four domains of the CES-D and two domains of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. I find that items related to interpersonal problems in the CES-D inflate levels of depression for African American women. The findings from the test of convergent validity are contradictory: African American women who report higher self-esteem are more likely to report higher depression in the CES-D subscale ‘interpersonal problems’. An implication is that a domain of the CES-D scale, ‘interpersonal problems’, might not properly measure depressive symptoms and might instead address other concepts for African American women. These biased items are partly responsible for racial/ethic disparities in mental health measured by the CES-D. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Chioun. "Do Blacks and Whites Experience Depression Differently: Assessing the Validity of the CES-D." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
3597. |
Lee, D. Susie Nitsche, Natalie Barclay, Kieron |
Body Mass Index in Early Adulthood and Transition to First Birth: Racial/Ethnic and Sex Differences in the United States NLSY79 Cohort Population Studies: A Journal of Demography published online (25 October 2022): DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2022.2128396. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00324728.2022.2128396 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Ethnic Differences; First Birth; Gender Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences Studies show that body mass index during early adulthood ('early BMI') predicts the transition to first birth, but early childbearers tend to be omitted from such studies. This sample selection distorts the prevalence of childlessness, and particularly the racial/ethnic heterogeneity therein, because first birth timing differs by race/ethnicity. We imputed pre-parenthood early BMI for a larger sample, including early childbearers, for the same United States NLSY79 data used in a previous study and simulated differences in the probability of childlessness at age 40+ using posterior distributions based on the Bayesian framework. Obesity was consistently associated with higher childlessness across racial/ethnic groups in both sexes, but only among obese women were first births delayed until after early adulthood. The overall lower childlessness among the underweight women appeared largely driven by Black women. Our findings on the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and sex in the BMI-childlessness pathways encourage research on the underlying mechanisms and on more recent cohorts across different societies. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, D. Susie, Natalie Nitsche and Kieron Barclay. "Body Mass Index in Early Adulthood and Transition to First Birth: Racial/Ethnic and Sex Differences in the United States NLSY79 Cohort." Population Studies: A Journal of Demography published online (25 October 2022): DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2022.2128396.
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3598. |
Lee, Dohoon |
Three Essays on the Micro Basis of Socioeconomic Inequality: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Assortative Mating; Childbearing, Adolescent; Cognitive Development; Dating; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Mobility, Economic; Mothers, Adolescent; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wage Differentials; Wage Equations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the effect of cognitive and noncognitive skills on three socioeconomic outcomes: wage differentials, individual patterns of educational assortative mating, and the socioeconomic consequences of teen motherhood. Although research has been keen on identifying early predictors of socioeconomic attainment, a systematic view of the linkages between individuals' own attributes formed in childhood and adolescence and subsequent outcomes has yet to come. In this project, I seek to fill this gap by identifying cognitive and noncognitive skills as a micro basis of socioeconomic inequality. Correlated but distinct from cognitive skills, noncognitive skills are conceptualized as enduring dispositions that represent a form of cultural capital. Because both types of skills are highly dependent on socioeconomic background, I hypothesized that individual-level skill differences function as a key channel through which intergenerational mobility is associated with various forms of socioeconomic inequality. This study begins by examining the impact of both cognitive and noncognitive skills on between- and within-education group wage inequality, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and quantile regressions. While the economic return to education has been proposed as a parsimonious explanation for rising wage inequality and its currently high level, this account focuses mainly on between-education group wage inequality and the demand for cognitive skills. Results from my analysis shows that (1) while the economic return to education is the robust explanation for wage inequality, both cognitive and noncognitive skills contribute significantly to reducing the college wage premium and wage dispersions within college graduates; (2) noncogntive skills play a more pronounced role in wage inequality among college graduates; and (3) the wage effect of both skills as an early predictor of earnings strengthens as workers reach their prime ages in the labor market. These findings suggest that the family may be an important institutional actor responsible for wage inequality. In the subsequent chapter, I use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the NLSY79 to investigate the role of cognitive and noncognitive skills in individual patterns of educational assortative mating in adolescence and adulthood. This paper argues that to the extent that skill differences are associated with education-based mate selection, intergenerational mobility operates at an intimate level of the mate selection process. Multinomial logistic regression results show that cognitive and noncognitive skills are positively associated with the probability of transitioning into marrying college graduates and, to a lesser degree, with that of dating college-bound partners. I also find a gender difference in the role of skill differences: noncognitive skills play a more salient role in education-based mate sorting for women, whereas it is cognitive skills that primarily do so for men, indicating a normative attitude toward mate selection that regards "smartness" as more attractive to women than to men. These findings imply that the intergenerational transmission of familial resources affects children's mate selection by not simply investing in their educational attainment but also strengthening their cognitive and noncognitive skills. Finally, I reevaluate the socioeconomic effect of teenage childbearing. Despite a 30-year debate about the consequences of adolescent fertility, finding its "true" effect still has been elusive. This concern stems from (1) theoretical considerations of early motherhood as a harmful event and/or its higher likelihood among disadvantaged young women and (2) methodological challenges against selection bias. Alternative models have been developed, but tend to rely on strong assumptions and unrepresentative samples. This paper extends the extant literature by taking a counterfactual approach using propensity score matching, conducting a sensitivity analysis employing the Rosenbaum bounds to address selection bias on unobserved covariates, and using data from Add Health. Results show that while teen mothers' preexisting socioeconomic disadvantages and their lower level of cognitive and noncognitive skills play a nontrivial role, teen motherhood has significantly negative effects on early socioeconomic outcomes with the exception of public assistance receipt. The sensitivity analysis suggests that selection bias due to unobserved covariates would have to be very powerful to nullify these findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Dohoon. Three Essays on the Micro Basis of Socioeconomic Inequality: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. |
3599. |
Lee, Hankyu Barratt, Marguerite Stevenson |
Cognitive Development of Preterm Low Birth Weight Children at 5 to 8 Years Old Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 14,4 (August 1993): 242-249. Also: http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/Abstract/1993/08010/Cognitive_Development_of_Preterm_Low_Birth_Weight.6.aspx Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Academic Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); I.Q.; Intelligence; Language Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prematurity and low birth weight have been considered to be important risk factors for cognitive development during early childhood; however, it has been suggested that the developmental delays disappear with age. Eighty-one preterm (< 38 weeks) low birth weight (< 2500 g) children between 5 and 8 years old from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were compared with individually matched full-term normal birth weight children to investigate the catch-up delays in cognitive functioning including language and mathematics skills. Preterm children showed a significant delay in cognitive functioning only until 6 years old. Regression analyses showed that environmental factors accounted for more variation in cognitive development than did perinatal factors. In support of a transactional model, preterm children exhibited a self-righting tendency during their early childhood so that eventually environmental influences overshadowed biological influences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Hankyu and Marguerite Stevenson Barratt. "Cognitive Development of Preterm Low Birth Weight Children at 5 to 8 Years Old." Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 14,4 (August 1993): 242-249.
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3600. |
Lee, Hedwig Lee, Dohoon Guo, Guang Harris, Kathleen Mullan |
Trends in Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the United States: 1959–2002 Journal of Adolescent Health 49,6 (December 2011): 601-608. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X11001522 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Racial Differences; Weight Purpose: This study examined trends in body mass index (BMI) during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood by gender and race, using national data from the United States spanning for >40 years from 1959 and 2002. Although past research has investigated BMI trends separately in childhood/adolescence and adulthood, this study uniquely focused on the transition to adulthood (12–26 years) to identify the emergence of the obesity epidemic during this critical life-stage. Methods: Longitudinal and cross-sectional data were obtained from four nationally representative surveys: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, National Health Interview Survey, and National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97). The analysis tracked age trends in BMI by time, which allowed for the examination of how BMI changed during the transition to adulthood and whether the patterns of change varied by period. Data best suited for trend analysis were identified. Age trends in BMI by gender and race were graphed and regression analysis was used to test for significant differences in the trends using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results: BMI increased sharply in the adolescent ages, beginning in the 1990s and among young adults around 2000. This age pattern of BMI increase was more dramatic among females and blacks, particularly black females. Conclusions: BMI increased during the transition to adulthood and these increases have grown larger over time. Obesity prevention efforts should focus on this high-risk transition period, particularly among minority populations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Hedwig, Dohoon Lee, Guang Guo and Kathleen Mullan Harris. "Trends in Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the United States: 1959–2002." Journal of Adolescent Health 49,6 (December 2011): 601-608.
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3601. |
Lee, Hongjik |
The Effects of Welfare-to-Work Program on Welfare Recipients' Employment, Earnings, and Welfare Use Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2003. DAI-A 63/11, p. 4093, May 2003. Also: https://workfamily.sas.upenn.edu/wfrn-repo/facet/all_author_field?filters=all_author_field%3A%22Hongjik%20Lee%22 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Force Participation; Socioeconomic Factors; Welfare; Work Reentry Under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, it is important to gauge whether welfare-to-work programs move recipients from welfare to work in short period of time. This study analyzes the effects of welfare-to work programs, using data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. This study explores which of the three welfare-to-work program approaches--human capital development, labor force attachment, and the combined approach--is most successful in helping welfare recipients get a job, increase their earnings, leave welfare, and reduce the amount of welfare benefits within a one-year follow-up period. This study also examines which socioeconomic subgroups had greater success with employment, earnings, and welfare use. By comparing the impacts of the three welfare-to-work approaches with these subgroups, this study answers the question: Which welfare-to-work program approach is more effective and for whom? All three welfare-to-work program approaches enabled participants to leave welfare, to reduce the amount of welfare benefits, to gain employment, and to increase their earnings in a one-year follow-up period. However, the labor force attachment approach did not produce statistically significant increases in the one-year follow-up, after controlling for other socioeconomic variables. The combined approach produced the largest gains in leaving welfare, reductions in the amount of welfare benefits, employment, and earnings. The labor force attachment approach produced larger gains in welfare leave and employment than did human capital development approach, which produced larger gains in reducing the amount of welfare and increasing earnings in the one-year follow up period. In terms of a subgroup analysis, the impacts of the three program approaches varied by socioeconomic groups, even though the combined approach was the strongest predictor in leaving welfare, reducing the amount of welfare benefits, securing employment, and increasing earnings in most subgroups. This study contributes to the position that policymakers and planners of welfare-to-work programs should allocate funds to formulate appropriate strategies. Also, the finding of subgroup analysis may help program managers understand the importance of in-depth assessment of their socioeconomic characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Hongjik. The Effects of Welfare-to-Work Program on Welfare Recipients' Employment, Earnings, and Welfare Use. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2003. DAI-A 63/11, p. 4093, May 2003.. |
3602. |
Lee, Hyunsook Chang |
Home Environments and Developmental Outcomes of Children Born to Teenage Mothers Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Family Income; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Self-Esteem This study examined the role of home environments in the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of children born to teenage mothers. The sample consisted of 1,011 firstborn children aged 6 to 18 and their mothers selected from the 1990 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that the quality of home environments mediated the effects of father presence on the behavioral adjustment of children, even taking other socio-demographic and maternal characteristics into account. Moreover, the results showed that the home environment was the best predictor for both the academic achievement and the behavioral problems of children even after controlling for such background factors as family income, number of children, maternal education, and self-esteem. Also, when other variables in the model were statistically accounted for, the mothers' age at first birth was unrelated to the quality of home environments, and with controlling for the home environment, it was not a significant predictor of either the cognitive attainment or the behavioral adjustment of children. The findings evidence the importance of home environments for the optimal development of children, and suggest that strong home environments contribute to prevent potential negative outcomes and promote positive developmental outcomes of children born to teenage mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Hyunsook Chang. Home Environments and Developmental Outcomes of Children Born to Teenage Mothers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996. |
3603. |
Lee, Jaewon |
Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health among Young Adult Children: Race/Ethnicity International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18,11 (2021): 5691. Also: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115691 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Mothers, Income; Poverty; Racial Differences; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal economic well-being and children's mental health outcomes in adulthood and to consider the moderating effect of race/ethnicity. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults. The two datasets were merged, and 4224 pairs were selected for the final sample. Ordinary linear regression and logistic regression analyses were used. Poverty and lower net worth among mothers were positively associated with their children's depression in young adulthood. Race/ethnicity moderated the relationship between maternal poverty and children's depression. Therefore, women's economic resources may be an important factor in the development of mental health issues among their children in young adulthood. Developing anti-poverty policies that target women may assist in reducing depressive symptoms in their children once they reach young adulthood, specifically for non-Hispanic White children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon. "Maternal Economic Well-Being and Mental Health among Young Adult Children: Race/Ethnicity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18,11 (2021): 5691.
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3604. |
Lee, Jaewon |
The Impact of Females' Economic Well-being on Fertility: Race and Ethnicity Health Care for Women International published online (9 August 2021): DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1944148. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07399332.2021.1944148 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Poverty; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As women's labor participation has increased, the fertility rate has decreased. However, there is little research addressing economic well-being among females and the effect of females' economic well-being on the fertility rate. Through this study, we examine the effects of females' economic well-being on fertility and differences in the association across ethnicity/race. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 was used. 3734 females were selected for the final sample. The sample consists of 1834 non-Hispanic Whites, 1175 African Americans, and 725 Hispanics. Ordinary Linear Regression Analyses and Logistic Regression Analyses were conducted. There were ethnic/racial disparities in economic well-being amongst females. Poverty was positively associated with both having more children and higher numbers of miscarriages/stillbirths. Interaction effects were found: African Americans and Hispanics moderated the association between poverty and number of children. This research contributes to further understanding ethnic/racial disparities between females' economic well-being and fertility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon. "The Impact of Females' Economic Well-being on Fertility: Race and Ethnicity." Health Care for Women International published online (9 August 2021): DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1944148.
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3605. |
Lee, Jaewon |
Trajectories of Depression between 30s and 50s: Latent Growth Modeling Issues in Mental Health Nursing 41,7 (2020): 624-636. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01612840.2019.1688438 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Insurance, Health; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: Previous studies have primarily focused on depression among older adults. Given that middle age links young adulthood to older adulthood and encompasses a variety of changes in roles and status, which influence depression, it is important to understand the changes of depression during this period. Methods: This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The final sample consisted of 834 individuals, and four points in time were used: 34, 36, 40, and 50 years of age. The Latent Growth Model (LGM) was used to estimate the trajectories of depression. Results: The trajectories of depression present a non-linear change, referring to V-shaped curve. The conditional model shows that there are significant individual differences on initial status. Males were negatively associated with the latent initial level of depression. Individuals who showed higher self-esteem and cognitive ability were negatively associated with the latent initial level of depression. In addition, health insurance was negatively associated with the latent initial levels of depression. Both employment and net worth predicted lower intercepts of depression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon. "Trajectories of Depression between 30s and 50s: Latent Growth Modeling." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 41,7 (2020): 624-636.
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3606. |
Lee, Jaewon |
Trajectories of Mental Health across Baby Boomers: Latent Growth Curve Modeling for Depression Social Work in Mental Health 18:1 (2020): 96-120. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15332985.2019.1683674 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the trajectories of mental health across baby boomers to understand their mental health during middle age. This study used secondary data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and used four points in time to estimate trajectories of mental health during adulthood. This study included 834 participants who were born in 1959. The Latent Growth Curve Model (LGCM) was used for modeling and estimating the trajectories of mental health. The trajectories of mental health show non-linear change even after considering longitudinal changes of variables. The trajectories indicate a V-shaped curve: higher depression at 34 and 50 years of age and the lowest depression at 40 years. Males predicted lower intercepts of depression and those with higher self-esteem showed lower depression initially. This study provides further evidence for understanding baby boomers' mental health during their adulthood within a longitudinal setting by using a nationwide sample. More specialized interventions and services should be considered for females' mental health problems over time. It is also important to help individuals develop and cultivate their self-esteem before entering into middle age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon. "Trajectories of Mental Health across Baby Boomers: Latent Growth Curve Modeling for Depression." Social Work in Mental Health 18:1 (2020): 96-120.
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3607. |
Lee, Jaewon |
Trajectories of Mental Health and the Impact of Economic Well-Being across Middle Aged Adults Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Michigan State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Economic Well-Being; Health, Mental/Psychological; Net Worth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mental health is one of several important factors to sustain one's well-being, and as such, poor mental health can lead to significant problems in one's quality of life. Although mental illnesses are prevalent in middle-aged adults and the importance of mental health in general has been discussed in many studies, mental health across middle-aged adults has received less attention. Levels of depression have changed over time and lack of economic resources influences mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine trajectories of mental health among middle-aged adults, to investigate which factors influence the trajectories of mental health, and to explore the effects of economic well-being on mental health during middle age. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), which is a nation-wide representative data set for individuals in the United States, was used for analysis. A sample of 834 individuals who discussed their mental health status at four points in time (34, 36, 40, and 50 years of age) was analyzed. The latent growth model was conducted using M-plus statistical package. The research questions are as follows: 1) What are the trajectories of mental health among middle aged-adults (34 to 50 years of age)? 2) Is economic well-being (net worth and employment) associated with mental health? Major findings reported in this study were that the trajectories of mental health show non-linear change, with lowest levels of depression at 40 and higher levels of depression at 34, 36, and 50 years of age. Male, self-esteem, cognitive ability, health insurance, employment, and net worth predicted lower intercepts of depression. In addition, even after including time-varying covariates, the trajectories of mental health still show non-linear change. Employment was associated with lower risks of depression at 34, 36, 40, and 50 years, and net worth was also associated with lower risks of depression at 34, 36, and 50 years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon. Trajectories of Mental Health and the Impact of Economic Well-Being across Middle Aged Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Michigan State University, 2018. |
3608. |
Lee, Jaewon Allen, Jennifer |
Inequality in the Intergenerational Economic Mobility in Single Mother-headed Households Children and Youth Services Review 139 (August 2022): 106566. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019074092200202X Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parents, Single; Poverty Objective: This study examines the underlying pathway of intergenerational economic mobility within single mother-headed families by considering the mediating role of young adult children's educational attainment. Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were used to pair data from single mothers and their young adult children. A total of 3,139 single mother and young adult children pairs were chosen for analysis. Ordinary least squares and logistic regression analysis were employed to examine the mediation model. Results: Single mothers' poverty status was negatively associated with both their young adult children's educational attainment and income. The young adult children's educational attainment was positively related to their income. Results showed a full mediation of the relationship between single mothers' poverty status and their young adult children's income via their young adult children's educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Jennifer Allen. "Inequality in the Intergenerational Economic Mobility in Single Mother-headed Households." Children and Youth Services Review 139 (August 2022): 106566.
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3609. |
Lee, Jaewon Allen, Jennifer |
Mother's Educational Attainment and their Young Adult Daughters' Fast Food Intake: The Role of Race/Ethnicity Health Care for Women International 41,2 (2020): 169-187. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07399332.2019.1669606 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between mothers' educational attainment and their daughters' fast food intake and the moderating effect of race/ethnicity on the relationship was examined. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were used. Young women with mothers who received higher education were less likely to eat fast food. Race/ethnicity moderated the relationship between mothers' educational attainment and their young adult daughters' fast food intake. Through this study, we seek to understand the intergenerational relationship between mother and daughter and the effect of mothers' education on their young adult children's fast food consumption. Providing more opportunities for mothers to increase their educational attainment should be considered to reduce their children's fast food intake. Mothers’ educational attainment should be focused on more closely for non-Hispanic Whites as a factor to reduce young women’s fast food intake, and other economic factors should be considered to understand the role of mothers' educational attainment among African Americans and Hispanic/Latinas. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Jennifer Allen. "Mother's Educational Attainment and their Young Adult Daughters' Fast Food Intake: The Role of Race/Ethnicity." Health Care for Women International 41,2 (2020): 169-187.
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3610. |
Lee, Jaewon Allen, Jennifer |
Mothers' Income and Young Adult Children's Education and Fast Food Intake American Journal of Health Behavior 44,5 (September 2020): 681-690. Also: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/png/ajhb/2020/00000044/00000005/art00011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: PNG Publications Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Mothers, Income; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: In this study, we examine young adult children's educational attainment as a mediator in the pathway from their mother's income to their fast food consumption. Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were used to select mother and children dyads. A total of 5140 dyads were selected as the final sample. We used a mediation model to test mediators in the relationship between mother's income and young adult children's fast food consumption. Results: Mother's income was significantly related to their young adult children's educational attainment. Mother's income was negatively related to fast food consumption. This study revealed partial mediation of the relationship between mother's income and their young adult children's fast food consumption via their young adult children's educational attainment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Jennifer Allen. "Mothers' Income and Young Adult Children's Education and Fast Food Intake." American Journal of Health Behavior 44,5 (September 2020): 681-690.
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3611. |
Lee, Jaewon Allen, Jennifer |
The Intergenerational Transmission of Income Mobility between Mothers and their Young Adult Daughters: The Mediating Role of their Daughters' Educational Attainment Social Policy and Administration: An International Journal of Policy and Research published online (21 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/spol.12631. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/spol.12631 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Mothers and Daughters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines whether the daughters' educational attainment mediates the intergenerational transmission of economic mobility between mothers and their young adult daughters. To create mother-daughter dyads, two data sets were combined: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY). A total of 2,456 dyads were included for analysis. We used a mediation model to explore the relationship between mothers' income and their young adult daughters' income. Mothers' income was associated with their young adult daughters' educational attainment and income. The mediation model indicated partial mediation of the relationship between mothers' income and their young adult daughters' income via their young adult daughters' educational attainment. Addressing issues of income inequality among mothers may serve as a buffer against the low upward mobility across generations for their young adult daughters raised by low‐income mothers. It is imperative to provide programs and financial assistance for mothers to bolster their income and thereby their daughters' educational attainment and income in young adulthood and therefore improve economic mobility from mothers to daughters. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Jennifer Allen. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Income Mobility between Mothers and their Young Adult Daughters: The Mediating Role of their Daughters' Educational Attainment." Social Policy and Administration: An International Journal of Policy and Research published online (21 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/spol.12631.
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3612. |
Lee, Jaewon Allen, Jennifer |
The Role of Young Adult Children's Income in the Relationship between Single Mothers' Poverty and Their Young Adult Children's Depression Journal of Family Issues published online (6 January 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0192513X20984497. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0192513X20984497 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parents, Single; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the relationship between single mother's poverty and their young adult children's depression, and it examined the mediating effect of young adults' income on the relationship. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were used. A total of 4,224 dyads were selected and the mediation model was conducted. Single mother's poverty was related to low income and depression among their young adult children. The relationship between mother's poverty and their young adult children's depression was partially mediated by their young adult children's income. Poverty prevention or reduction programs for female-headed households should be provided to single mothers to reduce future levels of depression among their young adults. Improving inequality in intergenerational economic mobility is one way to address depressive symptoms among the young adult children of single mothers in poverty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Jennifer Allen. "The Role of Young Adult Children's Income in the Relationship between Single Mothers' Poverty and Their Young Adult Children's Depression." Journal of Family Issues published online (6 January 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0192513X20984497.
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3613. |
Lee, Jaewon Allen, Jennifer Lim, Hyejung |
The Effect of Single Mothers’ Employment on Their Children’s Mental Health in Young Adulthood: Random Effects Model for Longitudinal Data Children and Youth Services Review 160 (May 2024): 107585. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740924001579?via%3Dihub Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Childhood; Childhood Education, Early; Childhood, Early; Children; Children, Emotional Development; Children, Mental Health; Children, Preschool; Depression (see also CESD); Job Training; Motherhood; Mothers; Mothers, Single; Mothers, Working; Pregnancy; Self-Esteem; Training, Occupational Objective: Based on a longitudinal approach, this study explores the effect of single mothers’ employment from pregnancy to their children’s preschool years on their adult children’s self-esteem and depression. Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were employed to pair mothers and their adult children. We used six NLSY79 CY waves from 2004 to 2014. A total of 2,596 single mother-headed household dyads were selected. Variables repeatedly measured at six points in time were tested using the Random Effects Model. Results: Results show that single mothers’ higher frequency of employment from pregnancy to when their children were four years old was significantly related to their children’s self-esteem and depression at above the age of 18 years. Discussion: Providing more opportunities for single mothers to get a job is necessary to enhance their children’s mental health over time. Accessible job training programs for single mothers and free provision of accessible and high-quality childcare services by the government should be focused on single mothers, particularly those who are pregnant or have children under the age of 5 years, for their children to positively develop self-esteem and reduce depression over time. The intergenerational transmission of inequality between single mothers and their adult children can be addressed by providing more opportunities for well-paying stable jobs with flexible schedules to single mothers, so they are better able to provide their children with time, support and resources. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon, Jennifer Allen and Hyejung Lim. "The Effect of Single Mothers’ Employment on Their Children’s Mental Health in Young Adulthood: Random Effects Model for Longitudinal Data." Children and Youth Services Review 160 (May 2024): 107585.
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3614. |
Lee, Jaewon Lim, Hyejung Allen, Jennifer |
A Hybrid Model for the Intergenerational Relationship Between Maternal Poverty and Their Young Adult Child’s Self-Esteem Lee, J., Lim, H., & Allen, J. (2023). A Hybrid Model for the Intergenerational Relationship Between Maternal Poverty and Their Young Adult Child’s Self-Esteem. Journal of Family Issues, 0(0). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X231181365 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Income; Poverty; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study aims to examine how mothers’ poverty differently affects young adult children’s self-esteem over time. We consider how young adult children’s income moderates the between-subject relationship and the within-subject relationship. This study used two data sets such as the NLSY79 and the NLSY79CY. We used six waves from 2004 to 2014. A total of 3975 mother–adult child dyads were chosen. The hybrid model was employed to explore both the between-subject and the within-subject relationship. There was a significant between-subject relationship regarding the effect of mothers’ poverty and adult children’s income on adult children’s self-esteem. In the between-subjects relationship, an interaction effect was found, such that children’s income moderated the between-subject relationship between mothers’ poverty and children’s self-esteem. Long-term anti-poverty programs should be provided to women with children even after they completely are away from poverty. Minimizing inequality in intergenerational economic mobility may be critical to enhance adult children’s self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon, Hyejung Lim and Jennifer Allen. "A Hybrid Model for the Intergenerational Relationship Between Maternal Poverty and Their Young Adult Child’s Self-Esteem." Lee, J., Lim, H., & Allen, J. (2023). A Hybrid Model for the Intergenerational Relationship Between Maternal Poverty and Their Young Adult Child’s Self-Esteem. Journal of Family Issues, 0(0). A.
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3615. |
Lee, Jaewon Ortiz, Daniel Velez |
The Intergenerational Effects of Maternal Depression on Their Young Adult Children's Depression Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Depression affects females more than males. Maternal depression has been found to have adverse impacts on children's developmental outcomes. However, little research have been addressed on intergenerational effects on depression across three generations. The present study examined the effects of maternal depression in young adulthood and late adulthood on their children's depression. Specific questions include: 1) What are the individual and environmental determinants for maternal depression in young and late adulthood? 2) Does maternal depression in young and late adulthood affect their children's depression? 3) Does maternal depression in young adulthood influence depression in late adulthood? Methods: The present study used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY 79) collected from 1979 to 2012 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults collected from 1986 to 2012. The two sets of data were merged, and children were matched with their mother. Approximately 4,000 pairs were selected for the study sample. The sample included 1937 White, 1319 Black, and 853 Hispanic children. Depression was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, which was used for both mothers and their children. Baseline variables (age, education, marital status, the Armed Forces Qualification Test, urban/rural region, poverty status, employment) were included. Ordinary linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the research questions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Daniel Velez Ortiz. "The Intergenerational Effects of Maternal Depression on Their Young Adult Children's Depression." Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2017. |
3616. |
Lee, Jaewon Seon, Jisuk |
Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Poverty to Self-esteem among Young Adult Children: The Role of Employment Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104492. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919306218 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Employment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Mothers, Income; Poverty; Self-Esteem Objectives: This study explores the underlying pathways of the intergenerational relationship linking parents' poverty, children's self-esteem and employment among young adults. Methods: This study used two data sets from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY). A total of 9584 dyads was used for the final sample. The mediation model suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986) was used to examine. Results: Young adult children whose mother is in poverty are less likely to be employed compared to their counterparts with a mother not in poverty. Maternal poverty is significantly associated with young adult children's self-esteem. Young adult children's employment is statistically related to their self-esteem. Young adult children's employment status mediated the relationship between maternal poverty and young adult children's self-esteem. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jaewon and Jisuk Seon. "Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Poverty to Self-esteem among Young Adult Children: The Role of Employment." Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104492.
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3617. |
Lee, Ji-Youn |
A Multilevel Analysis of Young Adult Migration, 1980-1998 Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Education; Educational Status; Family Resources; Migration The primary objective of this research was to investigate the propensity to migrate the destination choices of young adults, and the importance of individual, household, and community characteristics in these migration choices. Using cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth79 from 1980 to 1998, this study specifies the set of individual-, household-, and community-level of determinants on migration and then incorporates these variables in multivariate analyses to test their direct and relative effects on the migratory behavior of young adult groups. A Cox proportional hazard analysis suggests that among three levels of factors, individual characteristics are the most important determinants of migration, but the migratory behavior is more fully explained by multilevel variables rather than a single-level variable. This research had three foci within the primary objective. This research these issues using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) from 1980 to 1998. This study employs two multivariate analyses: First, logisitic regression model techniques are used to determine the effects of individual characteristics (age, sex, race and ethnicity, marital status, education, employment status, income, and status inconsistency), household characteristics (family size, young children, total net family income, and power relations between husbands and wives), and community characteristics (population size, the percent of the white population, the percent of 4-years college-educated, per capita personal income, and unemployment rate) on the probability and the direction of migration. Second, a Cox proportional hazard model helps to correct for the censoring problems in the longitudinal data and to explore the simultaneous effects on the hazard of migration by variables specified at the individual, family, and community levels. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn. A Multilevel Analysis of Young Adult Migration, 1980-1998. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2002. |
3618. |
Lee, Ji-Youn Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. |
The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration in the United States: Propensities and Rural-Urban Destination Selections Korea Journal of Population Studies 26,2 (2003): 197-219 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Han'guk In'guhak Keyword(s): Education; Educational Status; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Migration Patterns; Rural/Urban Migration; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we test the effects of relative status inconsistency within American young couples on the direction of migration as well as on migration propensities. Key findings in this study indicate that only couples in which the wife's education is greater than the husband's education are less likely to migrate than couples for which the wife's status is as lower than the husband's. There are no differences in the propensity for rural couples to migrate to urban counties or for urban couples to migrate to rural counties based on status inconsistency between spouses. However, we find that there is the gendered difference in the effect of status inconsistency on the probability of family migration. A spouse's higher status has an impact on a wife's probability of migration but does not affect a husband's migration propensity in a comparable situation. These findings are most consistent with a gender role perspective on migration since increases in the wife's status have little effect on family migration, once the presence and age of children is controlled. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration in the United States: Propensities and Rural-Urban Destination Selections." Korea Journal of Population Studies 26,2 (2003): 197-219.
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3619. |
Lee, Ji-Youn Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. |
The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration: Analysis of NLSY79 Couples Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. Also: http://paa2003.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=62819 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Education; Educational Status; Family Resources; Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the concept of status inconsistency and family resources theory as the base, we test influences of relative educational and income status between spouses on family migration. Panel data from the NLSY79 indicates that only one form of status inconsistency within the couple do affect the probability of migration. The greater educational status of wives decreases the probability of migration, while the wife's relative economic position does not depress the likelihood of migration. However, we find that there is the gendered difference in the effect of status inconsistency on the probability of migration. A spouse's higher status has an impact on a wife's probability of migration but does not affect a husband's migration propensity in a comparable situation. It cannot be accounted by both the human capital and the family resource theory, since the asymmetrical power relation between husbands and wives seems to be imposed outside the family. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn, Eddy Helen Berry and Michael B. Toney. "The Effects of Status Inconsistency between Spouses on Migration: Analysis of NLSY79 Couples." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
3620. |
Lee, Ji-Youn Toney, Michael B. Berry, Eddy Helen |
Social Status Inconsistency and Migration Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 27,1 (March 2009): 35-49. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562408000322 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Status; Migration Patterns; Rural/Urban Migration; Socioeconomic Status (SES) We use NLSY79 panel data to extend the line of sociological research encouraged in the early work of Lenski by analyzing the effects of social status inconsistencies on the likelihood and direction of migration. Given that migration is often viewed as a way for individuals to locate prospective returns fitting for their qualifications, analysis of migration behavior offers an opportunity to examine the impact of status inconsistency. Key findings indicate that under-rewarded individuals, specifically relatively highly educated individuals in low status and low paying occupations, are more likely to migrate than are status consistent individuals. Over-rewarded individuals are less likely to migrate. These findings vary across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan places: individuals in nonmetropolitan areas who are under-rewarded or have mixed statuses have higher odds of migration than status consistent respondents. Individuals in metropolitan areas with inconsistent statuses are not more likely to migrate than status consistent respondents once other determinants of migration are entered in the analysis. Exploratory analysis shows migration increases the likelihood of achieving status consistency. Further examination of the interrelationship between migration and status inconsistency is recommended. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Ji-Youn, Michael B. Toney and Eddy Helen Berry. "Social Status Inconsistency and Migration." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 27,1 (March 2009): 35-49.
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3621. |
Lee, Jin Young |
Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Expectations/Intentions; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on the interrelationship of socioeconomic outcomes of women...In the third chapter, I look at the role of teenage women's anticipated future labor force attachment in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. Combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, the results suggest that teenagers' future work expectations may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jin Young. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2012. |
3622. |
Lee, Jin Young |
The Upward Trend in Women's College-Going: The Role of Teenagers' Anticipated Future Labour Force Attachment Applied Economics 50,30 (2018): 3271-3284. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2017.1420888 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): College Education; Expectations/Intentions; Labor Force Participation This article focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labour force participation in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. A simple conceptual model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jin Young. "The Upward Trend in Women's College-Going: The Role of Teenagers' Anticipated Future Labour Force Attachment." Applied Economics 50,30 (2018): 3271-3284.
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3623. |
Lee, Joyce M. Gebremariam, Achamyeleh Vijan, Sandeep Gurney, James G. |
Excess Body Mass Index–Years, a Measure of Degree and Duration of Excess Weight, and Risk for Incident Diabetes Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 166,1 (January 2012): 42-48. Also: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/166/1/42 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Body Mass Index (BMI); Health Factors; Obesity; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To evaluate the relation between excess body mass index (BMI)–years, a measure of the degree to which an individual's BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) exceeds the reference BMI and the duration for which he or she carries excess BMI, and incident diabetes. Design: Longitudinal analysis. Setting: United States of America. Participants: A total of 8157 adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 21 years at the start of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 with self-reported measures of height, weight, and diabetes status (type unspecified) from 1981 through 2006. Main Exposure: Excess BMI-years, which were calculated by subtracting the actual BMI from the reference BMI (25.0 for adults or 85th percentile for adolescents) for each study year and cumulating excess BMI for the study duration. Main Outcome Measure: We conducted logistic regression models to predict presumed type 2 diabetes (after excluding presumed type 1 diabetes) as a function of age, sex, race, excess BMI-years, and specific interactions. Results: A higher level of excess BMI-years was associated with an increased risk of diabetes. For example, on average, white men aged 40 years with 200 excess BMI-years had 2.94 times (95% confidence interval, 2.36-3.67) higher odds of developing diabetes compared with men of the same age and race with 100 excess BMI-years. For a given level of excess BMI-years, younger compared with older and Hispanic and black compared with white individuals had higher risk of developing diabetes. Our study is limited by use of self-reported data without specification of diabetes type. Conclusions: Because younger compared with older individuals have a higher risk of self-reported diabetes for a given level of excess BMI-years and cumulative exposure to excess BMI is increasing among younger US birth cohorts, public health interventions should target younger adults. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Joyce M., Achamyeleh Gebremariam, Sandeep Vijan and James G. Gurney. "Excess Body Mass Index–Years, a Measure of Degree and Duration of Excess Weight, and Risk for Incident Diabetes." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 166,1 (January 2012): 42-48.
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3624. |
Lee, Kyunghee |
Bidirectional Effects of Early Poverty on Children's Reading and Home Environment Scores: Associations and Ethnic Differences Social Work Research 33,2 (June 2009): 79-94 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Keyword(s): Childhood Education, Early; Children, Home Environment; Children, Poverty; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the author reports secondary analyses that examine the bidirectional effects of the duration of early poverty on children's reading and home environment scores. The author focuses on three specific questions: (1 ) Does the duration of early childhood poverty affect children's reading scores from ages 5 and 6 to ages 11 and 12 after controlling for individual, family, and contextual characteristics? (2) Does the duration of early poverty affect the trajectories for reading and home environment scores from ages 5 and 6 to ages 11 and 12? (3) Are there any differences associated with ethnicity in the trajectories for reading and home scores, and do these differences depend on the duration of early poverty? Findings suggest that a longer duration of early poverty had significant adverse effects on children and these adverse effects became more pronounced as children grew. Early poverty also negatively affected home scores at ages 5 and 6, which, in turn, affected reading scores at ages 5 and 6 and continuously did so as the children grew older. However, these associations between home and reading scores were different across ethnicities with regard to the duration of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Kyunghee. "Bidirectional Effects of Early Poverty on Children's Reading and Home Environment Scores: Associations and Ethnic Differences." Social Work Research 33,2 (June 2009): 79-94.
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3625. |
Lee, Kyunghee |
Impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform on Child and Family Well-being Journal of Community Psychology 37,5 (July 2009): 602-617. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcop.20320/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Office of University Partnerships - OUP Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examined the impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Using a sample of 1,681 single mothers living in poverty, this study compared the effects of economic well-being and home environment scores on their children during pre- and post-Welfare Reform years. Following the 1996 Welfare Reform, fewer mothers received cash payments, and those who did received lower payments, while more mothers worked at low-paying jobs. Negative impacts were more pronounced for less educated mothers. The effects of family income and home environment scores on children were different before and after the 1996 Welfare Reform. Maternal education moderated these associations. Instead of enforcing the current "work first" mandate, this research supports giving priority to maternal education to enhance child and family well-being in low-income families. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Kyunghee. "Impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform on Child and Family Well-being." Journal of Community Psychology 37,5 (July 2009): 602-617.
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3626. |
Lee, Kyunghee Clancy, Bridget |
Impact of Poverty on Adolescent Drug Use: Moderation Effects of Family Support and Self-Esteem Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 20,4 (2020): 272-291. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1533256X.2020.1838860 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Drug Use; Ethnic Differences; Family Influences; Poverty; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examined 2 questions: (a) Does poverty affect adolescents' drug use, controlling for individual, family, and contextual characteristics and does this differ depending on race or ethnicity? (b) Are adolescent self-esteem and family support associated with their drug use? Findings suggest that living in poverty had adverse effects on adolescent drug use. Compared to Black and Hispanic youth, these effects were more pronounced among White adolescents living in poverty. Adolescents with higher self-esteem were less likely to use drugs. Drug use differed depending on gender, number of siblings, maternal marital status, and maternal years of education. This study suggests that substance use should be addressed in ecological contexts, looking at both macro antipoverty programs and micro psychosocial and family support programs. Current policies should expand on and bring new prevention and intervention efforts to reduce adolescent drug use by considering these macro and micro factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Kyunghee and Bridget Clancy. "Impact of Poverty on Adolescent Drug Use: Moderation Effects of Family Support and Self-Esteem." Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 20,4 (2020): 272-291.
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3627. |
Lee, Kyunghee Zhang, Liangliang |
Cumulative Effects of Poverty on Children's Social-Emotional Development: Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty Community Mental Health Journal published online (9 November 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00901-x. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10597-021-00901-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Poverty; Social Emotional Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the cumulative effects of poverty on children's socio-emotional outcomes from ages 5 to 12, using U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (N = 6941). Two definitions of poverty were used: absolute poverty as defined by the federal poverty threshold, and relative poverty defined as income less than 50 percent of median household income. (1) Does cumulative poverty, measured in absolute and relative terms, have any impact on children's socio-emotional outcomes? (2) Does this association increase/decrease as children become older? Relative poverty had a stronger adverse effect on children's social-emotional development than absolute poverty, and the adverse effect of relative poverty was bigger when children were older. Child and maternal characteristics affected children's socio-emotional development. The income threshold for absolute poverty is lower than that for relative poverty; using a relative poverty threshold might better identify individuals with limited resources that are at risk of having adverse socio-emotional outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Kyunghee and Liangliang Zhang. "Cumulative Effects of Poverty on Children's Social-Emotional Development: Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty." Community Mental Health Journal published online (9 November 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00901-x.
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3628. |
Lee, Mark |
Obesity among U.S. Rural Adults: Assessing Selection and Causation with Prospective Cohort Data Health and Place published online (29 November 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102260. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829219306318 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Migration; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration Rural adults in the U.S. have disproportionately high rates of obesity, but it is unclear whether this association exists because of selective migration or a contextual effect of the rural environment. Using nationally representative longitudinal data, this study investigates: (1) whether people with obesity select into rural counties, and (2) whether living in a rural area increases body weight after accounting for selection bias. Results indicate that people with obesity are less likely to move to a different county than people without obesity even after controlling for individual and household differences. Next, individual fixed effects regression models, which implicitly control for all time-constant variables, are used to produce a more robust estimate of the effect of rural residence on body weight. Rural residence predicts a significant increase in probability of obesity and body mass index. These results suggest that the association between rural residence and obesity in the United States is likely bidirectional. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Mark. "Obesity among U.S. Rural Adults: Assessing Selection and Causation with Prospective Cohort Data." Health and Place published online (29 November 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102260.
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3629. |
Lee, Marlena Iris |
Essays on Household Behavior Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Business, The University of Chicago, June 2008. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Household Composition; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Self-Employed Workers; Wage Dynamics; Wages; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter examines the relation between house prices and household consumption and provides evidence that the correlation between prices and consumption is mostly due to common drivers, not wealth or collateral effects. Using data from the PSID and the CEX, I show that consumption elasticities for owners with respect to statewide housing appreciation can be approximately halved with the inclusion of controls for per capita income and the unemployment rate. In a second approach, I use renters as a control group and show that owners and renters have similar consumption responses to housing appreciation. The second chapter examines the return to self-employment experience in the labor market. There are two contrasting views of self-employment. First, there is the archetypal entrepreneur, who starts a business with the intention of ownership until failure or retirement. The second type describes the worker who enters self-employment when paid opportunities are poor and exits when a better opportunity arises. Using data from the NLSY from 1979-2004, I show that individuals with a single spell in self-employment, termed "non-repeaters," conform better to the career driven type of self-employment, while individuals with multiple spells in self-employment display characteristics consistent with opportunistic self-employment. Repeaters are more likely to be unemployed in the same year they are self-employed and have shorter durations in self-employment than non-repeaters. Non-repeaters are more educated and are more likely to be a professional. Evidence from repeater wages suggest that repeaters are not lower quality workers. Repeaters have higher wages than non-repeaters and non-entrepreneurs with similar characteristics. Additionally, the return repeaters receive for their self-employment experience is greater than both the return to wage experience and the return to self-employment experience for non-repeaters. Non-repeaters receive much lower returns to their self-employment experience, a pattern that can also be explained if non-repeaters are more likely to have career aspirations. Those with career intentions are more likely to exit due to failure. Alternatively, they are more likely to allow the skills required in paid employment to depreciate, or may have been lacking these skills altogether, thus requiring careers in self-employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Marlena Iris. Essays on Household Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Business, The University of Chicago, June 2008.. |
3630. |
Lee, Marlene A. Wojtkiewicz, Roger A. |
Road to Independence: Patterns of Living Arrangements among Young Adults Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Education; Exits; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Considers male & female patterns of living arrangements during young adulthood. Grouping females by education at age 18 conditions on an event - high school graduation - likely to influence the timing of future education & living arrangements between ages 18 & 30. Using an increment-decrement multistate life table model data from the 1979-1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are drawn to estimate time spent in each state, as well as number of entries to & exits from each. Results reveal consistent differences between male & females with respect to state durations, entries, & exits. However, the patterns of differences between high school dropouts & graduates vary with gender. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Marlene A. and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "Road to Independence: Patterns of Living Arrangements among Young Adults." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1999. |
3631. |
Lee, Na Youn Hong, Jun Sung |
Child, Mother, and Neighborhood Characteristics and Mothers' Use of Corporal Punishment: A Longitudinal Repeated Measures Analysis Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody and Child Development published online (27 October 2021): DOI: 10.1080/26904586.2021.1985682. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26904586.2021.1985682 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Mothers, Income; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Punishment, Corporal Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study aimed to investigate the child, mother, and neighborhood characteristics of mothers' use of corporal punishment over time using a longitudinal repeated measures analysis. The sample consisted of 3,979 children from waves 2000 and 2002 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who resided with their mothers. Hierarchical linear modeling results showed that younger age, race/ethnicity, and behavioral problems of the child significantly predicted the use of corporal punishment by mothers over time. Regarding mothers' characteristics, we found that only poverty status was statistically significant, and for neighborhood characteristics, mothers' ratings of neighborhood quality predicted their employment of corporal punishment. Hence, community programs and professionals should provide mothers--especially those struggling financially and living in unsafe neighborhoods--with alternatives to corporal punishment that are culturally sensitive, effective, and harmless. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Na Youn and Jun Sung Hong. "Child, Mother, and Neighborhood Characteristics and Mothers' Use of Corporal Punishment: A Longitudinal Repeated Measures Analysis." Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody and Child Development published online (27 October 2021): DOI: 10.1080/26904586.2021.1985682.
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3632. |
Lee, Sang Lim |
Mobility Disparity between Race/Ethnic Groups: Onward and Return Migrations Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91924 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purposes of this study are to examine migration disparities in repeat migration including onward and return migration by Hispanics, blacks, and whites and to inspect the differences among the various types of migration. In addition, this study explores differences between onward and return migrations. These have been rarely studied because of a lack of proper migration data. This research employs the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) for a hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) of repeat migrations. The results demonstrate that whites are more likely to make onward migrations compared to blacks and Hispanics. But, with return migration, significant differences between whites and other minorities are not found. Return migration presents several interesting different patterns compared with the other type migrations, including the effects of age and educational attainment. The findings seem to indicate that different characteristics are involved in different types of migration |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Sang Lim. "Mobility Disparity between Race/Ethnic Groups: Onward and Return Migrations." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. |
3633. |
Lee, Sang Lim |
Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Migration Selectivity: Primary and Repeat Migration Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Human Capital; Migration; Migration Patterns; Modeling; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purposes of this study are to examine migration disparities in primary, onward, and return migration by Hispanics, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white and to inspect the differences among the various types of migration. In addition, this study explores explanations of the migration disparities. These have been rarely studied because of a lack of proper migration data. This research employs the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) for a logistic regression of primary migration and for a hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) of the two types of repeat migration, namely onward and return. The results demonstrate that whites are more likely to make primary and onward migrations compared to blacks and Hispanics. But, with return migration, significant differences between whites and other minorities are not found. With respect to the contributors or explanations, this study indicates that the racial/ethnic migration disparities are not explained by socioeconomic status as opposed to explanations by human capital perspectives. The racial/ethnic disparities in migrations seem to be produced by discrimination and an unequal distribution of opportunities. Return migration presents several interesting different patterns compared with the other type migrations, including the effects of age and educational attainment. For return migration, old and less educated individuals have higher odds, showing reversed pattern of total, primary, and onward migration. The findings seem to indicate that different characteristics are involved in different types of migration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Sang Lim. Racial and Ethnic Comparison of Migration Selectivity: Primary and Repeat Migration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Utah State University, 2008. |
3634. |
Lee, Sang-Hyop |
A Re-examination of Government Wage Differentials in the United States: Evidence from the NLSY with Geocode Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 43,2 (April 2004): 448-472. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2004.00338.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, OLS; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While many researchers have sought to estimate federal-private wage differentials in the US, most of them ignore the issues of unobserved heterogeneity and selectivity among sectors. This paper seeks to fill the gap in previous literature by utilizing a more appropriate data set and several compelling techniques. The main results suggest substantial bias in OLS estimates of federal-private wage differentials due to individual heterogeneity and self-selection. The direction of bias under selectivity correction is consistent with results from both test-score approach estimates and the fixed-effect estimates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Sang-Hyop. "A Re-examination of Government Wage Differentials in the United States: Evidence from the NLSY with Geocode." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 43,2 (April 2004): 448-472.
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3635. |
Lee, Seung Myung |
A Study of Liquidity Constraints and Precautionary Savings: Micro Evidence for the Young Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Household Income; Mothers, Behavior; Savings Inspired by the works of Dynan (JPE, 1993) and Hayashi (QJE, 1985), this dissertation tests for precautionary savings and liquidity constraints for young households using data from the 1985-88 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It tests for precautionary savings associated with the variance of consumption growth spanning several years and provides an explicit measure of the strength of precautionary saving motives, the coefficient of relative prudence. Two-stage least squares estimation yields a significantly positive, but small, estimate of relative prudence, indicating a small precautionary saving motive for young households. The presence of liquidity constraints does not appear to explain the failure to estimate a substantial precautionary saving effect for young households. A reduced-form equation for consumption is estimated on high saving households by the Tobit procedure to get predicted desired consumption without liquidity constraints. The gap between predicted desired consumption and measured consumption is not evident for young households, reflecting the insignificance of liquidity constraints. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Seung Myung. A Study of Liquidity Constraints and Precautionary Savings: Micro Evidence for the Young. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1995. |
3636. |
Lee, Sokbae |
Essays on Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods in Econometrics Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 2002. DAI-A 63/04, p. 1457, Oct 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Work History This dissertation consists of four chapters that deal with semiparametric and non-parametric problems in econometrics. The first chapter presents methods for estimating a conditional quantile function that is assumed to be partially linear. A simple, two-stage estimator of the parametric component of the conditional quantile is developed and the semiparametric efficiency bound for the parametric component is derived. Two types of efficient estimators are constructed. The estimation methods are applied to estimate the return to education in a human capital earnings function. Dimension reduction can be achieved in a different way. In the second chapter, the conditional quantile function is assumed to be additive. Individual additive components of the conditional quantile are estimated nonparametrically based on marginal integration. This chapter introduces a new pilot estimator and establishes the asymptotic distribution of the marginal integration estimator. The third chapter considers a panel duration model that has a proportional hazards specification with fixed effects. The chapter shows how to estimate the baseline and integrated baseline hazard functions without assuming that they belong to known, finite-dimensional families of functions. Existing estimators assume that the baseline hazard function belongs to a known parametric family. Therefore, the estimators presented here are more general than existing ones. This chapter also presents a method for estimating the parametric part of the proportional hazards model under dependent right censoring, under which the partial likelihood estimator is inconsistent. The estimation methods are illustrated by applying them to National Longitudinal Survey of Youth work history data. There are few a priori reasons for preferring one type of semiparametric model to other models. The final chapter reviews semiparametric methods for estimating conditional mean functions. The methods are illustrated by using them to estimate a model of the salaries of professional baseball players in the U.S. It is shown that the various semiparametric models can be distinguished empirically from each other and from a parametric model. The parametric model and several simple semiparametric models fail to capture important features of the data. However, a sufficiently rich semiparametric model describes the data well. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Sokbae. Essays on Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods in Econometrics. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 2002. DAI-A 63/04, p. 1457, Oct 2002. |
3637. |
Lee, Tae Heon |
Distinct Voluntary Turnover Paths and Determinants: A Survival Analysis with a Competing Risks Approach Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2004. DAI-A 65/08, p. 3060, Feb 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Job Turnover; Labor Economics; Modeling; Quits Employees voluntarily leave their current jobs for a variety of reasons. The failure to explicitly distinguish different turnover processes or paths may produce misleading empirical results, which may have greatly contributed to the prevalence of multiple competing turnover models and equivocal empirical results in the previous literature. This study attempted to address this lack of comprehensive conceptual and empirical research on distinct turnover processes by empirically examining whether different types of voluntary turnover indeed represented statistically distinct processes. Using a sample from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, voluntary leavers were classified into the five different groups according to their specific reasons for turnover (i.e., quit to take another job; quit to look for a job; quit to take an unsolicited job offer; quit for family-related reasons; quit for other reasons). This study employed a survival analysis with a competing risks approach to compare these five groups of voluntary leavers in terms of the differential effects of diverse explanatory variables on voluntary turnover. The results showed that the effects of the explanatory variables on voluntary turnover varied across the five different groups of voluntary leavers. In addition, the results of the formal statistical tests of the equality of the parameters or coefficients across various comparison groups further confirmed that the five different types of voluntary turnover were statistically distinguishable. The results of this study provided strong evidence against the previous research practice of applying a particular turnover model (e.g., a deliberate turnover process based on an economically rational decision rule) indiscriminately to all voluntary leavers. The results of this study also call for future research to further identify and define distinct voluntary turnover processes. In sum, this study demonstrated that the integration of recent conceptual and methodological developments (i.e., the unfolding model and survival analysis) can open up a new promising avenue to the future turnover research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Tae Heon. Distinct Voluntary Turnover Paths and Determinants: A Survival Analysis with a Competing Risks Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2004. DAI-A 65/08, p. 3060, Feb 2005. |
3638. |
Lee, Yeon-Shim |
Effects of Flexible Work Hours and Company-Provided Child Care on Wages of Mothers and Other Women Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits; Child Care; Family Studies; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Propensity Scores; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wages, Women; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation investigates the effects of the provision of flexible work hours and company-provided child care on the wages of women, specifically regarding women with child care responsibilities, using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1989 to 2000. To examine the association between women's wages and the availability of flexible work hours and company-provided child care, three sets of alternative hypotheses are tested. First, the availability of such policies might be positively related to the wages of women and associated with a decrease in child wage penalties. Using Ordinary Least Squares and fixed effects models, this study finds evidence to support this, substantiating the belief that working women with the provisions of such policies receive higher wages than working women without the provisions. In addition, the wage premiums associated with such policies sufficiently offset the well-known child wage penalty. Second, the wage effects associated with such policies will still be persistent, even after controlling for a wide range of confounding covariates, including demographic variable, human capital, and job characteristics. Using the longitudinal data to control for such confounding covariates, this dissertation finds that different accumulations of human capital, in part, account for wage differentials between women who have such policy provisions and women who do not. But, the significant wage premiums created by flexible work hours and company-provided child care are still substantial, even after controlling for demographic, human capital, and job characteristics. Moreover, the association between the provision of such policies and women's wages vary by industry and occupation. Third, there might be causal relationship between the provisions of such policies and higher wages of working women and both might be due to time-invariant, unobserved heterogeneity. Using fixed effects models, this dissertation finds very little evidence to support this. To test the differential effects of flexible work hours and company-provided child care on wages of women, this study uses propensity score matching and finds wage premiums for both working mothers and nonmothers (flexible work hours) and for only working mothers (company-provided child care). Moreover, combining the matching and regression adjustment on the matched sample, this study finds significantly and substantially lower wages for working mothers than their nonmother counterparts, as a result of motherhood status, when both groups have the availability of such policies as well as when both groups do not have such policies. The primary policy implication of this study is that developing and expanding flexible work hours and child care provisions should create a better balance between parental employment and family responsibilities and, as a consequence, a secure source of income undiluted by a wage penalty for motherhood. Other policy implications are that enriching family benefit packages, such as more generous child-related leave and tax and benefit policies, would help address the balance between work and family needs, serving to increase the wages not only for working women but for women in general. Finding new venues that reconcile the roles of government with work organizations is proposed to create greater balance between work and family life for working women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lee, Yeon-Shim. Effects of Flexible Work Hours and Company-Provided Child Care on Wages of Mothers and Other Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2005. |
3639. |
Leech, Tamara G. J. |
Subsidized Housing, Public Housing and Adolescent Problem Behavior Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Bias Decomposition; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Home Ownership; Neighborhood Effects; Public Housing; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: This study examines the relationship between public housing residence, subsidized housing residence and problem behavior – violence and substance use – among adolescents. Methods: Data are from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth main survey and young adult survey in 2004. The sample includes 2,530 adolescents aged 14-19. A stratified, propensity matching method was used to determine the treatment effect of public housing and subsidized housing residence, respectively. Results: There was no significant relationship between violence, heavy alcohol or heavy marijuana use, or other drug use and public housing residence. However, subsidized housing residents had significantly lower rates of violence and hard drug use, and marginally significant lower rates of heavy marijuana/alcohol use. Conclusions: First, the results suggest that the depiction of risk behavior among teens in public housing needs to be clarified. Labeling or stereotyping teens living in public and subsidized housing as violent and/or drug users is misleading. Second, the results illustrate the value of distinguishing between public housing and subsidized housing populations in academic studies. Third, and most importantly, the present results indicate that the consistent, positive effect of vouchers is not due to a lower standard among the typical comparison group: public housing. Therefore, future studies should focus on conceptualizing and analyzing the ways that subsidized housing protects adolescent residents, beyond comparisons to public housing environments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leech, Tamara G. J. "Subsidized Housing, Public Housing and Adolescent Problem Behavior." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
3640. |
Lefter, Alexandru Mihai |
Unemployment Insurance and Labor Turnover: Estimates from a Multiple-Spell Two-State Competing-Risk Hazard Model with Endogenous Unemployment Insurance Receipt Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Labor Turnover; Modeling; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Unemployment Insurance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the generosity of the unemployment insurance (UI) system and the duration of post-unemployment jobs. A theoretical framework is developed that distinguishes between two opposite effects of UI on subsequent employment durations: a direct positive effect operating through the positive relationship between the reservation wage and job match quality, and an indirect negative effect operating through the negative relationship between the duration of unemployment and job match quality. In addition, a distinction is made between the impact of past UI benefit payments and the impact of future UI benefit entitlements. A critical review of the relevant empirical research is provided, and an improved empirical strategy is presented by developing a multiple-spell two-state competing-risk hazard model with endogenous UI receipt. The proposed model has three components: the equation for the receipt of UI, the equations for the duration of unemployment (which distinguish between unemployment spells that end in recalls and unemployment spells that end in new jobs), and the equations for the duration of subsequent employment (which distinguish between employment spells that end in quits and employment spells that end in layoffs). The model is estimated using 1978-2002 weekly panel data derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The NLSY79 is an ongoing survey sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor that is based on a nationally representative sample of 12,686 individuals who were between 14 and 21 years old as of December 31, 1978, and who were residing in the U.S. on January 1, 1979. Results from policy simulations based on the hazard model estimates indicate that a 10 percent increase in the weekly benefit amount raises the expected duration of post-unemployment jobs by 2 to 4 weeks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lefter, Alexandru Mihai. Unemployment Insurance and Labor Turnover: Estimates from a Multiple-Spell Two-State Competing-Risk Hazard Model with Endogenous Unemployment Insurance Receipt. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2008. |
3641. |
Lehmann, Jee-Yeon K. Nuevo-Chiquero, Ana Vidal-Fernández, Marian |
Birth Order Differences in Early Inputs and Outcomes Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Houston, March 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Houston Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Breastfeeding; Educational Attainment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine within-family differences in pre- and early postnatal investments as potential explanations for the “birth order effect” – significant differences in the educational and labor market outcomes across children of varying birth orders. Taking advantage of the rich information on in utero and early childhood conditions in the Children of the NLSY79, we find that, within the same household, siblings of higher birth order experience a lower reduction in cigarette usage during pregnancy, are breastfed less often, and experience less cognitive stimulation and emotional support at ages 0 to 1. Next, we test for the presence of birth order effects in early cognitive/non-cognitive test scores and educational attainment and examine whether these differences can be explained by variations in prenatal and early childhood inputs. While we do find a significant negative relationship between birth order and early test scores as well as educational attainment, these effects are robust to controlling for variations in early childhood factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lehmann, Jee-Yeon K., Ana Nuevo-Chiquero and Marian Vidal-Fernández. "Birth Order Differences in Early Inputs and Outcomes." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Houston, March 2013. |
3642. |
Lehmann, Jee-Yeon K. Nuevo-Chiquero, Ana Vidal-Fernández, Marian |
Explaining the Birth Order Effect: The Role of Prenatal and Early Childhood Investments IZA Discussion Paper No. 6755 (July 2012), Institute for the Study of Labor. Updated December 2012. Also: http://www.iza.org/de/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=6755 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Breastfeeding; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine within-family differences in key prenatal and early childhood inputs in an effort shed light on the possible early origins of birth order differences in adult labor and education outcomes. Taking advantage of the rich information on in utero and early childhood conditions in the Children of the NLSY 1979, we find that, mothers are less likely to seek prompt prenatal care, breastfeed, and provide a high quality home environment for their later-born children. This negative relationship between birth order and early inputs is reflected in children’s early motor and social development scores, with children of higher birth order scoring up to 0.3 standard deviations lower than their older siblings. We find that birth order differences in early inputs and outcomes are most prominent in white families and among children of mothers with low AFQT scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lehmann, Jee-Yeon K., Ana Nuevo-Chiquero and Marian Vidal-Fernández. "Explaining the Birth Order Effect: The Role of Prenatal and Early Childhood Investments." IZA Discussion Paper No. 6755 (July 2012), Institute for the Study of Labor. Updated December 2012. |
3643. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Does Geographic Stagnation Correspond to Economic Stagnation? The Migration Decline and its Association with Economic Well-being Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Internal migration has long played an important role in increasing individuals' and families' access to economic opportunities and, as a result, improving their economic wellbeing. However, the United States has been experiencing a continuous decline in internal migration rates since the 1980s, suggesting that migration may be less beneficial now than in the past or that recent generations of individuals are less able to migrate than their predecessors. In this study, I explore these possibilities and examine whether the migration decline is suggestive of harmful changes to the American opportunity structure and to individuals' chances for upward economic mobility. To do this, I utilize restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and harmonize these data for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts. I find that the economic returns to inter-state migration have actually increased over time. However, non-migrants in the 1997 cohort are economically worse off than both migrants and non-migrants in the 1979 cohort. It may therefore be the case that the migration decline is due, in part, to migration becoming increasingly out of reach for some families and to the negative consequences of being "rooted" in place. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Does Geographic Stagnation Correspond to Economic Stagnation? The Migration Decline and its Association with Economic Well-being." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
3644. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Flexibility or Constraint? The Implications of Mothers' and Fathers' Nonstandard Schedules for Children’s Behavioral Outcomes Journal of Family Issues 39,8 (June 2018): 2336-2365. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192513X17748693 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Parental Influences; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Approximately 17.7% of the U.S. workforce is employed in a nonstandard schedule. Research thus far indicates that these schedules negatively influence children's behavioral development. However, few studies examine the roles of the child's gender and age. To broaden understanding of the relationships between nonstandard schedules and child behavior, and how these relationships may depend on the gender and age of the child, I analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 and its Child Supplement from 1992 to 2006. My findings show that some types of parental nonstandard shifts, such as evening and night shifts, are associated with fewer behavioral problems among children, though these results depend on the gender and age of the child. In contrast, parents' rotating and split shifts are associated with more behavior problems among children, indicating that it is relatively unstable and unpredictable work schedules that may have the most harmful associations with children's outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Flexibility or Constraint? The Implications of Mothers' and Fathers' Nonstandard Schedules for Children’s Behavioral Outcomes." Journal of Family Issues 39,8 (June 2018): 2336-2365.
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3645. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Migrating for Opportunity? Internal Migration and Economic Advancement among Black and White Women and Men Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Considerable research has shown that internal migration may benefit male partners' employment outcomes at the expense of female partners' employment outcomes, but that migration offers benefits for unpartnered, childless females that mirror the benefits experienced by both partnered and unpartnered males. Despite the considerable amount of research that has been conducted on the returns to migration among females and males, there are a number of important, open questions. In particular, much of the migration research has focused on the returns to migration for white men and white women. Analyses that do include minority men and women usually jointly analyze the relationship between migration and economic mobility while controlling for race, without disentangling the potentially unique and important economic trajectories of different minority groups. Using geocoded, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 data from 1979 to 2012, I am able to examine how migration across county and state lines influences the earnings trajectories of Black, Hispanic, and White females and males across their lifetimes, while accounting for previous earnings trajectories and unobserved characteristics. In doing so, I am also able to observe whether migration is associated with increases or decreases in the economic disparities between these groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Migrating for Opportunity? Internal Migration and Economic Advancement among Black and White Women and Men." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
3646. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Non-Standard Work Schedules and Father Involvement: Moderating the Negative Impact of a 24/7 Economy on Child Behavioral Outcomes Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Fathers, Involvement; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Nonstandard employment, such as work during the evening or night shift, has become more prevalent in the U.S. , with approximately 18 percent of jobholders now working a nonstandard schedule. Research indicates that a mother's nonstandard employment negatively influences her children’s behavioral development. However, rarely do workers remain in the same nonstandard schedule for more than a few years. Moreover, fathers and mothers may coordinate employment involving a nonstandard shift to solve childcare dilemmas. Work scheduling that permits this kind of "tag-team" parenting might increase father involvement with children, thereby leading to better child behaviors. This paper explores the impact of dual-earner parents' nonstandard work arrangements on mother's and father's involvement with children, and whether these effects mediate or offset any negative effect of maternal nonstandard employment on children's behavioral adjustment. I use data from the NLSY79 and its Child Supplement to estimate these effects for school-aged children between 1994-2006. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Non-Standard Work Schedules and Father Involvement: Moderating the Negative Impact of a 24/7 Economy on Child Behavioral Outcomes." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3647. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Parental Nonstandard Schedules and Child Academic Outcomes Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; Parental Influences; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Approximately 1 in 5 working Americans are now employed in a nonstandard schedule that falls outside of the typical 7am to 7pm work day. Much of the work on these schedules indicates that they negatively influence children's academic development. However, the majority of studies focus on infants and toddlers, with elementary school-age children relatively understudied. Likewise, the role of the child's gender and of the father's shift schedule has been neglected. To broaden understanding of the effects of parental nonstandard schedules on children, and how these effects may depend upon the gender of the child, I analyze data from the NLSY79 and its Child Supplement from 1990-2006. Overall, the findings indicate that mothers' nonstandard schedules and fathers' irregular schedules harm girls' academic outcomes. For boys, fathers' rotating shifts tend to be associated with worse academic outcomes, with little evidence that mothers' nonstandard schedules are harmful for boys. In contrast, mothers' irregular shifts are positively related to reading comprehension outcomes for both boys and girls, hinting at the potential benefits associated with these schedules. None of these relationships are explained by parental closeness or involvement in schooling, however. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Parental Nonstandard Schedules and Child Academic Outcomes." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
3648. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Behavioral Outcomes M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Fathers, Involvement; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Nonstandard work schedules, such as the evening and night shift, are prevalent in the United States, with approximately 17.7 percent of the workforce now employed in a nonstandard schedule. The research thus far indicates that these work arrangements negatively influence children's behavioral development. However, the majority of studies focus on infants and toddlers or on adolescents, with elementary school-age children relatively understudied. Likewise, the role of the father's work schedule and parental involvement has been neglected. To broaden understanding of the effects of nonstandard schedules on children, and how these effects may depend upon the age of the child and the level of parental involvement, I analyze data from the NLSY79 and its Child Supplement from 1994-2006. My findings show that older children whose mothers work rotating or irregular shifts exhibit more behavior problems, while other types of shift schedules do not harm children's behavioral outcomes. While differences in parental involvement and closeness do not explain these relationships, parental closeness has an important influence on behavior problems for all parental employment statuses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Behavioral Outcomes. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2015. |
3649. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and the Pursuit of Economic Opportunity in the Age of the Migration Decline Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Migration; Racial Differences; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 2, I utilize 25 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) to explore whether race, ethnicity, and gender intersect to shape the economic returns associated with internal migration, as well as racial and ethnic disparities in these relationships across gender. I find that internal migration is associated with larger economic benefits for white relative to black and Hispanic men and, as a result, larger racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes for men. For women, in contrast, internal migration is associated with larger wage benefits for white women, but larger work hour benefits for black and Hispanic women that cumulatively correspond to slightly narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes. These findings illustrate the importance of employing an intersectional lens for internal migration research and point to the possibility that internal migration reinforces the privileged position of white men. In Chapter 3, I link both the NLSY79 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 (NLSY97) and examine whether the returns to migration and the economic wellbeing of young adult migrants and non-migrants have changed across these two cohorts, the former cohort having been young adults early in the migration decline and the latter cohort having been young adults late in the decline. While the economic returns to migration have not changed across these cohorts and the economic wellbeing of migrants has remained largely unchanged, the economic outcomes of non-migrants have deteriorated over time. As such, non-migrants may increasingly be left behind geographically and economically, potentially hindering their abilities to migrate should they wish to. In Chapter 4, I integrate the insights garnered in Chapters 2 and 3 to explore whether changes in the returns to migration and in the economic wellbeing of migrants and non-migrants vary across race, ethnicity, and gender. The findings from this chapter complicate the findings from Chapter 3, illustrating that it is largely white men and women that have experienced changes in their economic wellbeing, while black men and, especially, black women exhibit declines in their returns to migration. Hispanic women and men, in contrast, have experienced little change in their economic outcomes across cohorts. Chapter 5 concludes by pointing to the importance of taking an intersectional perspective when studying the internal migration decline and internal migration more broadly. Chapter 5 also highlights the potential role of internal migration in shaping disparities in outcomes, particularly between blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and the Pursuit of Economic Opportunity in the Age of the Migration Decline. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2019. |
3650. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Internal Migration Decline Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Migration; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since 1980, internal migration rates within the U.S. have declined precipitously. Given the importance of migration for exposing individuals to economic and social opportunities, this decline is concerning. However, we have relatively little knowledge about how race/ethnicity and gender have structured declines in migration propensities and/or changes in the returns to migration over time. In this study, I utilize restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data and harmonize these data for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts in order to explore these relationships. I find that migration propensities have declined the most for black women and men and that the returns to migration have likewise declined more substantially for black women and men relative to other demographic groups. These findings are problematic, suggesting that internal migration, historically an important avenue for improving outcomes among blacks, may be a less viable means of reducing racial disparities in outcomes over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Internal Migration Decline." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
3651. |
Leibbrand, Christine |
Unequal Opportunity? Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in the Returns to Internal U.S. Migration Social Currents 7,1 (1 February 2020): 46-70. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2329496519869339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Migration; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Internal U.S. migration plays an important role in increasing individuals' access to economic and social opportunities. At the same time, race, ethnicity, and gender have frequently shaped the opportunities and obstacles individuals face. It is therefore likely that the returns to internal migration are also shaped by race, ethnicity, and gender, though we have relatively little knowledge of whether this is the case for contemporary internal U.S. migration. To explore this possibility, I use restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data from 1979 to 2012. I find that white men gain the most economically from migrating, relative to black and Latino men. For women, migration is associated with stable or narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes, with Latina women experiencing the largest economic benefits associated with migration and with black and white women exhibiting comparable economic returns to migration. Together, these findings indicate that migration may maintain or even narrow racial/ethnic disparities in economic outcomes among women, but widen them among men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Unequal Opportunity? Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in the Returns to Internal U.S. Migration." Social Currents 7,1 (1 February 2020): 46-70.
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3652. |
Leibowitz, Arleen A. Klerman, Jacob Alex Waite, Linda J. |
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 112-133. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145914 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Income; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wages This paper examines the impact of the cost and availability of child care on the employment of women during the first two years following the birth of their first child. Using data from the NLSY, the authors examine the initial choice of child care after childbirth and test the hypothesis that the impact of cost and availability of child care depends on the child's age. Results indicate that: (1) regardless of the point in time at which mothers returned to work, about half of the women studied used relatives to care for their children; (2) the likelihood of working during the two year period decreased as family income increased; (3) living close to one's mother increased somewhat the probability of returning to work in the early post-partum period; and (4) the size of the child care tax credit was strongly and positively related to the likelihood of returning to work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age." Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 112-133.
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3653. |
Leibowitz, Arleen A. Klerman, Jacob Alex Waite, Linda J. |
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age Working Paper RAND Publication RP-119, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica CA, February 1990. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP119/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Income; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wages This paper examines a woman's decisions about when to return to market work in the two years following childbirth and the type of child care she chooses. Own wages relate positively to an early return to work, while higher family income delays return to work. Wages and income did not significantly affect choice of market versus nonmarket child care. Greater child care tax credits increased early return to work (within three months) but had little effect on later labor supply. Contrary to expectations, tax credits did not affect child care choice, but predicted early market reentry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age." Working Paper RAND Publication RP-119, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica CA, February 1990. |
3654. |
Leibowitz, Arleen A. Klerman, Jacob Alex Waite, Linda J. |
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth Report No. NLS 92-11, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl920010.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work Histories During the last three decades, the "working mother" has become the norm rather than a rarity. In 1960, fewer than one in five mothers with children under age six (18.6 percent) were in the labor force. By 1987, this percentage had tripled, reaching 57 percent. Current participation levels for mothers of younger children are even more striking. Fifty-three percent of married mothers with children 1 year old or under are in the labor force Previous research has consistently found that women with young children are less likely to participate in the labor force than those with only older children. Today labor force activity reaches high levels soon after the birth of a child, and many women interrupt work for only short periods of time. Although half the new mothers have returned to work within a year after giving birth, the factors that affect the timing within that year are not well understood. Similarly, the factors that influence how long women work during their pregnanc ies have not been fully explored. The analysis of women's increased work effort during pregnancy and rapid return to work after childbirth call for a research strategy using data that can distinguish among work patterns by month of return to work rather than by year. This paper uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLS-Y) to examine whether perinatal labor supply is positively related to women's real wages. We also expect to find a negative relation between mothers' work efforts and other household income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth." Report No. NLS 92-11, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992. |
3655. |
Leibowitz, Arleen A. Klerman, Jacob Alex Waite, Linda J. |
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth Report N-3392-DOL/NICHD, The RAND Corporation, 1992. Also: http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?N-3392 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work History Labor supply by pregnant women and recent mothers has expanded rapidly in the last quarter century, and particularly in the last 10 years. The greatest increase in the workforce has been among mothers of the youngest children. This paper uses NLSY data and hazard models to examine how long women worked during their first pregnancy, when they returned to work, the determinants of each of these durations, and their correlation. The authors find strong own wage effects, weak income effects, and some evidence of a time trend. This Note develops and tests a model of labor supply behavior near the birth of a first child. The model postulates that changes in labor supply are related to changes in a woman's reservation wage, since the market wage she is offered is assumed constant over the period. The reservation wage rises over the course of the pregnancy. After the delivery, the presence of an infant raises the value of the mother's time in the home. Thus, labor supply is hypothesized to relate to market wages as well as to factors that influence home productivity. The measures of home productivity include education, marital status, and family income other than the wife's earnings. The authors test this model on data for the 1980s, a time when major changes in labor force behavior occurred. The results support the hypothesis that women with higher wages are more likely to work both during pregnancy and after giving birth. Women with fewer sources of other family income are also more likely to work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth." Report N-3392-DOL/NICHD, The RAND Corporation, 1992. |
3656. |
Leiby, Justin Madsen, Paul E. |
Margin of Safety: Life History Strategies and the Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Self-selection into Accounting Accounting, Organizations and Society 60 (July 2017): 21-36. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036136821730048X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; College Education; Life Course; Occupational Choice; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Socioeconomic Status (SES) We use experimental and archival evidence to show that people who had low socioeconomic status (SES) as children participate in the U.S. accounting labor market in distinctive and consequential ways. Drawing on life history theory, we predict and show that low SES individuals select into accounting at disproportionately high rates relative to other fields, an effect driven by accounting's relatively high job security. Supplemental tests are consistent with these low SES individuals being a source of high quality human capital for the accounting profession, as low SES individuals selecting into accounting possess desirable attributes at relatively high rates. From a social perspective, we provide theory and evidence consistent with accounting being an important and secure source of upward social mobility in comparison to other fields. However, recessions cause selection into accounting by low SES individuals to decrease at a higher rate than in other fields, compromising these professional and social benefits. For example, our evidence is consistent with the "low SES effect" improving gender diversity among entrants into the accounting labor market during good economic times. However, lower self-selection rates during recessions are particularly pronounced among low SES females, who may thus bear the brunt of lost professional and social benefits. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leiby, Justin and Paul E. Madsen. "Margin of Safety: Life History Strategies and the Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Self-selection into Accounting." Accounting, Organizations and Society 60 (July 2017): 21-36.
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3657. |
Leigh, Duane E. |
What Kinds of Training 'Work' for Noncollege Bound Youth? Report for the General Accounting Office, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: General Accounting Office (GAO) (pre July 2004) Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; College Education; Gender Differences; Job Training; Private Sector; Racial Differences; Schooling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training; Training, Post-School This report investigates the role that private sector postsecondary training institutions (other than the federal government and military) can play in closing the "skills gap" between employment opportunities and a changing workforce that is predicted to occur as the U.S. moves into the 21st century. The first section of the report reviews previous research on post school training conducted on the five NLS cohorts. Section two utilizes data from the NLSY to examine differential access to job training opportunities and the impact of particular types of formal training on wages and annual earnings. Results of the various analyses indicate that: (1) women are less likely than men to gain access to apprenticeship programs, more likely to participate in proprietary school training programs, and no less likely than men to be engaged in company-sponsored training; (2) high school completion significantly increased the likelihood of participation in postschool training; and (3) company-sponsored training had a strong positive impact on wages and annual earnings both for the sample as a whole and for workers disaggregated by race and ethnicity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leigh, Duane E. "What Kinds of Training 'Work' for Noncollege Bound Youth?" Report for the General Accounting Office, 1989. |
3658. |
Leigh, Duane E. Gifford, Kirk D. |
Workplace Transformation and Worker Upskilling Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Working Paper, Department of Economics, Washington State University, April 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Washington State University Keyword(s): Education; Firm Size; Occupations; Skill Depreciation; Skilled Workers; Skills; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Transfers, Skill How common is workplace transformation in the American economy? What are its implications for workforce skill requirements and training investments? The existing literature addresses these questions using firm-reported survey data. Using new data available in the 1993 wave of the NLSY, this paper examines these questions from the perspective of individual workers. Our empirical results suggest that workplace transformation is commonplace. Fully 40 percent of the private sector workers surveyed report that, in the space of just one year. a change occurred at work that was significant enough to require them to learn new job skills. The extent of workplace change varies widely by industry, occupation, firm size, and education; but there appears to be no sector of the economy that is totally immune. Incidence of formal training is found, not surprisingly given the measurement of workplace change, to depend on a similar set of variables. However, duration of training is also strongly affected by such factors as industry, occupational skill level, establishment size, and education. We also present results on the determinants of formal training broken down by computer skills, teamwork training, and basic skills. I folding constant worker and firm characteristics, computer skills training is especially strongly affected by firm investment in new equipment; while new government regulations and new equipment are key determinants of teamwork training and basic skills training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leigh, Duane E. and Kirk D. Gifford. "Workplace Transformation and Worker Upskilling Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Washington State University, April 1996. |
3659. |
Leigh, Duane E. Gifford, Kirk D. |
Workplace Transformation and Worker Upskilling: The Perspective of Individual Workers Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 38,2 (April 1999): 174-191. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0019-8676.00123/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Job Training; Skills; Training; Training, Employee Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How common is workplace transformation in the American economy? What are its implications for work force skill requirements and training investments? The existing literature addressing these questions is based on firm-reported survey data. Using new data available in the 1993 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this article examines the same questions from the perspective of individual workers. Our empirical results suggest that workplace transformation is commonplace. Fully 40 percent of private-sector workers surveyed report that in the space of just one year, a change occurred at work that required them to learn new job skills. About 23 percent of all respondents reported experiencing a workplace change we term an organizational transformation. Incidence of formal training is positively related to indicators of organizational transformation, but the effect of these indicators is found to be sensitive to the inclusion of other important workplace change variables (namely, new products, new equipment, and new government regulations). While we expected to find strong positive relationships with product development and physical capital investment, government regulation has a surprisingly large impact on formal training. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leigh, Duane E. and Kirk D. Gifford. "Workplace Transformation and Worker Upskilling: The Perspective of Individual Workers." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 38,2 (April 1999): 174-191.
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3660. |
Leigh, Duane E. Gill, Andrew Matthew |
Do Community Colleges Really Divert Students from Earning Bachelor's Degrees? Economics of Education Review 22,1 (February 2003): 23-31. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775701000577 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Schooling, Post-secondary; Transfers, Public This paper provides new estimates of the 'diversion effect' argument advanced by critics of community colleges. As emphasized by Rouse (J. Business Econ. Statist. 13 (1995) 217), information on students' desired level of schooling is essential to properly measure the diversion effect of community colleges as well as their 'democratization effect' increasing access to higher education. Using information on desired years of schooling from early waves of the NLSY, we find that the choice between alternative postsecondary education tracks including the choice of community college students between transfer and terminal programs is highly sensitive to years of desired schooling. Diversion effect estimates are also found to depend on whether we condition on desired schooling. For individuals who express a desire to complete at least 16 years of schooling, our diversion effect estimates lie between −0.7 and −1.0 years. These estimates are clearly dominated by positive democratization effect estimates. On balance, therefore, we find for individuals desiring a bachelor's degree that community colleges increase average educational attainment by between 0.4 and 1.0 years. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Leigh, Duane E. and Andrew Matthew Gill. "Do Community Colleges Really Divert Students from Earning Bachelor's Degrees?" Economics of Education Review 22,1 (February 2003): 23-31.
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3661. |
Leigh, Duane E. Gill, Andrew Matthew |
Labor Market Returns to Community Colleges: Evidence for Returning Adults Journal of Human Resources 32,2 (Spring 1997): 334-353. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146218 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Colleges; Earnings; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Market Outcomes; Training, Occupational Kane and Rouse (1993) furnish evidence that enrollment in a two-year or four-year-college program increases earnings by 5 to 8 percent per year of college credits, whether or nor a degree is earned. This evidence has provided the intellectual basis for policy recommendations to increase access by adult, workers to long-term education and training programs, such as those supplied by community colleges. Yet to be answered, however, is the question whether these favorable return estimates hold for experienced adult workers who return to school. For both A.A. and nondegree community college programs, our results indicate returns that are positive and of essentially the same size for returning adults as they are for continuing high school graduates. Among males in nondegree programs, in fact, returning adults enjoy an incremental earnings effect of 8 to 10 percent above that received by continuing students. (Copyright Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 1997) |
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Bibliography Citation
Leigh, Duane E. and Andrew Matthew Gill. "Labor Market Returns to Community Colleges: Evidence for Returning Adults." Journal of Human Resources 32,2 (Spring 1997): 334-353.
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3662. |
Leigh, Duane E. Gill, Andrew Matthew |
The Effect of Community Colleges on Changing Students' Educational Aspirations Economics of Education Review 23,1 (February 2004): 95-103. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775703000633 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Background and Culture; Racial Studies The education literature provides numerous estimates of community college diversion and democratization effects measured in terms of educational attainment. Kane and Rouse [J Econ Pers 13 (1999) 64] suggest testing for diversion by comparing the impacts of two-year and four-year colleges on the changes in educational aspirations that underlie actual years of schooling completed. Using NLSY data, we obtain community college 'differential aspirations effect' estimates that range from as high as −0.68 of a year to as low as our preferred estimate of −0.43 of a year. We put these estimates in perspective by showing that they are less than half of the conventionally measured diversion effect estimated for our sample. Regarding democratization, we find that attending a community college results in a substantial expansion in the educational aspirations of students (our 'incremental aspirations effect'), regardless of their family backgrounds and race and ethnicity. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Leigh, Duane E. and Andrew Matthew Gill. "The Effect of Community Colleges on Changing Students' Educational Aspirations." Economics of Education Review 23,1 (February 2004): 95-103.
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3663. |
Leite, Walter L. Aydin, Burak Cetin-Berber, Dee D. |
Imputation of Missing Covariate Data Prior to Propensity Score Analysis: A Tutorial and Evaluation of the Robustness of Practical Approaches Evaluation Review published online (22 June 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0193841X211020245. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0193841X211020245 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Child Care; Maternal Employment; Missing Data/Imputation; Monte Carlo; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to review MI-within, MI-across, and SI approaches to handle missing data on covariates prior to PSA, investigate the robustness of MI-across and SI with a Monte Carlo simulation study, and demonstrate the analysis of missing data and PSA with a step-by-step illustrative example. Research design: The Monte Carlo simulation study compared strategies to impute missing data in continuous and categorical covariates for estimation of propensity scores. Manipulated conditions included sample size, the number of covariates, the size of the treatment effect, missing data mechanism, and percentage of missing data. Imputation strategies included MI-across and SI by joint modeling or multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE). Results: The results indicated that the MI-across method performed well, and SI also performed adequately with smaller percentages of missing data. The illustrative example demonstrated MI and SI, propensity score estimation, calculation of propensity score weights, covariate balance evaluation, estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated, and sensitivity analysis using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leite, Walter L., Burak Aydin and Dee D. Cetin-Berber. "Imputation of Missing Covariate Data Prior to Propensity Score Analysis: A Tutorial and Evaluation of the Robustness of Practical Approaches." Evaluation Review published online (22 June 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0193841X211020245.
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3664. |
Lejarraga, Tomás Schnitzlein, Daniel Dahmann, Sarah C. Hertwig, Ralph |
Birth-Order Effects on Risk Taking Are Limited to the Family Environment Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published online (20 November 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15085 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: New York Academy of Sciences Keyword(s): Birth Order; Family Dynamics; Family Environment; Family Studies; Personality; Personality Prediction; Psychological Effects; Risk-Taking; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why is the empirical evidence for birth-order effects on human psychology so inconsistent? In contrast to the influential view that competitive dynamics among siblings permanently shape a person's personality, we find evidence that these effects are limited to the family environment. We tested this context-specific learning hypothesis in the domain of risk taking, using two large survey datasets from Germany (SOEP, n = 19,994) and the United States (NLSCYA, n = 29,627) to examine birth-order effects on risk-taking propensity across a wide age range. Specification-curve analyses of a sample of 49,621 observations showed that birth-order effects are prevalent in children aged 10–13 years, but that they decline with age and disappear by middle adulthood. The methodological approach shows the effect is robust. We thus replicate and extend previous work in which we showed no birth-order effects on adult risk taking. We conclude that family dynamics cause birth-order effects on risk taking but that these effects fade as siblings transition out of the home. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lejarraga, Tomás, Daniel Schnitzlein, Sarah C. Dahmann and Ralph Hertwig. "Birth-Order Effects on Risk Taking Are Limited to the Family Environment." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published online (20 November 2023).
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3665. |
Lemke, Robert J. Rischall, Isaac C. |
Skill, Parental Income, and IV Estimation of the Returns to Schooling Applied Economics Letters 10,5 (April 17, 2003): 281-287. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504850320000078653 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Human Capital; Income; Schooling; Skills; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Equations Recently, attention has moved away from using parental backgronnd variables, such as parental education, in favour of using institutional features of the education system as instruments when estimating the return to schooling, In this paper, these possible instruments are revisited. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, several specifications of the wage equation are estimated and three types of instruments used - parental education, quarter of birth, and college proximity. It is shown that under some specificalions - in particular, by including parental income and individual skill in the wage equation - parental education appears to be a valid and useful instrument. On the other hand, when using the institutional instruments, the weak correlation between the instruments and years of schooling produces imprecise and likely biased estimates of the return to schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lemke, Robert J. and Isaac C. Rischall. "Skill, Parental Income, and IV Estimation of the Returns to Schooling." Applied Economics Letters 10,5 (April 17, 2003): 281-287.
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3666. |
Lemmon, Megan Whyman, Mira Teachman, Jay D. |
Active-Duty Military Service in the United States: Cohabiting Unions and the Transition to Marriage Demographic Research 20,10 (February 2009). DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2009.20.10. Also: http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol20/10/20-10.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Cohabitation; Marriage; Military Service; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A small but growing body of research has begun to identify the consequences of military service during the all-voluntary era. Previous literature has emphasized the role played by the economic prospects of men in stimulating marriage, among both singles and cohabiters. Military service and marriage are related through pay rates, stability of employment and additional benefits awarded to married couples. In this article, we examine the relationship between military service and the likelihood that cohabiting unions will be converted into marriages. Our paper extends previous research by making a distinction between the effects of active-duty verses reserve-duty service on the transition to marriage using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Our findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between active-duty service and cohabitors transitioning to marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lemmon, Megan, Mira Whyman and Jay D. Teachman. "Active-Duty Military Service in the United States: Cohabiting Unions and the Transition to Marriage." Demographic Research 20,10 (February 2009). DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2009.20.10.
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3667. |
Lemmon, Megan Whyman, Mira Teachman, Jay D. |
Active-Duty Military Service, Cohabiting Unions, and the Transition to Marriage Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association annual meeting, April 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marriage; Military Service; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A small but growing body of research has begun to identify the consequences of military service during the all-voluntary era. Previous literature has emphasized the role played by the economic prospects of men in stimulating marriage, among both singles and cohabiters. Military service and marriage are related through pay rates, stability of employment and additional benefits awarded to married couples. In this article, we examine the relationship between military service and the likelihood that cohabiting unions will be converted into marriages. Our paper extends previous research by making a distinction between the effects of active-duty verses reserve-duty service on the transition to marriage using data from the 1979-2004 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Our findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between active-duty service and cohabitors transitioning to marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lemmon, Megan, Mira Whyman and Jay D. Teachman. "Active-Duty Military Service, Cohabiting Unions, and the Transition to Marriage." Presented: Portland, OR, Pacific Sociological Association annual meeting, April 2008. |
3668. |
Lempert, David A. |
Not Worth the Weight: Wage Penalties from Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 2002-2008 Working Paper, City University of New York, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: City University of New York Keyword(s): Obesity; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have shown both that overweight and obesity lead to lower wages and that low wages cause overweight and obesity. This paper analyzes data from the 2002 to 2008 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to study the relationship between body composition and wages. Unlike previous studies, this study uses newer measures of body composition – body fat and fat-free mass calculated from bioelectrical impedance analysis data in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using both Ordinary Least Squares and Instrumental Variables, the paper concludes that there is a statistically significant wage penalty for overweight and obese individuals; a rise in body fat is associated with decreases in the wages of both white males and females. A rise in fat-free mass, however, is associated with increases in the wages of white males and females. The results also hold for black females and to a lesser extent for black males. Inspired by studies that provide evidence that low wages contribute to excess weight, this paper hypothesizes that the negative impact of excess weight on wages (and positive impact of additional fat-free mass) is larger at higher levels of income. A quantile regression analysis provides some evidence that, at least for white females, both the premium associated with fat-free mass and the penalty associated with body fat are larger at higher levels of income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lempert, David A. "Not Worth the Weight: Wage Penalties from Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 2002-2008." Working Paper, City University of New York, 2011. |
3669. |
Lempert, David A. |
The Economic Causes and Consequences of Overweight and Obesity in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, City University of New York, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Insurance, Health; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of literature explores the relationship between body composition and income in the United States. There are two views: (1) overweight and obesity lead to lower wages; and (2) low family income and low wages contribute to overweight and obesity. I study both relationships using a dataset comprised of the most recent years of data available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. I find relatively larger effects of body composition on wage levels in Not Worth the Weight: The Relationship between Body Composition and Wages, and relatively smaller effects of family income on body composition in Poor Choices: The Effects of Family Income on Body Composition. In Not Worth the Weight, I hypothesize that the negative impact of body composition increases at higher wage levels because the associated positions require additional education and perhaps a slimmer figure. The results show that for women, the effects of body composition on wage levels are larger than for men, and a higher wage level is associated with a higher wage penalty for being overweight. Poor Choices is unable to prove that low family income has a significantly large impact on body composition. In The Heavy Cost of Healthcare: The Ex Ante Moral Hazard Effect of Health Insurance Possession on Body Composition, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, augmented with state-level food and tobacco prices, in an attempt to prove there is ex ante moral hazard associated with the possession of health insurance such that the insured are more likely to be overweight or obese. I hypothesize that the effect is larger when an individual is covered by government health insurance and smaller when the individual is covered by private insurance. The analysis shows that the ex ante moral hazard effect is larger when Medicaid covers the individual. When I control for individual fixed effects as well as endogeneity, however, results are insignificant. Thus it is inconclusive whether insurance has an impact on body composition. I conclude with suggestions for future research and effective policies to combat the public health epidemic of overweight and obesity. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lempert, David A. The Economic Causes and Consequences of Overweight and Obesity in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, City University of New York, 2014. |
3670. |
Lempert, David A. |
Women's Increasing Wage Penalties from Being Overweight and Obese BLS Economic Working Paper No. 414. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Obesity; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wages, Women; Weight This paper first utilizes annual surveys between the 1981 and 2000 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effect of being overweight on hourly wages. Previous studies have shown that white women are the only race-gender group for which weight has a statistically significant effect on wages. This paper finds a statistically significant continual increase in the wage penalty for overweight and obese white women followed throughout two decades. A supporting analysis from a cross-sectional dataset, comprised of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey and the 2000 and 2004 waves of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, also shows an increasing wage penalty. The bias against weight has increased, despite drastic increases in the rate of obesity in the United States. Alternatively, the increasing rarity of thinness has led to its rising premium. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lempert, David A. "Women's Increasing Wage Penalties from Being Overweight and Obese." BLS Economic Working Paper No. 414. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 2007. |
3671. |
Lenger, Jordan |
Three Essays on the Law and Economics of Bankruptcy Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Debt/Borrowing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Households that discharge debt in Chapter 7 must wait eight years to refile. This policy creates an unusual combination of costs and benefits for households. Households temporarily lose their partial insurance against financial distress. Alternatively, post-bankruptcy households may receive improved credit offers as a result of increased expected repayments. In my first chapter, I analyze the dynamics of the waiting period by developing a quantitative theory of unsecured credit with default and endogenous credit scoring. To understand the mechanisms driving this result, I investigate the dynamic consequences of default under various waiting periods. In my second chapter, I study a second feature of bankruptcy law: means-testing in "fresh-start" bankruptcy. One rationale for the policy was that households with the means to repay their debts could choose Chapter 13 'repayment plan' bankruptcy instead. Using data from bankruptcy filings and the NLSY, I show there is minimal substitution into Chapter 13. This suggests that there is a Chapter 13 puzzle which requires further investigation. In addition to demonstrating the existence of this puzzle, I offer evidence that households without real property are less likely to substitute into Chapter 13. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lenger, Jordan. Three Essays on the Law and Economics of Bankruptcy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2020. |
3672. |
Lengermann, Paul Adrian |
How Long do the Benefits Of Training Last? : Evidence of Long Term Effects Across Current and Previous Employers, Education Levels, Test Scores and Occupations Working Paper No. 96-18, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University, ILR School, 1996. Also: http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/depts/cahrs/PDFs/WorkingPapers/WP96-18.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cost-Benefit Studies; Demography; Education; Ethnic Differences; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Racial Differences; Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA); Training, Employee; Wage Growth; Wage Models This paper uses NLSY data from 1979-1993 to estimate training's effect on one year wage growth. Year-by-year training histories are constructed which allow the returns to training received at both current and previous employers to vary over time. The time patterns of the returns to training are constructed for both long and short spells of training over nine and three year periods respectively. These returns are then estimated for different demographic groups in order to see how education level, test scores, and occupation influence the payoff to training. Both company training and formal schooling were associated with significant wage growth even nine years after they occurred. Company training was associated with significant wage growth effects irrespective of whether workers changed jobs, although wage growth was higher when the training occurred at a previous employer. Contrary to the conventional human capital model, employers appear to be sharing the costs and returns of general training. While training incidence was lowest for high school dropouts, their return to getting training was the highest. College graduates, in contrast, received the most training but benefited the least. These results suggest an under-supply of training opportunities for low skilled workers. Paper prepared for a presentation at "New Empirical Research on Employer Training: Who Pays? Who Benefits?," Cornell University, November 15-17, 1996. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lengermann, Paul Adrian. "How Long do the Benefits Of Training Last? : Evidence of Long Term Effects Across Current and Previous Employers, Education Levels, Test Scores and Occupations." Working Paper No. 96-18, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, Cornell University, ILR School, 1996. |
3673. |
Lengermann, Paul Adrian |
How Long Do the Benefits of Training Last? Evidence of Long Term Effects Across Current and Previous Employers Research in Labor Economics 18 (1999): 439-461 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Graduates; Cost-Benefit Studies; Demography; Educational Attainment; High School Dropouts; Human Capital; Occupational Attainment; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training; Training, Employee; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment Rate, Regional; Wage Growth This article uses NLSY data from 1979-1993 to estimate training's effect on one year wage growth. Year-by-year training histories are constructed which allow the returns to training received at both current and previous employers to vary over time. The time patterns of the returns to training are constructed for both long and short spells of training over nine and three year periods respectively. These returns are then estimated for different demographic groups in order to see how education level, test scores, and occupation influence the payoff to training. Both company training and formal schooling were associated with significant wage growth even nine years after they occurred. Company training was associated with significant wage growth effects irrespective of whether workers changed jobs, although wage growth was higher when the training occurred at a previous employer. Contrary to the conventional human capital model, employers appear to be sharing the costs and returns of general training. While training incidence was lowest for high school dropouts, their return to getting training was the highest. College graduates, in contrast, received the most training but benefited the least. These results suggest an under-supply of training opportunities for low skilled workers |
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Bibliography Citation
Lengermann, Paul Adrian. "How Long Do the Benefits of Training Last? Evidence of Long Term Effects Across Current and Previous Employers." Research in Labor Economics 18 (1999): 439-461.
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3674. |
Lengermann, Paul Adrian |
The Benefits and Costs of Training : A Comparison of Formal Company Training, Outside Seminars, and School Based Training Human Resource Management 35,3 (December 1996): 361-381. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-050X%28199623%2935:3%3C361::AID-HRM5%3E3.0.CO;2-V/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cost-Benefit Studies; Modeling; Training; Training, Employee; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents estimates of the amount of training received by a large sample of United States adults aged 23-35 and uses a more sophisticated model than many previous studies to analyze training's impact on earnings. While workers reap substantial benefits from training, only a small minority actually receive it. Workers generally do not work fewer hours or accept lower wages during training, so they apparently bear few training costs. The low incidence of training may be due to Federal regulations that prevent employers from sharing training costs with their employees. Implications for managers, employees, and society are discussed. Copyright: 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lengermann, Paul Adrian. "The Benefits and Costs of Training : A Comparison of Formal Company Training, Outside Seminars, and School Based Training." Human Resource Management 35,3 (December 1996): 361-381.
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3675. |
Lengermann, Paul Adrian |
Training and Wage Growth: Depreciation, Portability, and Varying Returns For Different Demographic Groups M.A. Thesis, Cornell University, August, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Cost-Benefit Studies; Demography; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Training, Employee; Training, Occupational; Wage Effects; Wages SUBJECTS: 1. Employees--Training of--United States--Cost effectiveness. 2. Occupational training--United States--Cost effectiveness. 3. Wages--Effect of education on--United States. 4. Wages--United States. 5. Human capital--United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lengermann, Paul Adrian. Training and Wage Growth: Depreciation, Portability, and Varying Returns For Different Demographic Groups. M.A. Thesis, Cornell University, August, 1996. |
3676. |
Leonard, Max |
Income Mobility in the United States Park Place Economist 24,1 (2016): 62-68. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol24/iss1/15/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU) Keyword(s): Income; Mobility, Economic; Socioeconomic Background; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study makes use of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in order to examine the relationship between the standard of living one experiences as a youth and their income as an adult. Human capital theory, as well as previous empirical research in economics suggests that as standard of living as a youth increases, future income as an adult should increase as well. The 1979 cohort as well as the 1997 cohort of the NLSY were studied in order to provide insight into how the relationship in question has changed over time. I hypothesize that as standard of living as a youth increases, so too will income as an adult. Furthermore I hypothesize that the level of income mobility will be greater for the 1979 cohort than the 1997 cohort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leonard, Max. "Income Mobility in the United States." Park Place Economist 24,1 (2016): 62-68.
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3677. |
Leonard, Stephanie |
Understanding the Relationship of Pregnancy Weight and Weight Change with Infant and Child Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second paper identifies longitudinal trajectories of maternal weight from prepregnancy through the postpartum period and assesses the relationship between maternal weight trajectories and offspring obesity in childhood. The third paper determines if maternal history of physical abuse in childhood is related to the risk of offspring overweight in childhood, and whether prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain play mediating roles in such an association. These dissertation papers together provide valuable information to help determine ranges of weight gain during pregnancy that minimize risk of adverse infant and child health outcomes. They also intend to stimulate further research to establish a scientific evidence base for creating effective interventions and clinical gestational weight gain guidelines. Promoting healthy weight and weight gain in pregnancy presents a potentially feasible and effective opportunity to improve infant and child health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leonard, Stephanie. Understanding the Relationship of Pregnancy Weight and Weight Change with Infant and Child Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2017. |
3678. |
Leonard, Stephanie Petito, Lucia C. Rehkopf, David Ritchie, Lorrene Abrams, Barbara |
Maternal History of Child Abuse and Obesity Risk in Offspring: Mediation by Weight in Pregnancy Childhood Obesity 13,4 (August 2017): 259-266. Also: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28440693 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Health, Mental/Psychological; Household Influences; Obesity; Parental Influences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Among every 100 mothers who reported physical abuse in childhood, there were 3.7 (95% confidence interval: -0.1 to 7.5) excess cases of obesity in 2- to 5-year olds compared with mothers who did not report physical abuse. Differences in prepregnancy BMI, but not gestational weight gain, accounted for 25.7% of these excess cases. There was no evidence of a similar relationship for household alcoholism or mental illness or for obesity in older children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leonard, Stephanie, Lucia C. Petito, David Rehkopf, Lorrene Ritchie and Barbara Abrams. "Maternal History of Child Abuse and Obesity Risk in Offspring: Mediation by Weight in Pregnancy." Childhood Obesity 13,4 (August 2017): 259-266.
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3679. |
Leonard, Stephanie Petito, Lucia C. Rehkopf, David Ritchie, Lorrene Abrams, Barbara |
Weight Gain in Pregnancy and Child Weight Status from Birth to Adulthood in the United States Pediatric Obesity 12,S1 (August 2017): 18-25. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijpo.12163 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Birthweight; Ethnic Differences; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Obesity; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to test if weight gain in pregnancy is associated with high birthweight and overweight/obesity in early, middle and late childhood and whether these associations differ by maternal race/ethnicity. Methods: Mother-child dyads (n = 7539) were included from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative cohort study in the USA (1979-2012). Log-binomial regression models were used to analyse associations between weight gain and the outcomes: high birthweight (>4000 g) and overweight/obesity at ages 2-5, 6-11 and 12-19 years. Results: Excessive weight gain was positively associated, and inadequate weight gain was negatively associated with high birthweight after confounder adjustment (P < 0.05). Only excessive weight gain was associated with overweight in early, middle and late childhood. These associations were not significant in Hispanics or Blacks although racial/ethnic interaction was only significant ages 12-19 years (P = 0.03). |
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Bibliography Citation
Leonard, Stephanie, Lucia C. Petito, David Rehkopf, Lorrene Ritchie and Barbara Abrams. "Weight Gain in Pregnancy and Child Weight Status from Birth to Adulthood in the United States." Pediatric Obesity 12,S1 (August 2017): 18-25.
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3680. |
Leonard, Stephanie Rasmussen, Kathleen M. King, Janet C. Abrams, Barbara |
Trajectories of Maternal Weight from Before Pregnancy through Postpartum and Associations with Childhood Obesity American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106,5 (November 2017): 1295-1301. Also: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.158683 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society for Nutrition (ASN) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: We described longitudinal trajectories of maternal weight from before pregnancy through the postpartum period and assessed the relations between maternal weight trajectories and offspring obesity in childhood. Design: We analyzed data from 4436 pairs of mothers and their children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1981-2014). We used latent-class growth modeling in addition to national recommendations for prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention to create maternal weight trajectory groups. We used modified Poisson regression models to assess the associations between maternal weight trajectory group and offspring obesity at 3 age periods (2–5, 6–11, and 12–19 y). Results: Our analysis using maternal weight trajectories based on either latent-class results or recommendations showed that the risk of child obesity was lowest in the lowest maternal weight trajectory group. The differences in obesity risk were largest after 5 y of age and persisted into adolescence. In the latent-class analysis, the highest-order maternal weight trajectory group consisted almost entirely of women who were obese before pregnancy and was associated with a >2-fold increase in the risk of offspring obesity at ages 6-11 y (adjusted RR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.97, 2.89) and 12-19 y (adjusted RR: 2.74; 95% CI: 2.13, 3.52). In the analysis with maternal weight trajectory groups based on recommendations, the risk of child obesity was consistently highest for women who were overweight or obese at the beginning of pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leonard, Stephanie, Kathleen M. Rasmussen, Janet C. King and Barbara Abrams. "Trajectories of Maternal Weight from Before Pregnancy through Postpartum and Associations with Childhood Obesity." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106,5 (November 2017): 1295-1301.
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3681. |
Leonhardt, David |
Marriage, Baby Carriage and Poverty The New York Times, June 28, 2017: The Opinion Pages. Also: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/28/opinion/millenials-marriage-children-poverty.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Formation; Life Course; Marriage; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage before children is no longer the norm in the United States. More than half--55 percent--of parents between the ages of 28 and 34 were not married when they had their first child, according to a new analysis of federal data. [Op-Ed article from NYT's Opinion Today newsletter, based on AEP report by Wang & Wilcox: "The Millennial Success Sequence: Marriage, Kids, and the "Success Sequence" among Young Adults," June 2017.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Leonhardt, David. "Marriage, Baby Carriage and Poverty." The New York Times, June 28, 2017: The Opinion Pages. |
3682. |
Leping, Kristjan-Olari |
Heterogeneity of Human Capital and Its Valuation on the Labour Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Pärnu College, University of Tartu, Estonia, February 2008. Also: http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/6094/1/leping_kristjan-olari.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Tartu University Press Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Estonia, Estonian Labour Force Survey; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Modeling; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The aim of this dissertation is to study the heterogeneity of human capital and its valuation in the labour market. For most of the empirical analysis, Estonia is used as an example, except for one study based on US data. Although most of the analysis is conducted on Estonian data, the aim of this research is to contribute to the literature on this topic generally. This study does not aim to cover all aspects of the complex topic of the heterogeneity of human capital and its valuation on the labour market, but instead focuses on the following areas: specificity of human capital, the public-private sector wage gap, the ethnic wage gap, and the ethnic fringe benefit gap. This dissertation fi lls several gaps in the existing literature in these four areas. Both Estonian and US data are used in the thesis, including the Estonian Labour Force Survey and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Different analytical methods are applied to these data, including quantile regression, ordinary least squares regression, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. The main results of this thesis include development of a human capital specificity measure, estimation of the public-private sector wage gap on Estonian data, analysis of the ethnic wage gap in Estonia and the black-white fringe benefit gap in the U.S. The results indicate that both the public-private sector and ethnic wage gaps in Estonia are related to the transition process. The black-white fringe benefit gap is to some extent explained by the black-white wage gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leping, Kristjan-Olari. Heterogeneity of Human Capital and Its Valuation on the Labour Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Pärnu College, University of Tartu, Estonia, February 2008.. |
3683. |
Leping, Kristjan-Olari |
Racial Differences in Availability of Fringe Benefits as an Explanation for the Unexplained Black-White Wage Gap for Males in US Presented: Amsterdam, Netherlands, European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) Annual Conference, September 18-20, 2008. Also: http://www.eale.nl/Conference2008/Programme/PapersA/add70811_mnCft94sHH.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association of Labour Economists Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The US black-white wage gap is an issue that has attracted thorough investigation, but so far the corresponding gap for fringe benefits has not received sufficient attention. Although ethnic differences in fringe benefits could affect wage differences, previous analysis of ethnic wage gaps in the vast majority of cases has not taken fringe benefits into account. In order to fill that gap in the existing literature, this article estimates the black-white gap for both wages and fringe benefits on the basis of US data. Data from the 2004 section of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 has been used in this analysis. Our results indicate that when controlling for various individual and job characteristics, there remains a wage gap in favour of whites, and for several fringe benefits, there is an unexplained gap in favour of blacks. This result means that the ethnic wage gap overestimates the ethnic compensation gap. We also argue that fringe benefits are used to compensate blacks for their lower wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leping, Kristjan-Olari. "Racial Differences in Availability of Fringe Benefits as an Explanation for the Unexplained Black-White Wage Gap for Males in US." Presented: Amsterdam, Netherlands, European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) Annual Conference, September 18-20, 2008. |
3684. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
A National Profile of Young Unwed Fathers: Who Are They and How Are They Parenting? Presented: Washington, DC, Catholic University, Conference on Unwed Fathers, October 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Catholic University of America Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Children; Educational Attainment; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; High School Dropouts; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Substance Use; Work Attachment Using data from the 1979-1985 NLSY, this report profiles the characteristics of young men who are unwed fathers. Young unwed fathers were found to be generally less educated with lower academic abilities, to have engaged in sexual intercourse at an earlier age, and to be more involved in criminal activities than other young men. Family background factors such as low family income and having lived in a welfare household increased the probability that a young man would become an unwed father. Significant race differences in unwed fatherhood remained even after taking account of family background and other personal differences. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "A National Profile of Young Unwed Fathers: Who Are They and How Are They Parenting?" Presented: Washington, DC, Catholic University, Conference on Unwed Fathers, October 1986. |
3685. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
A National Profile of Young Unwed Fathers: Who Are They and How Are They Parenting? In: Young Unwed Fathers: Research Review, Policy Dilemmas, and Options, Volume II. J Smollar and T Ooms, eds. Washington, DC: Catholic University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Children; Educational Attainment; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; High School Dropouts; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Substance Use; Work Attachment Lerman's research on young unwed fathers provides some evidence that white mothers may exit the never-married (i.e., marry out of the population) at a faster rate than black mothers. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, he found that unlike blacks, the majority of white and Hispanic young unwed fathers in 1979 had married the mother of their children and were living with all of their children by 1984. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "A National Profile of Young Unwed Fathers: Who Are They and How Are They Parenting?" In: Young Unwed Fathers: Research Review, Policy Dilemmas, and Options, Volume II. J Smollar and T Ooms, eds. Washington, DC: Catholic University, 1987
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3686. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
Do the Earnings Deficiencies of Unwed Fathers Account for Their Low Child Support Payments? In: Paternity Establishment: A Public Policy Conference, Volume 2: Studies of the Circumstances of Mothers and Fathers. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, 1992: pp. 191-218. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/sr/pdfs/sr56b.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Child Support; Children; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Special Report #SR 56B, IRP, Madison WI, 1992: pp. 191-218. http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/sr/pdfs/sr56b.pdf Fatherhood brings new financial responsibilities so that, due the added cost of supporting a child, parents must increase their earnings or reduce their own material living standards. This paper asks about the linkages between earnings and child support payments. We begin by examining the job market success of unwed fathers. Do young unwed fathers earn significantly less than other young men? If so, what accounts for their disadvantages? Are the differences between unwed fathers and married fathers caused by differences in worker capabilities, such as low education and limited work experience, or differences in worker effort? Do young unwed fathers eventually experience rapid earnings growth or do their earnings stagnate? The child support payment record of unwed fathers is examined as well as the relationship between increased earnings and added support payments. A common assumption guiding public policy is that increased earnings among unwed fathers will generate increased support payments. Findings bear on questions concerning the appropriate government role in dealing with earnings deficiencies of unwed fathers. Should public programs provide targeted employment and training assistance to these young men? How should programs link the fulfillment of child support obligations with job-related services? Do adjustments in government benefit programs make sense? The paper concludes by reporting on demonstration projects. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "Do the Earnings Deficiencies of Unwed Fathers Account for Their Low Child Support Payments?" In: Paternity Establishment: A Public Policy Conference, Volume 2: Studies of the Circumstances of Mothers and Fathers. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, 1992: pp. 191-218.
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3687. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
Do Welfare Programs Affect Schooling and Work Patterns of Young Black Men and Women? Presented: Cambridge, MA, Conference on Inner City Black Youth Unemployment, August 1983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Income; Family Influences; Inner-City; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Public; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper discusses the role of income transfer programs in searching for explanations of the poor labor market outcomes for black and low income youth. For young black men, the significant predicted welfare effects indicated that much of the negative outcomes are actually due to the welfare experience. However, the larger and more systematically significant effects of actual as opposed to predicted welfare suggests that some negative youth outcomes are attributable to unmeasured attitudes and other characteristics associated both with welfare participation and low employment related capacities of the youths' family. Young black women interact with welfare programs in a much larger and more direct way than do young black men. Effects on young men are found to take place mainly as a result of benefits received by parents or other relatives. In contrast, young women seem to be affected both indirectly as a result of a parent's or relative's benefit and directly when they become an unmarried mother and head of their own welfare family at the time of normal entry into the labor market. The empirical results show clear negative effects from welfare programs on the employment and earnings of young black women. Unlike the case of young men, it is possible to identify mechanisms through which welfare programs influence young women. The evidence goes beyond welfare's influence on young women to become unmarried mothers. Even among unmarried mothers, the receipt of welfare benefits tends to reduce employment and earnings. A measure of the young women's employability, predicted welfare, exerted a substantial negative impact on the labor market performance of unmarried mothers. Racial differentials in the share of young living with a family on welfare appear quite large. With 20-30 percent of black youth and only 5 percent of white youth interacting with the welfare system, any welfare effects on youth employment could account for a significant part of the overall and surprisingly high racial differentials in employment levels. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "Do Welfare Programs Affect Schooling and Work Patterns of Young Black Men and Women?" Presented: Cambridge, MA, Conference on Inner City Black Youth Unemployment, August 1983. |
3688. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
Employment Opportunities of Young Men and Family Formation Proceedings, American Economic Association (May 1989): 62-66 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Family Formation; Labor Force Participation; Marital Disruption; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the issue of male joblessness and its relationship to family formation, particularly the recent growth of black female-headed families. Using data from the NLSY, the author tested the effects of local labor market unemployment rates and young men's previous job experience on the likelihood that they would remain childless, become absent fathers, or become fathers living with their children. It was found that neither the measure of local labor market conditions nor prior joblessness of the young men studied affected fatherhood outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "Employment Opportunities of Young Men and Family Formation." Proceedings, American Economic Association (May 1989): 62-66.
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3689. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
Married and Unmarried Parenthood and Economic Wellbeing: A Dynamic Analysis of a Recent Cohort Report to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 2002. Also: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410540_Parenthood.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cohabitation; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Family Structure; Fertility; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Poverty; Propensity Scores This paper examines the dynamics of marriage and family patterns and their relationship to living standards of a recent cohort of mothers. It is not obvious that married mothers should perform economically better than mother in cohabiting relationships or single mother living with at least one other adult. But marriage is likely to raise living standards if it is associated with family and income stability. Using a significantly raise both the level and stability of living standards experienced by mothers and their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "Married and Unmarried Parenthood and Economic Wellbeing: A Dynamic Analysis of a Recent Cohort." Report to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 2002. |
3690. |
Lerman, Robert I. |
Who are the Young Absent Fathers? Youth and Society 18,1 (September 1986): 3-27. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/18/1/3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Children; Fathers, Influence; Hispanics; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Characteristics of young absent fathers in the United States are investigated using data from the NLSY (number of cases = 12,686 individuals aged 14-21 in 1979); follow-up interviews were conducted with 90% of the initial sample each year from 1980 to 1985. Tabulations of the data reveal that 1 in 3 young fathers live apart from at least 1 of their children. Although most absent fathers are white, young black males are more likely to become absent fathers than are whites or Hispanics. Of young black fathers, 70% are absent, and their absence or presence does not necessarily correspond with their marital status. Absent fathers, particularly whites and Hispanics, grew up in lower-income families than did other youth, and had less favorable employment and educational backgrounds. Directions for future research are discussed. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. "Who are the Young Absent Fathers?" Youth and Society 18,1 (September 1986): 3-27.
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3691. |
Lerman, Robert I. Price, Joseph P. Wilcox, W. Bradford |
Family Structure and Economic Success across the Life Course Marriage and Family Review 53,8 (2017): 744-758. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01494929.2017.1316810 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Structure; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Life Course; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the role that family structure plays in long-run economic outcomes across the life course. Using nearly 30 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that youths who grow up with both biological parents earn more income, work more hours each week, and are more likely to be married themselves as adults, compared to children raised in single-parent families. Many of these differences continue to be statistically significant even after we control for family income experienced as an adolescent. In addition, the implied size of the income transfer that children growing up with a single parent to equalize lifetime economic outcomes would need – about $42,000 – is markedly larger than the income transfers now available to families in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I., Joseph P. Price and W. Bradford Wilcox. "Family Structure and Economic Success across the Life Course." Marriage and Family Review 53,8 (2017): 744-758.
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3692. |
Lerman, Robert I. Sorensen, Elaine |
Father Involvement with Their Nonmarital Children Patterns, Determinants, and Effects on Their Earnings Marriage and Family Review 29,2-3 (2000): 137-158. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J002v29n02_09 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Coresidence; Earnings; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Involvement; Fertility; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Single; Work Hours/Schedule Conference: Population Association of America Annual Meetings (Mar 1997). This paper examines two sets of questions relevant to policy initiatives related to increasing father involvement: (1) the patterns of involvement between fathers and children born outside of marriage, and (2) whether father involvement leads to increased earnings. The paper defines father involvement as a continuum ranging from no visitation, to frequent visitation, to co-residence with the child, and to co-residence along with marrying the mother. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and examines this involvement in specific years and over time. One key finding is that most fathers of nonmarital children in their late 20s and early 30s are highly involved with at least one of their nonmarital children. In addition, it was found that cohabiting relationships and frequent visitation are often unstable, sometimes changing toward lower involvement, while in other cases changing toward higher degrees of involvement. A positive relationship between increased involvement of fathers and their subsequent hours of work and earnings. ((c) 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved. Note(s): Previous version presented at the Population Association of America Meetings and the NICHD Conference on Father Involvement, Oct, 1996.; Special Issue: Fatherhood: Research, interventions and policies. Part I. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. and Elaine Sorensen. "Father Involvement with Their Nonmarital Children Patterns, Determinants, and Effects on Their Earnings." Marriage and Family Review 29,2-3 (2000): 137-158.
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3693. |
Lerman, Robert I. Sorensen, Elaine |
Father Involvement with Their Nonmarital Children: Patterns, Determinants and Effects on Their Earnings Presented: Bethesda, MD, Conference on Father Involvement, October 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Child Support; Coresidence; Earnings; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Fertility; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Ensuring that nonresident fathers are financially responsible for their children vial a major theme of the recent welfare reform legislation enacted into law this summer. One segment of that population--fathers who had their children outside of marriage--has been particularly difficult to incorporate into the formal child support enforcement system. Many practitioners who work with unwed fathers argue that this population can be reached, however, by connecting them to their children. The purpose of this research project is to ascertain whether we can identify a causal link between father involvement with their nonmarital children and increased earnings in a national survey of young men. This paper describes our preliminary findings. We define father involvement somewhat differently than previous research, by including co-residence as well as visitation in our measure of father involvement. We find that most fathers of nonmarital children in their late twenties and early thirties are highly involved with at least one of their nonmarital children. We also find that cohabiting relationships and frequent visitation are often unstable, sometimes changing toward lower and higher degrees of involvement. Our preliminary findings with regard to earnings and father involvement suggest that visitation by itself, is unlikely to generate the earnings gains that living with the child seems to accomplish. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. and Elaine Sorensen. "Father Involvement with Their Nonmarital Children: Patterns, Determinants and Effects on Their Earnings." Presented: Bethesda, MD, Conference on Father Involvement, October 1996. |
3694. |
Lerman, Robert I. Wilcox, W. Bradford |
For Richer, for Poorer: How Family Structures Economic Success in America Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, October 2014. Also: https://www.aei.org/publication/for-richer-for-poorer-how-family-structures-economic-success-in-america/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Keyword(s): Childhood; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Household Structure; Marriage; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. PART 2: The Role of Childhood Family Structure in Future Economic Success PART 3: A Marriage Premium for Men and Women PART 4: The Family Premium Parts 2, 3, and 4 based on the NLSY97 and NLSY79 |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. and W. Bradford Wilcox. "For Richer, for Poorer: How Family Structures Economic Success in America." Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, October 2014. |
3695. |
Lerner, Jacqueline V. Galambos, Nancy L. |
Employed Mothers and Their Children New York, NY: Garland, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Garland Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Children; Dual-Career Families; Employment; Fathers; Mothers Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lerner, Jacqueline V. and Nancy L. Galambos. Employed Mothers and Their Children. New York, NY: Garland, 1991. |
3696. |
Leukhina, Oksana |
The Changing Role of Family Income in College Selection and Beyond Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review published online (May 2023): . Also: https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/2023/05/15/the-changing-role-of-family-income-in-college-selection-and-beyond Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): College Characteristics; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, I further examine the changing role of family income as a determinant of college quality choice, degree attainment, and post-schooling earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leukhina, Oksana. "The Changing Role of Family Income in College Selection and Beyond." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review published online (May 2023): .
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3697. |
Leung, Denis Heng Yan Yamada, Ken Zhang, Biao |
Enriching Surveys with Supplementary Data and its Application to Studying Wage Regression Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 42,1 (March 2015): 155-179. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjos.12100 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Statistical Analysis; Wage Theory Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We consider the problem of supplementing survey data with additional information from a population. The framework we use is very general; examples are missing data problems, measurement error models and combining data from multiple surveys. We do not require the survey data to be a simple random sample of the population of interest. The key assumption we make is that there exists a set of common variables between the survey and the supplementary data. Thus, the supplementary data serve the dual role of providing adjustments to the survey data for model consistencies and also enriching the survey data for improved efficiency. We propose a semi-parametric approach using empirical likelihood to combine data from the two sources. The method possesses favourable large and moderate sample properties. We use the method to investigate wage regression using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leung, Denis Heng Yan, Ken Yamada and Biao Zhang. "Enriching Surveys with Supplementary Data and its Application to Studying Wage Regression." Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 42,1 (March 2015): 155-179.
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3698. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Bargaining Bonus or Breadwinning Burden? Relative Earnings, Gender, Parenthood and Mental Health Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Depression (see also CESD); Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A body of research tests the specialization and bargaining perspectives for explaining gendered behavior within the home. Though relative income across households is a key explanatory component in the socioeconomic gradient in health and mortality, it is unclear how relative earnings within households impact health. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 in fixed effects models, the paper tests the relevancy of household bargaining, specialization, and equity models for understanding the relationship between relative spousal earnings and depression. Results indicate that increases in relative earnings decrease depressive symptoms, but only for individuals who earn less than their spouse. The beneficial effect of increased relative earnings differs by gender and parental status: relative to men without children, mothers benefit the least from gains in income share while fathers benefit the most. These findings lend greater support to bargaining and exchange perspectives than to the specialization model, and highlight the roles of equity and gender display in determining when increases in bargaining power have consequences for mental health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Bargaining Bonus or Breadwinning Burden? Relative Earnings, Gender, Parenthood and Mental Health." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013. |
3699. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Bargaining Bonus or Breadwinning Burden? Wives' Relative Earnings, Childrearing, and Depression Sociological Perspectives 63,1 (1 February 2020): 69-93. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0731121419842132 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Earnings, Wives; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relevancy of household bargaining processes, childrearing demands, and traditionally gendered breadwinning norms for explaining the implications of married women's earnings relative to those of their spouse for depression. Drawing on 1992-2014 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort, results indicate that shared breadwinning is negatively associated with depression among wives without minor children. Yet despite the salubriousness of employment, shared breadwinning is linked to worse depression for wives with a youngest child aged 0 to 12 or with two or more children 18 and younger. Contrary to expectations from the gender performance perspective, there is minimal evidence that greater relative earnings worsen depression among wives who out-earn their spouse. Results imply that when childrearing demands are high, mothers' contributions to couples' earnings function as an additional demand rather than a resource for their own well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Bargaining Bonus or Breadwinning Burden? Wives' Relative Earnings, Childrearing, and Depression." Sociological Perspectives 63,1 (1 February 2020): 69-93.
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3700. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Benefits of the Balancing Act: Motherhood, Employment and Mental Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Health, Mental/Psychological; Maternal Employment; Motherhood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Variant findings on the benefits and strains of combining employment and family roles encourage investigation into the mechanisms and conditions under which employment improves the well-being of individuals who perform the greatest amounts of family caregiving labor-- mothers caring for children. In this dissertation, I explore the effects of employment on depressive symptoms in light of gendered parental responsibilities. Two possible mechanisms through which employment may confer mental health benefits are explored: identity accumulation, and for married women, gains in relative spousal resources. First, motivated by symbolic interaction perspectives on identity, I examine how the mental health effects of employment for mothers vary according to their attitudes about the compatibility of employment and childrearing. Secondly, I draw on household bargaining and resource perspectives to examine whether the increase in relative spousal earnings generated by employment are associated with fewer depressive symptoms among married women. Finally, I approach the social roles of parenthood and employment from a life course perspective, considering their effects on the distribution of depressive symptoms by age for men and women. These analyses enrich understandings of how and when employment improves mental well-being, and highlight the force of gendered parental responsibilities in shaping the effects of work and family roles. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. Benefits of the Balancing Act: Motherhood, Employment and Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2014. |
3701. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Depression, Work and Family Roles, and the Gendered Life Course Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58,4 (December 2017): 422-441. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022146517737309 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the importance of employment for shaping mental health over the life course, little is known about how the mental health benefits of employment change as individuals age through their prime employment and child-rearing years. This study examines the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (N = 8,931), following respondents from their late 20s to mid-50s. Results suggest that among women, the aging of children is especially salient for shaping the mental health consequences of employment. Young children diminish the protective effect of mothers' full- and part-time employment, but the salubrious effects of paid work increase as children get older. The benefit of employment for men’s mental health also changes over time, but it is the aging of men themselves rather than their children that alters the magnitude of full-time employment’s protective effect. Findings suggest the contribution of employment to life course mental health remains tethered to traditional gender roles. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Depression, Work and Family Roles, and the Gendered Life Course." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58,4 (December 2017): 422-441.
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3702. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Even Supermoms Get the Blues: Employment, Gender Attitudes and Depression Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Health Factors; Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Popular culture indicates that the cultural model of intensive mothering, which prizes full-time, maternal care for children, remains salient despite women’s high employment rates (Douglas & Michaels 2004). This saliency suggests that women’s experiences of work-family conflict are shaped by cultural pressures to devote themselves to family care as much, or more so, than practical difficulties of juggling employment and family care. This paper examines the impact of attitudes towards women’s employment, employment status, and interactions between the two on depressive symptoms among married women. Results indicate that employment reduces risk of depression, and among employed women, an attitude of complete support for women’s employment is associated with a lower risk of depression than is an attitude of only moderate support. Yet at the same time, women who hold little or no faith in the ability of women to simultaneously meet employment and family care responsibilities have the lowest risk of depression among women who are employed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Even Supermoms Get the Blues: Employment, Gender Attitudes and Depression." Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011. |
3703. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Even Supermoms Get the Blues: Employment, Gender Attitudes, and Depression Society and Mental Health 9,3 (1 November 2019): 316-333. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2156869318785406 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines how gender attitudes moderate the relationship between employment and depressive symptoms using data from the 1987 to 2006 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. Results indicate that at age 40, the association of employment with reduced symptoms of depression is greatest for mothers who had previously expressed support for traditional gender roles. This finding was robust to controls for prior depressive symptoms. In contrast, the association of employment and depressive symptoms at age 40 does not vary by earlier gender attitudes among childless women. Results suggest that in light of women's disproportionate share of domestic responsibilities and limited employer supports for parents, skepticism over mothers' ability to "do it all" may mitigate the stress of work-family role strain and allow mothers with more traditional gender attitudes to receive greater protection against depressive symptoms from employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Even Supermoms Get the Blues: Employment, Gender Attitudes, and Depression." Society and Mental Health 9,3 (1 November 2019): 316-333.
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3704. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Getting Better with Age: Employment, Gender Attitudes, and Depression Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper considers the effect of mother’s employment, their attitudes about combining employment and family care, and the interaction between the two, on their risk of experiencing depressive symptoms at three time points across key childrearing years. At ages 40 and 50, the interaction between employment status and attitudes suggests that older mothers suffer from a mismatch between their expectations that women should be able to combine career and family, and their lived experiences of work-family conflict. This finding is set against the backdrop of an increasingly protective effect of employment on mental health as women approach mid-life. Results suggest that in light of women’s continued disproportionate share of domestic responsibilities and limited employer supports for parents, skepticism over women’s ability to manage employment and family care may mitigate the negative mental health implications of work-family conflict as mothers approach mid-life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Getting Better with Age: Employment, Gender Attitudes, and Depression." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
3705. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Married Moms, Money and Mental Health Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Health, Mental/Psychological; Household Income; Husbands, Income; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research indicates that employment improves mental health, yet we know less about the mechanisms linking employment and well-being, particularly for married mothers. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study tests the relevancy of resource and bargaining perspectives for understanding the relationships among married spouses' employment status, relative earnings and depression. Findings indicate that though employment is associated with improved mental health for all, there is little evidence that greater spousal earnings shares are a mechanism for the benefits of employment. Among mothers, having greater earnings relative to one's spouse is detrimental for mental health. In contrast, fathers' and childless men's mental health improves with greater earnings relative to their spouse. Results suggest that gendered parental roles alter the meaning of money, and limit mothers' ability to leverage earnings as a source of household bargaining power to benefit their well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Married Moms, Money and Mental Health." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
3706. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Mental Health, Social Roles and the Gendered Life Course Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines variations in the effects of work and family roles on mental health as men and women age through the life course. Results indicate that as women age towards midlife, parenthood shifts from being positively to negatively associated with symptoms of depression. In contrast, the effect of parenthood on men's depression does not vary as they grow older. Though men and women both receive greater mental health benefits from employment as they approach midlife, the effects of combining employment with parenthood vary by gender and the age of children. These findings highlight gender differences in the saliency of parenthood and employment for shaping the age-gradient in depressive symptoms during adulthood, and suggest that mental health over the life course remains tethered to traditionally gendered roles. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Mental Health, Social Roles and the Gendered Life Course." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015. |
3707. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
More Traditional Each Year? Earnings and Married Mothers' Employment Hours over the Childrearing Years Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; First Birth; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The tendency for socio-economic privilege to increase women's labor force participation calls for greater attention to the employment hours of married mothers, for whom spouses' earnings may reduce the financial incentives to employment. This study examines how women's own earnings and the earnings of their spouse prior to the parenthood shape employment hours for married women with children, and whether the link between mother's employment hours and pre-parenthood earnings changes as their children age. Results from 1979 to 2007 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort indicate that women's own earnings and the earnings of their spouse prior to their first birth have competing effects on mothers' employment hours. As their firstborn child ages from zero to nine, the effects of mothers' own pre-birth earnings on their employment hours weaken. In contrast, the effects of their husband' pre-birth earnings magnify the longer they are parents. Results suggest that the determinants of mothers' employment hours become increasingly gender-traditional over their first ten years of parenthood. Follow-up analyses will compare results from the NLSY79 cohort to the employment hours of the NLSY97 cohort to assess the relevancy of findings to the cohort currently embarking on their parenting years. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "More Traditional Each Year? Earnings and Married Mothers' Employment Hours over the Childrearing Years." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
3708. |
Leupp, Katrina M. |
Why Do Women Opt Out? The Ideological and Economic Determinants of Women's Employment Status Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Employment; First Birth; Household Income; Housework/Housewives; Income; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Mothers; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Popular culture indicates that the cultural model of intensive mothering, which prizes full-time, maternal care for children, remains salient despite women's high employment rates (Douglas & Michaels 2004). This paper examines the conceptual relevance of perspectives implied by 1) cultural ideologies about mothering, and 2) financial resources, for understanding mothers' return to employment after a first birth. Results indicate that holding an intensive mothering ideology, and family income other than women's own earnings, decrease the risk of return to employment. Yet at the same time, mothers' incomes have significant, positive effects on employment returns. In sum, the competing effects of own income and other family income suggest a more complicated relationship between class privilege, employment, and mothering practices than is commonly described. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leupp, Katrina M. "Why Do Women Opt Out? The Ideological and Economic Determinants of Women's Employment Status." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
3709. |
Levey, Tania Gabrielle |
Effect of Level of College Entry on Midcareer Occupational Attainments Community College Review 38,1 (July 2010): 3-30. Also: http://crw.sagepub.com/content/current Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Income; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Prestige; Propensity Scores; Schooling, Post-secondary Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The economic benefits of attending community colleges, as opposed to other higher education sectors, have been a subject of intense debate since the 1960s. Using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study compares the midcareer occupational attainments (in terms of income and occupational prestige) of students who began postsecondary study at community colleges and students who began postsecondary study at 4-year colleges. Study participants were between 14 and 22 years of age in 1979; income and occupational prestige data used in the analyses were the latest available for the respondents from the 1996, 1998, and 2000 waves of the NLSY79 study. Controlling for a variety of student background characteristics, regression analysis and matched models using propensity scores revealed that the gap in earnings between the community college and 4-year college entrants remained small for most groups, with the exception of Black and Hispanic males. This overall finding runs counter to what one might expect on the basis of previous studies showing that at early stages of one's career, community college entrants hold relatively low-prestige jobs in comparison to those held by 4-year college entrants and that the income gaps between the two groups might therefore be expected to increase over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Community College Review is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Levey, Tania Gabrielle. "Effect of Level of College Entry on Midcareer Occupational Attainments." Community College Review 38,1 (July 2010): 3-30.
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3710. |
Levey, Tania Gabrielle |
Higher Education and Social Inequality: The Role of Community Colleges Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2006. DAI-A 67/04, Oct 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Education; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is a consensus among sociologists that educational attainment is one of the most important influences on individuals' life chances. Despite a flowering of research on community college effects since the 1970s, there is less agreement over the effects of community college attendance than there is for four-year college attendance. Using nationally representative longitudinal datasets, the NLSY79 and the NELS:88, new statistical methods, and a broad range of outcomes, this dissertation reexamines the lengthy debate about the influence of community colleges in perpetuating a cycle of diminished educational and occupational attainments. This study is also the first to ask whether community colleges produce payoffs across the generations. This dissertation makes several novel contributions to research on community colleges. Because community college students take longer to complete degrees, I follow students for more years than previous studies. In addition to regression models, I use a statistical technique known as the Counterfactual Model of Causal Inference. This technique is considered superior to regression analysis in its treatment of selection bias. I will test whether some of the negative effects attributed to community colleges have been overestimated due to failure to control adequately for the characteristics of students. I compare community college students to both four-year college students and high school graduates. Finally, I include outcomes rarely or never before examined in relation to community colleges, outcomes that have important implications not only for individual opportunity but also for opportunity in the succeeding generation: household income, wealth, family formation, parenting practices, and the educational progress of children of attendees. I will pay particular attention to whether community college effects differ by gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Analyses suggest that the impact of community colleges is more complex than simplistic debates would lead us to believe, producing important benefits for enrollees as well as their children. Overall, I find that community colleges can be an inexpensive and flexible route to long-term upward mobility. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levey, Tania Gabrielle. Higher Education and Social Inequality: The Role of Community Colleges. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2006. DAI-A 67/04, Oct 2006. |
3711. |
Levey, Tania Gabrielle |
Reexamining Community College Effects: New Techniques, New Outcomes Presented: New York, NY, Society of Economics and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, March 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society of Economics and Education (SEE), Teachers College, Columbia University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); College Education; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research Questions: How do community college students compare to students who enroll in four-year colleges and to students with no postsecondary schooling on the following outcomes:
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Bibliography Citation
Levey, Tania Gabrielle. "Reexamining Community College Effects: New Techniques, New Outcomes." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Economics and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, March 2006. |
3712. |
Levin, Martin L. Xu, Xiaohe Bartkowski, John |
Seasonality of Sexual Debut: The "Summer Vacation Theory" Reconsidered Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting, April 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Sociological Society Keyword(s): National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Seasonality; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies on seasonality of sexual debut have suggested that the summer months are a period of time during which many adolescents are likely to lose their virginity (Rogers, et al, 1990; Barak, et al, 1997). To account for this seasonal pattern of sexual debut among youngsters, researchers have argued that the underlying mechanisms such as summer camps, popular sport activities, & other types of outdoor activities provided ample opportunities for adolescents to initiate & experience their first sexual encounters. Here, a three-step analytical strategy is utilized to reexamine & challenge this "summer vacation theory." Two-wave data from the multiwave National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to replicate the seasonal patterns of sexual debut reported previously by Rogers et al, supplemented by the more recent, two-wave data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (NLSAH) to cross-validate seasonality of sexual debut among adolescents by exploring possible gender, age, & regional variations. By employing smoothing & other statistical techniques such as regression analysis, the seasonality of sexual debut is reconceptualized, & alternative explanations are developed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levin, Martin L., Xiaohe Xu and John Bartkowski. "Seasonality of Sexual Debut: The "Summer Vacation Theory" Reconsidered." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting, April 2000. |
3713. |
Levine, David I. |
Choosing the Right Parents: Changes in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality Between the 1970s and the Early 1990s Working Paper No. 72 (iirwps-072-99), Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California - Berkeley, November 19, 1999. Also: http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=iir Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; General Social Survey (GSS); Mothers, Education; Occupational Status; Wages, Young Men; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses the General Social survey and the comparison between the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men and of Youth to measure how returns to young men's family background have changed from the late 1970's to the late 1980's and early 1990's. Coming from a wealthy family and having a well-educated father who worked in a high-prestige occupation were much more powerful predictors of a young man's success in the later period. In contrast, maternal education was less important in determining a young man's income and educational attainment. Rising returns to education coupled with a constant relation between family background and education explains most of the rising importance of family background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, David I. "Choosing the Right Parents: Changes in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality Between the 1970s and the Early 1990s." Working Paper No. 72 (iirwps-072-99), Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California - Berkeley, November 19, 1999. |
3714. |
Levine, David I. Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Choosing the Right Parents: Changes in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality Between 1980 and the Early 1990s Working Paper No. 2002-08, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, June 2002. Also: http://www.chicagofed.org/publications/workingpapers/papers/wp2002-08.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Income; General Social Survey (GSS); Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), and the General Social Survey (GSS) to measure the elasticity of family income on men's adult earnings in 1980 and the early 1990s. The study finds a large and statistically significant increase in the importance of family income over time when comparing cohorts in the NLS, a dataset that has not been previously used for this purpose. We also find a large but statistically insignificant increase when using the GSS. The PSID, however, shows a large but statistically insignificant decline in this parameter. The results imply that changes in the effect of family income did not operate through the channel of human capital. Results suggest that the rate of inheritability of income may have increased in recent decades, but this evidence is not yet definitive. Researchers, therefore, should exercise caution when generalizing about trends over time when using small samples from just one dataset such as the PSID. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, David I. and Bhashkar Mazumder. "Choosing the Right Parents: Changes in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality Between 1980 and the Early 1990s." Working Paper No. 2002-08, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, June 2002. |
3715. |
Levine, David I. Mazumder, Bhashkar |
The Growing Importance of Family: Evidence from Brothers' Earnings Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 46,1 (January 2007): 7-21. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00455.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Brothers; Earnings; Family Influences; Income; Income Distribution; Siblings; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine between-brother correlation of earnings, family income, and wages from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys. Young brothers who entered the labor market in the 1970s had lower correlations of economic outcomes than did those who entered in the 1980s and early 1990s. Neither the rising brother correlation in education nor the rising return to schooling accounts for much of the increase in the brother correlation in earnings. These results suggest that family and community influences other than years of education that are shared by brothers have become increasingly important in determining economic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Industrial Relations is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, David I. and Bhashkar Mazumder. "The Growing Importance of Family: Evidence from Brothers' Earnings." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 46,1 (January 2007): 7-21.
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3716. |
Levine, Judith A. Emery, Clifton R. Pollack, Harold |
The Well-Being of Children Born to Teen Mothers Journal of Marriage and Family 69,1 (February 2007): 105-122. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00348.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Behavioral Development; Drug Use; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Progress; Substance Use Children born to early child bearers are more likely than other children to display problem behaviors or poor academic performance, but it is unclear whether early childbearing plays a causal role in these outcomes. Using multiple techniques to control for background factors, we analyze 2,908 young children and 1,736 adolescents and young adults in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults (CNLSY79) data sets to examine whether early childbearing causes children's outcomes. We find evidence that teen childbearing plays no causal role in children's test scores and in some behavioral outcomes of adolescents. For other behavioral outcomes, we find that different methodologies produce differing results. We thus suggest caution in drawing conclusions about early parenthood's overarching effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Judith A., Clifton R. Emery and Harold Pollack. "The Well-Being of Children Born to Teen Mothers." Journal of Marriage and Family 69,1 (February 2007): 105-122.
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3717. |
Levine, Judith A. Emery, Clifton R. Pollack, Harold |
The Well-Being of Children Born to Teen Mothers: Multiple Approaches to Assessing the Causal Links Presented: Miami, FL, Society for Social Work Research 9th Annual Meeting, 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavioral Problems; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Kinship; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; School Progress; Sexual Activity; Substance Use; Truancy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children born to early-childbearers display high prevalence of problem behaviors and poor academic performance. Previous research indicates that many adverse outcomes stem from poverty or other risk-factors, not from early childbearing per se. This paper uses linked maternal-child data from the 1979-98 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore these questions in greater depth. Using the large sample size made possible through an expanded adolescent sample, we use three types of analyses to explore the causal impact of early-childbearing on subsequent child and adolescent outcomes. First, we run models using a variety of explicit controls for background factors. Second, we use a fixed-effect, cousin-comparison analysis to control for unobserved family characteristics that may influence child outcomes. Third, we examine outcomes among children born to women who had miscarriages during their teen years. Because teenagers who have miscarriages are in some ways similar to teens who carry infants to live birth, miscarriage data allows us to further scrutinize whether delayed childbearing is associated with improved outcomes. In all analyses, we find that teen childbearing plays only a small, if any, causal role in children's performance on standardized tests, reported use of marijuana, or fighting. Pre-birth characteristics of teen mothers, birth order, and family size are more important factors in determining this set of outcomes. For other outcomes, namely grade repetition, early sexual initiation, and truancy, the fixed effects and miscarriage analyses produce differing results. Teen childbearing has no sizeable or statistically significant results for any of our outcomes in the miscarriage analysis. However, the fixed effects results suggest teen childbearing is associated with grade retention in school, school truancy, and possibly with early initiation of sexual activity. We interpret these differing results to suggest that teen mothers share more in common with other young women who conceive, but due to miscarriage, do not carry their pregnancies to term than they do with their own siblings who delay childbearing. It is these commonalities that appear to drive the zero-order association between early fertility and several negative behavioral consequences for off-spring. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Judith A., Clifton R. Emery and Harold Pollack. "The Well-Being of Children Born to Teen Mothers: Multiple Approaches to Assessing the Causal Links." Presented: Miami, FL, Society for Social Work Research 9th Annual Meeting, 2004. |
3718. |
Levine, Phillip B. |
Spillover Effects Between the Insured and Uninsured Unemployed Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47,1 (October 1993): 73-86. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524233 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance This paper considers the effect of changing the level of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits on workers who do not receive UI. It is hypothesized that a spillover effect between insured and uninsured workers exists so that an increase in the UI benefits, which leads to longer durations of unemployment for insured workers, will lead to a reduction in the duration of unemployment for the uninsured. This prediction is tested using data from several March Current Population Surveys and the NLSY. In both samples, it was found that an increase in UI benefits leads to a reduction in the duration of unemployment for uninsured workers. Furthermore, using several years of state level data, the estimated effect on unemployment for the entire labor force was roughly zero when the author allowed for the spillover effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. "Spillover Effects Between the Insured and Uninsured Unemployed." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47,1 (October 1993): 73-86.
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3719. |
Levine, Phillip B. |
Three Essays on Unemployment and Unemployment Insurance Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance This dissertation contains three separate essays. The first essay assesses the ability of a simple search- theoretic model to explain the results of two controlled social experiments. The availability of two independent experiments with substantially different treatments allows for a rigorous test of the model. Parameters of the model are estimated by minimizing the distance between the observed and predicted aggregate response in each experiment, then cross-validated using the observed and predicted treatment response from the other experiment. The model is unable to predict an effect as large as that observed in one of the experiments. In addition, the model cannot explain the degree of individual-specific wage variability found in the data. The relative success of models with and without search intensity is also considered, but the statistical procedures cannot distinguish between them. The second essay documents and attempts to explain the observed disparities between unemployment rates computed from contemporaneous and retrospective data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The maintained hypothesis is that the discrepancies are consistent with different definitions of unemployment between the two measures. The longitudinal nature of the CPS is exploited to show that more workers with weak labor force attachment are considered unemployed in the contemporaneous rate relative to the retrospective measure. An example is provided indicating that conclusions of earlier studies are unwarranted when retrospective rates are used rather than contemporaneous. Given the different definitions, researchers may find that in certain circumstances the retrospective rate is a more appropriate measure of unemployment. In the third essay, I consider the effect of changing the level of Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits on workers who do not receive UI. The author presents a model indicating that if UI benefits increase, the offer arrival rate for the uninsured increases and, under the appropriate conditions, uninsured workers find jobs sooner. These predictions are tested using data from several March Current Population Surveys and the NLSY. In both samples, I find that an increase in UI benefits leads to a reduction in the duration of unemployment for uninsured workers. [UMI ADG91-10383] |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. Three Essays on Unemployment and Unemployment Insurance. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1990. |
3720. |
Levine, Phillip B. Gustafson, Tara A. Velenchik, Ann D. |
More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Labor Market Outcomes NBER Working Paper No. 5270, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5270 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Employment; Heterogeneity; Household Structure; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Siblings; State Welfare; Wage Differentials; Wages This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the effect of smoking on wages and employment. The panel nature and household structure of these data enable us to implement methods to account for differences in observed and unobserved individual characteristics that may be correlated with both smoking and wages. Changes in wages associated with changes in smoking behavior and models that utilize sibling comparisons are estimated to address the potential heterogeneity problem. Estimates from alternative specifications all indicate that smoking reduces wages by roughly 4-8%. No robust, statistically significant effect on employment is observed. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5270 |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B., Tara A. Gustafson and Ann D. Velenchik. "More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Labor Market Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 5270, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. |
3721. |
Levine, Phillip B. Gustafson, Tara A. Velenchik, Ann D. |
More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50,3 (April 1997): 493-509. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525187 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Benefits; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Wage Differentials Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, a study examines the effect of smoking on wages. The analysis controls for differences in individual characteristics that may be correlated with both smoking and wages, including unobservable person-specific characteristics that are constant over time, and unobservable characteristics that are constant within a family. Estimates from alternative specifications indicate that smoking reduces wages by roughly 4%-8%. Empirical tests of 3 potential explanations for this finding yield no conclusive results. Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1997. Fulltext online. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B., Tara A. Gustafson and Ann D. Velenchik. "More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50,3 (April 1997): 493-509.
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3722. |
Levine, Phillip B. Trainor, Amy B. Zimmerman, David J. |
The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies and Births Journal of Health Economics 15,5 (October 1996): 555-578. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762969600495X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Abortion; Benefits, Disability; Child Care; Childbearing; Children; Demography; Fertility; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling; Morbidity; Mortality; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; State Welfare; Welfare This paper considers whether state Medicaid abortion funding restrictions affect the likelihood of getting pregnant, having an abortion, and bearing a child. The authors exploit a natural experiment afforded by Supreme Court decisions and employ more traditional multivariate models with alternative fixed effect specifications. An analysis of twelve years of state-level data indicate that restrictions are associated with a reduction in abortions and either no change or a reduction in births, implying fewer pregnancies. Subsequent analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is consistent with these findings and show the response is concentrated among the low-income population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B., Amy B. Trainor and David J. Zimmerman. "The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies and Births." Journal of Health Economics 15,5 (October 1996): 555-578.
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3723. |
Levine, Phillip B. Trainor, Amy B. Zimmerman, David J. |
The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies, and Births NBER Working Paper No. 5066, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5066 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior; Childbearing; Fertility; Government Regulation; Medicaid/Medicare; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; State Welfare This paper considers whether state Medicaid abortion funding restrictions affect the likelihood of getting pregnant, having an abortion, and bearing a child. Aggregate, state-level data and microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are applied in the empirical work. Changes in laws resulting from Supreme Court decisions create a natural experiment which is utilized to examine fertility behavior. Multivariate models controlling for state and, in the NLSY, personal characteristics are also estimated using alternative fixed effect specifications. We find that Medicaid funding restrictions are associated with a reduction in both the number of abortions and pregnancies, resulting in either no change or a reduction in births. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5066 |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B., Amy B. Trainor and David J. Zimmerman. "The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies, and Births." NBER Working Paper No. 5066, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1995. |
3724. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement Work and Occupations 22,1 (February 1995): 73-84. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/22/1/73.abstract Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Modeling; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Choice; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Non-Traditional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between the sex-types of aspired occupations and the sex-types of achieved occupations. Then, multivariate models of the probability of entering a traditional (i.e., female-dominated) or nontraditional (i.e., male-dominated) occupation are estimated The authors find that Jacobs actually overestimated the relationship between aspirations and achievement and that this relationship has, in some ways, grown weaker over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement." Work and Occupations 22,1 (February 1995): 73-84.
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3725. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY NBER Working Paper No. 5264, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5264. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Migration; Migration Patterns; State Welfare; Welfare This paper examines the extent to which differences in welfare generosity across states leads to interstate migration. Using microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) between 1979 and 1992, we employ a quasi-experimental design that utilizes the categorical eligibility of the welfare system. The pattern of cross-state moves among poor single women with children who are likely to be eligible for benefits is compared to the pattern among other poor households. We find little evidence indicating that welfare-induced migration is a widespread phenomenon. Full-text available on-line at http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5264; and Discussion Paper No. 1098-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, July 1996, http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY." NBER Working Paper No. 5264, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. |
3726. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY Journal of Population Economics 12,3 (August 1999): 391-409. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/29ba788gy2t22ff3/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Migration; Migration Patterns; State Welfare; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the extent to which differences in welfare generosity across states leads to interstate migration. Using microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) between 1979 and 1992, we employ a quasi-experimental design that utilizes the categorical eligibility of the welfare system. The pattern of cross-state moves among poor single women with children, who are likely to be eligible for benefits is compared to the pattern among other poor households. We find little evidence indicating that welfare-induced migration is a widespread phenomenon. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY." Journal of Population Economics 12,3 (August 1999): 391-409.
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3727. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development Human Resources Abstracts 35,4 (December 2000). Also: JCPR Working Paper No. 130, January 2000. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Poverty; Hispanics; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the extent to which children are exposed to the welfare system through their mother's receipt of benefits and its impact on several developmental outcomes. Using data from the matched mother-child file from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that children's welfare exposure is substantial. By age 10, over one-third of all children will have lived in a welfare household; black, non-Hispanic children face a much higher rate of exposure. Simple correlations suggest a strong negative relationship between maternal welfare receipt and children's outcomes. In this paper, we implement three alternative strategies (instrumental variables, sibling difference, and child fixed-effects models) designed to identify whether this correlation can be attributed to the mother's welfare receipt directly or to other characteristics of mothers who receive welfare, regardless of whether those characteristics are observable evidence of any causal link between maternal welfare receipt and children's developmental outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development." Human Resources Abstracts 35,4 (December 2000).
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3728. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development NBER Working Paper No. 7522, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2000. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w7522 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Poverty; Hispanics; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare We examine the extent to which children are exposed to the welfare system through their mother's receipt of benefits and its impact on several developmental outcomes. Using data from the matched mother-child file from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that children's welfare exposure is substantial. By age 10 over one-third of all children will have lived in a welfare household; black, non-Hispanic children face a much higher rate of exposure. Simple correlations suggest a strong negative relationship between maternal welfare receipt and children's outcomes. In this paper we implement three alternative strategies (instrumental variables, sibling difference, and child fixed effects models) designed to identify whether this correlation can be attributed to the mother's welfare receipt directly or to other characteristics of mothers who receive welfare, regardless of whether or not those characteristics are observable to the researcher. Based on the results of all three estimation strategies, we find little evidence of any causal link between maternal welfare receipt and children's developmental outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development." NBER Working Paper No. 7522, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2000. |
3729. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development Journal of Public Economics 89,1 (January 2005): 31-56. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272704000040 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare We examine the extent to which children are exposed to the welfare system through their mother's receipt of benefits and its impact on several developmental outcomes. Using data from the matched mother-child file from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that children's welfare exposure is substantial. By age 10, over one-third of all children will have lived in a welfare household; black, non-Hispanic children face a much higher rate of exposure. Simple correlations suggest a strong negative relationship between maternal welfare receipt and children's outcomes. In this paper, we implement three alternative strategies (instrumental variables, sibling differences, and child fixed effects models) designed to identify whether this correlation can be attributed to the mother's welfare receipt directly or to other characteristics of mothers who receive welfare, regardless of whether or not those characteristics are observable to the researcher. Based on the results of all three estimation strategies, we find little evidence of any causal link between maternal welfare receipt and children's developmental outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development." Journal of Public Economics 89,1 (January 2005): 31-56.
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3730. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
Intergenerational Correlation in AFDC Participation: Welfare Trap or Poverty Trap? Discussion Paper No. 1100-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/dplist.htm Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Earnings; Endogeneity; Family Characteristics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Probit; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several recent studies have shown that daughters whose mothers have participated in the welfare program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), are themselves more likely to participate in AFDC when they head their own household. Other studies have shown that the earnings of parents and their children are highly correlated across generations. This suggests that any variable correlated with income--such as AFDC participation--will also be correlated across generations. This paper uses data from the original and youth cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys to investigate the question of whether the link in mother-daughter welfare participation is a causal relationship, or whether it can be explained by the expected intergenerational correlation in earnings. Several reduced-form probit equations are estimated, and attention is directed to the potential endogeneity of key explanatory variables. The empirical findings suggest that much of the observed correlation in AFDC participation across generations can be explained by the intergenerational correlation of income and other family characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Intergenerational Correlation in AFDC Participation: Welfare Trap or Poverty Trap?" Discussion Paper No. 1100-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. |
3731. |
Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J. |
The Benefit of Additional High School Math and Science Classes for Young Men and Women: Evidence from Longitudinal Data Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13,2 (April 1995): 137-149. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1392368 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Graduates; Family Background and Culture; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Curriculum; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Training; Wage Dynamics This paper examines the effects of more technical training in high school on labor market outcomes for men and women. We consider the effect of taking more high school math and science classes on wages, occupational choice, and college major. The results show a positive return to additional courses in math for women who eventually go on to graduate from college. No significant return to math is consistently observed for other groups of workers and high school science courses have no effect on wages for any group of workers. The effect of additional math classes for female college graduates may be attributed to their increased propensity to major in technical fields in college and to enter more technical, male-dominated jobs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "The Benefit of Additional High School Math and Science Classes for Young Men and Women: Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13,2 (April 1995): 137-149.
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3732. |
Levine, Ross Rubinstein, Yona |
Does Entrepreneurship Pay? The Michael Bloombergs, the Hot Dog Vendors, and the Returns to Self-Employment Working Paper, Haas School of Business, University of California--Berkeley, September 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California - Berkeley Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Entrepreneurship; Illegal Activities; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Choice; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Self-Esteem; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use the classification of the self-employed into incorporated and unincorporated to separate between “entrepreneurs” and other business owners. Using data from the CPS and the NLSY79, we find, in contrast to a large body of research, that entrepreneurs earn much more per hour and work many more hours than their salaried and unincorporated counterparts. Moreover, the incorporated self-employed have distinct cognitive and noncognitive traits: they are more educated, and even as teenagers, they score higher on learning aptitude tests, exhibit greater self-esteem, and engage in more aggressive, illicit, risk-taking activities. And, these traits are much more important for entrepreneurial success than they are for success in other employment activities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Ross and Yona Rubinstein. "Does Entrepreneurship Pay? The Michael Bloombergs, the Hot Dog Vendors, and the Returns to Self-Employment." Working Paper, Haas School of Business, University of California--Berkeley, September 2012. |
3733. |
Levine, Ross Rubinstein, Yona |
Selection into Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment NBER Working Paper No. 25350, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2018. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25350 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Entrepreneurship; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Wealth We study the effects of ability and liquidity constraints on entrepreneurship. We develop a three sector Roy model that differentiates between entrepreneurs and other self-employed to address puzzling gaps that have emerged between theory and evidence on entry into entrepreneurship. The model predicts--and the data confirm--that entrepreneurs are positively selected on highly-remunerated human capital, but other self-employed are negatively selected on those same abilities; entrepreneurs are positively selected on collateral, but other self-employed are not; and entrepreneurship is procyclical, but self-employment is countercyclical. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Ross and Yona Rubinstein. "Selection into Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment." NBER Working Paper No. 25350, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2018. |
3734. |
Levine, Ross Rubinstein, Yona |
Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Do They Earn More? Quarterly Journal of Economics 132,2 (May 2017): 963-1018. Also: https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/qje/qjw044 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Illegal Activities; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Choice; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We disaggregate the self-employed into incorporated and unincorporated to distinguish between "entrepreneurs" and other business owners. We show that the incorporated self-employed and their businesses engage in activities that demand comparatively strong nonroutine cognitive abilities, while the unincorporated and their firms perform tasks demanding relatively strong manual skills. People who become incorporated business owners tend to be more educated and--as teenagers--score higher on learning aptitude tests, exhibit greater self-esteem, and engage in more illicit activities than others. The combination of "smart" and "illicit" tendencies as youths accounts for both entry into entrepreneurship and the comparative earnings of entrepreneurs. Individuals tend to experience a material increase in earnings when becoming entrepreneurs, and this increase occurs at each decile of the distribution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Ross and Yona Rubinstein. "Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Do They Earn More?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 132,2 (May 2017): 963-1018.
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3735. |
Levine, Ross Rubinstein, Yona |
Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Does It Pay? NBER Working Paper No. 19276, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2013. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w19276 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Entrepreneurship; Illegal Activities; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Choice; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Employed Workers; Self-Esteem; Wages We disaggregate the self-employed into incorporated and unincorporated to distinguish between “entrepreneurs” and other business owners. The incorporated self-employed have a distinct combination of cognitive, noncognitive, and family traits. Besides coming from higher-income families with better-educated mothers, the incorporated—as teenagers—scored higher on learning aptitude tests, had greater self-esteem, and engaged in more aggressive, illicit, risk-taking activities. The combination of “smarts” and “aggressive/illicit/risk-taking” tendencies as a youth accounts for both entry into entrepreneurship and the comparative earnings of entrepreneurs. In contrast to a large literature, we also find that entrepreneurs earn much more per hour than their salaried counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Ross and Yona Rubinstein. "Smart and Illicit: Who Becomes an Entrepreneur and Does It Pay?" NBER Working Paper No. 19276, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2013. |
3736. |
Levine, Stephen Z. |
Elaboration on the Association Between IQ and Parental SES with Subsequent Crime Personality and Individual Differences 50,8 (June 2011): 1233-1237. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911000912 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Childhood; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; I.Q.; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Poisson (IRT–ZIP); Socioeconomic Status (SES) To examine competing theoretical propositions and research, the hypotheses were tested that low parental socioeconomic status (SES), low IQ and their interaction increase the likelihood of crime. To test these hypotheses, representative US data (n = 11,437) were examined based on SES and IQ in 1981, and subsequent incarcerations from 1982 to 2006. Incarceration outcomes predicted included: incidence with binary logistic modeling, time to incarceration with Cox modeling and incarceration frequency with Poisson modeling. Results showed that low IQ, low SES and their interaction modestly predicted these three incarceration outcomes. These results were replicated among males, underprivileged groups and people with a last interview. Given that low IQ and SES are generally associated with increased risk of subsequent crime their theoretical integration is appropriate. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Stephen Z. "Elaboration on the Association Between IQ and Parental SES with Subsequent Crime." Personality and Individual Differences 50,8 (June 2011): 1233-1237.
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3737. |
Levine, Stephen Z. |
Evaluating the Seven-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short-form: a Longitudinal US Community Study Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48,9 (September 2013): 1519-1526. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-012-0650-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Modeling; Scale Construction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data were examined from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Participants responded to the 20-item CES-D (n = 8,858) in 1992, and to the 7-item CES-D-SF in 1994 (n = 8,500) and from 1998 to 2010 if aged 40 (n = 7,972) or 50 (n = 1,574) or over. Variables examined in 1979 were race, SES, and sex and in 1981 cognitive functioning. The CES-D-SF was examined for internal and test–retest reliability, unidimensionality with confirmatory factor analysis, and a cutoff score with receiver operator curve characteristics. Survival analysis was used to examine time period of first CES-D-SF suspected major depression episode, multinomial regression to examine the chronicity of CES-D-SF suspected major depression, and the course of depression with a Generalized Estimating Equation model. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Stephen Z. "Evaluating the Seven-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short-form: a Longitudinal US Community Study." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 48,9 (September 2013): 1519-1526.
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3738. |
Levine, Stephen Z. |
Low Birth-Weight and Risk for Major Depression: A Community-based Longitudinal Study Psychiatry Research 215,3 (30 March 2014): 618-623. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178114000444 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Pre-natal Care/Exposure The current study examines the association between low birth weight and risk for major depression from early adolescence to early adulthood. It accounts for eight documented confounders, and depression within families. Data were analyzed from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 on mothers and offspring. Major depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short-Form (CES-D-SF) among offspring (N=3398) biannually, from 2000 to 2010 (aged 14–25). Competing models were examined with survival analysis and Generalized Estimated Equations (GEE). CES-D-SF based major depression was reported by 33.46% (n=1137) of participants. Among persons with very low birth weight (<1500 g), 47.5% (n=19/40) were classified with CES-D-SF depression (OR=1.81, 95% CI=0.97, 3.39). Similar results were found with survival analysis (HR=1.97, 95% CI=0.97, 4.01). Among multiple offspring families, GEE modeling showed a similar trend. On aggregate (unadjusted OR=2.46, 95% CI=1.07, 5.63; adjusted OR=2.43, 95% CI=0.94, 6.23), and within families of mothers with CES-D-SF depression (unadjusted OR=2.54, 95% CI=0.55, 11.66; adjusted OR=1.79, 95% CI=0.28, 11.42). Compelling evidence is lacking in favor of an association between very low birth weight (<1,500 g), and suspected major depression from early adolescence to early adulthood after accounting for documented confounders. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levine, Stephen Z. "Low Birth-Weight and Risk for Major Depression: A Community-based Longitudinal Study." Psychiatry Research 215,3 (30 March 2014): 618-623.
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3739. |
Levitan, Sar A. Mangum, Garth L. Mangum, Stephen L. |
Economics of Rectitude: Necessary But Not Sufficient Occasional Paper 1992-3, Center for Social Policy Studies, The George Washington University, 1992. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/12/f8/19.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Social Policy Studies, George Washington University Keyword(s): Self-Esteem; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Support Networks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social Responsibility and Personal Rectitude. Personal rectitude is necessary but not sufficient for social and labor market success. Individuals and society must act to instill self-confidence in one's ability to succeed in the society and the economy. Society's obligation is to: 1. Strengthen families through case-managed integrated services, including involvement of the unwed fathers where relevant. 2. Provide education and training opportunities which will build self-confidence in the probabilities of social and economic success through acceptable conduct. 3. Assure access to earnings opportunities adequate to self-sufficiency, including appropriate subsidization for those of reduced capacity. All that is easier said than done. Although the costs will be high, the proposed initiatives are doable within the limits of current knowledge and available resources. The May 1992 Los Angeles riots add urgency, if emphasis is necessary, to expand opportunities in inner cities and remove obstacles that prevent achievement of self-sufficiency. This end cannot be achieved without vigorous and prompt government and private action. When the necessary help becomes available, an individual's rectitude should be the only attainable route to assistance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levitan, Sar A., Garth L. Mangum and Stephen L. Mangum. "Economics of Rectitude: Necessary But Not Sufficient." Occasional Paper 1992-3, Center for Social Policy Studies, The George Washington University, 1992. |
3740. |
Levitt, Steven D. Lochner, Lance John |
The Determinants of Juvenile Crime In: Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis. J. Gruber, ed. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001: pp. 327-373 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Income; Poverty Examines the issues of youth crime. The authors begin by laying out the basic facts and trends relevant to youth crime over the last 30 yrs. They then consider both the social costs of youth crime and the personal risks and costs borne by the criminals themselves. After reviewing the various hypotheses as to the determinants of crime identified in the previous literature, the authors present 3 new sets of estimates that shed light on the issue. The first set of regressions uses that National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the correlates of crime at the individual level. The second analysis focuses on census-tract-level homicide data for the city of Chicago over 30 yrs. The final data set is a state-level panel covering 15 yrs. This analysis is ideal for examining the effect of the criminal-justice system and, to a lesser extent, economic factors. The authors found that such factors as gender, family environment, cognitive ability, income inequality, poverty, and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system influence criminal involvement (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)) |
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Bibliography Citation
Levitt, Steven D. and Lance John Lochner. "The Determinants of Juvenile Crime" In: Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis. J. Gruber, ed. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001: pp. 327-373
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3741. |
Levitt, Steven D. Lochner, Lance John |
The Determinants of Juvenile Crime Working Paper, University of Chicago and American Bar Foundation, February 2000. Also: http://www.econ.rochester.edu/lochner/levitt-lochner.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Criminal involvement in the United States rises sharply with the onset of adolescence, peaking in the late teenage years before dropping steadily thereafter. An eighteen-year old is five times more likely to be arrested for a property crime than a thirty-five year old; for violent crime the corresponding ratio is 2 to 1. In 1997, those aged 15-19 comprised roughly 7 percent of the overall population, but accounted for over 20 percent of arrests for violent offenses and roughly one-third of all property crime arrests. This essay examines the issue of youth crime. We begin by laying out the basic facts and trends relevant to youth crime over the last thirty years. We then consider both the social costs of youth crime and the personal risks and costs borne by the criminals themselves. After reviewing the various hypotheses as to the determinants of crime identified in the previous literature, we present three new sets of estimates that shed light on the issue. The first set of regressions use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to explore the correlates of crime at the individual level. The second analysis focuses on census tract-level homicide data for the city of Chicago over a thirty year period. These data provide a means of better understanding the influence of social factors and local labor market conditions on youth crime. The final data set is a state-level panel covering fifteen years. The state-level analysis is ideal for examining the impact of the criminal justice system (and to a lesser extent economic factors). We use these three sets of estimates to determine the extent to which observed fluctuations in the correlates of crime can explain the time series pattern of juvenile crime over the last three decades. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levitt, Steven D. and Lance John Lochner. "The Determinants of Juvenile Crime." Working Paper, University of Chicago and American Bar Foundation, February 2000. |
3742. |
Levy, Brian L. |
Do Neighborhoods Affect Income? Yes and No: Race, Class, and Gender Heterogeneity in Neighborhood Effects Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Income; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 Cohort to analyze how exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from adolescence to middle adulthood affects income growth from ages 25 to 50. I estimate a counterfactual model with individual fixed effects to provide potentially-causal estimates. Unconstrainted quantile regression models explore heterogeneity in neighborhood effects across the income distribution. Neighborhood disadvantage has important, but highly variable, effects on income. Neighborhood conditions are modestly related to income in emerging adulthood. As individuals mature into young and middle adulthood, cumulative neighborhood disadvantage exacts a sizable toll. Neighborhood effects are strongest at the top of the income distribution, and within the group of high-earners, neighborhood (dis)advantage only affects the wages of white males. Neighborhood effects on other demographic groups are negligible. Note: A similar paper was presented at Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levy, Brian L. "Do Neighborhoods Affect Income? Yes and No: Race, Class, and Gender Heterogeneity in Neighborhood Effects." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
3743. |
Levy, Brian L. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Wellbeing across the Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Course; Neighborhood Effects; Wealth; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation investigates neighborhood effects on educational, behavioral, and economic outcomes from childhood to middle adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, I combine several recent methodological developments to estimate neighborhood effects that have a firmer basis for causal conclusions than past research. The first study finds that long-term residence in (dis)advantaged neighborhoods has a strong impact on wealth accumulation and is a key driver of the racial wealth gap. The second study observes that neighborhood exposures have important consequences for income at middle adulthood, especially at the top of the income distribution. Social capital in the form of job contacts is a potentially important mechanism for neighborhood effects. The third study concludes the neighborhood disadvantage has negative effects on academic achievement and educational attainment, whereas neighborhood collective efficacy reduces behavioral problems. In addition to providing stronger justification for causal conclusions and shedding new light on neighborhood effects on under-studied outcomes (e.g., wealth and college graduation), this dissertation makes several other important contributions to the sociological literature on neighborhoods. Integrating a life course perspective, I analyze neighborhood effects in adulthood, which is an under-studied period, and explore pathways for effects. I also investigate theoretically-relevant mechanisms for neighborhood effects, as well as effect heterogeneity by salient demographic characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levy, Brian L. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Wellbeing across the Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017. |
3744. |
Levy, Brian L. |
Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap Demography 59,1 (February 2022): 293-320. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/59/1/293/293845/Wealth-Race-and-Place-How-Neighborhood-Dis Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Do neighborhood conditions affect wealth accumulation? This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy to analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from emerging adulthood through middle adulthood. Neighborhoods have sizable, plausibly causal effects on wealth, but these effects vary significantly by race/ethnicity and homeownership. White homeowners receive the largest payoff to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Black adults, regardless of homeownership, are doubly disadvantaged in the neighborhood-wealth relationship. They live in more-disadvantaged neighborhoods and receive little return to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Findings indicate that disparities in neighborhood (dis)advantage figure prominently in wealth inequality and the racial wealth gap. |
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Bibliography Citation
Levy, Brian L. "Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap." Demography 59,1 (February 2022): 293-320.
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3745. |
Levy, Brian L. |
Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood Disadvantage From Adolescence to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap at Age 50 Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Modeling, Structural Equation; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How does living in a disadvantaged neighborhood affect wealth accumulation, and what role do neighborhoods have in the racial wealth gap? Previous research finds that neighborhoods are related to educational attainment, employment, and income, but no research analyzes whether or how neighborhoods affect wealth. This study fills that gap. Using a sample of 7,300 individuals from the restricted-use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 Cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy designed to yield causal conclusions, I analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods from adolescence through middle adulthood. Neighborhoods have a dramatic effect on wealth, and racial disparities in neighborhood disadvantage explain the majority of the racial wealth gap. A structural equation model confirms that personal home values mediate neighborhood effects on wealth. Early and middle adulthood are the sensitive periods for neighborhood effects. These findings highlight neighborhoods as a key driver of wealth inequality in the United States. [A similar paper was presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017] |
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Bibliography Citation
Levy, Brian L. "Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood Disadvantage From Adolescence to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap at Age 50." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
3746. |
Lewin, Tamar |
1 in 5 Teenages Has Sex Before 15, Study Finds New York Times, May 20, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A report released by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy indicates that about 20 percent of adolescents have had sexual intercourse before their 15th birthday -- and one in seven of the sexually experienced 14-year-old girls has been pregnant. The data in the report comes from three federally financed surveys of young people -- the National Survey of Family Growth, the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth --and four smaller data sets. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewin, Tamar. "1 in 5 Teenages Has Sex Before 15, Study Finds." New York Times, May 20, 2003. |
3747. |
Lewis-Faupel, Sean C. |
Essays on Human Capital Accumulation in the Presence of Social Influences Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Human Capital; Marriage; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the final chapter, I analyze a model of human capital accumulation and marriage and use panel data to estimate model parameters and obtain measures of how marriage affects schooling and work earlier in life. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis-Faupel, Sean C. Essays on Human Capital Accumulation in the Presence of Social Influences. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2016. |
3748. |
Lewis-Faupel, Sean C. |
The Effect of Bargaining Positions in Marriage on Human Capital Accumulation Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Education; Human Capital; Income; Labor Force Participation; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. When bargaining occurs within a marriage and bargaining positions are determined by unmarried income potential, agents should accumulate higher levels of human capital than they would given market returns only. Past work on life-cycle human capital decisions either does not model bargaining in the marriage or only describes theoretical outcomes of bargaining without making empirical measurements. I construct a multi-period model of education, labor market, and marriage decisions in which agents account for the bargaining environment of marriage. After estimating parameters using data from the NLSY79, I measure the additional education and labor hours induced by bargaining in the marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis-Faupel, Sean C. "The Effect of Bargaining Positions in Marriage on Human Capital Accumulation." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
3749. |
Lewis, Danielle Terrell, Dek |
Experience, Tenure, and the Perceptions of Employers Southern Economic Journal 67,3 (January 2001): 578-597. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061452 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Bayesian; Job Tenure; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth; Work Experience This paper examines how group-based assessments concerning employee ability impact employee compensation. The employer learns about worker ability through Bayesian updating, creating an additional channel for wage growth that is not available to those workers with only general labor market experience. Consistent with the model's predictions, results from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) indicate that black workers fare much better relative to white workers in returns to tenure than in returns to experience. Finally, parameter estimates in the structural model suggest that employers initially undervalue black males but that their wages rise with learning by employers over time. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Danielle and Dek Terrell. "Experience, Tenure, and the Perceptions of Employers." Southern Economic Journal 67,3 (January 2001): 578-597.
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3750. |
Lewis, Ethan Gatewood |
Essays in Labor and Trade Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3417, Mar 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Census of Population; Labor Market Surveys; Modeling; Schooling; Skills; Tests and Testing This volume contains two essays. The first evaluates models of the labor market consistent with the fact that relative wages and employment rates are unresponsive to local factor supplies in comparisons across US local labor markets. Whether relative supply changes are exported from local markets embodied in goods or adapted to through changes in production technology is evaluated by estimating the effect of the growth of different types of labor on the growth of different industries, and on the relative utilization of the types within industries. Exogenous changes in worker mix are identified from the historical regional settlement patterns of immigrants from different countries, and from the Mariel boatlift. Using output data from Annual Surveys of Manufacturers, augmented with employment and labor force data from Censuses of Population, changes in local labor mix during the 1980s are shown to have had little influence on local industry mix. Instead, consistent with models of directed technical change (Acemoglu (1998)) increases in the local relative supply of a skill group leads to an increase in its employment intensity within industries, with little or no effect on its relative wages. The second essay investigates the extent schooling enhances labor market skills. Controlling for performance on the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT)--available for most respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY)--reduces estimates of the return to schooling in wage regressions, leading some to argue it measures a fixed e age and arguably innate ability. The discontinuity of grade level in birthday is used to show that a year of schooling improves AFQT performance of the youngest NLSY respondents by 0.1 standard deviations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Ethan Gatewood. Essays in Labor and Trade. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3417, Mar 2004. |
3751. |
Lewis, Jamie Michelle |
Maternal Influence on Adolescents' Formation of Work-family Gender Ideology: Variations by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Master's Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Bias Decomposition; Gender; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Occupational Prestige; Women's Roles; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis investigates the influence of maternal work-family ideology and employment history on the ideology of their adolescent sons and daughters, as well as differences in the process of intergenerational transfer by gender and race/ethnicity. These questions are addressed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79. Results indicate that mothers with more egalitarian gender attitudes, especially those who support women's employment, transmit egalitarian work-family ideals to their children. Sons and daughters also develop more egalitarian work-family ideology when their mothers work in more prestigious occupations. Gender and racial differences in the process are found. Sons respond more to their mothers' behavior, whereas girls react more to maternal attitudes. In addition, maternal gender ideology is more influential for White youth than for Hispanic or African American children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Jamie Michelle. Maternal Influence on Adolescents' Formation of Work-family Gender Ideology: Variations by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity. Master's Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. |
3752. |
Lewis, Morgan V. Gardner, John A. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
High School Work Experience and Its Effects Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1983. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED227310.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; High School; Part-Time Work; Vocational Education; Wages; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study was conducted to describe the work experience being obtained by high school students and to relate that to educational and labor market outcomes. A special emphasis of the study was to determine if school supervision or monitoring has any apparent influence on the nature or outcomes of work experience. Data for the study were obtained from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, New Youth Cohort, and from high school transcripts. The study found that about two-thirds of all students held jobs while in high school, most of which they obtained on their own. Although most of these jobs were at low skill levels--such as in-service, labor, or clerical occupations--jobs that were school supervised as well as jobs held by students with concentrated patterns of participation in vocational courses were usually at higher skill levels, especially for women. Through regression analysis, it was determined that work experience has either no effect or a slightly positive effect on grades. It was also found that there was some tendency for young people with part-time jobs in high school to have more school problems or delinquent behavior. Although work experience did not yield a consistent pattern of relationships with post-high school earnings, it did contribute to higher rates of employment for graduates. The study concluded that school supervision of work experience appears to achieve some equity for minorities and females as well as some training objectives. Recommendations were made to continue to emphasize work-study programs and for schools to use work experience to enhance students' education. (KC) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Morgan V., John A. Gardner and Patricia Ann Seitz. "High School Work Experience and Its Effects." Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1983. |
3753. |
Lewis, Susan Kay |
Sorting and Timing: Search, Population Structure, and Marriage Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California -- Los Angeles, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Census of Population; Demography; Educational Status; Family Studies; Marriage; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation documents the impact of marriage market composition on marriage timing and educational assortative mating. Whether local population constraints shape individual action is a central issue in social demography. But most research on marriage market composition examines only the effect of competition on either marriage timing or marital sorting alone. The search theoretic model on which this dissertation is based highlights the importance of considering both timing and sorting simultaneously, since individuals can adapt to shortages of available mates by adjusting either or both. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of local educational composition as well as competition. I ask three questions: Does educational sorting vary with age? Does it depend on the educational composition of local marriage markets? And does the connection between marriage timing and educational sorting depend on the marriage market's educational composition? To answer these questions I estimate a discrete-time competing risks model of the likelihoods of sorting successfully and unsuccessfully by education, using individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and community descriptors from aggregated U.S. Census microdata. Results support the idea that sorting varies with age: educationally good matches and bad matches occur in different age patterns. Furthermore, marital sorting outcomes depend on local educational composition. And the age pattern of educational sorting shifts with changes in local marriage markets' educational composition. In sum, the evidence suggests that timing and sorting are jointly shaped by individuals' adaptations to marriage market conditions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Susan Kay. Sorting and Timing: Search, Population Structure, and Marriage Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California -- Los Angeles, 1997. |
3754. |
Lewis, Susan Kay Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincaid |
Educational Assortative Mating Across Marriage Markets: Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States Demography 37,1 (February 2000): 29-40. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p46r1515r2240263/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Census of Population; Educational Attainment; Educational Status; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The writers analyze the effect of local marriage markets' educational composition on educational assortative mating and on how sorting varies with age. They expect that in less educationally concentrated marriage markets, residents are more likely to marry hypogamously along education and predict that the less the degree of educational concentration in a marriage market, the more residents' chance of educational hypogamy increases with age. Drawing on individual data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and community descriptors aggregated from census microdata, they estimate a discrete-time competing-risks model of educational sorting outcomes. Their findings reveal that residents of educationally less favorable marriage markets are more likely to marry down on education and that, for women, their chance of doing so rises with age more than for residents of more favorable markets. Copyright: Database Producer Copyright (c) the H.W. Wilson Company. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Susan Kay and Valerie Kincaid Oppenheimer. "Educational Assortative Mating Across Marriage Markets: Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States." Demography 37,1 (February 2000): 29-40.
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3755. |
Lewis, Susan Kay Ross, Catherine E. Mirowsky, John |
Establishing a Sense of Personal Control in the Transition to Adulthood Social Forces 77,4 (June 1999): 1573-1599. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3005887 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cognitive Ability; Control; Dropouts; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study tests the hypothesis that the high sense of personal control enjoyed by adult Americans develops during the transition to adulthood. Analyses use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which interviewed respondents in 1979 who were between the ages of 14 and 22 and again in 1992 when they were between 27 and 35. Cross-sectional analyses show a positive slope of perceived control with respect to age in the range from 14 through 22. Dropping out of school dampens the increase. It further reduces perceptions of control prospectively, net of control at time 1. Getting pregnant or getting a partner pregnant does not flatten the slope and does not affect later adulthood perceptions of control, except indirectly if it leads to dropping out of school. Adolescent sense of control correlates positively with parental education and the adolescent's cognitive skill, and cognitive skill increases the trajectory for young men but not for young women. Both factors predict more positive changes in the sense of control in the period between adolescence and middle age. A low sense of control at the beginning of the follow-up period does not increase the risk of subsequently dropping out of school, but it does increase the risk of a subsequent nonmarital pregnancy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lewis, Susan Kay, Catherine E. Ross and John Mirowsky. "Establishing a Sense of Personal Control in the Transition to Adulthood." Social Forces 77,4 (June 1999): 1573-1599.
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3756. |
Li, Chaoyang Goran, Michael I. Kaur, Harsohena Nollen, Nicole Ahluwalia, Jasjit S. |
Developmental Trajectories of Overweight During Childhood: Role of Early Life Factors Obesity 15,3 (March 2007): 760-771. Also: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v15/n3/full/oby200790a.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; Fertility; Growth Curves; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Obesity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Our goal was to identify developmental trajectories of overweight in children and to assess early life influences on these trajectories. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants consisted of 1739 white, black, and Hispanic children who were younger than 2 years at the first survey and were followed up to 12 years of age. Repeated measures of overweight, defined as BMI ≥95th percentile, were used to identify overweight trajectories with a latent growth mixture modeling approach. Results: Three distinct overweight trajectories were identified: 1) early onset overweight (10.9%), 2) late onset overweight (5.2%), and 3) never overweight (83.9%). After adjustment for multiple potential risk factors, male gender [odds ratio (OR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0 to 2.2], black ethnicity (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.6), maternal 25 ≤ BMI <30 kg/m2 (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.7) or ≥30 kg/m2 (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.9 to 9.1), maternal weight gain during pregnancy ≥20.43 kg (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.9), and birth weight ≥4000 g (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.4) were associated with an increased risk of early onset overweight. These risk factors, except maternal weight gain, exerted similar effects on late onset overweight. In addition, maternal smoking (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.8 to 3.1) and birth order ≥3 (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.2) were associated with an increased risk of late onset overweight only. Breastfeeding ≥4 months was associated with a decreased risk of both early (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.3) and late onset overweight (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.7). Discussion: Two trajectories of overweight and one never overweight group were identified. Early life predictors may have a significant influence on the developmental trajectories of overweight in children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Chaoyang, Michael I. Goran, Harsohena Kaur, Nicole Nollen and Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. "Developmental Trajectories of Overweight During Childhood: Role of Early Life Factors." Obesity 15,3 (March 2007): 760-771.
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3757. |
Li, Chaoyang Kaur, Harsohena Choi, Won S. Huang, Terry T-K Lee, Rebecca E. Ahluwalia, Jasjit S. |
Additive Interactions of Maternal Prepregnancy BMI and Breast-feeding on Childhood Overweight Obesity Research 13,2 (February 2005): 362-371. Also: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v13/n2/abs/oby200548a.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; Child Health; Children, Health Care; Hispanics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: To examine the interactions of maternal prepregnancy BMI and breast-feeding on the risk of overweight among children 2 to 14 years of age. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child and Young Adult data in the United States were analyzed (n = 2636). The weighted sample represented 51.3% boys, 78.0% whites, 15.0% blacks, and 7.0% Hispanics. Childhood overweight was defined as BMI >/=95th percentile for age and sex. Maternal prepregnancy obesity was determined as BMI >/=30 kg/m(2). The duration of breast-feeding was measured as the weeks of age from birth when breast-feeding ended. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, children whose mothers were obese before pregnancy were at a greater risk of becoming overweight [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.6, 6.4] than children whose mothers had normal BMI (<25 kg/m(2); p < 0.001 for linear trend). Breast-feeding for >/=4 months was associated with a lower risk of childhood overweight (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4, 1.0; p = 0.06 for linear trend). The additive interaction between maternal prepregnancy obesity and lack of breast-feeding was detected (p < 0.05), such that children whose mothers were obese and who were never breast-fed had the greatest risk of becoming overweight (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 2.9, 13.1). DISCUSSION: The combination of maternal prepregnancy obesity and lack of breast-feeding may be associated with a greater risk of childhood overweight. Special attention may be needed for children with obese mothers and lack of breast-feeding in developing childhood obesity intervention programs. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Chaoyang, Harsohena Kaur, Won S. Choi, Terry T-K Huang, Rebecca E. Lee and Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. "Additive Interactions of Maternal Prepregnancy BMI and Breast-feeding on Childhood Overweight." Obesity Research 13,2 (February 2005): 362-371.
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3758. |
Li, Chaoyang Mayo, M.S. Ahluwalia, Jasjit S. |
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy, Birth Weight, and Childhood Overweight: A Suppression Effect Model Annals of Epidemiology 13,8 (September 2003): 569. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279703001637 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Breastfeeding; Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Hispanics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Obesity; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) METHODS: Children aged 2 to 15 years (mean, 8.6 yrs; SD, 3.5 yrs) in 1996 born to mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were studied. The sample (n = 4,850) was 21.4% Hispanic, 29.9% Black, and 48.7% White. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured weight and height, and the BMI-for-age percentile was determined using the revised CDC growth charts. Children with BMI-for-age at or above 85th percentile were defined as overweight. The suppression effects were tested based on the framework proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) using a series of multiple logistic regression models with SAS-callable SUDAAN program. RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, ethnicity, gestational age, breastfeeding, mother's age, education, and alcohol use during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with childhood overweight without adjusting for birth weight (model 1, total effect tau1 = 0.36, p = 0.006). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with reduced birth weight (model 2, alpha = - 0.21, p<0.0001). The direct effect of maternal smoking on childhood overweight with adjusting for birth weight was increased (model 3, direct effect tau2 = 0.42, p = 0.002). Birth weight was also significantly associated with childhood overweight (model 3, beta = 0.23, p = 0.03). The suppression effect (product of alpha and beta = -0.05, p = 0.04) of birth weight accounted for 14% of the total effects of maternal smoking on childhood overweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Chaoyang, M.S. Mayo and Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. "Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy, Birth Weight, and Childhood Overweight: A Suppression Effect Model." Annals of Epidemiology 13,8 (September 2003): 569.
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3759. |
Li, Guo |
Migration And Child Educational Production: Aggregated Vs. Disaggregated Resource Modeling Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, August 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Geocoded Data; Maternal Employment; Migration; Monte Carlo; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Residence; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the sensitivity of estimates on various assumptions about aggregation in modeling the school’s effect in child educational production. By controlling for the endogeneity of school qualities in the production function, we evaluate the performance of a “correct” aggregation educational production model versus simple aggregation educational production model in predicting the school resources’ effect on academic outcome. Monte Carlo simulations on different modeling specifications shows that simple aggregation of school resources over a geographic area causes serious specification errors, and thus generates biased estimates for the marginal contribution of the school resources to test scores. The two aggregation models are empirically estimated, and we find that having heterogeneity control in the production function reduces the estimated effect of school characteristics on test score. We also find that the “Correct” Aggregation model and Simple Aggregation Model perform differently in the empirical study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Guo. Migration And Child Educational Production: Aggregated Vs. Disaggregated Resource Modeling. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clemson University, August 2010. |
3760. |
Li, Guo Mroz, Thomas |
Expected Income and Labor Market Choices of U.S. Married Couples: A Locally Weighted Regression Approach Regional Science and Urban Economics 43,6 (November 2013): 985-995. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046213000835 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Geocoded Data; Income; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Marriage; Migration Patterns This paper applies a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (loess) method to estimate the spatially heterogeneous wages of demographic groups of workers across precisely defined US labor markets. We estimate a location choice model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) using these estimates of labor market specific wages for men and women as determinants of their place of residence. We compare estimates of this model to a model using more aggregated measures of wages and locations from CPS. We show that potential wages based on these more refined definitions of labor markets and demographic groups provide more explanatory power in a simple migration model than do those based upon less detailed definitions of labor markets and demographic groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Guo and Thomas Mroz. "Expected Income and Labor Market Choices of U.S. Married Couples: A Locally Weighted Regression Approach." Regional Science and Urban Economics 43,6 (November 2013): 985-995.
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3761. |
Li, Hao-Chung |
Trade, Ttraining, Employment, and Wages: Evidence from the U.S. Manufacturing Industry Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Southern California, 2010. Also: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/search/controller/view/usctheses-m3099.html?x=1279648496310 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Job Characteristics; Labor Market Demographics; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I analyze the effects of trade on the U.S. domestic labor market. I extend the current literature in two dimensions. First, I investigate the effect of import competition on company training within United States manufacturing industries. Second, I extend Freeman and Katz's (1991) and Kletzer's (2002) studies on the employment and wage effects of trade through the year 2001. My focus on the effects of imports on company training is new to the literature, and it is also important as such training is an important factor in earnings and job security. Specifically, I look at the effect of imports on the incidence of company training for individuals in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Overall, I find that import competition has a negative effect on company training. I also find that imports from low- and middle-income countries have a more severe negative effect on training than do those from high-income countries. However, I do not find a significant difference between the effect of imports in high-technology and low-technology industries. Finally, I find that the final goods imports in an industry have a more negative effect on training than the intermediate goods imports in the industry. Thus it is not surprising there is pressure to limit import competition, especially from low- or middle-income countries, since reduced training opportunities for U.S. workers can be perceived as reducing "good jobs." My research on company training suggests that nonproduction workers bear the brunt of this negative effect on training, while the effect on production workers is insignificant. In my chapter on the employment and wage effects of trade, I demonstrate that the results in my training study do not tell the full story. Typically, production workers might suffer lower employment and wage levels when faced with import competition. On the other hand, rising demand for exports, through their effect on mounting domestic product demand, is associated with increases in industry employment and wage levels for both production and nonproduction workers. This suggests that when we discuss the effect of trade on employment and wages, we should not overlook the positive effect that arises from increasing foreign demand. The effect of trade on the U.S. labor market is of great importance given the continuing rise in trade in both the manufacturing and service sectors. My dissertation suggests that workers could potentially bear greater costs in the face of increased globalization. How to mitigate these potential negative effects is a crucial policy question. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Hao-Chung. Trade, Ttraining, Employment, and Wages: Evidence from the U.S. Manufacturing Industry. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Southern California, 2010.. |
3762. |
Li, Hsueh-Hsiang |
Essays on Gender Differences in Occupational Choices and Cohort Analysis of Saving Adequacy Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Graduates; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Patterns; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter analyzes how human capital depreciation affects occupational gender segregation. Prior studies are biased because, given an occupational depreciation rate, female workers endogenously choose the duration of leave. I address this problem by proposing an alternative depreciation measure utilizing involuntary job displacement shocks. Using this depreciation proxy along with additional pecuniary and non-pecuniary occupational attributes, I estimate a conditional logit model of occupational choices separately for male and female college graduates using NLSY79 data. The results show that men and women differ largely in selection on many occupational attributes, however, the gender difference in depreciation is statistically insignificant after accounting for additional variance from the generated depreciation regressor. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Hsueh-Hsiang. Essays on Gender Differences in Occupational Choices and Cohort Analysis of Saving Adequacy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013. |
3763. |
Li, Jui-Chung Allen |
Delaying Marital Disruption and Children's Behavior Problems Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70634 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper revisits the policy question whether delaying a parental divorce improves children's emotional well-being. I argue that previous research has failed to distinguish between the effect of child's age at parental marital disruption and the effect of delaying parental marital disruption, and to adequately control for selection on unobservables. Using panel data from Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, preliminary results from additive nonparametric regressions replicate previous finding that children of divorce have lower emotional well-being than children in intact families at all ages, though with a curvilinear association strongest for those whose parents divorced in their early childhood and adolescence. However, the association reduces to zero at all ages by adding child fixed effects, suggesting that the previous finding is due to selection on unobservables. Thus, I conclude that there is no causal relationship between delaying parental marital disruption and children's emotional well-being. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Jui-Chung Allen. "Delaying Marital Disruption and Children's Behavior Problems." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
3764. |
Li, Jui-Chung Allen |
Rethinking the Case Against Divorce Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, May 2007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Factorial Survey Method / Vignette Method / Simulations; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Propensity Scores; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation, I reconsider the case against divorce (1) by examining the effects of divorce on the well-being of children and adults and on the cultural beliefs concerning family migration decisions in three empirical studies, and (2) by making two methodological contributions that help unravel the several puzzles in the empirical analyses of this dissertation. In the first study, I examine children's emotional well-being, measured by behavior problems. Using panel data from the mother-child sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and fixed-effects and random-trends models to control for selection on unobservables, I find that there is no effect of divorce on behavior problems for children of divorce. In the second study, I discuss methodological issues and describe a propensity score method for studying the effect of an event. I then apply this method in examining the effect of divorce on health using data from the adult sample of the NLSY79. I find that divorce has a negative effect on mental health for both divorced men and women. Divorce also has a negative effect on divorced women's physical health and general health status, but no effect on divorced men's physical health and general health status. In the third study, I develop a "computerized multivariate factorial survey" vignette method for studying the interrelated sociopsychological processes. I then apply this method in examining cultural beliefs concerning marriage prospects and family migration decisions. I probe what a convenience sample of respondents believe the probability of divorce for fictitious couples would be and what they believe the same fictitious couples would do when one spouse receives a job offer that requires moving to another city. Using simultaneous-equation models with correlated errors, I find that the respondents are more likely to believe that a fictitious couple would choose to live apart for work, if the respondents also believe that the same couple has a higher probability of divorcing within five years. I also find a gender asymmetry in respondents' beliefs, with respondents seeing a fictitious couple as more likely to take a job offer and move when the husband, rather than the wife, receives the job offer. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Jui-Chung Allen. Rethinking the Case Against Divorce. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, May 2007. |
3765. |
Li, Jui-Chung Allen |
The Kids Are OK: Divorce and Children's Behavior Problems Working Paper WR-489, RAND Corporation, May 2007. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/2007/RAND_WR489.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Racial Differences Although social scientists and commentators agree that parents should be responsible for their children's well-being and keep their children's interest in mind when they consider the possibility of ending a marriage, they disagree on how much the association between parental divorce and child well-being is causal. This paper reexamines the causal claim that parental divorce is detrimental to children's emotional well-being, measured in terms of behavior problems. I analyze panel data from the 1986-2002 waves of Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. As in previous research, I find that parental divorce is associated with a higher level of behavior problems in children in the ordinary least squares regressions that adjust for observed factors. However, once I control for selection on unobserved factors that are either constant over time or change at a constant rate over time by using generalizations of the child fixed-effects model, the effect of divorce substantially declines and is no longer statistically significant. I conclude that children of divorce would have fared equally well/poor in terms of their emotional well-being if their parents had remained married. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Jui-Chung Allen. "The Kids Are OK: Divorce and Children's Behavior Problems." Working Paper WR-489, RAND Corporation, May 2007. |
3766. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups Presented: Hersonissos, Greece, Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis, May 28-31, 2000. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/~kaili/BW_ISBA.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)], and twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five racial/ethnic groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups." Presented: Hersonissos, Greece, Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis, May 28-31, 2000. |
3767. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups In: Bayesian Methods with Applications to Science, Policy, and Official Statistics: Selected Papers from ISBA 2000: The Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis. E.I. George, ed. Luxemburg: Eurostat, 2002. Also: http://www.stat.cmu.edu/ISBA/104f.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)], and twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five racial/ethnic groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups" In: Bayesian Methods with Applications to Science, Policy, and Official Statistics: Selected Papers from ISBA 2000: The Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis. E.I. George, ed. Luxemburg: Eurostat, 2002.
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3768. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs for Native Americans Journal of Econometrics 113,2 (April 2003): 337-361. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407602002063 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Groups; Modeling, Multilevel; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Simultaneity; Weight This paper presents a new model of the birth process of Native Americans with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs maternal smoking (S), drinking (D), prenatal care (PC), and weight gain (WG), and three birth outputs gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW). The model is a seven-equation simultaneous model with three endogenous dummies S, D, and PC. The data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We find that the four birth inputs are determined jointly and dependently among S, D, and PC, but independently of WG. S has negative systematic correlation with G. D and PC appear to have no sizeable systematic effect on G, BL, or BW. Except for the sizeable and positive correlation between the unexplained parts of S and G, there seem to be no unexplained common effects between the birth inputs and outputs. Moreover, G appears dependent on the exogenous size of the mother. BL is affected by the inputs mainly through WG. BW is affected by the inputs through their effects on G. Except for maternal weight, there is little correlation between the remaining exogenous variables and BW. Finally, the predictive density of BW for a typical pregnancy gives a mean weight of 3.240 kg. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier] |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs for Native Americans." Journal of Econometrics 113,2 (April 2003): 337-361.
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3769. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs: A Detailed Report Working Paper UBCFIN00-3, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2000. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/research/papers/UBCFIN00-3.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UBC Finance, University of British Columbia Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Infants; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences; Simultaneity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study offers a simultaneous equations model of the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)]. Our analysis conditions on twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five different groups: Whites (both the Main and the Supplemental samples), Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. Ceteris Paribus, the effect of maternal smoking on BL and BW is negative, the effect of weight gain on BL and BW is positive, long gestation has a favorable effect on both BL and BW, a male infant is longer and heavier than a female infant, and maternal height and weight have a positive effect on BL and BW, respectively. Surprisingly, we find that the widely-cited group differences in birth outputs can be accommodated in our framework with simple group dummies. Our framework also sheds some light on the High/Low Risk Birth Weight Puzzle discussed in the literature. Finally, our results are robust with respect to different model and prior specifications. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs: A Detailed Report." Working Paper UBCFIN00-3, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2000. |
3770. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
Bayesian Analysis of An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 597-625. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/kd71hvgdmytefjbl/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Modeling; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study offers a simultaneous equations model of the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs (maternal smoking, maternal drinking, first trimester prenatal care, and maternal weight gain) and three birth outputs (gestational age, birth length, and birth weight). The data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our analysis conditions on twenty-nine exogenous variables including four racial dummies to account for the widely cited racial differences in birth outputs. We find that there is sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances, and that results from our simultaneous equations model are substantially different from those using the single-equation approach. It appears that the High/Low Risk Birth Weight Puzzle remains unresolved under our modeling framework. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Bayesian Analysis of An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs." Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 597-625.
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3771. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups, An Working Paper UBCFIN00-8, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2002. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/research/papers/UBCFIN00-8.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UBC Finance, University of British Columbia Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)], and twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five racial/ethnic groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups, An." Working Paper UBCFIN00-8, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2002. |
3772. |
Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J. |
The Roles of Birth Inputs and Outputs in Predicting Health, Behavior, and Test Scores in Early Childhood Statistics in Medicine 22 (2003): 3489-3514. Also: http://finance.sauder.ubc.ca/~kaili/child_SM.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this study is to address directly the predictive value of birth inputs and outputs, particularly birth weight, for measures of early childhood development in a simultaneous equations modeling framework. Strikingly, birth outputs have virtually no structural/casual effects on early childhood developmental outcomes, and only maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy have some effects on child height. Not surprisingly, family child-rearing environment has sizeable negative and positive effects on a behavioral problems index and a math/reading test score, respectively, and a mildly surprising negative effect on child height. Despite little evidence of a structural/causal effect of birth weight on early childhood developmental outcomes, our results demonstrate that birth weight nonetheless has strong predictive effects on early childhood outcomes. Furthermore, these effects are largely invariant to whether family child-rearing environment is taken into account. Family child-rearing environment has both structural and predictive effects on early childhood outcomes, but they are largely orthogonal and in addition to the effects of birth weight. Copyright: 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "The Roles of Birth Inputs and Outputs in Predicting Health, Behavior, and Test Scores in Early Childhood." Statistics in Medicine 22 (2003): 3489-3514.
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3773. |
Li, Lixiong Kedagni, Desire Mourifie, Ismael |
Discordant Relaxations of Misspecified Models Quantitative Economics 15,2 (21 May 2024): 331-379. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/QE1960 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Model, Misspecified; Model, Set-Identified; Modeling; Relaxations, Discordant (as it relates to models); Relaxations, Discrete (as it relates to models) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In many set-identified models, it is difficult to obtain a tractable characterization of the identified set. Therefore, researchers often rely on nonsharp identification conditions, and empirical results are often based on an outer set of the identified set. This practice is often viewed as conservative yet valid because an outer set is always a superset of the identified set. However, this paper shows that when the model is refuted by the data, two sets of nonsharp identification conditions derived from the same model could lead to disjoint outer sets and conflicting empirical results. We provide a sufficient condition for the existence of such discordancy, which covers models characterized by conditional moment inequalities and the Artstein (1983) inequalities. We also derive sufficient conditions for the nonexistence of discordant submodels, therefore providing a class of models for which constructing outer sets cannot lead to misleading interpretations. In the case of discordancy, we follow Masten and Poirier (2021) by developing a method to salvage misspecified models, but unlike them, we focus on discrete relaxations. We consider all minimum relaxations of a refuted model that restores data consistency. We find that the union of the identified sets of these minimum relaxations is robust to detectable misspecifications and has an intuitive empirical interpretation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Lixiong, Desire Kedagni and Ismael Mourifie. "Discordant Relaxations of Misspecified Models." Quantitative Economics 15,2 (21 May 2024): 331-379.
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3774. |
Li, Mingliang Tobias, Justin L. |
A Semiparametric Investigation of the School Quality-gs Relationship Applied Economics Letters 10,1, (2003): 43-45. Also: DOI: 10.1080/13504850210161887 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Earnings; Modeling; School Quality; Teachers/Faculty This article estimates a partially linear model that permits non-linearities of unspecified form in the school quality-earnings relationship. It examines the joint effect of teacher education and pupil-teacher ratios on 1990 earnings using NLSY data. It finds some evidence of non-linearities in this relationship, and that teacher education has a positive effect on log wages at some points in the pupil-teacher ratio support. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Mingliang and Justin L. Tobias. "A Semiparametric Investigation of the School Quality-gs Relationship." Applied Economics Letters 10,1, (2003): 43-45.
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3775. |
Li, Mingliang Tobias, Justin L. |
Bayesian Analysis of Structural Effects in an Ordered Equation System Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 10,4 (December 2006): 1363-1363. Also: http://www.bepress.com/snde/vol10/iss4/art7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Berkeley Electronic Press (bpress) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Child Health; Endogeneity; Modeling, Probit; Mothers; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We describe a new simulation-based algorithm for Bayesian estimation of structural effects in models where the outcome of interest and an endogenous treatment variable are ordered. Our algorithm makes use of a reparameterization, suggested by Nandram and Chen (1996) in the context of a single equation ordered-probit model, which significantly improves the mixing of the standard Gibbs sampler. We illustrate the improvements afforded by this new algorithm (relative to the standard Gibbs sampler) in a generated data experiment and also make use of our methods in an empirical application. Specifically, we take data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and investigate the impact of maternal alcohol consumption on early infant health. Our results show clear evidence that the health outcomes of infants whose mothers drink while pregnant are worse than the outcomes of infants whose mothers never consumed alcohol while pregnant. In addition, the estimated parameters clearly suggest the need to control for the endogeneity of maternal alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics is the property of Berkeley Electronic Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Mingliang and Justin L. Tobias. "Bayesian Analysis of Structural Effects in an Ordered Equation System." Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 10,4 (December 2006): 1363-1363.
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3776. |
Li, Qi |
The Impact of Multigenerational Caregiving on the Health and Wellbeing of U.S. Adults and Their Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2022. Also: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1650458558092179 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Dissolution; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Due to shifting demographic trends in the United States, including delayed fertility, longer average life expectancies, and sustained reductions in social welfare programs, multigenerational caregiving has become increasingly prevalent. A growing number of midlife adults now belong to the "sandwich generation" as a result of dual obligations providing simultaneous care to dependent children and aging parents. Despite these recent trends, research on the impact of multigenerational caregiving, particularly as it relates to health and wellbeing, remains limited. To fill this knowledge gap, my dissertation uses six consecutive waves of nationally representative, prospective cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the corresponding young adult survey (NLSY79-YA) to examine the effects of multigenerational caregiving on various aspects of health and wellbeing among multiple generations of family members. The first empirical chapter investigates the relationship between multigenerational caregiving and physical health among midlife women. Regression results differ substantially by race. Sandwiched caregiving predicts fair/poor self-rated health for Latinx women but not their White or Black counterparts. In the second empirical chapter, I estimate the extent to which multigenerational caregiving influences the probability of marital dissolution and find that this relationship depends on gender and socioeconomic status (SES). Specifically, the likelihood of marital dissolution for sandwiched caregivers decreases as household income increases for men but not women. In the third empirical chapter, I ask if and how parental multigenerational caregiving is associated with psychological functioning among adolescent, young adult, and adult children. Regression results suggest that maternal multigenerational caregiving is negatively associated with depression for adolescents but positively associated with this outcome for adult children. These findings, taken together, illustrate that the potential impact of multigenerational caregiving on the American family is complex and highly dependent on other key social statuses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Qi. The Impact of Multigenerational Caregiving on the Health and Wellbeing of U.S. Adults and Their Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2022.. |
3777. |
Li, Rui Leng, Chenlei You, Jinhong |
A Semiparametric Regression Model for Longitudinal Data with Non-stationary Errors Scandinavian Journal of Statistics: Theory and Applications 44,4 (December 2017): 932-950. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjos.12284/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Modeling; Monte Carlo; Statistics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Motivated by the need to analyze the National Longitudinal Surveys data, we propose a new semiparametric longitudinal mean-covariance model in which the effects on dependent variable of some explanatory variables are linear and others are non-linear, while the within-subject correlations are modelled by a non-stationary autoregressive error structure. We develop an estimation machinery based on least squares technique by approximating non-parametric functions via B-spline expansions and establish the asymptotic normality of parametric estimators as well as the rate of convergence for the non-parametric estimators. We further advocate a new model selection strategy in the varying-coefficient model framework, for distinguishing whether a component is significant and subsequently whether it is linear or non-linear. Besides, the proposed method can also be employed for identifying the true order of lagged terms consistently. Monte Carlo studies are conducted to examine the finite sample performance of our approach, and an application of real data is also illustrated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Rui, Chenlei Leng and Jinhong You. "A Semiparametric Regression Model for Longitudinal Data with Non-stationary Errors." Scandinavian Journal of Statistics: Theory and Applications 44,4 (December 2017): 932-950.
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3778. |
Li, Tong Zheng, Xiaoyong |
Semiparametric Bayesian Inference for Dynamic Tobit Panel Data Models with Unobserved Heterogeneity Journal of Applied Econometrics 23,6 (September 2008): 699-728. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.1017/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bayesian; Data Analysis; Heterogeneity; Labor Supply; Markov chain / Markov model; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops semiparametric Bayesian methods for inference of dynamic Tobit panel data models. Our approach requires that the conditional mean dependence of the unobserved heterogeneity on the initial conditions and the strictly exogenous variables be specified. Important quantities of economic interest such as the average partial effect and average transition probabilities can be readily obtained as a by-product of the Markov chain Monte Carlo run. We apply our method to study female labor supply using a panel data set from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Tong and Xiaoyong Zheng. "Semiparametric Bayesian Inference for Dynamic Tobit Panel Data Models with Unobserved Heterogeneity." Journal of Applied Econometrics 23,6 (September 2008): 699-728.
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3779. |
Li, Wenqing |
Mobility, Human Capital Accumulation, And Wage Growth Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Mobility, Occupational; Wage Growth; Wage Levels This thesis studies the relationship between job mobility and wage growth. Previous research on job mobility has focused on the wage level effects of job mobility. This study makes contributions to the literature by examining how job mobility affects wage growth. Job mobility can be classified into two types, occupational mobility and simple job mobility. In occupational mobility, when workers change jobs, they also switch occupations. In simple job mobility, when workers change jobs, they stay in the same occupation. The theoretical work focus on occupational mobility. In the empirical work, the wage growth effects of occupational mobility and simple job mobility are both analyzed. The thesis develops a model in which a worker's productivity in accumulating occupation specific human capital is determined by the match quality between the worker and her occupation. The change of occupations is a device for a worker to improve the quality of occupational matching. As the quality of the match improves, the model predicts more investment in human capital and hence there is greater wage growth in subsequent occupations. This effect comes from two channels: directly from the fact that workers sort into occupations where they can accumulate human capital more efficiently and indirectly through the fact that subsequent occupations have longer expected durations and hence greater returns to investment in specific human capital. The predictions of the model are tested using the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth together with 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census data. Empirical results are consistent with the theory. Wages grow faster following occupational changes. Both the direct and indirect effects are present. On the other hand, simple job changes have little effect on wage growth. Other competing hypotheses, including the accumulation of job specific human capital, the reallocation of labor from low wage growth industries to high wage growth industries, and stepping stone mobility, are all rejected by the data. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Wenqing. Mobility, Human Capital Accumulation, And Wage Growth. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1997. |
3780. |
Li, Xiao |
Rural-Urban Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalty Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Rural/Urban Differences; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although a rich body of literature has explored variances in motherhood wage penalties, few studies have explored rural-urban differences in motherhood wage penalties. In this paper, I use data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to examine whether there are rural-urban differences in motherhood wage penalties. Fixed-effects models are used to examine the effects of motherhood on hourly wages across rural and urban contexts and across age groups. Variables including marital status, human capital, job characteristics, availability of family-friendly policies, job satisfaction and work hours are added into the models step by step, to explore how these factors contribute to the rural-urban differences in motherhood wage penalties. The results show that rural young mothers (younger than thirty) experienced a higher level of motherhood wage penalties than urban young mothers. However, when controlling marital status, urban women who were thirty or older experienced a motherhood boost while rural women of the same age group did not. College education, job characteristics, working environment and the availability of family-friendly policies contribute to the rural-urban differences in motherhood wage penalties in important ways. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Xiao. "Rural-Urban Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalty." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
3781. |
Li, Xinrong |
Essays on Married Women Labor Supply Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wives; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of the very interesting demographic features in the US over the last three decades of the 20th century is the increase of the married women labor force participation rate. Over the same period, estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially. This dissertation is to investigate the reasons behind them. I first study the determinants of the increase of the labor participation rate for married women with preschool-aged children over the last three decades of the 20th century. Using 5% samples of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) for 1980, 1990 and 2000, I find that the existing explanations proposed in the literature may only account for 9.6% increase in the 1980s and 70% decrease in the 1990s. In this paper, I find that the rising ratio of career type women can explain 30.33% of the growth in the labor force participation rate, and the change in the composition of career motivating career type women can at least explain 17.22% growth across cohorts. Women who have been working three years before their first childbearing are more likely to return to work after the childbearing period. The analyzing data is the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW) from 1968 to 2003 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008. This dissertation sheds some insight about a puzzle on estimated married women's labor supply elasticity variation. This important puzzle (sometimes referred to as the Hausman puzzle) is that the estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially even when similar frameworks and similar datasets are used. I study the role of budget sets in producing this wide range of estimates. In particular, I study the effect of the typical convexification approximation of the non-convex budgets, and the well-known Heckman critique of the lack of bunching at the kink points of budget sets in the Hausman model. I introduce measurement error in nonlabor income to create an uncertain budget constraint that no longer implies bunching at kink points. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) of 1984 and 2001, I find that neither the convexification approximation nor using a model with random budget sets affects the estimates. These results demonstrate that variations in budget constraints alone do not explain the different estimates of labor supply elasticity. Changing the level of budget sets, for example by ignoring the state individual income tax, could affect the variation in elasticities. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Xinrong. Essays on Married Women Labor Supply. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2011. |
3782. |
Li, Yi |
Essays on Human Capital Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Skill Formation; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transfers, Parental; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis consists of three papers. The first paper develops and structurally estimates a life cycle model of optimal college investment with risk in degree completion and labor earnings. I argue that low income children's stronger precautionary saving motive, which is due to their parents' inferior capacity to insure them against college investment risk, impedes their college attendance. I construct a dynamic non-cooperative game to examine two generations' incentive problems and endogenize parental transfers. My empirical analyses based on the NLSY97 highlight the importance of sequential parental transfers over children's life cycle. One main conclusion from my counterfactual experiments is that incorporating risk mitigation elements into student loan repayment scheme can significantly promote college enrollment. The second paper builds a discrete occupational choice model that generalizes the static self-selection model with learning-by-doing. The model emphasizes the interaction between two general skills during the on-the-job skill accumulation processes. Workers' motivation for exploiting this interaction in order to accelerate skill accumulation generates occupational mobility. My estimation results based on the NLSY79 indicate that the model can replicate the empirical patterns of occupational mobility, wage growth, and wage dispersion. Of particular note is the model's capability to replicate a novel finding that a majority of workers congregate into occupations requiring relatively balanced skills as they age. Furthermore, the counterfactual experiment results suggest that increasing the cross-occupational moving costs would significantly slow down skill accumulation and reduce lifetime earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Yi. Essays on Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015. |
3783. |
Li, Ying |
Couples' Migration and Marital Instability Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Colorado, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Marital Stability; Migration; Mobility, Occupational Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Full-time working couples are more likely to face a co-location issue than other couples. Co-location conflicts could affect migration decisions, labor market choices, and ultimately, marital stability. This dissertation studies how occupational mobility (or occupation migration rate) affects these outcomes for full-time working couples in the United States. Having some probability of relocating one's job in the future can create a locational conflict between spouses if the other spouse is also working and has his/her own preferred job location. If this locational conflict is not fully expected before marriage, joint location becomes less possible and marital stability is endangered. In this study I use occupational mobility as the proxy for the uncertainty of future occupation migration. Occupational mobility is measured as the fraction of workers in an occupation who have moved across state lines during the five years prior to the last U.S. Census report. The dissertation consists of three parts: a study on migration and earning outcomes using cross-sectional data from the 5% Public-Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) of Census 2000, an analysis of marital status based on the same data from Census 2000, and a study on marital stability using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and three rounds of the national Census: 1980, 1990 and 2000. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Ying. Couples' Migration and Marital Instability. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Colorado, 2011. |
3784. |
Li, Zhonghe |
The Impact of First Non-Marital Birth on the Formation of the First Marriage Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Cohabitation; Family Formation; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Poverty; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adopting Cox regression models, data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the effects of the first nonmarital birth on the formation of the first marriage. Results show that having a nonmarital birth increases the likelihood of marriage for black & Hispanic women, but decreases that for white women although the effects are not statistically significant for Hispanic & white women. Living in poverty is negatively associated with the likelihood of marriage across racial/ethnic groups, but has its strongest effect among blacks, for whom the longer they received Aid to Families with Dependent Children in the previous calendar year, the less likelihood of their marriage. Family structure does not show any impact on white or black women's marriage behavior. Being "not enrolled in regular school" is associated with higher risk of marrying among white women. Living with a partner increases black & Hispanic women's likelihood of marriage. Income has a negative impact on marriage only among whites. Growing up in a single-mother family is associated with a higher risk of not being enrolled in school. Among those who are not enrolled in school, nonmarital childbearing greatly reduces likelihood of marrying. |
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Bibliography Citation
Li, Zhonghe. "The Impact of First Non-Marital Birth on the Formation of the First Marriage." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1998. |
3785. |
Liao, Huei-Chu |
Wage Premium and High Layoff Probability Jobs Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Layoffs; Wages This paper investigates the wage-layoff relationship. First, the wage compensation requested by workers is discovered. Then, similar to the hedonic model derived by Rosen and Thalers, a positive nonlinear wage-layoff relationship is found. In order to estimate this nonlinear equilibrium, a two stage least square method is used. The results show that the request of wage premium is only observed in the industry category layoff rates but not in the firm specific or occupation category layoff rates. This empirical evidence is due to some unobservable characteristics in this data set. Workers receiving higher wage rates usually endow some superior characteristics such as more honest or aggressive behavior which will increase higher productivity and drop the layoff probability for them. However, these unobservable characteristics happen more in comparing the individual in the occupation but not in the industry. White collar employees always receive high wage but low layoff rates, while the workers in the high layoff probability industry do receive wage compensation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liao, Huei-Chu. Wage Premium and High Layoff Probability Jobs. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989. |
3786. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Anderson, Robert N. Hayward, Mark D. |
Marriage Markets and Marital Choice Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Census of Population; Marriage; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between marriage market conditions and marital choice (i.e., assortative mating). The guiding hypothesis is that shortages of attractive mates not only lower the probability of marriage, but in the event of marriage, also alter never-married women's "reservation-quality spouse" (i.e., akin to reservation wage in job search theory). To the extent that marital pros never-married women are more likely to: (1) marry men with characteristics to their own as they expand the pool of eligible mates; and (2) marry socioeconomic status. We test this hypothesis using data from the National Survey of Youth. Our discrete-time competing risk hazards models pit micro explanations that emphasize women's personal resources against structural explanations that emphasize local marriage market constraints in the mate selection process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Robert N. Anderson and Mark D. Hayward. "Marriage Markets and Marital Choice." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
3787. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Anderson, Robert N. Hayward, Mark D. |
Marriage Markets and Marital Choice Journal of Family Issues 16,4 (July 1995): 412-431. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/16/4/412.refs Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Census of Population; Demography; Family Characteristics; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between marriage market conditions and marital choice (i.e., assortative mating). The guiding hypothesis is that shortages of attractive mates not only lower the probability of marriage, but in the event of marriage, also alter never-married women's "reservation-quality spouse" (i.e., akin to reservation wage in job search theory). To the extent that marital pros never-married women are more likely to: (1) marry men with characteristics to their own as they expand the pool of eligible mates; and (2) marry socioeconomic status. We test this hypothesis using data from the National Survey of Youth. Our discrete-time competing risk hazards models pit micro explanations that emphasize women's personal resources against structural explanations that emphasize local marriage market constraints in the mate selection process. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Robert N. Anderson and Mark D. Hayward. "Marriage Markets and Marital Choice." Journal of Family Issues 16,4 (July 1995): 412-431.
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3788. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Batson, Christie D. Brown, J. Brian |
Welfare Reform and Marriage Promotion: The Marital Expectations and Desires of Single and Cohabiting Mothers Social Service Review 78,1 (March 2004): 2-25. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/380652 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Fertility; Marital Status; Marriage; Welfare We examine the marital expectations, desires, and behaviors of single and cohabiting unmarried mothers using nationally representative data. Our study suggests that a substantial majority of unmarried women, including disadvantaged single and cohabiting mothers, value marriage as a personal goal. We also find systematic differences among subgroups with somewhat lower marital expectations among disadvantaged women, single mothers, and racial minority women. However, our results also indicate that marital desires do not easily translate into marriage. Accordingly, from a public policy perspective, single mothers' attitudes or values about marriage need not be changed. The problem is one of identifying and reducing barriers that prevent single women from realizing their strong aspirations for marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Christie D. Batson and J. Brian Brown. "Welfare Reform and Marriage Promotion: The Marital Expectations and Desires of Single and Cohabiting Mothers." Social Service Review 78,1 (March 2004): 2-25.
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3789. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Kephart, George McLaughlin, Diane K. Landry, David J. |
Race and the Retreat from Marriage: A Shortage of Marriageable Men? American Sociological Review 57,6 (December 1992): 781-799. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096123 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Family Structure; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Racial Differences; Sex Ratios Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We evaluate a marital search model that links the quantity and quality of available men to first marriage transitions among black women and white women in the United States. Our analysis provides a more complex assessment of the hypothesis that racial differences in transitions to first marriage reflect shortages of marriageable men in local marriage markets. We attach several indicators of local marriage market conditions (primarily sex ratios from the 1980 Census) to women's marital histories available in the 1979 through 1986 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our discrete-time logit models support the following conclusions: (I) A shortage in the quantity and quality of available males in local areas depresses women's transitions to first marriage; (2) economic independence among women (as measured by employment and earnings) is positively associated with entry into marriage; (3) racial differences in mate availability account for a relatively small share of existing racial differences in marriage; (4) indicators of local mate availability nevertheless account for a larger proportion of, observed racial differences in transitions to first marriage than factors such as family background, welfare status and living arrangements (e.g., multigenerational family); (5) the effects of marriage market characteristics are contingent on whether women are "searching" in the marriage market; and (6) the effect of a shortage of "economically attractive" men is not simply an artifact of local demographic deficits of men to marry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., George Kephart, Diane K. McLaughlin and David J. Landry. "Race and the Retreat from Marriage: A Shortage of Marriageable Men?" American Sociological Review 57,6 (December 1992): 781-799.
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3790. |
Lichter, Daniel T. McLaughlin, Diane K. |
Marriage Markets and Marital Behavior among Low-Income Women Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Marriage; Poverty; Women; Work Knowledge This paper evaluates the relationship between several indicators of the local supply of economically-attractive men and marriage rates among poor and nonpoor women in the United States. Data are from the-1980 PUMS-D and the 1979-86 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our main goals are (1) to provide a statistical portrait of the pool of marriageable men available for poor women to marry; and (2) to estimate contextual models of first marriage transitions among young poor women. Our results bear on recent state welfare reforms (e.g., wedfare) aimed at reducing disincentives to marry among poor welfare recipients. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T. and Diane K. McLaughlin. "Marriage Markets and Marital Behavior among Low-Income Women." Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993. |
3791. |
Lichter, Daniel T. McLaughlin, Diane K. Kephart, George Landry, David J. |
Race, Local Mate Availability, and Transitions to First Marriage Among Young Women Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The primary objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between spouse availability at the local geographic level and the timing of marital transitions among young women in the United States. Specifically, discrete-time survival methods are used to evaluate contextual models of first marriage transitions among black and white women, linking various marriage market indicators to the individual records from the 1979-85 waves of the NLSY. Indicators of the supply (e.g., sex-ratio imbalances) and "quality" of potential mates (e.g., Wilson's Male Marriability Pool Index) are available from the 1980 Census PUMS-D file. The analytic framework draws heavily on rational choice models of mate selection and on job-search theory. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Diane K. McLaughlin, George Kephart and David J. Landry. "Race, Local Mate Availability, and Transitions to First Marriage Among Young Women." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
3792. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Mellott, Leanna Marie |
Transitions of Disadvantaged Cohabiting Mothers into Marriage Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. Also: http://paa2004.princeton.edu/download.asp?submissionId=40486 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Event History; Fertility; Marital Status; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage is at the center of public policy debates over reauthorization of the 1996 welfare reform bill. In this paper, we examine patterns of union formation among disadvantaged cohabiting mothers. Specifically, we focus on transitions to marriage or singlehood among cohabiting women. Data come from the newly-released cohabitation histories in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2002). For the first time, the partners of the NLSY cohabiting women are matched over successive survey waves. This provides a new opportunity to evaluate the effects of women's economic circumstances and welfare receipt, as well as their marital and fertility histories (including serial partners and the biological relatedness of co-residential children), on union transitions. We fit discrete time multinominal event history models of union transitions, while controlling for individual fixed effects. Our primary goal is to identify barriers to marriage among cohabiting mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T. and Leanna Marie Mellott. "Transitions of Disadvantaged Cohabiting Mothers into Marriage." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
3793. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Qian, Zhenchao |
Serial Cohabitation and the Marital Life Course Journal of Marriage and Family 70,4 (November 2008): 861-878. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00532.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Life Course; Marriage Using cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper tracks the experiences of serial cohabitors . Results indicate that only a minority of cohabiting women (about 15% - 20%) were involved in multiple cohabitations. Serial cohabitations were overrepresented among economically disadvantaged groups, especially those with low income and education. They also were less likely than single-instance cohabiting unions to end in marriage rather than dissolve. If serial cohabitors married, divorce rates were very high -- more than twice as high as for women who cohabited only with their eventual husbands. The results suggest the need to balance the government's current preoccupation with marriage promotion with greater support of "at risk" unions that marriage promotion initiatives have helped create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Marriage & Family is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T. and Zhenchao Qian. "Serial Cohabitation and the Marital Life Course." Journal of Marriage and Family 70,4 (November 2008): 861-878.
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3794. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Qian, Zhenchao Mellott, Leanna Marie |
Marriage or Dissolution? Union Transitions Among Poor Cohabiting Women Demography 43,2 (May 2006): 223-40. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/demography/v043/43.2lichter.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Income Level; Marriage; Poverty; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this paper is to identify the incentives and barriers to marriage among cohabiting women, especially disadvantaged mothers who are targets of welfare reform. We use the newly released cohabitation data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–2000), which tracks the partners of cohabiting women across survey waves. Our results support several conclusions. First, cohabiting unions are short-lived -- about one-half end within one year, and over 90% end by the fifth year. Unlike most previous research, our results show that most cohabiting unions end by dissolution of the relationship rather than by marriage. Second, transitions to marriage are especially unlikely among poor women; less than one-third marry within five years. Cohabitation among poor women is more likely than that among nonpoor women to be a long-term alternative or substitute for traditional marriage. Third, our multinomial analysis of transitions from cohabitation into marriage or dissolution highlights the salience of economically disadvantaged family backgrounds, cohabitation and fertility histories, women's economic resources, and partner characteristics. These results are interpreted in a policy environment that increasingly views marriage as an economic panacea for low-income women and their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Zhenchao Qian and Leanna Marie Mellott. "Marriage or Dissolution? Union Transitions Among Poor Cohabiting Women." Demography 43,2 (May 2006): 223-40.
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3795. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Shanahan, Michael J. Gardner, Erica L. |
Becoming a Good Citizen? The Long-Term Consequences of Poverty and Family Instability During Childhood Working Paper, Russell Sage Foundation, December 1999. Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/working_papers/lichter-citizen.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Behavior, Prosocial; Family Structure; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Poverty; Volunteer Work This paper was also presented at the Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999. Our main objective is to evaluate whether a disadvantaged childhood inevitably leads to a politically disaffected and socially disengaged late adolescence. We examine the relationship between social and economic disadvantages during early childhood and "good citizenship" during late adolescence. Measures of formal activities are now available from the 1996 young adult supplements of the National Longitudunal Survey of Youth (NLSY); these data are linked to mother and family records from the 1979-96 main NLSY sample to create life-history records spanning childhood and adolescence. Children -- especially males -- from single parent families are less likely than children growing up in married couple households to be involved in volunteer work. Volunteer behavior is more strongly related to time spent in poverty among females than males. More generally, our results provide support for a mediational model, one in which long-term negative effects of childhood social and economic disadvantages on later pro-social behavior occur indirectly through effects on socioemotional development and life experiences during adolescence (e.g., attendance at religious services and school success). These results address current concerns about putative declines in a civil society in America and about the elevation of individualism over communalism among today's young people. (Copyright Russell Sage Foundation.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Michael J. Shanahan and Erica L. Gardner. "Becoming a Good Citizen? The Long-Term Consequences of Poverty and Family Instability During Childhood." Working Paper, Russell Sage Foundation, December 1999. |
3796. |
Lichter, Daniel T. Shanahan, Michael J. Gardner, Erica L. |
Helping Others? The Effects of Childhood Poverty and Family Instability on Prosocial Behavior Youth and Society 34,1 (September 2002): 89-119. Also: http://yas.sagepub.com/content/34/1/89.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior, Prosocial; Family Structure; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Volunteer Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the relationship between poverty and family instability during childhood on prosocial behavior--volunteerism--during late adolescence. The 1996 Young Adult supplements of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are linked to mother and family records from the 1979-1996 main NLSY sample to create life history records spanning childhood and adolescence. Adolescents--especially males--from single-parent families are less likely than those growing up in married-couple households to be involved with volunteer work. Volunteerism is more strongly related to time spent in poverty among females than males. The results support a mediational model, in which negative effects of childhood social and ecnomic disadvantages on later prosocial behavior occur indirectly through effects on socioemotional development and life experiences during adolescence. The results inform current concerns about putative declines in a civil society and the elevation of individualism over communalism among today's young people. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lichter, Daniel T., Michael J. Shanahan and Erica L. Gardner. "Helping Others? The Effects of Childhood Poverty and Family Instability on Prosocial Behavior." Youth and Society 34,1 (September 2002): 89-119.
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3797. |
Light, Audrey L. |
Estimating Returns to Schooling: When Does the Career Begin? Economics of Education Review 17,1 (February 1998): 31-45. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775797000113 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Life Cycle Research; Schooling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Wage Models; Work Experience Because the life cycle is not neatly divided into a period of full-time schooling followed by a period of full-time employment, it is unclear where analysts should "start the clock" on the career for purposes of estimating the returns to schooling. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to determine how estimated returns to schooling are influenced by the choice of career starting date. Schooling and experience measures are defined for four alternative starting dates and then used to estimate a standard wage model for samples of white and non-white men. Estimated returns to schooling increase dramatically as an increasingly later starting date is used because increasingly large amounts of unmeasured, "pre-career" work experience bias the schooling effects. A specification that controls more accurately for the accumulation of schooling and work experience is suggested as an alternative to the orthodox model. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "Estimating Returns to Schooling: When Does the Career Begin?" Economics of Education Review 17,1 (February 1998): 31-45.
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3798. |
Light, Audrey L. |
Gender Differences in the Marriage and Cohabitation Income Premium Demography 41,2 (May 2004): 263-275. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=13494321&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Family Income; Family Size; Gender Differences; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marital Status; Marriage; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I identify causal effects of marriage and cohabitation on total family income. My goals are to compare men's and women changes in financial status upon entering unions and to assess the relative contributions of adjustments in own income, income pooling, and changes in family size. Changes in own income that are due to intrahousehold specialization prove to be minor for both men and women relative to the effects of adding another adult's income to the family total. Women gain roughly 55% in needs-adjusted, total family income, regardless of whether they cohabit or marry, whereas men's needs-adjusted income levels remain unchanged when men make these same transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "Gender Differences in the Marriage and Cohabitation Income Premium." Demography 41,2 (May 2004): 263-275.
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3799. |
Light, Audrey L. |
High School Employment NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-27, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, June 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950060.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Employment, In-School; High School; Wages, Youth; Youth Services This study addresses a question that, despite its apparent simplicity, has yet to be satisfactorily answered by social scientists: Does holding a job while enrolled in high school enhance, detract from, or have no effect on subsequent career outcomes? From a theoretical perspective, high school employment has an ambiguous effect on career outcomes. On one hand, it may give students a "leg up" in their subsequent careers by providing them with marketable skills, good work habits, and knowledge of the world of work. On the other hand, high school employment may indirectly hinder subsequent employment opportunities by preventing students from performing as well in high school as they otherwise would. In light of the widely documented difficulties faced by many youths in transiting from school to a permanent, productive position in the labor force, it is important to know which effect dominates. After all, public policy can readily be directed toward helping high school students gain employment (by providing job placement services, for example) or, as appropriate, toward discouraging such activities. The current study focuses exclusively on the relationship between high school employment and subsequent average hourly wages rather than considering a broad array of career outcomes. However, it contends with the complexity of this single relationship in ways that previous research does not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "High School Employment." NLS Discussion Paper No. 95-27, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, June 1995. |
3800. |
Light, Audrey L. |
In-School Work Experience and the Returns to Schooling Journal of Labor Economics 19,1 (January 2001): 65-93. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/209980 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Schooling; Wage Effects; Wage Models; Work Experience Students often accumulate substantial work experience before leaving school. Because conventional earnings functions do not control for in-school work experience, their estimates of the return to schooling include the benefit of work experience gained along the way. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I estimate wage models with and without controls for in-school work experience. The estimated schooling coefficients are 25%-44% higher (depending on how I control for ability bias) when in-school work experience is omitted than when it is included. These findings indicate that conventional models significantly overstate the wage effects of "school only." |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "In-School Work Experience and the Returns to Schooling." Journal of Labor Economics 19,1 (January 2001): 65-93.
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3801. |
Light, Audrey L. |
Job Mobility and Wage Growth: Evidence from the NLSY79 Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 33-39. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art5exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment; Employment History; Job Turnover; Labor Market Surveys; Longitudinal Surveys; Transfers, Skill; Wage Growth Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provide an unusually complete history of employment experiences; analyses of why workers separate from their employers, frequencies of these separations, and job mobility's impact on earnings reveal that today's labor markets are far more dynamic than previously realized. One phenomenon that has received considerable scrutiny is the persistent, voluntary job mobility of young workers. In the mid 1970s, economists began using search-theoretic models to explain why information costs compel workers to systematically "shop" for a better job. The idea is that workers cannot immediately locate firms where their skills are valued the most highly, so upon accepting a job offer they continue to search for an even better outside opportunity. Workers might also learn over time that their current job is not as productive as they initially predicted. New information regarding outside offers or the current job is predicted to lead to a worker-initiated job separation. Empirical researchers have used longitudinal data to determine which theoretical models are supported by the data and to identify the contribution of "job shopping" to life-cycle wage growth. A related issue of long-standing concern is the effect of job immobility on wage growth. Human capital models predict that wages rise with job seniority when workers "lock in" and invest in firm-specific skills. Because these skills cannot be transferred to a new job if a separation occurs, workers and firms agree to share the costs and benefits of the investment--and the worker's return on the shared investment takes the form of within-job wage growth above and beyond any gains due to the acquisition of general (transferable) skills. A variety of agency models provide alternative explanations for upward sloping wage-tenure profiles. In these models, employers defer wages as a means of discouraging workers from quitting or shirking; stated differently, they require workers to "post a bond" as an incentive to sustain the employment relationship. Longitudinal data have proved to be essential for assessing the merits of these theoretical models and identifying the effect of tenure on wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "Job Mobility and Wage Growth: Evidence from the NLSY79." Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 33-39.
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3802. |
Light, Audrey L. |
The Effects of Interrupted Schooling on Wages Journal of Human Resources 30,3 (Summer 1995): 472-502. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146032 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Dropouts; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Schooling; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Models; Wages Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveal that 35 percent of white men who leave school between 1979 and 1988 return to school by 1989. This paper examines the wage effects of these nontraditional enrollment patterns. I estimate a wage model which allows individuals to follow a different wage path before and after their reenrollment and an alternative model which does not account for school and work discontinuities. I find that young men who delay their schooling receive wage boosts that are smaller than those received by their continuously schooled counterparts. Wage models that fail to account for 'delayed' schooling tend to understate the returns to schooling received prior to the start of the career. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "The Effects of Interrupted Schooling on Wages." Journal of Human Resources 30,3 (Summer 1995): 472-502.
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3803. |
Light, Audrey L. |
Transitions from School to Work: A Survey of Research Using the National Longitudinal Surveys NLS Discussion Paper 94-18, Washington D.C., U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1994. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl940030.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Job Search; Job Training; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Transfers, Skill; Transition, School to Work; Work History The person who completes his or her desired level of schooling and immediately begins a career of continuous employment is not representative of the entire youth population. For many young people, the transition from school to work is far less ordered. This report surveys the literature that uses data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLS) to analyze transitions from school to work. The survey is limited to the youth, young men, and young women cohorts. The following phenomena--work while in school, participation in job training, reenrollment in school, job search, and nonemployment--are given a considerable amount of attention in this literature. However, these phenomena are intrinsically related to such broader issues as skill acquisition (including the costs of and benefits to schooling), the determinants of earnings, and job mobility. As a result, the "school-to-work literature" encompasses all of these areas. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. "Transitions from School to Work: A Survey of Research Using the National Longitudinal Surveys." NLS Discussion Paper 94-18, Washington D.C., U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1994. |
3804. |
Light, Audrey L. Ahn, Taehyun |
Divorce as Risky Behavior Demography 47,4 (November 2010): 895-921. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/15g8j58430171381/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Marriage; Modeling, Probit; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Given that divorce often represents a high-stakes income gamble, we ask how individual levels of risk tolerance affect the decision to divorce. We extend the orthodox divorce model by assuming that individuals are risk averse, that marriage is risky, and that divorce is even riskier. The model predicts that conditional on the expected gains to marriage and divorce, the probability of divorce increases with relative risk tolerance because risk averse individuals require compensation for the additional risk that is inherent in divorce. To implement the model empirically, we use data for first-married women and men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate a probit model of divorce in which a measure of risk tolerance is among the covariates. The estimates reveal that a 1-point increase in risk tolerance raises the predicted probability of divorce by 4.3% for a representative man and by 11.4% for a representative woman. These findings are consistent with the notion that divorce entails a greater income gamble for women than for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Demography is the property of Population Association of America and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Taehyun Ahn. "Divorce as Risky Behavior." Demography 47,4 (November 2010): 895-921.
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3805. |
Light, Audrey L. McGarry, Kathleen |
Determinants of Household Wealth at Age 50: Evidence from the NLSY79 Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Net Worth; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. n this paper, we focus on the question of how baby boomers accumulate resources for retirement. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we are able to follow a sample of several thousand baby boomers born in 1958-64 from age 20 to 50. We model each sample member's household net worth at age 50 as a function of detailed arrays of variables measuring educational investments, health, employment, family formation, household composition, and environmental factors over the preceding 30 years. This strategy allows us to identify factors ranging from divorce to job loss to "boomerang" children that affect resource availability as baby boomers approach retirement age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Kathleen McGarry. "Determinants of Household Wealth at Age 50: Evidence from the NLSY79." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
3806. |
Light, Audrey L. McGarry, Kathleen |
Job Change Patterns and the Wages of Young Men The Review of Economics and Statistics 80,2 (May 1998): 276-286. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646638 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Mobility; Modeling; Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to distinguish empirically between mover-stayer, "search good," and "experience good" models of job mobility. We estimate wage models in which the pattern of overall job mobility affects both the level and tenure slope of the log-wage path. After controlling for the correlation between mobility patterns and time-constant person- and job-specific unobservables, we find that workers who undergo persistent mobility have lower log-wage paths than less mobile workers. This finding is consistent with models in which job mobility is driven by time-varying unobservables, such as "experience good" models, where changes in perceived match quality cause turnover. Copyright 1998, President and Fellows of Harvard College and the MIT. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Kathleen McGarry. "Job Change Patterns and the Wages of Young Men." The Review of Economics and Statistics 80,2 (May 1998): 276-286.
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3807. |
Light, Audrey L. McGee, Andrew Dunstan |
Does Employer Learning Vary by Schooling Attainment? The Answer Depends on How Career Start Dates are Defined Labour Economics 32 (January 2015): 57-66. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537114001456 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Learning Hypothesis; Methods/Methodology; Transition, School to Work; Work Experience We demonstrate that empirical evidence of employer learning is sensitive to how we define the career start date and, in turn, measure cumulative work experience. Arcidiacono et al. (2010) find evidence of employer learning for high school graduates but not for college graduates, and conclude that high levels of schooling reveal true productivity. We show that their choice of start date--based on nonenrollment at survey interview dates and often triggered by school vacation--systematically overstates experience and biases learning estimates towards zero for college-educated workers. Using career start dates tied to a more systematic definition of school exit, we find that employer learning is equally evident for high school and college graduates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Andrew Dunstan McGee. "Does Employer Learning Vary by Schooling Attainment? The Answer Depends on How Career Start Dates are Defined." Labour Economics 32 (January 2015): 57-66.
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3808. |
Light, Audrey L. McGee, Andrew Dunstan |
Employer Learning and the “Importance” of Skills IZA Discussion Paper No. 6623, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We ask whether the role of employer learning in the wage-setting process depends on skill type and skill importance to productivity. Combining data from the NLSY79 with O*NET data, we use Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery scores to measure seven distinct types of pre-market skills that employers cannot readily observe, and O*NET importance scores to measure the importance of each skill for the worker’s current three-digit occupation. Before bringing importance measures into the analysis, we find evidence of employer learning for each skill type, for college and high school graduates, and for blue and white collar workers. Moreover, we find that the extent of employer learning – which we demonstrate to be directly identified by magnitudes of parameter estimates after simple manipulation of the data – does not vary significantly across skill type or worker type. Once we allow parameters identifying employer learning and screening to vary by skill importance, we find evidence of distinct tradeoffs between learning and screening, and considerable heterogeneity across skill type and skill importance. For some skills, increased importance leads to more screening and less learning; for others, the opposite is true. Our evidence points to heterogeneity in the degree of employer learning that is masked by disaggregation based on schooling attainment or broad occupational categories. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Andrew Dunstan McGee. "Employer Learning and the “Importance” of Skills." IZA Discussion Paper No. 6623, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), June 2012. |
3809. |
Light, Audrey L. Munk, Robert |
Business Ownership versus Self‐Employment Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 57,3 (July 2018): 435-468. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irel.12213 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Job Characteristics; Self-Employed Workers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that 68 percent of jobs classified as self‐employment are not independently reported as self‐owned businesses, while 16 percent of self‐owned businesses are not independently classified as self‐employment. Businesses not regarded as self‐employment are often associated with such signs of entrepreneurship as self‐identification as an entrepreneur, job descriptions that refer to business ownership or a managerial role, and high individual skill/asset levels. Self‐employed jobs that are not independently classified as self‐owned businesses are dominated by contract work and home‐based, single‐person pursuits. Our evidence suggests that self‐employment should not be viewed as a synonym for business ownership. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Robert Munk. "Business Ownership versus Self‐Employment." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 57,3 (July 2018): 435-468.
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3810. |
Light, Audrey L. Nandi, Alita |
Identifying Race and Ethnicity in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Population Research and Policy Review 26,2 (April 2007): 125-144. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p308463686246t74/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Racial Studies; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is among the few surveys to provide multiple reports on respondents' race and ethnicity. Respondents were initially classified as Hispanic, black, or "other" on the basis of data collected during 1978 screener interviews. Respondents subsequently self-reported their "origin or descent" in 1979, and their race and Hispanic origin in 2002; the latter questions conform to the federal standards adopted in 1997 and used in the 2000 census. We use these data to (a) assess the size and nature of the multiracial population, (b) measure the degree of consistency among these alternative race-related variables, and (c) devise a number of alternative race/ethnicity taxonomies and determine which does the best job of explaining variation in log-wages. A key finding is that the explanatory power of race and ethnicity variables improves considerably when we cross-classify respondents by race and Hispanic origin. Little information is lost when multiracial respondents are assigned to one of their reported race categories because they make up only 1.3% of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Population Research & Policy Review is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Alita Nandi. "Identifying Race and Ethnicity in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Population Research and Policy Review 26,2 (April 2007): 125-144.
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3811. |
Light, Audrey L. Nandi, Alita |
Identifying Race and Ethnicity in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Working Paper, Department of Economics and Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University (February 2004), revision, November 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Ethnic Studies; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is among the few surveys to provide multiple reports on respondents' race and ethnicity. Respondents were initially classified as Hispanic, black, or "other" on the basis of data collected during 1978 screener interviews. Respondents subsequently self-reported their "origin or descent" in 1979, and their race and Hispanic origin in 2002; the latter questions conform to the federal standards adopted in 1997 and used in the 2000 census. We use these data to (a) assess the size and nature of the multiracial population, (b) measure the degree of consistency among these alternative race-related variables, and (c) devise a number of alternative race/ethnicity taxonomies and determine which does the best job of explaining variation in log-wages. A key finding is that the explanatory power of race and ethnicity variables improves considerably when we cross-classify respondents by race and Hispanic origin. Little information is lost when multiracial respondents are assigned to one of their reported race categories because they make up only 1.3% of the sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Alita Nandi. "Identifying Race and Ethnicity in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University (February 2004), revision, November 2005. |
3812. |
Light, Audrey L. Omori, Yoshiaki |
Can Long-Term Cohabiting and Marital Unions be Incentivized? Research in Labor Economics 36 (2012): 241-283. Also: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0147-9121(2012)0000036011/full/html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marriage; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, we ask whether economic factors that can be directly manipulated by public policy have important effects on the probability that women experience long-lasting unions. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate a five-stage sequential choice model for women's transitions between single with no prior unions, cohabiting, first-married, re-single (divorced or separated), and remarried. We control for expected income tax burdens, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits, Medicaid expenditures, and parameters of state divorce laws, along with an array of demographic, family background, and market factors. We simulate women's sequences of transitions from age 18 to 48 and use the simulated outcomes to predict the probability that a woman with given characteristics (a) forms a first union by age 24 and maintains the union for at least 12 years, and (b) forms a second union by age 36 and maintains it for at least 12 years. While non-policy factors such as race and schooling prove to have important effects on the predicted probabilities of long-term unions, the policy factors have small and/or imprecisely estimated effects; in short, we fail to identify policy mechanisms that could potentially be used to incentivize long-term unions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Yoshiaki Omori. "Can Long-Term Cohabiting and Marital Unions be Incentivized?" Research in Labor Economics 36 (2012): 241-283.
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3813. |
Light, Audrey L. Omori, Yoshiaki |
Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the “Seven Year Itch”? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Coresidence; Life Course; Marital Stability; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most studies of union formation and dissolution identify probabilities of union transitions in the next year; they do not reveal the likelihood of forming unions and maintaining them for the long-term. We use NLSY79 data to estimate a series of choice models in which never-married women decide when to cohabit or marry, cohabitors decide when to separate or marry, first-married women decide when to divorce, and women with prior unions advance through similar stages. We use the estimates to simulate women's union-related outcomes from age 18 to 42, and then predict probabilities of following long-term paths. We find that cohabitation substantially increases the probability of entering and maintaining a long-term union (defined as 8+ years) because the high chance of entry outweighs the low chance of stability. We also find that race and skill affect probabilities of long-term unions, but determinants that can be manipulated by public policy do not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Yoshiaki Omori. "Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the “Seven Year Itch”?." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
3814. |
Light, Audrey L. Omori, Yoshiaki |
Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the “Seven Year Itch”? Population Research and Policy Review 32,6 (December 2013): 851-891. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-013-9285-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most studies of union formation focus on short-term probabilities of marrying, cohabiting, or divorcing in the next year. In this study, we take a long-term perspective by considering joint probabilities of marrying or cohabiting by certain ages and maintaining the unions for at least 8, 12, or even 24 years. We use data for female respondents in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate choice models for multiple stages of the union-forming process. We then use the estimated parameters to simulate each woman’s sequence of union transitions from ages 18–46, and use the simulated outcomes to predict probabilities that women with given characteristics follow a variety of long-term paths. We find that a typical, 18 year-old woman with no prior unions has a 22 % chance of cohabiting or marrying within 4 years and maintaining the union for 12+ years; this predicted probability remains steady until the woman nears age 30, when it falls to 17 %. We also find that unions entered via cohabitation contribute significantly to the likelihood of experiencing a long-term union, and that this contribution grows with age and (with age held constant) as women move from first to second unions. This finding reflects the fact that the high probability of entering a cohabiting union more than offsets the relatively low probability of maintaining it for the long-term. Third, the likelihood of forming a union and maintaining it for the long-term is highly sensitive to race, but is largely invariant to factors that can be manipulated by public policy such as divorce laws, welfare benefits, and income tax laws. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Yoshiaki Omori. "Determinants of Long-Term Unions: Who Survives the “Seven Year Itch”?" Population Research and Policy Review 32,6 (December 2013): 851-891.
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3815. |
Light, Audrey L. Omori, Yoshiaki |
Economic Incentives and Family Formation Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Cost-Benefit Studies; Divorce; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We identify the importance of a broad set of economic factors in driving individuals' decisions to marry, cohabit and divorce. Most studies of union formation consider such factors as schooling attainment, employment status, and wages. We broaden the focus to economic costs and benefits conferred by law on married couples. Upon marrying, couples typically incur changes in their income taxes, face lower costs if one partner dies, incur changes in their welfare benefits, and secure property rights in the event of divorce. We wish to learn whether individuals are more likely to choose marriage over the alternatives when the benefits associated with civil marriage are large. We use data from the NLSY79 to estimate a sequential choice model of cohabitation, marriage and divorce decisions, and exploit exogenous variation arising from cross-state and cross-year differences in the relevant laws and institutions to identify the effects of "legal factors" on union-forming decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Yoshiaki Omori. "Economic Incentives and Family Formation." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
3816. |
Light, Audrey L. Omori, Yoshiaki |
Fixed Effects Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Flexibly Parametric Proportional Hazard Model with an Application to Job Exits Economics Letters 116,2 (August 2012): 236-239. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176512000869 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Education; Employment; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration We extend the fixed effects maximum likelihood estimator to a proportional hazard model with a flexibly parametric baseline hazard. We use the method to estimate a job duration model for young men, and show that failure to account for unobserved fixed effects causes negative schooling and union effects to be downward biased. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Yoshiaki Omori. "Fixed Effects Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Flexibly Parametric Proportional Hazard Model with an Application to Job Exits." Economics Letters 116,2 (August 2012): 236-239.
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3817. |
Light, Audrey L. Omori, Yoshiaki |
Unemployment Insurance and Job Quits Journal of Labor Economics 22,1 (January 2004):159-189. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=12322932&db=buh Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Job Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Quits; Unemployment Insurance We investigate an unexplored avenue through which unemployment insurance increases unemployment. As unemployment insurance benefits rise, workers lose incentive to "preempt" impending layoffs by changing jobs. We formalize this prediction in a job search model and investigate it empirically by estimating a proportional hazard model with data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, using state- and year-specific algorithms to compute each worker's expected unemployment insurance benefits. Our estimates reveal that an exogenous increase in benefits deters job quits by a small but statistically significant amount. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Yoshiaki Omori. "Unemployment Insurance and Job Quits." Journal of Labor Economics 22,1 (January 2004):159-189.
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3818. |
Light, Audrey L. Strayer, Wayne Earle |
Determinants of College Completion: School Quality or Student Ability? Journal of Human Resources 35,2 (Spring 2000): 299-332. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146327 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Colleges; Modeling, Probit; School Completion; School Quality; Skills We investigate whether the "match" between student ability and college quality is an important determinant of college graduation rates. We jointly estimate a multinomial probit model of college attendance decisions in which the alternatives are no college and attendance at college in four quality categories, and a binomial probit model of subsequent graduation decisions. By allowing the error terms to be correlated across alternatives and time periods, we identify the effects of observed factors net of their correlation with unobservables. We find that students of all ability levels have higher chances of graduating if the quality level of their college "matches" their observed skill level. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Wayne Earle Strayer. "Determinants of College Completion: School Quality or Student Ability?" Journal of Human Resources 35,2 (Spring 2000): 299-332.
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3819. |
Light, Audrey L. Strayer, Wayne Earle |
From Bakke to Hopwood: Does Race Affect Attendance and Completion? Review of Economics and Statistics 84,1 (February 2002): 34-44. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211737 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; College Dropouts; College Education; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Minorities Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In light of recent, state-level actions banning racial preference in college admissions decisions, we investigate how whites and minorities differ in their college-going behavior. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate a sequential model of college attendance and graduation decisions that allows correlations among the errors. Our estimates reveal that minorities are more likely than observationally equivalent whites to attend colleges of all quality levels. Being a minority has a positive effect on graduation probabilities, but, overall, minorities are less likely than their white counterparts to complete college because they possess fewer favorable unobserved factors. |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Wayne Earle Strayer. "From Bakke to Hopwood: Does Race Affect Attendance and Completion?" Review of Economics and Statistics 84,1 (February 2002): 34-44.
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3820. |
Light, Audrey L. Strayer, Wayne Earle |
Who Receives the College Wage Premium? Assessing the Labor Market Returns to Degrees and College Transfer Patterns Journal of Human Resources 39,3 (Summer 2004): 746-774. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): College Education; Colleges; Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Wage Determination; Wage Models; Wage Theory Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate wage models in which college-educated workers are classified according to their degree attainment, college type, and college transfer status. The detailed taxonomy produces modest improvements in explanatory power relative to standard specifications, and reveals considerable heterogeneity in the predicted wages of college-educated workers. We find that transfer students receive an "indirect" wage benefit insofar as changing colleges allows them to earn a degree. Some transfer students receive an additional "direct" wage benefit, presumably because switching schools increases their skill investment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Wayne Earle Strayer. "Who Receives the College Wage Premium? Assessing the Labor Market Returns to Degrees and College Transfer Patterns." Journal of Human Resources 39,3 (Summer 2004): 746-774.
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3821. |
Lillard, Dean R. Gerner, Jennifer L. |
Explaining Birth Order Effects Using Variation in Compulsory Schooling Law Presented: Los Angeles CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Order; School Entry/Readiness; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use cross-state and temporal variation in compulsory schooling laws to explain differences across siblings in the age at school entry of children of different birth orders. The analysis takes advantage of changes in the age parents are first allowed to enroll children in public schools. Because our data, the Children of the NLSY79, cover a long time period (1986 through 2002) we observe a large number of children within families who were allowed to enter school at different ages. These differences in the age of first permitted entry means that parents face greater incentives to enter a youngest child into school at an earlier age than they did an older sibling. We use these different incentives to first control for whether parents in fact do enter children into school at different ages and then to investigate how much of sibling differences are explained by differences in age at entry. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R. and Jennifer L. Gerner. "Explaining Birth Order Effects Using Variation in Compulsory Schooling Law." Presented: Los Angeles CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2006. |
3822. |
Lillard, Dean R. Gerner, Jennifer L. |
Family Composition and College Choice: Does It Take Two Parents To Go To The Ivy League? Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 1996. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; College Education; College Enrollment; Colleges; Family Characteristics; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Formation; Family Influences; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Influence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using NLSY79 data, Lillard and Gerner found that children who do not consistently live with two biological parents are only half as likely to ever attend a selective college (defined as the top 50 in the nation). Even after controlling for parental income, employment and education, grade point average, SAT scores, and participation in sports and other extracurricular activities, the researches found 'striking' differences between students who lived with both biological parents and those who did not. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R. and Jennifer L. Gerner. "Family Composition and College Choice: Does It Take Two Parents To Go To The Ivy League?" Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 1996. |
3823. |
Lillard, Dean R. Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma Ueyama, Maki |
The Effect of Maternal Education on Child Health Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 5-7, 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0105_1015_1804.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Child Health; Children, Illness; Geocoded Data; Illnesses; Mothers, Education; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use an IV approach to examine the causal effect of mother's high school education on child health using the 1979-2002 waves of the NLSY79 and the 1990-2002 waves of the NLSY79CY. We instrument education with a rich set of education policy variables. We find that mothers who complete high school are more likely to report their child was ill enough to need a doctor, that their child was ill more times, and that their child was more likely to have fractured or dislocated a bone in the past 12 months that required medical attention or treatment. Across samples of mothers who dropped out of high school and who completed high school, we find no difference in the date of their children's last routine health checkup, percentiles for weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI-for-age, or in the probability of children at risk of overweight and of being overweight. When we examined the possible mechanisms, we found that mother's high school education increases mother's age at child's birth, health insurance coverage and child care use. We also find suggestive evidence of a much more complex set of behaviors that are causally related to education (child care use, health insurance status, fertility decisions) and that likely affect child health. This preliminary evidence suggests that much more work needs to be done before one can strongly conclude that child health does or does not systematically vary with differences in maternal education on the margin we study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R., Kosali Ilayperuma Simon and Maki Ueyama. "The Effect of Maternal Education on Child Health." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 5-7, 2007. |
3824. |
Lillard, Dean R. Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma Ueyama, Maki |
The Effect of Maternal Education on Child Health Presented: New York City, NY, Population Association of America (PAA) 2007 Annual Meeting, March 29-31, 2007. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Child Health; Illnesses; Mothers, Education; Obesity; State-Level Data/Policy; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use an IV approach to examine the causal effect of mother's high school education on child health using the 1979-2002 waves of the NLSY79 and the 1990-2002 waves of the NLSY79CY. We instrument education with a rich set of education policy variables. We find that mothers who complete high school are more likely to report their child was ill enough to need a doctor, that their child was ill more times, and that their child was more likely to have fractured or dislocated a bone in the past 12 months that required medical attention or treatment. Across samples of mothers who dropped out of high school and who completed high school, we find no difference in the date of their children's last routine health checkup, percentiles for weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI-for-age, or in the probability of children at risk of overweight and of being overweight. When we examined the possible mechanisms, we found that mother's high school education increases mother's age at child's birth, health insurance coverage and child care use. We also find suggestive evidence of a much more complex set of behaviors that are causally related to education (child care use, health insurance status, fertility decisions) and that likely affect child health. This preliminary evidence suggests that much more work needs to be done before one can strongly conclude that child health does or does not systematically vary with differences in maternal education on the margin we study. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R., Kosali Ilayperuma Simon and Maki Ueyama. "The Effect of Maternal Education on Child Health." Presented: New York City, NY, Population Association of America (PAA) 2007 Annual Meeting, March 29-31, 2007. |
3825. |
Lillard, Dean R. Zhang, Ning |
Does Education Delay the Timing of First Birth? Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Fertility; First Birth; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The secular decline in fertility that has occurred over the last thirty years in both developing and developed economies is often attributed to rising levels of education of women. The decline is partly due to a delay in the timing of first birth. The average age of first birth in the United States has increased from 21.4 in 1970 to 25.1 in 2002 (Centers for Disease Control 2004). Whether education plays a causal role or only is an outcome of other unobserved factors remains an open question. We use exogenous variation in college tuition and residential location to investigate a causal effect of education on the timing of first birth. We use individual fertility and educational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and tuition data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R. and Ning Zhang. "Does Education Delay the Timing of First Birth?" Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
3826. |
Lillard, Lee A. |
Work Experience, Job Tenure, Job Separation and Wage Growth Working Paper, The RAND Corporation, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Human Capital Theory; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Wages; Work Experience This paper explores empirically a number of leading theories of job change and wage growth, especially the relationships between general work experience, job tenure, job change and wages. Wages and job change are modeled jointly to incorporate the potential endogeneity of job tenure. The econometric model exploits the precise dating of job changes and the panel data on wages within jobs in the NLSY to explore their implications for distinguishing among these hypotheses. The estimates indicate a significant effect of job tenure on wages and the hazard of job separation, as well as evidence of returns to job search, job turnover due to match quality, and job specific human capital investments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Lee A. "Work Experience, Job Tenure, Job Separation and Wage Growth." Working Paper, The RAND Corporation, 1991. |
3827. |
Lillard, Lee A. |
Work Experience, Job Tenure, Job Separation, and Wage Growth NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-12, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, August 1991. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl910050.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Human Capital; Job Search; Job Turnover; Wage Growth; Wages, Youth; Work Experience This paper uses the precise dating of job changes and the panel data on wages within jobs in the NLSY to explore their implications for a number of leading theories of job change and wage growth, especially the relationships between general work experience, job tenure, job change and wages. Wages and job change are modeled jointly to incorporate the potential endogeneity of job tenure. The estimates indicate a significant effect of job tenure on wages and the hazard of job separation, as well as evidence of returns to job search, job turnover due to match quality, and job specific human capital investments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Lee A. "Work Experience, Job Tenure, Job Separation, and Wage Growth." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-12, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, August 1991. |
3828. |
Lillard, Lee A. Kilburn, M. Rebecca |
Simultaneity of Ability and Education Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education; Education, Secondary; Family Background and Culture; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the simultaneity of education and ability using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We estimate joint models of educational progression and scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) allowing for simultaneity in two ways. First, we allow for direct feedback: the dependent variables in the AFQT and schooling equations appear as explanatory variables in the other equation. The second way is through unmeasured family background factors which are allowed to influence both AFQT and schooling progression. We find that more years of schooling significantly raise measured AFQT and that greater ability as measured by AFQT significantly increases the propensity to continue in school at every level. Failure to account for the timing of AFQT measurement and correlation due to common unmeasured family background results in a very substantial bias toward overstatement of the effect of AFQT on secondary school progression. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Lee A. and M. Rebecca Kilburn. "Simultaneity of Ability and Education." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
3829. |
Lillard, Lee A. Upchurch, Dawn M. Panis, Constantijn W. A. |
Interdependencies over the Life Course Women's Fertility, Marital, and Educational Experiences Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Education; Endogeneity; Fertility; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Probit; Remarriage; Simultaneity; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to examine women's life course transitions over three life domains (fertility, marriage, and education) by considering the following distinct behavioral "processes": marital and nonmarital fertility, getting married (or remarried), getting divorced, and completed education and enrollment status. We provide a more complete description of women's life course during the young adult years by analyzing the determinants of the patterns and timing of these events using flexible conceptual and statistical models which account for their inherent dynamic nature and their jointness. We model a series of simultaneous hazard (and probit) equations in which the endogeneity of outcomes of related processes is incorporated to test a number of substantive hypotheses. The data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Lee A., Dawn M. Upchurch and Constantijn W. A. Panis. "Interdependencies over the Life Course Women's Fertility, Marital, and Educational Experiences." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
3830. |
Lim, Katherine |
Essays on Female Self-Employment Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy and Economics, University of Michigan, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Earnings; Maternal Employment; Self-Employed Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the determinants and consequences of self-employment among American women. In the first essay, I quantify the value of self-employment as a flexible work alternative for mothers with young children and estimate the impact of self-employment experience on women's future employment and earnings. Using data from the NLSY79, I incorporate self-employment into a life-cycle model of married women's fertility and employment decisions. I find that mothers with preschool-aged children value the package of flexible amenities in self-employment at around $7,400 annually. My model suggests that this additional flexibility encourages mothers to switch from wage and salary employment to self-employment, which lowers their lifetime earnings. Overall, the findings suggest that workplace flexibility is highly valued by mothers and that it is an important driver of their fertility and employment decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Katherine. Essays on Female Self-Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy and Economics, University of Michigan, 2016. |
3831. |
Lim, Katherine |
Self-Employment, Workplace Flexibility, and Maternal Labor Supply: A Life-Cycle Model Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Maternal Employment; Self-Employed Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper quantifies the value of self-employment as a flexible work alternative for mothers with young children. On average, self-employed women have more control over their work schedule, hours and location than wage and salary employed women. I incorporate self-employment into a life-cycle model of married women's fertility and employment decisions to estimate the value of self-employment flexibility for mothers using the NLSY79. I find that mothers with preschool aged children value the package of flexible amenities in self-employment at $7,000 annually, which represents 20% of their average wage and salary earnings. A partial equilibrium counterfactual exercise suggests that self-employment flexibility encourages married women to work when they have young children raising women's median lifetime earnings by 2.5%. My findings offer evidence that workplace flexibility is highly valued by mothers and that self-employment is a means for some mothers to gain workplace flexibility while maintaining their future earning potential. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Katherine. "Self-Employment, Workplace Flexibility, and Maternal Labor Supply: A Life-Cycle Model." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
3832. |
Lim, Misun |
Cohort and Gender Differences and the Marriage Wage Premium: Findings from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97 M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Cohort Effects; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Husbands, Income; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research has established a marital wage premium among men, and more recently, among women of the baby boom generation. It is unknown whether: 1) the marriage premium holds among more recent cohorts of men and women, 2) it differs by intensity of work hours among husbands and wives, and 3) cohabiters receive wage bonuses. Using fixed-effects models and data from the 1979-1989 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the 1997-2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), this paper compares cohort differences in the gendered marriage premium. While both women and men receive marriage premiums and these premiums are larger for more recent cohorts, men’s premiums are consistently higher and have doubled from the late baby boomers cohort (NLSY79) to the late Generation X (Gen X) cohort (NLSY97). While there was no wage premium for cohabitation among baby boom cohort women, I observe a premium among Gen X men and women. Household specialization matters: while among baby-boomers the marriage premium did not vary by household type, among the Gen X cohort men’s marriage premium is significantly larger among male breadwinner households, and surprisingly, I find marriage penalties for men in female-breadwinner households. Similarly, Gen X female breadwinners and female dual-earners receive the marriage premium while Gen X women in male-breadwinner households experience marriage penalty. In addition, the more highly educated receive larger marital bonuses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Misun. Cohort and Gender Differences and the Marriage Wage Premium: Findings from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2015. |
3833. |
Lim, Misun |
Motherhood Wage Penalty Across Life Course and Cohorts Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the connections between changing family structures and economic inequalities in the United States. While previous research shows that motherhood lowers women's earnings, few studies explore how wage penalties for motherhood change over women's lives. Moreover, most research examines only the baby boomer cohort; consequentially, little is known about how millennials experience this wage penalty and how such burdens of motherhood have changed across cohorts. This study investigates whether and how the motherhood wage penalty changes both across women's life course and cohorts with these questions: (1) Does the motherhood penalty change over women's lives? (2) What are the transition patterns to motherhood among millennials? (3) Does the motherhood wage penalty vary between baby boom and millennial cohorts? and (4) What factors are associated with these variations in motherhood wage penalties? Using panel data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I found that among baby boomers child penalty increases a few years after their first childbirth and peaks with having teenagers. Baby boom mothers no longer suffer significant wage penalties during their later years of motherhood. The findings also show that marriage is associated with a greater likelihood of transitioning to motherhood among millennials. Higher education correlates with a decreased likelihood of becoming a mother among white and Latina women, but not among black women. The last set of findings indicates that millennial mothers receive smaller or no child penalties compared to baby boom mothers. Married mothers within the baby boom cohort receive the largest wage penalty while conversely their millennial counterparts enjoy a wage boost. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Misun. Motherhood Wage Penalty Across Life Course and Cohorts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2019. |
3834. |
Lim, Misun Mejia, Cristina Samper |
Race and Cohort Differences in Family Status in the United States American Sociological Association published online (26 March 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241241041 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Family Characteristics; Family Formation; Marriage; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Race/Ethnicity; Relationships/Partnerships Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this visualization, the authors show changes in family patterns by different race groups across two cohorts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born from 1957 to 1965) and 1997 (born from 1980 to 1984), the authors visualize the relationship-parenthood state distributions at each age between 15 and 35 years by race and cohort. The results suggest the rise of cohabiting mothers and the decline of married and divorced mothers among women born from 1980 to 1984. Black women born from 1980 to 1984 were more likely to experience single/childless and single/parent status compared with Black women born from 1957 to 1965. Although with some visible postponement in the recent cohort, white women in both cohorts were more likely to experience married/parent status than other race groups. The decline in married/parent status across the two generations was sharpest among Hispanic women. These descriptive findings highlight the importance of identifying race when discussing changes in family formation and dissolution trends across generations. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Misun and Cristina Samper Mejia. "Race and Cohort Differences in Family Status in the United States." American Sociological Association published online (26 March 2024).
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3835. |
Lim, Nelson |
Young Men's Transition to the Adult Work Role Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education; Education Indicators; Ethnic Differences; Event History; Hispanic Youth; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The study has two purposes. The first purpose is to develop a sensible way to operationalize the concept of transition to adult work role, especially for prospective longitudinal studies. The second is to explore the racial differences in likelihood of making this transition. The study uses the 1979-1993 panels of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results from the discrete event history analyses show that, as one might expect, education has a positive effect, while being in school and ever-been-in-jail have negative effects on the probability of making the transition in a given year. The disparity in life chances between educated and uneducated African-American is much greater than between their non-Hispanic white counterparts. The "transition age" starts around age 20 and end around age 25 for both races. The estimated effects of contextual factors are mixed. Yet, the results show that African-Americans are more vulnerable to the overall "health" of the local economy than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Nelson. "Young Men's Transition to the Adult Work Role." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
3836. |
Lim, So-Jung |
"Bad Jobs" for Families: Job Quality and Family Outcomes in the Context of Labor Market Changes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Children, Mental Health; Children, Well-Being; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Characteristics; Marital Dissolution; Marital Stability; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Part-Time Work; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation examines how changing labor market conditions in the post 1970s era, characterized by the deterioration and polarization of job opportunities and quality, have impacted key family outcomes in the United States. For this purpose, I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults to examine the relationships between various indicators of job quality and three key family outcomes: namely, marital formation, marital dissolution, and children's health. Built upon the growing body of literature on "bad jobs" and labor market changes, I incorporate various indicators of job quality, including the provision of health and pension benefits, nonstandard work schedules, and nonstandard employment. Study findings suggest that job quality may be an important economic indicator for family outcomes (either practical or symbolic). I find that having employment with "bad job" characteristics, especially the lack of health insurance and pension benefits, significantly delays men's transition to first marriage. In addition, women's job quality is important for marital stability in that working in jobs without health insurance decreases the risk of divorce among women. I also find that a mother's low-quality nonstandard employment (e.g., part-time, contract work) is detrimental to her children's health, particularly so in single-mother families. The absence of health insurance from mother's nonstandard employment is associated with worse health outcomes for children in single-mother families than those in two-parent families. As the first study to incorporate various measures of "bad job" quality in key family outcomes, my dissertation contributes to the theoretical discussions of the causes of family inequality since deteriorating job quality and increasing labor market inequality have been hypothesized as leading influences on family changes but have not yet been empirically tested. Beyond theory, my research can also inform policy debates surrounding the linkages between work, family, and the well-being of both adults and children, as well as the implications of these relationships for the increasing inequality in the U.S. in the context of labor market changes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, So-Jung. "Bad Jobs" for Families: Job Quality and Family Outcomes in the Context of Labor Market Changes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013. |
3837. |
Lim, So-Jung |
“Bad Jobs” for Marriage: Job Quality and the Risk of Divorce Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Benefits; Divorce; Insurance, Health; Marital Dissolution; Marital Stability; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Part-Time Work; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study examines the relationship between job quality and marital dissolution. Built upon the growing body of literature on “bad jobs” and labor market changes, I incorporate several indicators of job quality, including the provision of health and pension benefits, nonstandard work schedules, and part-time employment. Results from discrete-time hazard models show that the characteristics and quality of employment is not associated with marital instability for men once education and income are controlled for. On the contrary, non-employed women have lower risk of divorce than employed women and if women are working in jobs without health insurance and receive health insurance coverage from husbands’ employment, the likelihood of divorce significantly decreases. These results imply that reliance on a husband’s health insurance may signal important economic benefits from marriage, which have stabilizing effects on marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, So-Jung. "“Bad Jobs” for Marriage: Job Quality and the Risk of Divorce." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
3838. |
Lim, So-Jung |
“Bad Jobs” for Marriage: Relationship between Job Quality and Union Formation in the Context of Labor Market Changes Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education; Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Prestige; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008, this paper examines the extent to which job quality and the unequal distribution of “bad jobs” (i.e., those that offer low wages and do not provide access to health insurance and pension benefits) across different sub-groups are associated with union formation during a time of deteriorating job quality. Results from discrete-time hazard models show that failure to secure a high-quality job delays first marriage among men. Also, job quality partially explains educational differences in first marriage for both men and women, especially those with less education. This study represents one of the first empirical tests of the hypothesis that job quality in the context of labor market uncertainty is a key factor for understanding marriage behaviors. Beyond theory, this study can also inform policy debates surrounding the relationship between marriage and well-being and increasing inequality in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, So-Jung. "“Bad Jobs” for Marriage: Relationship between Job Quality and Union Formation in the Context of Labor Market Changes." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
3839. |
Lim, So-Jung |
Bad Jobs for Marriage: Job Quality and the Transition to First Marriage Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Marital History/Transitions; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Pensions; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008, this paper examines the extent to which the quality of jobs that individuals have are associated with the transition to first marriage. Specifically, I evaluate the role of various indicators of job quality on marriage entry including health insurance coverage and the provision of pension benefits, nonstandard hours, and part-time work. Results from the discrete-time hazard models show that job quality matters for both men and women's marriage formation, net of education and income. For men, all indicators of bad jobs decrease the chance of marriage by 11 to 20 percent. Compared to men, only two of four indicators of job quality (i.e., pension benefits and part-time work) are related to women's entry into first marriage, suggesting gender difference in the relationship between job quality and marriage. This study represents one of the first empirical tests of the hypothesis that differences in job quality in the context of labor market uncertainty and polarization may be a key factor for understanding marriage behaviors. Beyond theory, this study can also inform policy debates surrounding the relationship between marriage and well-being and increasing inequality in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, So-Jung. "Bad Jobs for Marriage: Job Quality and the Transition to First Marriage." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015. |
3840. |
Lim, So-Jung |
The Implications of the Expansion of Nonstandard Employment for Children's Health Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Children, Mental Health; Children, Well-Being; Depression (see also CESD); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies suggest that characteristics closely associated with nonstandard jobs such as low wages, lack of health insurance, and nonstandard work hours may have negative effects on children's health. However, these relationships have not yet been examined empirically. Using representative longitudinal data on children (NLSY79 Children and Young adults), this study begins to fill this gap by evaluating the extent to which parental employment status, in particular, having a nonstandard job is associated with children's physical and psychological health. The study will also evaluate the mechanisms linking nonstandard jobs of parents and children's health: low wage, lack of health insurance, parental health, and parental involvement, respectively. Considering the potential importance of selection factors and unobserved heterogeneity, I will estimate associations between parental work and children's health with different regression models including a model which controls for the prior health status and fixed-effects models which control for time-constant individual characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, So-Jung. "The Implications of the Expansion of Nonstandard Employment for Children's Health." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
3841. |
Lim, Sojung |
Job Quality and the Risk of Divorce: The Role of Wages, Health Insurance, and Pension Benefits Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Divorce; Gender Differences; Insurance, Health; Job Characteristics; Marital Instability; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Status; Pensions; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study examines the extent to which one's job quality is associated with the risk of divorce with a focus on gender differences. Results from discrete-time hazard models show that having a "bad job," i.e., a job with low wages and no access to fringe benefits, is associated with marital instability for men but not for women. In addition, working in a job without health insurance is associated with higher risk of divorce among men, but it tends to stabilize marriage among women. However, pension benefits are not related to the hazard of divorce. These results suggest that job quality has a differential impact on divorce by gender and that securing a good job is expected of men more than of women. They also imply that employment quality may become an important factor for marital stability in the context of job polarization. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Sojung. "Job Quality and the Risk of Divorce: The Role of Wages, Health Insurance, and Pension Benefits." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
3842. |
Lim, Sojung |
Mothers' Nonstandard Employment, Family Structure, and Children's Health Insurance Coverage Journal of Family and Economic Issues 40,2 (June 2019): 148-164. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-018-9596-1 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Children, Health Care; Family Structure; Insurance, Health; Maternal Employment; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from two longitudinal studies on mothers and children (NLSY79 and NLSY79 Children), this study first examined the relationship between mothers' nonstandard employment and children’s health insurance coverage while adjusting for various compositional characteristics of mothers, children, and families. This study also evaluated whether this relationship differed across family structures. Results from multinomial logistic regression models showed that mothers' nonstandard work was associated with a higher likelihood of children being uninsured or relying on public programs. In addition, in single-mother families, children's uninsurance rate was highest if the mother held a nonstandard job, even compared to children of non-employed mothers. These study findings contribute to the literature on access to health insurance for children in the United States. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lim, Sojung. "Mothers' Nonstandard Employment, Family Structure, and Children's Health Insurance Coverage." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 40,2 (June 2019): 148-164.
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3843. |
Lin, Dajun Lutter, Randall Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Cognitive Performance and Labor Market Outcomes NBER Working Paper No. 22470, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22470 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences We use information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and supplementary data sources to examine how cognitive performance, measured at approximately the end of secondary schooling, is related to the labor market outcomes of 20 through 50 year olds. Our estimates control for a wide array of individual and family background characteristics, a limited set of non-cognitive attributes, survey year dummy variables and, sometimes, geographic place effects. The analysis reveals five main findings. First, cognitive performance is positively associated with future labor market outcomes at all ages. The relationship is attenuated but not eliminated by the addition of controls for non-cognitive characteristics, while the inclusion of place effects does not change the estimated associations. Second, the returns to cognitive skill increase with age. Third, the effect on total incomes reflects a combination of positive impacts of cognitive performance for both hourly wages and annual work hours. Fourth, the returns to cognitive skill are greater for women than men and for blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites, with differential effects on work hours being more important than corresponding changes in hourly wages. Fifth, the average gains in lifetime incomes predicted to result from greater levels of cognitive performance are only slightly above those reported in prior studies but the effects are heterogeneous, with larger relative and absolute increases, in most models, for nonwhites or Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites, and higher relative but not absolute returns for women than men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Dajun, Randall Lutter and Christopher J. Ruhm. "Cognitive Performance and Labor Market Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 22470, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. |
3844. |
Lin, Dajun Lutter, Randall Ruhm, Christopher J. |
Cognitive Performance and Labour Market Outcomes Labour Economics 51 (April 2018): 121-135. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537117303329 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Income; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences We use the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and other sources to examine how cognitive performance near the end of secondary schooling relates to labour market outcomes through age fifty. Our preferred estimates control for individual and family backgrounds, non-cognitive attributes, and survey years. We find that returns to cognitive skills rise with age. Although estimated gains in lifetime incomes are close to those reported earlier, our preferred estimates make multiple offsetting improvements. Returns to cognitive skill are greater for blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites, both in relative and absolute terms, with gains in work hours being more important than in hourly wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Dajun, Randall Lutter and Christopher J. Ruhm. "Cognitive Performance and Labour Market Outcomes." Labour Economics 51 (April 2018): 121-135.
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3845. |
Lin, Muh-Chung |
Three Essays on Remarriage Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Divorce; Life Course; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Remarriage; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Following the footsteps of Jessie Bernard (1956), this dissertation intends to provide a panoramic view of remarriage in contemporary US society. It consists of three parts: a socio-demographic profile, the internal dynamics and couple interaction patterns in remarriage, and remarried dyads' connectedness to their immediate social environment. The first study used two nationally representative datasets to cover a wider range of ages up to 52 and updated the proportion of formerly married individuals entering into a remarriage, the ratio of remarriages among all existing marriages, the wait time to remarriage, and the ratio of remarriages ending in divorce. The first part of analytical results assesses the relative importance of attained status, ascribed status, and life course variables in affecting the pace of entry into remarriage. More interesting is the second part of the analysis: few of the variables traditionally associated with the dissolution of a first marriage played any role in divorce for the second time. In addition, remarriages were no more fragile than first marriages in that they were no more likely to end in divorce. Even if a second marriage dissolved, it took individuals a significantly longer time to exit from the remarriage than the first time around. The second essay explores the marital happiness and couple interaction patterns in remarriage, using remarried women's own first marriage as the benchmark for comparison. Contrary to findings from extant literature, fixed-effects results suggest that women enjoyed significantly higher marital happiness in remarriage than in their first marriage, and they reported significantly more frequent positive interactions and significantly less frequent conflict in remarriage than they experienced in the first marriage. The third study compares the network configuration of remarried older adults to that of their continuously married counterparts and traces changes in their discussion networks over time. Remarried older adults had smaller networks, which consisted of more friends than kin. In addition, remarried older adults talked to their associates significantly less frequently, were emotionally less close to them, and the density of their network was lower than continuously married older adults. Similarly, a spouse was less integrated to remarried older adults' network, thereby generating fewer spouse-between ties and more spouse-independent ones. With respect to network change, since remarried older adults have more fragmented personal networks, they also had a significantly higher turnover of friends (peripheral alters). On the other hand, they were less likely to lose consanguines as discussion partners. Characteristics of alters lost and gained (except for density) by remarried older adults did not differ from those by first married adults, indicating that remarried older adults replaced associates lost with those having similar emotional closeness and contact frequency so that the overall structural characteristics of their networks could be preserved. Yet, those rotated out or in were less connected to other associates in the first place, resulting in lower overall density after these changes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Muh-Chung. Three Essays on Remarriage. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, 2016. |
3846. |
Lin, Tin-Chi Courtney, T.K. Lombardi, David A. Verma, S.K. |
Association Between Sedentary Work and BMI in a U.S. National Longitudinal Survey American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49,6 (December 2015): e117-e123. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379715004146 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Weight This study examined the relationship between sitting time at work and BMI using data from a large prospective cohort of U.S. men and women from 2002 to 2010. Initial analyses were performed in 2013, with additional analyses in 2014 and 2015. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Tin-Chi, T.K. Courtney, David A. Lombardi and S.K. Verma. "Association Between Sedentary Work and BMI in a U.S. National Longitudinal Survey." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49,6 (December 2015): e117-e123.
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3847. |
Lin, Tin-Chi Courtney, T.K. Lombardi, David A. Verma, S.K. |
Examining Sedentary Work and BMI Prospectively: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examined workplace sitting time and body mass index (BMI) prospectively using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The outcome, BMI, was based on self-reported height and weight. Sitting time was extracted from the Occupational Information Network and linked to NLSY79 participants. We used fixed-effects models and conducted a series of sensitivity analyses. Longer sitting time was significantly associated with higher BMI (p < 0.05) for the overall sample. However, the results differed substantially when analyzed by gender. For men, long sitting time was significantly associated with higher BMI (p < 0.01). For women, the association was not statistically significant. Ours is the first prospective study in an occupationally diverse cohort to document an association between BMI and workplace sitting time among men. Our findings provide further support for initiatives to reduce workplace sitting time as a means of reducing the risk of obesity and related health conditions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Tin-Chi, T.K. Courtney, David A. Lombardi and S.K. Verma. "Examining Sedentary Work and BMI Prospectively: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79)." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3848. |
Lin, Tin-Chi Courtney, T.K. Lombardi, David A. Verma, S.K. |
Examining Sedentary Work and Weight Gain Prospectively: Evidence from NLSY79 Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. METHOD: We used BMI as our outcome. The primary explanatory variable was "time spent on sitting", extracted from O*NET (Occupational Information Network) and linked to the main NLSY79 data by occupation. Sitting time consists of five categories, ranging from never (1) to continuously or almost continuously (5). Workplace sitting time at six months prior to interview was used to predict the outcome in each wave. Age, education, weekly frequencies of leisure-time exercise were included as controls in our fixed-effects models. RESULTS: The overall results suggested that workplace sitting time was significantly associated with higher BMI, however, the result differed substantially by gender. For men, long sitting time was significantly associated with higher BMI (p < 0.05). For women, the association was not significant. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Tin-Chi, T.K. Courtney, David A. Lombardi and S.K. Verma. "Examining Sedentary Work and Weight Gain Prospectively: Evidence from NLSY79." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014. |
3849. |
Lin, Tin-Chi Verma, S.K. Courtney, T.K. |
Does Obesity Contribute to Non-fatal Occupational Injury? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 39,3 (2013): 268-275. Also: http://www.sjweh.fi/show_issue.php?issue_id=299 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Injuries, Workplace; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives The relationship between obesity and occupational injuries remains unclear in the literature due to limitations in study design and sample composition. To better assess the contribution of obesity to occupational injury, we used data from a nationally representative cohort, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) in 1988–2000. Methods We hypothesized that obesity contributes to workplace injury and tested the hypothesis using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) and random-effects logistic regression. To ensure temporal precedence of obesity, we used the obesity level in each previous wave and examined its association with injury outcome in each wave from 1988–2000. Obesity was measured as body mass index (BMI) based on self-reported height and weight. Results The GEE analysis showed that obesity was associated with 25% higher odds of workplace injury [odds ratio (OR) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.12–1.39; P<0.001). The random-effects regression indicated that obese workers were associated with 29% higher odds of sustaining injuries than those of normal weight (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.15–1.45; P<0.001). Conclusions Obesity may predispose workers to work-related injury; further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lin, Tin-Chi, S.K. Verma and T.K. Courtney. "Does Obesity Contribute to Non-fatal Occupational Injury? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 39,3 (2013): 268-275.
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3850. |
Lindenlaub, Ilse |
Sorting Multidimensional Types: Theory and Application The Review of Economic Studies 84,2 (1 April 2017): 718-789. Also: https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/84/2/718/2938067 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article studies multidimensional matching between workers and jobs. Workers differ in manual and cognitive skills and sort into jobs that demand different combinations of these two skills. To study this multidimensional sorting problem, I develop a theoretical framework that generalizes the unidimensional notion of assortative matching and sufficient conditions on the technology under which sorting obtains. I derive the equilibrium in closed form and use this explicit solution to study biased technological change. The main finding is that an increase in worker-job complementarities in cognitive relative to manual inputs leads to more pronounced sorting and wage inequality across cognitive relative to manual skills. This can trigger wage polarization and boost aggregate wage inequality. I then estimate the model for the U.S. and identify sizable technology shifts: during the last two decades, worker-job complementarities in cognitive inputs strongly increased, whereas complementarities in manual inputs decreased. In addition to this bias in complementarities, there has been a cognitive skill-bias in production. Counterfactual exercises suggest that these technology shifts (as opposed to changes in skill supply and demand) can account for observed changes in worker-job sorting, wage polarization and a significant part of the increase in U.S. wage dispersion. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lindenlaub, Ilse. "Sorting Multidimensional Types: Theory and Application." The Review of Economic Studies 84,2 (1 April 2017): 718-789.
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3851. |
Linnenbrink, Mary Mauldin, Teresa A. Mimura, Yoko Vanderford, Stephanie |
Income Resources of Low-Income Families with Children: Does Cohabitation Matter? Presented: Madison, WI, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM), 28th Annual Research Conference, November 2-4, 2006. Also: http://www.earlyeducationresearch.org/ICPSR/biblio/studies/4683/resources/70569?collection=DATA&sortBy=1&type=Conference+Proceedings&paging.startRow=26 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Income; Family Models; Family Structure; Income Level; Marital Status; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction: Among low-income families with children, do income sources differ between married couples and cohabiting couples? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NSLY79), we examined low-income families' types of income sources, both earned and unearned, and amount from each source. Background: Our previous study (presented at the APPAM 2004 meeting) addressed a similar question by comparing income between families in which all members were related by birth, marriage, or adoption and other families. Among low-income families with children, few differences were found. This study refines the approach by focusing on the legal relationship between parents. Studies show that cohabiting families' financial behavior is diverse (Winkler, 1997); however, little is known about differences in the income sources of low-income married and cohabiting families with children. Theoretical focus: According to the economic model of marriage (Bryant, 1990), individuals marry and remain married when being married is more beneficial than not being married. Thus, we assume that cohabiting couples see some sort of benefits in remaining unmarried. Data and sample: The data came from the NLSY79 2002 interview, and the sub-sample for this study includes low-income (total income no more than twice the 2001 poverty thresholds) families with children younger than 18 years of age. First, both single-parent families (n=661) and two-parent families (n=911) were selected for descriptive purposes. Then for the multivariate analyses, the latter group was further divided among first-marriage families (n=613), subsequent-marriage families (n=185), and cohabiting-couple families (n=113). Three income source categories are: earned income, Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), and all other income sources, including social insurance, transfer income, child support, and other. Methodology: Using a Double-Hurdle Cragg model for each of the three income sources, we assessed how the proba bility of receiving each income source and the amount of each were different among the three groups of two-parent families. Family and respondent socio-demographic characteristics, as well as the region of residence, were controlled. Findings: The probabilities of having the three income sources were not different among the three family types. The amounts that cohabiting-couple families received from earned and "all other" income sources were significantly lower than the amounts received by first-marriage families. Policy implications: Understanding the financial resources of low-income families, particularly those that cohabit, will help policymakers design policies to best assist such families. Results: have implications for EITC and the marriage initiative in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA). |
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Bibliography Citation
Linnenbrink, Mary, Teresa A. Mauldin, Yoko Mimura and Stephanie Vanderford. "Income Resources of Low-Income Families with Children: Does Cohabitation Matter?" Presented: Madison, WI, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM), 28th Annual Research Conference, November 2-4, 2006. |
3852. |
Lippman, Laura Burns, Shelley McArthur, Edith Smith, Tom |
Education Outcomes and School Poverty and Urbanicity Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Employment; High School and Beyond (HSB); National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Urbanization/Urban Living This paper investigates the relationship between school urbanicity and the degree of poverty within schools, and outcomes of students attending those schools. Educational achievement and attainment, employment, and earnings are analyzed using data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS), High School and Beyond (HS&B), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Individual level data on these outcomes are comparably grouped across data sets according to the urbanicity of the school and the percent of disadvantaged students in the school. Student outcomes are then compared across categories of urban, suburban, and rural schools with various levels of disadvantagement. We find that the level of concentration of poverty within a school is a stronger predictor of outcomes than urbanicity. Measurement issues within NCES surveys are raised. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lippman, Laura, Shelley Burns, Edith McArthur and Tom Smith. "Education Outcomes and School Poverty and Urbanicity." Presented: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, American Statistical Association Winter Conference, Families and Children: Research Findings, Data Needs, and Survey Issues, 1993. |
3853. |
Lipton, Brandy J. |
A Select Group of Friends - the Returns to Social Networking Working Paper, Economics Department, Northwestern University, October 29, 2010. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1699855 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Northwestern University Keyword(s): Firms; Job Search; Skilled Workers; Social Capital; Wage Dynamics; Wage Levels; Wage Models; Workers Ability Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most labor models predict that networking or the use of personal contacts to find a job will be associated with wage premiums and shorter unemployment durations. While empirical studies have confirmed that networkers find jobs faster, most have not confirmed the theoretically predicted wage premium. In fact, some find evidence of a wage penalty. There is scant theory to explain these findings. I develop a general equilibrium search model with worker heterogeneity that allows workers and firms to make optimal choices about how to search for matches. Since low ability job seekers may use personal contacts intensively, networked jobs may offer lower wages on average even though networkers earn a wage premium conditional on skills. Whether the use of personal contacts is correlated with wage premiums or penalties depends on employer type. I find evidence that networkers are negatively selected in the U.S. labor market using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and that the use of personal contacts is positively associated with wages. Furthermore, networking appears to impact labor market outcomes differently for different occupational groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lipton, Brandy J. "A Select Group of Friends - the Returns to Social Networking." Working Paper, Economics Department, Northwestern University, October 29, 2010. |
3854. |
Lipton, Brandy J. |
Essays on the Choice of Job Search Method Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, June 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Job Search; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Social Contacts/Social Network; Wage Dynamics; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the determinants of job search method choice theoretically and empirically. The first two chapters focus on the choice between networking and formal methods of job search while the third chapter explores how business cycle conditions impact search method use. Most labor models predict that networking or the use of personal contacts to find a job will be associated with wage premiums and shorter unemployment durations. While empirical studies have confirmed that networkers find jobs faster, most have not confirmed the theoretically predicted wage premium. In fact, some find evidence of a wage penalty. There is scant theory to explain these findings. Chapter 1 develops a general equilibrium search model with worker heterogeneity that allows workers and firms to make optimal choices about how to search for matches. The model predicts that since low ability job seekers may use personal contacts intensively, networked jobs may offer lower wages on average even though networkers earn a wage premium conditional on skills. Further, whether the use of personal contacts is correlated with wage premiums or penalties depends on employer type. Chapter 2 presents empirical results supportive of the model developed in Chapter 1. I find evidence that networkers are negatively selected in the U.S. labor market using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and that the use of personal contacts is positively associated with wages. Furthermore, networking appears to impact labor market outcomes differently for different occupational groups. Chapter 3 presents evidence that search method use varies over the business cycle; the use of some methods is cyclical while the use of others is countercyclical. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lipton, Brandy J. Essays on the Choice of Job Search Method. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, June 2012. |
3855. |
Lise, Jeremy |
On-the-Job Search and Precautionary Savings Review of Economic Studies 80,3 (July 2013): 1086-1113. Also: http://restud.oxfordjournals.org/content/80/3/1086.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Job Search; Risk-Taking; Savings; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth; Wage Levels; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, I develop and estimate a model of on-the-job search in which risk averse workers choose search effort and can borrow or save using a single risk free asset. I derive the implications for optimal savings behaviour in this environment and relate this to the frictions that characterize the endogenous earnings process implied by on-the-job search. Savings behaviour depends in a very intuitive way on the rate at which offers are received, the rate at which jobs are destroyed, and a worker's current rank in the wage distribution. The implication is that workers, who are identical in terms of preferences and opportunities, have substantially different savings behaviour depending on their history and current position in the wage distribution. The mechanism that generates the substantial differences in savings behaviour in the model is the dynamic of the “wage ladder” resulting from the search process. There is an important asymmetry between the incremental wage increases generated by on-the-job search (climbing the ladder) and the drop in income associated with job loss (falling off the ladder). The behaviour of workers in low paying jobs is primarily governed by the expectation of wage growth, while the behaviour of workers near the top of the distribution is driven by the possibility of job loss. The distributions of earnings, wealth, and consumption implied by the model (suitably aggregated) align reasonably well with the data, with the notable exception of implying substantially less concentration of wealth among the richest one percent of the population. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lise, Jeremy. "On-the-Job Search and Precautionary Savings." Review of Economic Studies 80,3 (July 2013): 1086-1113.
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3856. |
Lise, Jeremy Meghir, Costas Robin, Jean-Marc |
Matching, Sorting and Wages Review of Economic Dynamics 19 (January 2016): 63-87. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109420251500071X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics Keyword(s): Employment History; Job Search; Modeling; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop an empirical search-matching model which is suitable for analyzing the wage, employment and welfare impact of regulation in a labor market with heterogeneous workers and jobs. To achieve this we develop an equilibrium model of wage determination and employment which extends the current literature on equilibrium wage determination with matching and provides a bridge between some of the most prominent macro models and microeconometric research. The model incorporates productivity shocks, long-term contracts, on-the-job search and counter-offers. Importantly, the model allows for the possibility of assortative matching between workers and jobs due to complementarities between worker and job characteristics. We use the model to estimate the potential gain from optimal regulation and we consider the potential gains and redistributive impacts from optimal unemployment benefit policy. Here optimal policy is defined as that which maximizes total output and home production, accounting for the various constraints that arise from search frictions. The model is estimated on the NLSY using the method of moments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lise, Jeremy, Costas Meghir and Jean-Marc Robin. "Matching, Sorting and Wages." Review of Economic Dynamics 19 (January 2016): 63-87.
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3857. |
Lise, Jeremy Meghir, Costas Robin, Jean-Marc |
Mismatch, Sorting and Wage Dynamics Working Paper W13/16, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), Economic and Social Research Council, January 2013. Also: http://www.ifs.org.uk/wps/wp201316.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), London Keyword(s): Employment; Modeling; Unemployment Insurance; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop an empirical search-matching model which is suitable for analyzing the wage, employment and welfare impact of regulation in a labor market with heterogeneous workers and jobs. To achieve this we develop an equilibrium model of wage determination and employment which extends the current literature on equilibrium wage determination with matching and provides a bridge between some of the most prominent macro models and microeconometric research. The model incorporates productivity shocks, long-term contracts, on-the-job search and counter-offers. Importantly, the model allows for the possibility of assortative matching between workers and jobs due to complementarities between worker and job characteristics. We use the model to estimate the potential gain from optimal regulation and we consider the potential gains and redistributive impacts from optimal unemployment insurance policy. The model is estimated on the NLSY using the method of moments. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lise, Jeremy, Costas Meghir and Jean-Marc Robin. "Mismatch, Sorting and Wage Dynamics." Working Paper W13/16, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), Economic and Social Research Council, January 2013. |
3858. |
Lise, Jeremy Postel-Vivay, Fabien |
Multidimensional Skills, Sorting, and Human Capital Accumulation American Economic Review 110,8 (August 2020): 2328-2376. Also: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20162002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Search; Job Skills; Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We construct a structural model of on-the-job search in which workers differ in skills along several dimensions and sort themselves into jobs with heterogeneous skill requirements along those same dimensions. Skills are accumulated when used, and depreciate when not used. We estimate the model combining data from O*NET with the NLSY79. We use the model to shed light on the origins and costs of mismatch along heterogeneous skill dimensions. We highlight the deficiencies of relying on a unidimensional model of skill when decomposing the sources of variation in the value of lifetime output between initial conditions and career shocks. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lise, Jeremy and Fabien Postel-Vivay. "Multidimensional Skills, Sorting, and Human Capital Accumulation." American Economic Review 110,8 (August 2020): 2328-2376.
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3859. |
Little, Heather M. |
Family Benefits if Mom's Career is Challenging Chicago Tribune, July 31, 1994. Also: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-07-31-9407310058-story.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Chicago Tribune Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A national study suggests the effects of a mother's work on her children's intellectual development and behavior depends on the kind of job she has. [News media article based on Parcel, Toby L. and Elizabeth G. Menaghan. "Early Parental Work, Family Social Capital, and Early Childhood Outcomes." American Journal of Sociology 99, 4 (January 1994): 972-1009] |
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Bibliography Citation
Little, Heather M. "Family Benefits if Mom's Career is Challenging." Chicago Tribune, July 31, 1994. |
3860. |
Little, Steven W. |
Effect of the Christian Higher Education Ethos on the Probability of Graduates Being Selected for Termination During a Reduction in Workforce Ph.D. Dissertation, Anderson University, 2007. Also: http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/ER/detail/hkul/4360568 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Higher Education; Layoffs; Modeling, Logit; Religious Influences; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores the effect of the Christian higher education ethos on the probability of graduates of Christian universities being selected for layoff during post-graduate employment. The primary research question is: does the ethos of Christian higher education, and its resulting impact on graduates, reduce the relative probability of being selected for layoff as compared to graduates of secular institutions. Of the approximately 3,000 higher education institutions granting four-year degrees, 646 represent themselves as being a Christian college or university. Is the Christian distinctive important? Those with a Christian faith tradition may suggest that the Christian distinctive has eternal, spiritual value; this research does not directly explore the spiritual value of a Christian education. Instead, this research explores the value placed by the job market on Christian education. More specifically this research explores the layoff experience of college graduates (with layoffs serving as an inverse proxy for value--those individuals selected for layoff are considered less valuable to the organization than those individuals retained). The findings of this research have implications for students selecting universities to attend, for organizations hiring college graduates, and for the academic community. The primary theoretical foundation of this research rests on Max Weber's Protestant Work Ethic and subsequent related research. Additionally, recent work on layoff antecedents was considered. Research was conducted on the work histories of 1,515 college students (a subset of the 6,111 U.S. citizens born between 1957 and 1964 who are included in the National Longitudinal Survey, NLSY79, administered under the direction of the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics). Work histories from 1990 to 2002 were analyzed. Controlling for environmental, demographic, and personal factors, the relative layoff incidence rates for graduates of Ch ristian and non-Christian universities were determined. Applying logistic regression to this data, it was determined that graduates of Christian universities are less likely to be laid off than graduates of non-Christian universities in this sample. |
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Bibliography Citation
Little, Steven W. Effect of the Christian Higher Education Ethos on the Probability of Graduates Being Selected for Termination During a Reduction in Workforce. Ph.D. Dissertation, Anderson University, 2007.. |
3861. |
Little, Todd D. Schnabel, Kai Uwe Baumert, Jürgen |
Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data: Practical Issues, Applied Approaches, and Specific Examples Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Methods/Methodology; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Multilevel; Simultaneity; Statistical Analysis; Statistics Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Little, Todd D., Kai Uwe Schnabel and Jürgen Baumert. Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data: Practical Issues, Applied Approaches, and Specific Examples. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. |
3862. |
Liu, Echu |
Maternal Full-time Employment and Childhood Obesity Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2006. DAI-A 68/03, Sep 2007 Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1299816281&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Propensity Scores; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation estimates the average treatment effects of a mother's full-time employment on children's body mass index (BMI) and likelihood of becoming overweight. The matched mother-child data from the 2000 wave of the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) are used. In the first part of the dissertation, the econometric methods correcting the bias from "selection on observables," including control function and matching based on propensity score, are applied to perform the estimation. In the second part, the econometric methods correcting the bias from "selection on unobservables," including maximum likelihood and semiparametric approaches, are used to conduct the estimation. It is concluded that, on average, the group of children with full-time working mothers have significantly higher BMI and a greater likelihood of becoming overweight. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Echu. Maternal Full-time Employment and Childhood Obesity. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2006. DAI-A 68/03, Sep 2007. |
3863. |
Liu, Echu Hsiao, Cheng Matsumoto, Tomoya Chou, Shin-Yi |
Maternal Full-Time Employment and Overweight Children: Parametric, Semi-Parametric, and Non-Parametric Assessment Journal of Econometrics 152,1 (September 2009): 61-69. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609000542 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Children; Fathers, Presence; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Obesity; Weight We use the matched mother-child data from the 2000 wave of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) to assess the impact of full-time working mothers on children's body mass index (BMI) and the likelihood of becoming overweight. Parametric, semi-parametric and non-parametric methods are employed to correct the bias of selection on observables and unobservables. Pros and cons of various methods are discussed and specification tests are conducted. In general, we find that a mother's full-time employment does have some impact on her children's BMI and likelihood of becoming overweight across models and inference procedures. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Econometrics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Echu, Cheng Hsiao, Tomoya Matsumoto and Shin-Yi Chou. "Maternal Full-Time Employment and Overweight Children: Parametric, Semi-Parametric, and Non-Parametric Assessment." Journal of Econometrics 152,1 (September 2009): 61-69.
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3864. |
Liu, Haiyong |
A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 22,1 (March 2008): 23-71. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2007.00403.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: CEIS and Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Endogeneity; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Migration; Mothers and Daughters; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Simultaneity; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates how women's migration and labor supply behaviors respond to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions, controlling for endogenous initial residence and unobserved heterogeneity. It also traces out how these responses influence educational inputs and child outcomes. The simulation results show that poor and low-educated single women with children do change their residential locations in response to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions. The magnitude of this response in the form of migration is rather modest. More importantly, however, such policy changes often have large and important impacts on particular at-risk groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 22,1 (March 2008): 23-71.
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3865. |
Liu, Haiyong |
Growing Up Poor and Childhood Weight Problems IRP Discussion Paper no. DP 1324-07, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, April 2007. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp132407.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Children, Poverty; Family Income; Obesity; Poverty; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the impact of growing up in poverty on the risk of childhood weight problems. Understanding the effect of family income on childhood weight problems is important, but has been hindered by the potential endogeneity of family income. We use matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to study the effects of growing up poor on risks of childhood overweight and underweight, accounting for unobserved heterogeneity that governs both children's weight and family income. We also estimate the impacts of family income on a child's weight measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) at different points in the conditional distribution of children's weight, using a two-stage residual inclusion least absolute deviation approach. Our results show that the mean effects of poverty exposure on risks of obesity and underweight are not statistically different from zero, accounting for the endogeneity of family income. More importantly we find that growing up poor increases a child's BMI by 14.7 percent if her BMI is at the 90th quantile of her cohort's BMI distribution and reduces her BMI by 12.7 percent if her BMI is at the 10th quantile. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "Growing Up Poor and Childhood Weight Problems." IRP Discussion Paper no. DP 1324-07, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, April 2007. |
3866. |
Liu, Haiyong |
Participation in Food Assistance, Maternal Employment, and Child Obesity Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. Also: http://healtheconomics.us/conference/2006/abstracts/06/06/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Child Health; Endogeneity; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Maternal Employment; Obesity; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Rationale: The effect of Food Stamp Program (FSP) participation on mitigating food insecurity and childhood obesity is likely to be confounded with maternal employment decisions. For instance, supplemental food subsidies may free up mothers' time spent in home production, namely food preparation, and enable them to work away from home. It is important to account for the potential income effect and substitution effect when assessing the effects of the FSP on weight health outcomes because both income and maternal time are crucial inputs for child health. Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of poverty, FSP, and maternal employment on the risk of obesity in early childhood. Methodology: This study investigates the interactions between poverty, FSP participation, and maternal employment, as well as their impacts on the risk of obesity among children who are raised in single mother families. The main data source in this study is from the matched mother/child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Utilizing the full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method, the empirical model estimates the joint decisions of FSP enrollment and maternal employment along with child health (weight) production function simultaneously to account for the potential endogeneity of these health inputs. The identification strategy used in this paper exploits the time series interactions of all current and lagged exogenous variables and a set of instruments that capture the variations of welfare regulations across states and over time. Results: The results suggest that FSP participation mitigates the risk of childhood obesity among the poor while maternal employment is positively linked to incidents of obesity over the whole socio-economic spectrum. Both findings are statistically significant. In addition, the racial gap of the weight health problem is widening over years, even after accounting for family income and maternal employment. Finally, estimation methods without adequate control for endogeneity of FSP participation and maternal employment are likely to yield biased results. Conclusions: The childhood health disparities among different socio-economic stratums are widening, especially for racial minorities. The food assistance programs modestly mitigate the risk of obesity among impoverished children while the risk could be aggravated because of mother's excessive time spent in the labor market. These findings imply that when single mothers transitioning from welfare to the labor market, policy considerations should be given to their family, especially on relaxed eligibility rules for food assistance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "Participation in Food Assistance, Maternal Employment, and Child Obesity." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. |
3867. |
Liu, Haiyong Mroz, Thomas van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development Working Paper, Department of Economics, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, April 2005. Also: http://www.unc.edu/~vanderkl/maternal3.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Common Core of Data (CCD); Maternal Employment; Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use longitudinal models to investigate the interactions and interdependencies between parental inputs and school inputs as determinants of a child's development. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we integrate information on household migration, maternal employment decisions, and the mother's wage rate with observations on child outcomes for 7184 persons over 10 years. A mother maximizes her utility that depends on the household's consumption, her "leisure" time, and her child's achievement outcome. The mother solves a stochastic optimization problem where she is uncertain of her future wages and job prospects. She can only imperfectly influence her child's development. We use semi-parametric maximum likelihood procedures to estimate the structure of her preferences and the stochastic child production process under the assumption that the mother maximizes her expected utility. The statistical model follows directly from the theoretical framework. We relax many functional form assumptions that have been imposed by previous researchers who have studied how parents and schools can affect a child's development. Our preliminary investigations with simplified versions of this approach indicate that we are able to explain and reject several of the counter-intuitive estimation results found in the literature on the determinants of children's school performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong, Thomas Mroz and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, April 2005. |
3868. |
Liu, Haiyong Mroz, Thomas van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0107_1015_0504.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Common Core of Data (CCD); Maternal Employment; Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the roles and interrelationships between school inputs and parental inputs in affecting child development through the specification and estimation of a behavioral model of household migration and maternal employment decisions. We integrate information on these decisions with observations on child outcomes over a 13-year period from the NLSY. We find that the impact of our school quality measures diminish by a factor of 2 to 4 after accounting for the fact that families may choose where to live in part based on school characteristics and labor market opportunities. The positive statistical relationship between child outcomes and maternal employment reverses sign while remaining statistically significant after controlling for its possible endogeneity. Our estimates imply that when parental responses are taken into account, policy changes in school quality end up having only minor impacts on child test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong, Thomas Mroz and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. |
3869. |
Liu, Haiyong Mroz, Thomas van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 212-228. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609002176 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Common Core of Data (CCD); Maternal Employment; Migration; Mobility; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Residence; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT We analyze the roles of and interrelationships among school inputs and parental inputs in affecting child development through the specification and estimation of a behavioral model of household migration and maternal employment decisions. We integrate information on these decisions with observations on child outcomes over a 13-year period from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY). We find that the impact of our school quality measures diminishes by factors of 2 to 4 after accounting for the fact that families may choose where to live in part based on school characteristics and labor market opportunities. The positive statistical relationship between child outcomes and maternal employment reverses sign and remains statistically significant after controlling for its possible endogeneity. Our estimates imply that when parental responses are taken into account, policy changes in school quality end up having only minor impacts on child test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong, Thomas Mroz and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development." Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 212-228.
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3870. |
Liu, Han Sun, Feinuo |
Career Trajectory and Health in Mid-Adulthood Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of the gaps of extant literature on the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health outcomes is overlooking the effect of the dynamics in SES as well as its gender difference. Using the fixed effects model, this paper examines the effect of the change in annual net family income on the possibility of obesity, which is independent of the effect of annual net family income per se. Results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY 79) shows that in general, the risk of obesity will be enhanced by higher net family income, but that risk is lower for those whose net family income increases faster. However, the effects of the net family income per se and the change in net family income are only significant, at least at 0.1 level, for females. The findings highlight the significance of SES change in health stratification research. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Han and Feinuo Sun. "Career Trajectory and Health in Mid-Adulthood." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
3871. |
Liu, Hefei Song, Xinyuan |
Bayesian Analysis of Hidden Markov Structural Equation Models with an Unknown Number of Hidden States Econometrics and Statistics published online (21 May 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosta.2020.03.003. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452306220300356 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bayesian; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Modeling, Structural Equation; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are widely used to analyze heterogeneous longitudinal data owing to their capability to model dynamic heterogeneity. Early advancements in HMMs have mainly assumed that the number of hidden states is fixed and predetermined based on the knowledge of the subjects or a certain criterion. However, as a limitation, this approach determines the number of hidden states on a pairwise basis, which becomes increasingly tedious when the state space is enlarged. Moreover, criterion-based statistics tend to select complex models with overestimated numbers of components in mixture modeling. A full Bayesian approach is developed to analyze hidden Markov structural equation models with an unknown number of hidden states. An efficient and hybrid algorithm that combines the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithm, the forward filtering and backward sampling scheme, and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is proposed to simultaneously select the number of hidden states and perform parameter estimation. The simulation study shows the satisfactory performance of the proposed method. Two real datasets collected from the UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Hefei and Xinyuan Song. "Bayesian Analysis of Hidden Markov Structural Equation Models with an Unknown Number of Hidden States." Econometrics and Statistics published online (21 May 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosta.2020.03.003.
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3872. |
Liu, Qing |
Does School Quality Matter and for Whom? Evidence from Quantile Regression Analysis Presented: Cleveland, OH, Midwest Economics Association Annual Meeting, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Midwest Economics Association Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Geocoded Data; Male Sample; Methods/Methodology; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Schooling; Teachers/Faculty; Wage Determination; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper employs the quantile regression approach to estimate the wage effects of school quality. Using data from the Geocoded version of the NLSY79, the author has found consistent results with various samples and specifications that teacher degree and salary exert significantly larger effects at higher quantiles of the wage distribution, while the teacher-student ratio seems to favor individuals at lower quantiles. The author addresses the necessity to examine the effects of school quality on the whole wage distribution, rather than on the means, alone. Furthermore, the author argues that a correct question to ask is for whom school quality matters. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Qing. "Does School Quality Matter and for Whom? Evidence from Quantile Regression Analysis." Presented: Cleveland, OH, Midwest Economics Association Annual Meeting, March 2001. |
3873. |
Liu, Qing |
Two Essays on Human Capital Acquisition Among Children Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Department of Economics, 2001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Geocoded Data; Male Sample; Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Schooling; Teachers/Faculty; Wage Determination; Wage Levels Does School Quality Matter and for Whom? Evidence from a Quantile Regression Analysis. This essay uses quantile regressions to evaluate the diverse returns to school quality accruing to people who are at different positions in the wage distribution. Using data from the geocoded version of the NLSY79, We find that teachers with advanced degrees and better paid teachers have significantly larger benefits for individuals at higher quantiles of the wage distribution, while a high teacher/student ratio favors individuals at lower quantiles. These results are consistent across a variety of samples and specifications. While adopting different measures of student outcomes, this work reaches a conclusion that is similar to research in education - the estimated effect of school quality are misleadingly small when the average effect is considered. We argue that a correct question to ask is for whom school quality matters. Answering this question will help promote sound policies for targeting limited resources to be used most efficiently among heterogeneous students. Parental Expectations and Child Learning Performance. This essay estimates how parents affect their children's achievement by transmitting their preferences to their children. The model developed in the paper demonstrates that children whose parents have higher expectations for their achievement, spend more time studying conditional on their ability and previous achievement, and thus learn more. Using data from the NLSY79 Child & Young Adult, we construct a variable measuring parental expectations for children's educational attainment. These data are then linked to the summary tape files of 1990 Census and the Common Core of Data to obtain a unique data set on the characteristics of the neighborhoods and school districts where the NLSY children live. After controlling for a comprehensive set of characteristics of the children's mother, family, neighborhood, and school, we find a positive and significant effect of parental expectations on child learning performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Qing. Two Essays on Human Capital Acquisition Among Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Department of Economics, 2001. |
3874. |
Liu, Ruth X. Chen, Zeng-Lin |
The Effects of Marital Conflict and Marital Disruption on Depressive Affect: A Comparison Between Women In and Out of Poverty Social Science Quarterly 87,2 (June 2006): 250-271. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00379.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Marital Conflict; Marital Disruption; Marriage; Psychological Effects; Wealth; Women Objectives. We examine the independent and interactive effects of marital conflict and marital disruption on women's depressive affect and how these effects vary by family's poverty status. Methods. We use the OLS regression and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test the hypothesized relationships. Results. The results showed that marital conflict and marital disruption each predicts subsequent depression after controlling for the initial level of depression and other antecedent variables. The effect of marital conflict on depression is stronger among women in poverty than those out of poverty. Furthermore, among women in poverty, marital conflict followed by marital breakup is related to a heightened level of depression, whereas among women financially better off, there is a reduction in the level of depressive affect. Conclusions. These findings point to the importance of a family's economic condition and its impact on the interrelationships among marital processes and women's psychological health. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Ruth X. and Zeng-Lin Chen. "The Effects of Marital Conflict and Marital Disruption on Depressive Affect: A Comparison Between Women In and Out of Poverty." Social Science Quarterly 87,2 (June 2006): 250-271.
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3875. |
Liu, Yujia Rehkopf, David Zhong, Jingwen Rodriguez, Eunice |
Job Loss, Unemployment Benefits, and Mental Health of Middle-Aged US Women In: Enabling Gender Equality: Future Generations of the Global World, Research in Political Sociology 23. E. Rodriguez and B. Wejnert, eds., United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015: 81-91 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Labor Force Participation; Stress; Unemployment Compensation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Financial stress has been found to contribute to mental health deterioration associated with job loss. This study examined whether specific types of income support programs (e.g., unemployment benefits and welfare) reduce the negative impacts of job loss on middle-aged women's mental health in the United States. Two samples of women previously employed before their mental health assessments in their 40s and 50s were selected from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We conducted regression analysis to predict their mental health scores using employment and income support program status. The model also controlled for baseline health before job loss, socioeconomic status, and demographic and family life characteristics. Compared to their continuously employed counterparts, 50 + women who had job loss without unemployment benefits had significantly worse mental health. However, those receiving unemployment benefits did not have significantly worse mental health. Unemployment benefits' ameliorating effect was not found in the 40 + sample; and welfare programs did not have similar mental health effects. Our findings suggest that certain types of income support policies are beneficial to the mental health of certain cohorts of middle-aged women. For different groups of women, additional and alternative measures are needed to reduce the mental health damage of job loss. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Yujia, David Rehkopf, Jingwen Zhong and Eunice Rodriguez. "Job Loss, Unemployment Benefits, and Mental Health of Middle-Aged US Women" In: Enabling Gender Equality: Future Generations of the Global World, Research in Political Sociology 23. E. Rodriguez and B. Wejnert, eds., United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015: 81-91
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3876. |
Lizama, Carlos |
Essays in Macroeconomics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, New York University, 2020 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Transfers, Parental; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter, "Sources of Lifetime Inequality Revisited", develops a theory to assess the importance of differences in early stages in life, before entering the labor market, in lifetime earnings, wealth and welfare. Factors established early in life can be key determinants of the lifetime value of earnings, consumption, and wealth. Furthermore, some of these variables are determined by parental background (ability, human capital) or passed on directly from parents (wealth). In this paper, I study a life cycle - overlapping generations economy with borrowing constraints and costly human capital acquisition, in which initial conditions are determined by parental background. The cost of human capital may prevent constrained agents to optimally acquire human capital and intergenerational transmission of wealth may alleviate this effect for wealthy households. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I document statistics of the evolution of cohort inequality and the importance of parental transfer to attend college. I find that initial conditions can explain about 10% of the variation in lifetime income and wealth. Relaxing borrowing increases college enrollment and decreases inequality. The intergenerational correlation of abilities explains more than half of the intergenerational income elasticity, suggesting an important role for the parental background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lizama, Carlos. Essays in Macroeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, New York University, 2020. |
3877. |
Lleras, Christy |
Employment, Work Conditions, and the Home Environment in Single-Mother Families Journal of Family Issues 29,10 (October 2008): 1268-1297. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/29/10/1268.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Children, Preschool; Family Size; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Shift Workers; Welfare; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the impact of employment status and work conditions on the quality of the home environment provided by single mothers of preschool-age children. Multivariate analyses were conducted using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results indicate that employment status is not a significant predictor of the quality of the home environment among single mothers of young children when family size and welfare use are controlled. Among single working mothers, several job conditions were related to the quality of the home environment. Single mothers who were employed part-time and in low-wage jobs had significantly poorer home environments. Single mothers who work nonstandard hours generally have poorer home environments, with the exception of rotating shifts. These findings highlight the importance of examining the effects of employment status and job conditions on within-group differences in the quality of the home environment among single-mother families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Family Issues is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lleras, Christy. "Employment, Work Conditions, and the Home Environment in Single-Mother Families." Journal of Family Issues 29,10 (October 2008): 1268-1297.
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3878. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie |
Contextual Influences on Adolescent Men's Initiation of Sexual Activity and Transition to Fatherhood Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Black Youth; Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; Event History; Fatherhood; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Marriage; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Social Environment; Social Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the social context in which young males make decisions to become sexually active. Once sexually active, I further explore how the social environment either impedes or facilitates fatherhood among young men. Special attention is given to how contextual variables differentially affect familial and sexual decisions among nonhispanic white, African American, and Latino subpopulations. To this end, I merge microlevel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with aggregate Public Use Microdata from the U.S. Census. This allows an examination of the impact of marriage market characteristics and other contextual variables on the transition to first sexual experience and risk of fatherhood, net of traditional individual-level predictors. Discrete-time event history models reveal significant racial and ethnic differences in the timing of first intercourse and likelihood of subsequent parenthood. Implications regarding the contextual impact on both phenomenon are discussed in detail. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie. "Contextual Influences on Adolescent Men's Initiation of Sexual Activity and Transition to Fatherhood." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
3879. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie |
Contextual Influences on Sexual Initiation and Family Formation Throughout the Life Course of Young Latino/Latina Americans Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Event History; Family History; Family Studies; Hispanic Studies; Hispanic Youth; Life Course; Marriage; Modeling; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Motherhood; Racial Studies; Sex Roles; Simultaneity Sexual initiation, premarital motherhood, and first marriage are examined among a nationally representative cohort of Hispanic men and women. Competing theories of union formation are evaluated by merging 1980 and 1990 census data with the individual sexual and familial histories of respondents in the 1979 through 1990 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Separate person-year data sets are constructed for each of the three outcome variables and independent equations are estimated for Latinos and Latinas. Event-history models focus on the intersection of race and ethnicity within Hispanic marriage markets by employing six separate race-ethnicity-specific sex ratio measures (and other indicators of partner quality) to empirically distinguish the most appropriate operationalization of Hispanics' field of potential partners. Discrete-time proportional hazards models are then estimated to determine the impact of local marriage market characteristics on each dependent variable, while simultaneously holding constant conventional individual-level predictors. Finally, models generated for Latinos and Latinas are compared to similar equations for Anglo and African American men and women to ascertain how the Hispanic American experience approximates the experience of other major U.S. subpopulations. Analyses reveal that a shortage of prospective partners in the local marriage market impedes Hispanics' coital initiation, while facilitating Latinas' probability of experiencing premarital motherhood. Additionally, the sex ratio exerts a positive influence on both Latinos' and Latinas' first marriage transitions. The racial and ethnic boundaries of Hispanic marriage markets vary depending on the type of sexual or familial transition being examined. Generally speaking, the parameters of Hispanic marriage markets become more racially and ethnically endogamous as the life course transition in question becomes increasingly permanent and legally binding. The implications of these findings for future research on the sexual and familial transitions of U.S. Hispanics are also discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie. Contextual Influences on Sexual Initiation and Family Formation Throughout the Life Course of Young Latino/Latina Americans. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2000. |
3880. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie |
Contextual Influences on the Transition to Cohabitation Throughout the Young Adult Years: Differences by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Coresidence; Ethnic Differences; Event History; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The use of cohabitation as either a prelude to marriage or a substitute for establishing a legal union has increased dramatically among recent cohorts of young adults. Cohabitation is becoming a normative, albeit, not fully understood, stage in the life course with important implications for other familial events. It is suprising, therefore, that research is lacking on the contextual environment that facilitates or impedes the creation of coresidential unions. The present analysis begins to address these issues by investigating the social context in which young people make decisions to cohabit. Competing theories of traditional union formation are evaluated by merging several contextual variables with respondent histories avaialble (sic) in the NLSY. Preliminary analysis of discrete-time event history models reveal that, net of cenventional (sic) individual-level predictors, socioeconomic and mate availability measures play a significant role in coresidential union formation. Racial/gender differences and the implications of applying current marriage market theories to cohabitational relationships are explored. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie. "Contextual Influences on the Transition to Cohabitation Throughout the Young Adult Years: Differences by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998. |
3881. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie |
Latinas' Transition to First Marriage: An Examination of Four Theoretical Perspectives Journal of Marriage and Family 68,4 (November 2006): 993-1014. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00309.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; Event History; Hispanic Studies; Human Capital; Marriage National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and census data are used to examine the effect of both individual- and contextual-level determinants on Latinas' transition to first marriage (n = 745). Hypotheses derived from 4 leading theories of marriage timing are evaluated. Discrete-time event-history models that control for clustering within Labor Market Areas suggest that foreign-born Latina and Anglo women have virtually identical marriage trajectories. Analyses further demonstrate that Latinas' individual human capital, and residence in areas characterized by a relatively large supply of single foreign-born Latino men, are associated with higher probabilities of marriage, whereas women's aggregate economic opportunities are correlated with the predicted postponement of first marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie. "Latinas' Transition to First Marriage: An Examination of Four Theoretical Perspectives." Journal of Marriage and Family 68,4 (November 2006): 993-1014.
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3882. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie South, Scott J. |
Contextual Influences on Young Men's Transition to First Marriage Working Paper, Albany, NY: Department of Sociology, State University of New York - Albany, June 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, State University of New York - Albany Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Earnings; Event History; Home Ownership; Marriage; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While recent theories of woman's marital entry have emphasized the influence of local marriage market characteristics, few studies have examined the effects of these and other contextual variables on men's transition to marriage. The present analysis begins to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the social context in which men make marital decisions. Competing theories of marriage formation are evaluated by merging several contextual variables, primarily marriage market characteristics from the 1980 Census, with men's marital histories available in the 1979 through 1984 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Discrete-time event history models reveal that, net of conventional individual-level predictors, a shortage of prospective partners in the local marriage market impedes white men's transition to first marriage. Women's aggregate economic independence, measured in terms of the proportion of females in the local marriage market who are employed andthe size of average AFDC payments, also diminish men's marriage propensities. Although annual earnings and home ownership facilitate men's marital transitions, racial differences in socioeconomic and marriage market characteristics account for relatively little of the substantial racial difference in marriage. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie and Scott J. South. "Contextual Influences on Young Men's Transition to First Marriage." Working Paper, Albany, NY: Department of Sociology, State University of New York - Albany, June 1994. |
3883. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie South, Scott J. |
Contextual Influences on Young Men's Transition to First Marriage Social Forces 74,3 (March 1996): 1097-1119. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580394 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economics of Gender; Event History; Marriage; Modeling; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Competing theories of marriage formation are evaluated by merging several contextual variables, primarily marriage market characteristics from the 1980 census, with men's marital histories observed between 1979 and 1984 in the National Longitudinal Surrey of Youth. Discrete-time event history models reveal that, net of conventional individual level predictors. A shortage of prospective partners in the local marriage market impedes white men's transition to first marriage. Women's aggregate economic independence, measured in terms of the proportion of females in the local marriage market who are employed and in terms of the size of average AFDC payments, also diminishes men's marriage propensities. Although earnings and home ownership facilitate men's marital transitions, racial differences in socioeconomic and marriage market characteristics account for relatively little of the substantial racial difference in marriage rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie and Scott J. South. "Contextual Influences on Young Men's Transition to First Marriage." Social Forces 74,3 (March 1996): 1097-1119.
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3884. |
Lloyd, Kim Marie South, Scott J. |
Spousal Alternatives and Marital Dissolution Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Census of Population; Divorce; Geocoded Data; Hispanics; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Marital Stability; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); Racial Differences; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We draw on three different data sources to explore the effects of the quantity and quality of potential remarriage partners available in the local marriage market on the risk of marital dissolution. First, data from the National Survey of Families and Households are used to demonstrate that, among recently-divorced couples, a substantial percentage of husbands and wives had been romantically involved with someone prior to divorcing. Then, microlevel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are merged with aggregated Public Use Microdata from the U.S. census to examine directly the impact of marriage market characteristics and other contextual variables on the risk of disruption, net of conventional, individual-level predictors of divorce. Proportional hazards regression models reveal that, among non Hispanic whites, the risk of dissolution is highest where either wives or husbands encounter abundant alternatives to their current spouse. The labor forces participatio n rate of unmarried women and the rate of geographic mobility in the local marriage market also decrease marital stability. In general, the results suggest that many persons continue the marital search even while married, and that the distribution of spousal alternatives embedded in the social structure influences significantly the risk of marital dissolution. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kim Marie and Scott J. South. "Spousal Alternatives and Marital Dissolution." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
3885. |
Lo, Celia C. Ash-Houchen, William Gerling, Heather M. |
Data Spanning Three Decades Illustrate Racial Disparities in Likelihood of Obesity Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Obesity rates have risen significantly in recent decades, with underprivileged Americans being associated with suffering higher rates. Obesity's elevation of health risks, furthermore, appears unequally distributed across different racial/ethnic groups, according to the literature. The present study examined racial disparities in obesity as a function of socioeconomic factors, using a sample of American adults from a 32-year longitudinal study. We accounted for the time factor as we evaluated obesity's associations with selected socioeconomic factors; we also examined race/ethnicity's moderating role in obesity-socioeconomic factors associations over time. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to obtain a final sample of 119,066 person-waves for analysis. A subsample of person-waves numbering 65,702 represented data from White respondents; one numbering 31,618 represented data from Black respondents; and one numbering 21,429 represented data from Hispanic respondents. Needing to consider repeated measures of the same variables over time, we chose generalized estimated equations (GEE) for use in the data analysis. Speaking generally, the obtained results suggested that for the two smaller subsamples, minority ethnicity status introduced disadvantages that helped explain links between obesity and race/ethnicity. Results also showed that White-Black racial disparities in obesity have widened slightly in the past three decades, while White-Hispanic racial disparities have stabilized during the same time period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C., William Ash-Houchen and Heather M. Gerling. "Data Spanning Three Decades Illustrate Racial Disparities in Likelihood of Obesity." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
3886. |
Lo, Celia C. Ash-Houchen, William Gerling, Heather M. Cheng, Tyrone C. |
Data Spanning Three Decades Illustrate Racial Disparities in Likelihood of Obesity Ethnicity and Health published online (4 March 2018): DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1447650. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13557858.2018.1447650 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Obesity rates have risen significantly in recent decades, with underprivileged Americans associated with higher rates of the condition. Risks associated with obesity, furthermore, appear unequally distributed across different racial/ethnic groups, according to the literature. The present study examined racial disparities in obesity as a function of socioeconomic factors, using a sample of American adults from a 32-year longitudinal study. We accounted for the time factor as we evaluated obesity's associations with selected socioeconomic factors; we also examined race/ethnicity's moderating role in obesity-socioeconomic status associations over time. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to obtain a final sample of 118,749 person-waves for analysis. A subsample of person-waves numbering 65,702 represented data from White respondents; one numbering 31,618 represented data from Black respondents; and one numbering 21,429 represented data from Hispanic respondents. Needing to consider repeated measures of the same variables over time, we chose generalized estimated equations (GEE) for use in the data analysis. Speaking generally, the obtained results suggested that for the two smaller subsamples, minority race/ethnicity could have introduced disadvantages that helped explain links between obesity and race/ethnicity. Results also showed that White-Black disparities in obesity have widened slightly in the past three decades, while White-Hispanic disparities have stabilized during the same time period. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C., William Ash-Houchen, Heather M. Gerling and Tyrone C. Cheng. "Data Spanning Three Decades Illustrate Racial Disparities in Likelihood of Obesity." Ethnicity and Health published online (4 March 2018): DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1447650.
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3887. |
Lo, Celia C. Cheng, Tyrone C. |
Onset Drinking: How It Is Related Both to Mother's Drinking and Mother-Child Relationships. Substance Use and Misuse 45,6 (May 2010): 888-900. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Behavior; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Employing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) as a sample of adolescents and their mothers, the present study connected the onset of adolescents' drinking to certain posited risk and protective factors characterizing their families. Via event history analysis and the discrete-time method, the data analysis involved more than 6,331 pair-interview-year units. The results show that both peer influences and mother's daily alcohol consumption enhance the risk that an adolescent aged between 10 and 14 years will begin drinking. At the same time, the quality of a mother's relationship with her child is an important posited protective factor delaying onset drinking. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C. and Tyrone C. Cheng. "Onset Drinking: How It Is Related Both to Mother's Drinking and Mother-Child Relationships." Substance Use and Misuse 45,6 (May 2010): 888-900.
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3888. |
Lo, Celia C. Cheng, Tyrone C. |
Race, Employment Disadvantages, and Heavy Drinking: A Multilevel Model Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Multilevel; Racial Differences; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Methods: Study data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a prospective study that has followed a representative sample of youth since 1979. We used specifically that data collected 1982-2010 (11 years), because it included heavy-drinking measures; our final sample numbered 10,171 respondents, which generated 75,394 person-waves for data analysis. We let state unemployment rate, number of weeks unemployed, and number of weeks out of the labor force indicate time-varying employment disadvantages. Frequency of heavy drinking was measured as number of times in past month at least 6 drinks were consumed on a single occasion. Results: Both of our hypotheses were supported by results of mixed-effects linear regression capturing the time-varying nature of the 3 employment disadvantages and of the heavy-drinking outcome. The results show that more-frequent heavy drinking was associated with employment disadvantages, and that disadvantages effect on drinking was stronger for Blacks and Hispanics than for Whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C. and Tyrone C. Cheng. "Race, Employment Disadvantages, and Heavy Drinking: A Multilevel Model." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014. |
3889. |
Lo, Celia C. Cheng, Tyrone C. |
Race, Employment Disadvantages, and Heavy Drinking: A Multilevel Model Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47,3 (2015): 221-229. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2015.1047541 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Employment; Modeling, Multilevel; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We intended to determine (1) whether stress from employment disadvantages led to increased frequency of heavy drinking and (2) whether race had a role in the relationship between such disadvantages and heavy drinking. Study data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a prospective study that has followed a representative sample of youth since 1979. Our study employed data from 11 particular years, during which the survey included items measuring respondents' heavy drinking. Our final sample numbered 10,171 respondents, which generated 75,394 person-waves for data analysis. Both of our hypotheses were supported by results from multilevel mixed-effects linear regression capturing the time-varying nature of three employment disadvantages and of the heavy-drinking outcome. Results show that more-frequent heavy drinking was associated with employment disadvantages, and that disadvantages' effects on drinking were stronger for Blacks and Hispanics than for Whites. That worsening employment disadvantages have worse effects on minority groups' heavy drinking (compared to Whites) probably contributes to the racial health disparities in our nation. Policies and programs addressing such disparities are especially important during economic downturns. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C. and Tyrone C. Cheng. "Race, Employment Disadvantages, and Heavy Drinking: A Multilevel Model." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47,3 (2015): 221-229.
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3890. |
Lo, Celia C. Cheng, Tyrone C. Simpson, Gaynell M. |
Marital Status and Work-related Health Limitation: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adult and Middle-aged Americans International Journal of Public Health 61,1 (January 2016): 91-100. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00038-015-0695-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital History/Transitions; Marital Status; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The literature establishes clearly the health benefit of marriage. Much less clear from published data is whether work-related health (dis)advantages accruing to marital transitions persist over time or are limited to the short term. Informed by the marital resources and marital crisis perspectives, this study sought links between marital status measured via three approaches and work-related health limitation, exploring these relationships across genders. Methods: The study employed data from eight recent waves (1996–2010) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It applied generalized estimating equations to estimate the impacts, on work-related health limitation, of current marital status; of marital transition 2 years in the past; and of marital transition 8 years in the past. Results: Our gender-specific results indicated that lower likelihood of work-related health limitation was associated with a married status, a stable married status, and an entry into marriage. Conclusions: Results are consistent overall with the marital resources perspective. The use of three different approaches to evaluate the relationship of marital status to work-related health limitation may explain the gender-specific results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C., Tyrone C. Cheng and Gaynell M. Simpson. "Marital Status and Work-related Health Limitation: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adult and Middle-aged Americans." International Journal of Public Health 61,1 (January 2016): 91-100.
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3891. |
Locay, Luis Regan, Tracy Lynn Diamond, Arthur M., Jr. |
The Effects of Spanish-Language Background on Completed Schooling and Aptitude Test Scores Working Paper No. 0710, Department of Economics, University of Miami, June 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Miami Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Home Environment; Human Capital; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Language Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the effect of speaking Spanish at home as a child on completed schooling and aptitude test scores using data from the NLSY79 on Hispanics who grew up in the U.S. We model the accumulation of traditional human capital and English fluency, leading to the joint determination of schooling and test scores. We find that speaking Spanish at home reduces test scores but has no significant effect on completed schooling. The reduction in test scores: 1) increases in magnitude in three of the tests when the parents are more educated; 2) is much more dramatic when the choice of home language is made endogenous; and 3) is not systematically greater for the verbal than for the math tests. |
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Bibliography Citation
Locay, Luis, Tracy Lynn Regan and Arthur M. Diamond. "The Effects of Spanish-Language Background on Completed Schooling and Aptitude Test Scores." Working Paper No. 0710, Department of Economics, University of Miami, June 2009. |
3892. |
Locay, Luis Regan, Tracy Lynn Diamond, Arthur M., Jr. |
The Effects of Spanish-Language Background on Completed Schooling and Aptitude Test Scores Economic Inquiry 51,1 (January 2013): 527-562. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00458.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Aptitude; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Home Environment; Human Capital; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the effect of speaking Spanish at home as a child on completed schooling and aptitude test scores using data from the NLSY79 on Hispanics who grew up in the United States. We model the accumulation of traditional human capital and English fluency, leading to the joint determination of schooling and test scores. We find that speaking Spanish at home reduces test scores, but has no significant effect on completed schooling. The reduction in test scores (1) increases in magnitude in three of the tests when the parents are more educated; (2) is much more dramatic when the choice of home language is made endogenous; and (3) is not systematically greater for the verbal than for the math tests. (JEL I20, J15) |
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Bibliography Citation
Locay, Luis, Tracy Lynn Regan and Arthur M. Diamond. "The Effects of Spanish-Language Background on Completed Schooling and Aptitude Test Scores." Economic Inquiry 51,1 (January 2013): 527-562.
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3893. |
Lochner, Lance John |
A Life-Cycle Model of Human Capital and Crime: Estimating Deterrent Effects of Wage and Education Subsidies Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Chicago, 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Human Capital; Life Cycle Research; Modeling This study develops a dynamic model of an individual's decision to work, to invest in human capital, or to commit crime. The model explains declining criminal participation with age and duration dependence of criminal activity. The effects of high school graduation and ability on crime are estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Both significantly reduce criminal participation among young men. High school graduation also reduces the probability that a young man will become incarcerated. The model developed in this study is used to explore the impacts of wage and education subsidies and of wage taxes on crime, work, and investment in skills. Parameters of the model are estimated for men, and those estimates are used to show that skill investment subsidies substantially lower aggregate crime and raise earnings from work. Permanent wage subsidies have similar impacts, although their effects are much smaller. For individuals who only participate in crime for afew years, short-term wage subsidies in early periods of a worker's career are effective criminal deterrents; however, these subsidies lower skill investment and may increase crime rates for long-term criminals after they are discontinued. In aggregate, a uniform short-term wage subsidy can lower labor earnings and raise crime. Finally, we show that a program which corrects for deficient families can substantially raise legitimate earnings and lower crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John. A Life-Cycle Model of Human Capital and Crime: Estimating Deterrent Effects of Wage and Education Subsidies. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Chicago, 1998. |
3894. |
Lochner, Lance John |
Education, Work, and Crime a Human Capital Approach NBER Working Paper No. 10478, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10478.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Crime; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Modeling; Self-Reporting; Training This paper develops a model of crime in which human capital increases the opportunity cost of crime from foregone work and expected costs associated with incarceration. Older, more intelligent, and more educated adults should commit fewer street (unskilled) crimes. White collar crimes decline less (or increase) with age and education. Predictions for age-crime and education-crime relationships receive broad empirical support in self-report data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reports. The effects of education, training, and wage subsidies, as well as enforcement policies on criminal behavior are discussed |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John. "Education, Work, and Crime a Human Capital Approach." NBER Working Paper No. 10478, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. |
3895. |
Lochner, Lance John |
Education, Work, and Crime: A Human Capital Approach International Economic Review 45,3 (August 2004): 811-844. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=13932162&db=buh Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. International Trade Commission Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Crime; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Economics; Modeling; Self-Reporting; Training This article develops a model of crime in which human capital increases the opportunity cost of crime from foregone work and expected costs associated with incarceration. Older, more intelligent, and more educated adults should commit fewer street (unskilled) crimes. White collar crimes decline less (or increase) with age and education. Predictions for age |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John. "Education, Work, and Crime: A Human Capital Approach." International Economic Review 45,3 (August 2004): 811-844.
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3896. |
Lochner, Lance John |
Education, Work, and Crime: Theory and Evidence Working Paper No. 465, Center for Economic Research (RCER) - University of Rochester, October 1999. Also: http://rcer.econ.rochester.edu/RCERPAPERS/rcer_465.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Economic Research (RCER) - University of Rochester Keyword(s): Crime; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Endogeneity; Gambling; High School Completion/Graduates; Human Capital; Modeling; Punishment, Criminal; Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops and empirically examines a dynamic model of decisions to work, invest in human capital, and commit crime. By making all three activities endogenous, the model makes a number of new and interesting contributions to the study of crime. First, the model explains why older, more intelligent, and more educated workers tend to commit less of some property crimes than others. Age and education are more negatively correlated with crimes requiring little skill. Second, the model is useful for analyzing the impacts of education, training, and work subsidies on criminal behavior. It predicts that all three subsidy policies can reduce criminal activity. However, short-term wage subsidies only temporarily reduce crime, at the expense of increasing future crime rates. Third, unobserved age differences in on-the-job skill investment explain why wages and crime are more negatively correlated at older ages: at later ages, wages more accurately reflect skill levels and the true opportunity cost of crime. Fourth, the model predicts a rise in youth crime should accompany the recent rise in returns to skill; however, adult crime rates may rise or fall since the most able are likely to reduce their criminal activity when older while the least able increase theirs. Finally, the model suggests that law enforcement policies increase education, training, and labor supply, while reducing criminal activity. A number of testable implications of the model are empirically studied using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), Current Population Survey (CPS), and Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Both ability and high school graduation are found to significantly reduce criminal participation among young men in the NLSY. High school graduation also reduces the probability that a young man will become incarcerated sometime in the following five years. While the impact of high school graduation on criminal participation declines with age, its effect on incar ceration is large and relatively stable throughout young adulthood. We also estimate the deterrent effect of more severe punishment, which appears to be strong in the NLSY. Evidence from the UCR and CPS supports our individual-level findings: states with higher high school graduation rates and more severe punishment policies have lower index property crime rates. A number of other predictions are supported by the data, suggesting that the model is useful for studying the interactions of education, work, and crime. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John. "Education, Work, and Crime: Theory and Evidence." Working Paper No. 465, Center for Economic Research (RCER) - University of Rochester, October 1999. |
3897. |
Lochner, Lance John Monge-Naranjo, Alexander |
Credit Constraints in Education Working Paper No. 17435, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2011. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17435 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): College Education; Credit/Credit Constraint; Education; Family Income; Human Capital We review studies of the impact of credit constraints on the accumulation of human capital. Evidence suggests that credit constraints are increasingly important for schooling and other aspects of households' behavior. We highlight the importance of early childhood investments, since their response largely determines the impact of credit constraints on the overall lifetime acquisition of human capital. We also review the intergenerational literature and examine the macroeconomic impacts of credit constraints on social mobility and the income distribution. A common limitation across all areas of the human capital literature is the imposition of ad hoc constraints on credit. We propose a more careful treatment of the structure of government student loan programs as well as the incentive problems underlying private credit. We show that endogenizing constraints on credit for human capital helps explain observed borrowing, schooling, and default patterns and offers new insights about the design of government policy. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. "Credit Constraints in Education." Working Paper No. 17435, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2011. |
3898. |
Lochner, Lance John Monge-Naranjo, Alexander |
The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital American Economic Review 101,6 (October 2011): 2487-2529. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2487 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): College Education; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Family Income; Human Capital; Modeling; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We develop a human capital model with borrowing constraints explicitly derived from government student loan (GSL) programs and private lending under limited commitment. The model helps explain the persistent strong positive correlation between ability and schooling in the United States, as well as the rising importance of family income for college attendance. It also explains the increasing share of undergraduates borrowing the GSL maximum and the rise in student borrowing from private lenders. Our framework offers new insights regarding the interaction of government and private lending, as well as the responsiveness of private credit to economic and policy changes. (JEL D14, H52, I22, I23, J24) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. "The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital." American Economic Review 101,6 (October 2011): 2487-2529.
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3899. |
Lochner, Lance John Moretti, Enrico |
The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports American Economic Review 94,1 (March 2004): 155-189. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/000282804322970751 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Arrests; Behavior; Census of Population; Crime; Education; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Incarceration/Jail; Schooling; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We estimate the effect of education on participation in criminal activity using changes in state compulsory schooling laws over time to account for the endogeneity of schooling decisions. Using Census and FBI data, we find that schooling significantly reduces the probability of incarceration and arrest. NLSY data indicate that our results are caused by changes in criminal behavior and not differences in the probability of arrest or incarceration conditional on crime. We estimate that the social savings from crime reduction associated with high school graduation (for men) is about 14-26 percent of the private return. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John and Enrico Moretti. "The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports." American Economic Review 94,1 (March 2004): 155-189.
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3900. |
Lochner, Lance John Moretti, Enrico |
The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports NBER Working Paper No. 8605, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2001. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8605.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Arrests; Census of Population; Crime; Endogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Schooling; Self-Reporting We estimate the effect of high school graduation on participation in criminal activity accounting for endogeneity of schooling. We begin by analyzing the effect of high school graduation on incarceration using Census data. Instrumental variable estimates using changes in state compulsory attendance laws as an instrument for high school graduation uncover a significant reduction in incarceration for both blacks and whites. When estimating the impact of high school graduation only, OLS and IV estimators estimate different weighted sums of the impact of each schooling progression on the probability of incarceration. We clarify the relationship between OLS and IV estimates and show that the 'weights' placed on the impact of each schooling progression can explain differences in the estimates. Overall, the estimates suggest that completing high school reduces the probability of incarceration by about .76 percentage points for whites and 3.4 percentage points for blacks. We corroborate these findings using FBI data on arrests that distinguish among different types of crimes. The biggest impacts of graduation are associated with murder, assault, and motor vehicle theft. We also examine the effect of drop out on self-reported crime in the NLSY and find that our estimates for imprisonment and arrest are caused by changes in criminal behavior and not educational differences in the probability of arrest or incarceration conditional on crime. We estimate that the externality of education is about 14-26% of the private return to schooling, suggesting that a significant part of the social return to education comes in the form of externalities from crime reduction. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John and Enrico Moretti. "The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports." NBER Working Paper No. 8605, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2001. |
3901. |
Loeb, Susanna Corcoran, Mary E. |
Welfare, Work Experience, and Economic Self-Sufficiency Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20,1 (Winter 2001): 1-20. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1520-6688%28200124%2920:1%3C1::AID-PAM1001%3E3.0.CO;2-I/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Wage Growth; Wages; Wages, Women; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The potential of former AFDC recipients to earn a living wage is central to the success of welfare-to-work programs. Previous studies have found that welfare recipients see little increase in their wages over time. Low wage growth could arise from either low returns to work experience or low levels of experience. This distinction is important for designing effective welfare policy. In the following paper, we estimate how wages grew with work experience between 1978 and 1992 for a national sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We compare women who never received welfare with both short- and long-term recipients in order to see to what extent the rates of wage growth with work experience differ. We find that they differ very little. We use numerous specification checks to test the robustness of our results and find consistent evidence that the wages of AFDC recipients grew at a rate similar to those of nonrecipients once work experience is taken into account. Copyright: 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loeb, Susanna and Mary E. Corcoran. "Welfare, Work Experience, and Economic Self-Sufficiency." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20,1 (Winter 2001): 1-20.
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3902. |
Loewenstein, Mark A. Spletzer, James R. |
Delayed Formal On-the-Job Training Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,1 (October 1997): 82-99. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525036 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Job Training; Manpower Programs; Occupational Choice; Training, On-the-Job The training literature assumes that job training is concentrated at the beginning of the employment relationship. The authors argue, however, that if there is belated information about employees' future mobility, it may be optimal to delay their training, even if doing so means forgoing the returns to training during the early part of the employment relationship. Results of an analysis of the relationship between tenure and the probability of ever having received training, using data from the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, indicate that delayed formal training is the norm rather than the exception. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loewenstein, Mark A. and James R. Spletzer. "Delayed Formal On-the-Job Training." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51,1 (October 1997): 82-99.
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3903. |
Loewenstein, Mark A. Spletzer, James R. |
Dividing the Costs and Returns to General Training Journal of Labor Economics 16,1 (January 1998): 142-171. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/oreec/ec940100.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Training; Training, Employee; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Dynamics; Wage Models Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicate that the employer often pays the explicit costs of not only on-site training but also off-site general training. Although few of these costs appear to be passed on to workers in the form of a lower wage while in training, completed spells of general training paid for by previous employers have a larger wage effect than completed spells of general training paid for by the current employer. A model where contract enforcement considerations cause employers to share the costs and returns to purely general training can explain these findings. Copyright is not claimed for this article. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loewenstein, Mark A. and James R. Spletzer. "Dividing the Costs and Returns to General Training." Journal of Labor Economics 16,1 (January 1998): 142-171.
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3904. |
Loewenstein, Mark A. Spletzer, James R. |
General and Specific Training: Evidence and Implications Journal of Human Resources 34,4 (Fall 1999): 710-733. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146414 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Mobility; Skills; Training; Training, Employee; Wage Growth Using data from the Employer Opportunity Pilot Project (EOPP) survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we explicitly document the specificity and generality of employer-provided training, and we analyze how wage growth and mobility are influenced by our direct measures of specific and general training. In spite of the emphasis that labor economists have placed on specific training, we find that employers in the EOPP and workers in the NLSY indicate that most of the skills learned in training are useful elsewhere. Our results are consistent with several recent models that predict that employers will often extract some of the returns to the general training they provide. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loewenstein, Mark A. and James R. Spletzer. "General and Specific Training: Evidence and Implications." Journal of Human Resources 34,4 (Fall 1999): 710-733.
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3905. |
Loewenstein, Mark A. Spletzer, James R. |
Informal Training: A Review of Existing Data and Some New Evidence NLS Discussion Paper 94-20, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1994. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl940050.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; NLS of H.S. Class of 1972; Training; Training, Off-the-Job; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Dynamics; Wage Theory Although economists have recognized the importance of a worker's on-the-job human capital investments since the seminal papers by Becker (1962) and Mincer (1962), micro-datasets containing explicit measures of on-the-job training have started to become available only relatively recently. The existing data have been analyzed fairly thoroughly in a number of studies, and researchers agree that the human capital model's prediction that a worker's wage is positively related to past investments in his training is supported by the data. The NLSY is the major source of much of our current knowledge about formal training. However, the survey began asking questions about the harder to measure informal training only in 1993. The 1993 survey (along with the surveys to follow in the future) constitutes an important new source of information on informal training. The new NLSY training questions incorporate the detail of the EOPP employer survey (multiple sources of training such as classes or seminars, instruction from supervisors and/or co-workers, or self-study) within a survey of individuals. Used in conjunction with the wealth of information that the NLSY contains on individual demographic characteristics, employment history, schooling, and ability, the new informal training questions have the potential to significantly improve our knowledge about the acquisition and the returns to training |
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Bibliography Citation
Loewenstein, Mark A. and James R. Spletzer. "Informal Training: A Review of Existing Data and Some New Evidence." NLS Discussion Paper 94-20, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1994. |
3906. |
Logan, Christopher Fox, Mary Kay Lin, Biing-Hwan |
Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume II, Data Sources Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. FANRR19-2, Economic Research Service, October 2002. Also: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/FANRR19-2/fanrr19-2.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Keyword(s): Financial Assistance; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Program Participation/Evaluation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This is the second of four reports completed by Abt Associates Inc., under the contract "The Nutrition and Health Outcome Study." This report is an evaluation of various data sources for their potential for analyzing the impacts of USDA's food assistance and nutrition programs. Data sources are evaluated against three criteria: coverage of both program participants and nonparticipants; identification of participants and determination of eligibility among nonparticipants; and availability of impact measures. Each data source is classified into one of four categories: principal, potential, recognized, and insufficient. Principal and potential sources are discussed and profiled in this report. |
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Bibliography Citation
Logan, Christopher, Mary Kay Fox and Biing-Hwan Lin. "Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume II, Data Sources." Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. FANRR19-2, Economic Research Service, October 2002. |
3907. |
Loh, Eng Seng |
Changes in Family Structure, Attained Schooling, and Adult Poverty Status Social Science Quarterly 77,1 (March 1996): 145-158 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Attainment; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Fathers, Leaving; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Marriage; Parents, Single; Poverty; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loh, Eng Seng. "Changes in Family Structure, Attained Schooling, and Adult Poverty Status." Social Science Quarterly 77,1 (March 1996): 145-158.
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3908. |
Loh, Eng Seng |
Economic Effects of Physical Appearance Social Science Quarterly 74,2 (June 1993): 420-438 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Family Background and Culture; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Obesity; Schooling; Wage Effects; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loh, Eng Seng. "Economic Effects of Physical Appearance." Social Science Quarterly 74,2 (June 1993): 420-438.
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3909. |
Loh, Eng Seng |
Effects of Parental Separation on Schooling Outcomes Working Paper, Kent OH: Department of Economics, Kent State University, December 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Kent State University Keyword(s): Education; Marital Dissolution; Parental Influences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the importance of parental separation, relative to other factors, in explaining the distribution of educational outcomes. Using a sample of men and women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths, I find that parental separation retains its significant negative effects in the presence of an expanded set of regressors but it ranks well behind other factors in the proportion of the variation in schooling outcomes explained. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loh, Eng Seng. "Effects of Parental Separation on Schooling Outcomes." Working Paper, Kent OH: Department of Economics, Kent State University, December 1992. |
3910. |
Loh, Eng Seng |
Productivity Differences and the Marriage Wage Premium for White Males Journal of Human Resources 31,3 (Summer 1996): 566-589. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146266 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Economics, Demographic; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Attempts to account for the positive, and often large, wage premium paid to married men based on their greater productivity have been inconclusive. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper provides new evidence that labor productivity differences between married and never-married men are unlikely to be the cause of the marriage premium. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loh, Eng Seng. "Productivity Differences and the Marriage Wage Premium for White Males." Journal of Human Resources 31,3 (Summer 1996): 566-589.
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3911. |
Loke, Vernon |
Parental Asset Accumulation Trajectories and Children's College Outcomes Economics of Education Review 33 (April 2013): 124-133. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775712001471 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Education; Educational Outcomes; Expectations/Intentions; Growth Curves; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Net Worth; Parental Influences The effects of parental assets on children's educational outcomes have mainly been explored from the perspective of asset holdings. However, the process of asset accumulation may also have effects. While asset-based policies are predicated on the premise of asset accumulation, little is known about the effects of different asset accumulation trajectories. This study attempts to fill this gap. The results indicate that youths born into households that had asset holdings significantly higher than zero have better college outcomes compared to youths born into households with lower levels of net worth that did not increase significantly over time. However, when lower-wealth households experience significant asset accumulation over time, youths from these households have similar educational outcomes as youths from wealthier households. Finally, the results indicate that the effects of assets are partially or fully mediated by the mother's educational expectations. Implications for asset-based policy are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loke, Vernon. "Parental Asset Accumulation Trajectories and Children's College Outcomes." Economics of Education Review 33 (April 2013): 124-133.
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3912. |
Loke, Vernon Kim, Youngmi |
Changes in Parental Assets and Children's Educational Outcomes across Income Status Presented: New Orleans, LA, The Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) annual meetings, January 17-20, 2008 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Keyword(s): Assets; Child Development; Children, Well-Being; Educational Outcomes; Family Resources; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: Much of the research examining Sherraden's (1991) asset effects have focused on the experience of asset holding. Assets could also be experienced in terms of the process of asset accumulation or its consumption (Paxton, 2001). However, little empirical work has been done to examine the effects of the process of accumulation. Moreover, most studies do not differentiate the effects of assets on the different socioeconomic classes, nor do they discriminate between the different asset measures. This paper aims to fill this gap in the knowledgebase by examining the relationship between the process of asset accumulation as measured by the change in assets over time, with children's educational outcomes. In addition, we will examine if the effects are moderated by the level of family income. We hypothesize that the increase in assets over time will be associated with children's educational outcomes, in particular, that the different asset measures will have differential effects for the various income groups. Methods: Data on 1342 children ages 7 to 14 in the year 2000 and on their mothers drawn from the NLSY79 and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults datasets are used for this study. The outcome measures are children's PIAT standardized scores in math and reading in 2000. The process of asset accumulation is measured by whether there is an increase in net-worth, net-worth less home equity, and in liquid assets, from 1996 to 2000. Income is measured be averaging the total net family income over 1996 to 2000. Other variables include various mothers' socio-demographic data. A series of OLS regressions by the different income quartiles were conducted to examine the relationship between changes in assets and children's educational outcomes. Results: The findings support our hypothesis that the different asset measures have differential effects for the various income groups. Increases in net worth significantly predict better math scores for children from the 2nd (b=4.04, t=2.19, p=0.03, N=173) and 4th income quartiles (b=4.70, t=2.08, p<0.04, N=171). Increases in net-worth less home equity is also significantly associated with better math outcomes for the 2nd income quartile (b=4.70, t=2.65, p=0.009, N=180) but lower math scores for children from the 3rd income quartile (b=-4.78, t=-2.21, p=0.03, N=165). Similarly, increases in liquid assets significantly predicts better math outcomes for children from the 2nd (b=3.63, t=2.19, p=0.03, N=201) and 4th (b=4.75, t=2.22, p=0.03, N=193) income quartiles, but lower math scores for the 3rd (b=-4.31, t=-2.03, p=0.04, N=181) income quartile. No significant associations are found for reading scores across the different asset measures. Race and mother's education are also found to significant predict children's math scores in the models reported above. Implications: Our study calls for additional longitudinal research to further explicate the dynamic relationship between the process of asset accumulation across the different asset measures and children's outcomes for the different income groups. Diverse policy approaches would also need to be introduced to maximize the effects of parental assets on children's outcomes across income status. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loke, Vernon and Youngmi Kim. "Changes in Parental Assets and Children's Educational Outcomes across Income Status." Presented: New Orleans, LA, The Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) annual meetings, January 17-20, 2008. |
3913. |
Loke, Vernon Sacco, Paul |
Changes in Parental Assets and Children's Educational Outcomes Journal of Social Policy 40,2 (April 2011): 351-368. Also: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8119931&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0047279410000516 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Assets; Child Development; Children, Well-Being; Educational Outcomes; Family Resources; Growth Curves; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several countries, including Canada, Singapore and the United Kingdom, have enacted asset-based policies for children in recent years. The premise underlying these policies is that increases in assets lead to improvement in various child outcomes over time. But little existing research examines this premise from a dynamic perspective. Using data from the NLSY79 mother and child datasets, two parallel process latent growth curve models are estimated to examine the effects of parental asset accumulation on changes in children's achievements over six years during middle childhood. Results indicate that the initial level of assets is positively associated with math scores, but not reading scores, while faster asset accumulation is associated with changes in reading scores, but not in math scores. Overall, the results suggest that the relationship between assets and various child outcomes may not be straight-forward. Different dimensions of the asset experience may lead to different outcomes, and the same dimension may also have different effects. Implications for future research and for asset-based policies are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loke, Vernon and Paul Sacco. "Changes in Parental Assets and Children's Educational Outcomes ." Journal of Social Policy 40,2 (April 2011): 351-368.
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3914. |
London, Rebecca A. |
The Role of Postsecondary Education in Welfare Recipients' Paths to Self-Sufficiency Journal of Higher Education 77,3 (May/June 2006): 472-496. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_higher_education/v077/77.3london.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Ohio State University Press Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare The article discusses educational policies that improve economic outcome and research on postsecondary education for welfare recipients in the United States. Changes in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program limits postsecondary education options for poor people who are trying to escape poverty, promotes a "work first" program, and continues the bias against those with low socioeconomic status. This study relies on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and uses an instrumental variables approach to control bias and improve statistical reliability. |
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Bibliography Citation
London, Rebecca A. "The Role of Postsecondary Education in Welfare Recipients' Paths to Self-Sufficiency ." Journal of Higher Education 77,3 (May/June 2006): 472-496.
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3915. |
London, Rebecca A. |
The Role of Postsecondary Education in Welfare Recipients' Paths to Self-Sufficiency Working Paper, Center for Justice, Tolerance, and Community at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Also: http://www2.ucsc.edu/cjtc/docs/wp_WelfareRecipients_postsecondaryEducation.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Justice, Tolerance, and Community at the University of California, Santa Cruz Keyword(s): College Graduates; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Poverty; Schooling, Post-secondary; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Today's welfare system does not encourage postsecondary education, focusing instead on services aimed at immediate employment. The loss of postsecondary education as a route out of poverty for welfare recipients may be detrimental to some women. College graduation is associated with lower rates of return to aid and post-welfare poverty than attendance without graduation or no attendance. However, graduation rates for welfare recipients are well below national graduation rates. |
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Bibliography Citation
London, Rebecca A. "The Role of Postsecondary Education in Welfare Recipients' Paths to Self-Sufficiency." Working Paper, Center for Justice, Tolerance, and Community at the University of California, Santa Cruz. |
3916. |
London, Rebecca A. |
Welfare Recipients' College Attendance and Consequences for Time-Limited Aid Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005):1104-1122. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00338.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Objective. I examine the association between total time on welfare and recipients' college attendance and graduation over a 20-year period. Methods. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I model the determinants of college enrollment and graduation among welfare recipients, and the association between the total number of months a recipient receives aid and her college attendance and graduation. Models examine separately the effects associated with longer stays on aid while recipients attend school as well as reduced recidivism associated with college attendance and graduation. Results. Findings indicate that attending college is associated with more months on aid, but graduating largely offsets this increase through reductions in return to aid. Conclusions. Policymakers' concerns that including postsecondary education as a TANF activity would undermine the short-term focus of the program are not fully supported. A greater concern is the low rate of graduation among welfare recipients, who reap the most benefits from college attendance and sacrifice the fewest months on aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
London, Rebecca A. "Welfare Recipients' College Attendance and Consequences for Time-Limited Aid." Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005):1104-1122.
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3917. |
London, Rebecca A. |
Welfare Recipients' College Attendance and Consequences for Time-Limited Aid Presented: Washington, DC, APPAM Annual Research Conference, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Welfare recipients' abilities to attend college while receiving aid has been severely curtailed by the TANF program, due in part to concerns about longterm education in a time-limited program. Yet, prior research indicates that college enrollment, and particularly graduation, are strong indicators of positive future outcomes. Findings from the NLSY indicate that during the pre-TANF period, 17 percent of welfare spells had some overlap with college enrollment. Among women who enroll, however, just 36 percent graduate at any point in the 20-year NLSY panel and receipt of financial aid loans is a strong predictor of graduation. Attending college while on aid is associated with up to an additional one and a half years of aid receipt. Graduation may help to ameliorate this, although women who are already enrolled in college when they begin to receive welfare are more likely to graduate than those who start college as welfare recipients. |
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Bibliography Citation
London, Rebecca A. "Welfare Recipients' College Attendance and Consequences for Time-Limited Aid." Presented: Washington, DC, APPAM Annual Research Conference, 2003. |
3918. |
Looze, Jessica |
Job Changes, Employment Exits, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Exits; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although previous research has found that much of the motherhood wage penalty can be explained by differences between mothers and childless women in human capital acquisition, job experience, work hours, and unobserved characteristics, these reasons do not fully explain the penalty. The portion of the penalty that remains unexplained is often attributed to some combination of lower work effort among mothers and discrimination by employers. In this paper I examine another possible mechanism: job mobility, or changing from one job to another. I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) and fixed effects models. I find that different patterns of family and non-family voluntary job changes and exits account for roughly one third of the remaining penalty. Moreover, job mobility patterns vary markedly depending upon motherhood timing, which may help explain why women who bear children in early adulthood face the largest penalties for motherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. "Job Changes, Employment Exits, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
3919. |
Looze, Jessica |
The Effects of Children, Job Changes, and Employment Interruptions on Women's Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Childbearing; Clare Jellick; Educational Attainment; Exits; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I found motherhood reduces the hazard that women will make the types of non-family voluntary job changes that often result in wage gains. I also found that different patterns of changing jobs and exiting the labor market contributes to roughly twenty percent of the unexplained motherhood wage penalty, and moreover, these differences help to explain why the wage penalty is largest for women who bear children early in adulthood. Finally, in examining the different reasons women spend time in non-employment, I found family-related interruptions are associated with larger short-term wage penalties compared to interruptions following a layoff, but the penalties for family-related interruptions persist over the long-term only among highly educated women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. The Effects of Children, Job Changes, and Employment Interruptions on Women's Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2015. |
3920. |
Looze, Jessica |
Why Do(n't) They Leave?: Motherhood and Women's Job Mobility Social Science Research 65 (July 2017): 47-59. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X15300119 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Exits; Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wage Growth Although the relationship between motherhood and women's labor market exits has received a great deal of popular and empirical attention in recent years, far less is known about the relationship between motherhood and women's job changes. In this paper, I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (NLSY79) and Cox regression models to examine how motherhood influences the types of job changes and employment exits women make and how this varies by racial-ethnic group. I find preschool-age children are largely immobilizing for white women, as they discourage these women from making the types of voluntary job changes that are often associated with wage growth. No such effects were found for Black or Hispanic women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. "Why Do(n't) They Leave?: Motherhood and Women's Job Mobility." Social Science Research 65 (July 2017): 47-59.
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3921. |
Looze, Jessica |
Young Women's Job Mobility: The Influence of Motherhood Status and Education Journal of Marriage and Family 76,4 (August 2014): 693-709. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12122/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childbearing; Clare Jellick; Educational Attainment; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Previous research has found that women who become mothers in their 20s face larger wage penalties compared to women who delay childbearing until their 30s. Explanations for this have focused on the consequences of employment breaks early in one's career and reduced opportunities in the workplace following the birth of a child. In this article, the author uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 4,566) to examine another possible explanation: differences in patterns of and wage returns to job mobility. She found that young mothers, relative to childless women, make fewer wage-enhancing voluntary job separations and often receive lower wage returns for these separations. Educational attainment exacerbates these patterns, largely to the disadvantage of women with less education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. "Young Women's Job Mobility: The Influence of Motherhood Status and Education." Journal of Marriage and Family 76,4 (August 2014): 693-709.
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3922. |
Lopes De Melo, Rafael |
Sorting in the Labor Market: Theory and Measurement Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Yale University Keyword(s): Brazil, Brazilian; Cross-national Analysis; Educational Attainment; Firms; Heterogeneity; Job Productivity; Job Turnover; RAIS - Relação Anual de Informações Sociais; Skilled Workers; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Transition, Job to Job; Wage Theory; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Are more skilled workers employed by more productive firms? Are complementarities important in production? I analyze the assortative matchup between heterogeneous firms and workers in the labor market. Sorting patterns are important for two reasons: inefficiency and inequality. First, if there are complementarities in production, the equilibrium allocation assigns the most skilled workers to the most productive firms, and vice-versa. If frictions perturb this assignment, the economy operates suboptimally. In this case, second, sorting can work as a mechanism to increase inequality and decrease mobility: the most skilled workers earn more because they are more skilled and also because they work for the most productive firms. In such an economy, low skilled workers have limited opportunities for career progress, since the top firms will not hire them. In the first chapter, I provide four contributions to the measurement of sorting. First, I introduce a frictional sorting model to show that the standard empirical method used to measure sorting in the labor market can be biased in favor of not detecting sorting. My second contribution is to isolate the economic mechanism responsible for this bias. Thirdly, I propose an alternative method to detect sorting that is immune from this bias. Finally, I apply both methods to a novel Brazilian matched employer-employee dataset, RAIS. I confirm the absence of sorting when using the first method, whereas the second reveals strong sorting, which, according to the model, suggests that sorting is widespread in the labor market. In the remaining chapters, I investigate the dynamic relationship between wages and turnover in the equilibrium of frictional economies. In the second chapter, I evaluate the ability of several models in the job-search literature to explain a robust and pervasive fact that, I document from SIPP data: real wage cuts upon job-to-job transitions are more frequent that for those remaining in one job. The results suggest that, highly educated workers accept wage cuts in exchange for better prospects on the new job, while for low-educated these cuts reflect preemptive quits. In the third chapter, I structurally estimate a model of match-specific learning, using data from the NLSY-79, in order to jointly explain the dynamics and inequality of wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopes De Melo, Rafael. Sorting in the Labor Market: Theory and Measurement. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2009. |
3923. |
Lopez, Naomi |
Free Markets, Free Choices II: Smashing the Wage Gap and Glass Ceiling Myths Working Paper, Pacific Research Institute, October 1999. Also: http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070705_paygap.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Research Institute Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Determination; Wage Gap; Wage Levels; Wage Rates; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite women's rapid gains in the working world, gender preference advocates and the media often portray working women as victims of rampant discrimination. This discrimination, such advocates argue, results in a wage gap and renders women powerless in the face of an impenetrable glass ceiling. While discrimination does exist in the workplace, levels of education attainment, field of education, and time spent in the workforce play a far greater role in determining women's pay and promotion. The reality is that, when considering men and women with similar fields of study, educational attainment, and continuous time spent in the workforce, the wage gap disappears. This is true for some women in high-paying "male" fields such as engineering, chemistry, and computer science. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopez, Naomi. "Free Markets, Free Choices II: Smashing the Wage Gap and Glass Ceiling Myths." Working Paper, Pacific Research Institute, October 1999. |
3924. |
Lopoo, Leonard M. |
Maternal Employment and Adolescent Self-Care Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Family Income; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The author uses the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988 supplemented by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 to estimate the relationship between maternal employment and the likelihood of adolescent self-care. Unlike prior research, the author employs a variety of fixed effects models to account for omitted variables that may be related to maternal employment and adolescent self-care. Findings suggest that the adolescents of mothers who work full-time spend an additional 43 minutes per week in self-care compared to mothers who work part-time. Further, a standard deviation increase in the number of weeks a mother works during the year increases the probability that her child will be unsupervised by 31 percent. These effects are not constant across socio-economic groups: affluent families have strong effects, while the relationship is more tenuous among low-income families. This finding has important implications for pro-work social welfare policies in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopoo, Leonard M. "Maternal Employment and Adolescent Self-Care." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
3925. |
Lopoo, Leonard M. |
Maternal Employment and Adolescent Self-Care Presented: Atlanta, GA, APPAM Annual Research Conference, October 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Child Care; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mounting evidence shows that self-care produces deleterious consequences for adolescents in the U.S. Since descriptive evidence suggests that maternal employment is the primary explanation for adolescent self-care, maternal employment, it is frequently argued, is harming children. Heretofore, very little empirical research has actually investigated the impact of maternal employment on adolescent self-care, however, calling into question this assertion. This paper aims to fill this gap. The author uses the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988 supplemented by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 to estimate the relationship between maternal employment and adolescent self-care. Unlike prior research, the author employs a variety of fixed effects models to account for omitted variables that may be related to maternal employment and adolescent self-care. Findings suggest that the adolescents of mothers who work full-time spend an additional 43 minutes per week in self-care compared to the adolescents of mothers who work part-time. Further, a standard deviation increase in the number of weeks a mother works during the year increases the probability that her child will be unsupervised by 27 percent. These effects are not constant across socio-economic groups: affluent families have strong effects, while the relationship is more tenuous among low-income families. This finding has important implications for pro-work social welfare policies in the U.S. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopoo, Leonard M. "Maternal Employment and Adolescent Self-Care." Presented: Atlanta, GA, APPAM Annual Research Conference, October 2004. |
3926. |
Lopoo, Leonard M. |
Maternal Employment and Latchkey Adolescents Working Paper, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, June 2004. Also: http://www-cpr.maxwell.syr.edu/faculty/lopoo/selectedpapers/policy1.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social scientists who have estimated the relationship between a mother's work hours and the probability that her children self-care are often limited by cross-sectional data with a limited number of covariates. This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and fixed effects and difference-in-differences models to ask if maternal work hours are related to the probability of adolescent self-care. Results demonstrate that previous research may have over-estimated the magnitude of the relationship. Further, findings show that only mothers who work more than 30 hours per week are more likely to allow their adolescents to self-care. This study also examines the relationship between maternal employment and adolescent self-care among a sub-sample of low-income women, a group that has been the target of pro-work social welfare programs in the United States. Results from this sub-sample also suggest that it is only after 30 hours of maternal work in a week that the probability of self-care increases appreciably. The policy implications of these results are discussed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopoo, Leonard M. "Maternal Employment and Latchkey Adolescents." Working Paper, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, June 2004. |
3927. |
Lopoo, Leonard M. |
Maternal Employment and Latchkey Adolescents Social Service Review 79,4 (December 2005): 602-623. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/SSR/journal/issues/v79n4/790402/790402.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Social scientists who have estimated the relationship between a mother's work hours and the probability that her children care for themselves are often limited by cross-sectional data and use of a small number of control variables. This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a fixed effects logit model to ask if maternal work hours are related to the probability that adolescents spend some time at home alone after school. Results demonstrate that the relationship exists and is nonlinear: only the adolescents of mothers who work more than 30 hours per week are more likely to spend time after school with no adult present, compared with the adolescent children of mothers who are not working. This finding suggests that if social welfare policies encourage low-income mothers to work full-time, these policies may increase the probability that their adolescent children spend some time at home alone after school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopoo, Leonard M. "Maternal Employment and Latchkey Adolescents ." Social Service Review 79,4 (December 2005): 602-623.
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3928. |
Lopoo, Leonard M. Western, Bruce |
Incarceration and the Formation and Stability of Marital Unions Journal of Marriage and Family 67,3 (August 2005): 721-734. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00165.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Black Studies; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Event History; Incarceration/Jail; Marriage; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Rising imprisonment rates and declining marriage rates among low-education African Americans motivate an analysis of the effects of incarceration on marriage. An event history analysis of 2,041 unmarried men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 suggests that men are unlikely to marry in the years they serve in prison. A separate analysis of 2,762 married men shows that incarceration during marriage significantly increases the risk of divorce or separation. We simulate aggregate marriage rates using estimates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and find that the prevalence of marriage would change little if incarceration rates were reduced. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lopoo, Leonard M. and Bruce Western. "Incarceration and the Formation and Stability of Marital Unions." Journal of Marriage and Family 67,3 (August 2005): 721-734.
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3929. |
Loprest, Pamela J. |
Gender Differences in the Labor Market Experiences of Young Workers Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility; Vocational Education; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages, Young Women; Work Experience Young women entering the labor market earn lower wages on average than young men. It is important to understand the sources of this initial wage gap because of the potential consequences for young women's futures. Wages are an important determinant of human capital investment, job choice, and labor force participation, all of which influence future labor market outcomes. This dissertation attempts to account for the gender wage gap by studying different aspects of young workers' labor market experiences. It focuses on the extent to which differences in young workers' rates of job mobility, high school work and vocational education, and early spells of nonwork can explain male/female wage differentials. All three chapters use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loprest, Pamela J. Gender Differences in the Labor Market Experiences of Young Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. |
3930. |
Loprest, Pamela J. |
Gender Differences in Wage Growth and Job Mobility AEA Papers and Proceedings 82,2 (May 1992): 526-532 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Princeton University Press Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Income; Job Status; Mobility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The male-female wage differential increases with workers' time in the labor force. Lower wage growth of older female workers may be explained by lower levels of labor market experience due to time out of the labor force. However, the female-to-male ratio of earnings falls over time even for young full-time workers just entering the labor market. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that real wage growth over the first four years after labor-market entry for full-time workers is 35.6 percent for men and only 29.1 percent for women. This paper focuses on the job mobility of young male and female workers to try to explain this differential. In this paper. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to try to explain this increasing differential. I focus on the differences between men's and women's patterns of job mobility and wage growth in their first four years of working full-time in the labor market. There is much evidence that job-changing plays an important role in the wage growth of young men. Robert Topel and Michael Ward (1988) find that young men are very mobile with a large percentage of wage growth, 40 percent over the first ten years in the labor market, coming with job changes. This paper explores to what extent differences in job mobility, returns to job mobility, and the characteristics of the jobs men and women hold can account for the differences between men's and women's wage growth. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loprest, Pamela J. "Gender Differences in Wage Growth and Job Mobility." AEA Papers and Proceedings 82,2 (May 1992): 526-532.
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3931. |
Loprest, Pamela J. Acs, Gregory P. |
Profile of Disability Among Families on AFDC Policy Brief (August 1996). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Health; Disability; Disabled Workers; Health Factors; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Welfare The authors assess the extent to which women and families currently receiving AFDC have a limited ability to work due to their own disabilities or those of their children. The resulting disability profile of AFDC recipients raises questions about whether the 20 percent exemption allowed for states is high enough to accommodate the number of recipients who are hard to place in jobs. The researchers employed a functional definition of disability to construct their profile. Under this definition, the interaction among impairments (such as blindness), chronic health conditions (such as arthritis), and social expectations about work is reviewed to determine its effect on the ability of an individual to perform expected work-related tasks - or, in the case of children, age-appropriate functions, such as attending school. To create as complete a profile as possible, the researchers drew data from three sources: the 1990 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the 1990 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and 1992 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Their analysis reveals that between 27.4 and 29.5 percent of families receiving AFDC have either a mother or child with some level of functional limitation. Despite the differences in sample size and wording of survey questions among the three data sources used, this range is relatively narrow. In addition, since the data do not fully capture limitations due to mental or emotional disorders or substance abuse, these findings probably understate the true level of disability among the AFDC population. National studies such as the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) use a variety of terms, including impairment, condition, limitations, and disability, all of which are defined slightly differently. Using data from the SIPP, the NHIS, and the NLSY, Loprest and Acs (1996) found that almost 16% of the families in their sample had a child with some type of functional limitation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loprest, Pamela J. and Gregory P. Acs. "Profile of Disability Among Families on AFDC." Policy Brief (August 1996). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. |
3932. |
Lordan, Grace Pischke, Jorn-Steffen |
Does Rosie Like Riveting? Male and Female Occupational Choices NBER Working Paper No. 22495, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22495 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Gender Differences; Job Satisfaction; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS); Wage Gap Occupational segregation and pay gaps by gender remain large while many of the constraints traditionally believed to be responsible for these gaps have weakened over time. Here, we explore the possibility that women and men have different tastes for the content of the work they do. We run regressions of job satisfaction on the share of males in an occupation. Overall, there is a strong negative relationship between female satisfaction and the share of males. This relationship is fairly stable across different specifications and contexts, and the magnitude of the association is not attenuated by personal characteristics or other occupation averages. Notably, the effect is muted for women but largely unchanged for men when we include three measures that proxy the content and context of the work in an occupation, which we label 'people,' 'brains,' and 'brawn.' These results suggest that women may care more about job content, and this is a possible factor preventing them from entering some male dominated professions. We continue to find a strong negative relationship between female satisfaction and the occupation level share of males in a separate analysis that includes share of males in the firm. This suggests that we are not just picking up differences in the work environment, although these seem to play an independent and important role as well. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lordan, Grace and Jorn-Steffen Pischke. "Does Rosie Like Riveting? Male and Female Occupational Choices." NBER Working Paper No. 22495, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016. |
3933. |
Lordan, Grace Pischke, Jorn-Steffen |
Does Rosie Like Riveting? Male and Female Occupational Choices Economica published online (16 September 2021): DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12390. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecca.12390 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Clare Jellick; Gender Differences; Job Satisfaction; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupational Segregation; Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS); Wage Gap Occupational segregation and pay gaps by gender remain large, while many of the constraints traditionally believed to be responsible for these gaps seem to have weakened over time. We explore the possibility that women and men have different tastes for the content of the work that they do. We relate job satisfaction and job mobility to measures that proxy for the content of the work in an occupation, which we label 'people', 'brains' and 'brawn'. The results suggest that women value jobs high on 'people' content and low on 'brawn'. Men care about job content in a similar fashion, but have much weaker preferences. High school students show similar preferences in a discrete choice experiment and indicate that they make their choices based mainly on preferences for the work itself. We argue that the more pronounced preferences of women can account for occupational sorting, which often leads them into careers with large pay penalties for interruptions due to childbearing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lordan, Grace and Jorn-Steffen Pischke. "Does Rosie Like Riveting? Male and Female Occupational Choices." Economica published online (16 September 2021): DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12390.
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3934. |
Loughran, David S. Zissimopoulos, Julie M. |
Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effect of Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wages Working Paper No. WR-207, RAND, November 2004. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/2004/RAND_WR207.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Career Patterns; Marriage; Wages Age at first marriage has risen dramatically since the mid-1960s among a wide spectrum of the U.S. population. Researchers have considered many possible explanations for this trend. Few, though, have asked why individuals should want to delay marriage in the first place. One possibility is that early marriage inhibits the career development of one or both individuals in a marriage. We test this hypothesis using data from the NLSY79. Using panel data methods that exploit longitudinal variation in wages and marriage timing, we estimate that delaying marriage increases hourly wages of women by nearly four percent for each year they delay. Marriage timing has no impact on the wages of men. We find that delaying marriage may have costs as well. All else equal, women who delay marriage marry spouses with lower wages. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loughran, David S. and Julie M. Zissimopoulos. "Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage? The Effect of Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wages." Working Paper No. WR-207, RAND, November 2004. |
3935. |
Loughran, David S. Zissimopoulos, Julie M. |
Why Wait? The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wage Growth of Men and Women Working Paper WR-482, RAND Labor and Population, RAND Corportation, Santa Monica, CA, March 2008. Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/2008/RAND_WR482-1.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Childbearing; Marriage; Wage Growth; Wages, Men; Wages, Women We use data from the earlier and later cohorts of the NLSY to estimate the effect of marriage and childbearing on wages. Our estimates imply that marriage lowers female wages by between two and four percent in the year of marriage. Marriage also lowers the wage growth of men and women by about two and four percentage points, respectively. A first birth lowers female wages by between two and three percent, but has no effect on wage growth. Male wages are unaffected by childbearing. These findings suggest that early marriage and childbearing can lead to substantial decreases in lifetime earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loughran, David S. and Julie M. Zissimopoulos. "Why Wait? The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wage Growth of Men and Women." Working Paper WR-482, RAND Labor and Population, RAND Corportation, Santa Monica, CA, March 2008. |
3936. |
Loughran, David S. Zissimopoulos, Julie M. |
Why Wait? The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wages of Men and Women Journal of Human Resources 44,2 (Spring 2009): 326-349. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/44/2/326.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Domestic Violence; Earnings; Family Structure; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels We use data from the earlier and later cohorts of the NLSY to estimate the effect of marriage and childbearing on wages. Our estimates imply that marriage lowers female wages 2-4 percent in the year of marriage. Marriage also lowers the wage growth of men and women by about two and four percentage points, respectively. A first birth lowers female wages 2-3 percent, but has no effect on wage growth. Male wages are unaffected by childbearing. These findings suggest that early marriage and childbearing can lead to substantial decreases in lifetime earnings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loughran, David S. and Julie M. Zissimopoulos. "Why Wait? The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wages of Men and Women." Journal of Human Resources 44,2 (Spring 2009): 326-349.
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3937. |
Loury, Glenn C. Loury, Linda Datcher |
Not by Bread Alone: The Role of the African-American Church In Inner-City Development The Brookings Review 15,1 (Winter 1997): 10-13. Also: http://www.brook.edu/press/review/gloury_br_winter_1997.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Economics of Minorities; Educational Attainment; Inner-City; Racial Studies; Religion; Religious Influences; Welfare Loury and Datcher-Loury's article reflects on ways in which church and the church community can positively affect the black urban poor. National Longitudinal Survey data is incorporated as follows: "We are well aware of the knotty problem of inferring causality in this area of research. While it is certainly plausible that religiosity favorably affects work, education, and other behaviors, these behaviors may themselves affect religious commitment and participation. Moreover, measures of religiosity may also be correlated with unobserved nonreligious traits that affect, say, years of schooling. One of us has tried to address these problems in a study of the effect of religious participation on schooling using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. That study looked at how church attendance during the senior year of high school affected the total years of schooling ultimately completed, relying on differences in the effects of church attendance before, during, and after the senior year to control for any spurious correlations. We found that church attendance during the senior year of high school adds about 0.2 years to total schooling for white women and for blacks, but had no significant effect for white men. We construe this as modest evidence that church attendance may alter behavior in a constructive way." |
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Bibliography Citation
Loury, Glenn C. and Linda Datcher Loury. "Not by Bread Alone: The Role of the African-American Church In Inner-City Development." The Brookings Review 15,1 (Winter 1997): 10-13.
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3938. |
Loury, Linda Datcher |
All in the Extended Family: Effects of Grandparents, Aunts, and Uncles on Educational Attainment American Economic Review 96,2 (May 2006): pp. 275-278. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/000282806777212099 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Grandparents; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper shows that older extended family members--aunts, uncles, and grandparents--independently affect the schooling of their younger relatives. This finding can shed light in many areas. For example, gender differences in relationships with extended family members may partly explain schooling differences among siblings. Extended family members may also account for intergenerational influences not directly tied to observed nuclear family characteristics. In the policy arena, countervailing extended family influences may lower achievement gains from programs that move adolescents to more advantageous neighborhoods and schools. On the other hand, if extended family members can improve adolescent choices, nonparent adult mentors in programs such as Big Brothers Big Sisters may also provide effective guidance for teens. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loury, Linda Datcher. "All in the Extended Family: Effects of Grandparents, Aunts, and Uncles on Educational Attainment." American Economic Review 96,2 (May 2006): pp. 275-278.
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3939. |
Loury, Linda Datcher |
All in the Extended Family: Grandparents, Aunts, and Uncles and Educational Attainment Working Paper 2006, Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2006. Also: http://ase.tufts.edu/econ/papers/200610.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Economics, Tufts University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Influences; Grandparents; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous work on social interactions has analyzed the effects of nuclear family, peer, school, and neighborhood characteristics. This paper complements this research by first showing that individuals from similar nuclear families often differ in extended family member characteristics. It then demonstrates that older extended family members - aunts, uncles, and grandparents – independently affect college attendance probabilities and test score results of their younger relatives. In some cases, the sizes of the estimated effects are large enough to substantially narrow the achievement gap between disadvantaged and other youth....This paper shows that older extended family members - aunts, uncles, and grandparents – independently affect the schooling of their younger relatives. This means that previous research focusing only on nuclear family, peer, school, and neighborhood characteristics may not include some important social interactions that alter adolescent behavior. For example, youths from low socioeconomic status families may stay in school longer and have higher test scores if they have more educated extended family members. On the other hand, countervailing extended family influences may lower gains for disadvantaged adolescents in high income neighborhoods and schools. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loury, Linda Datcher. "All in the Extended Family: Grandparents, Aunts, and Uncles and Educational Attainment." Working Paper 2006, Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2006. |
3940. |
Loury, Linda Datcher |
Does Church Attendance Really Increase Schooling? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43,1 (March 2004): 119-127. Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00221.x?cookieSet=1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Influences; Mothers, Education; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Religion; Religious Influences; Schooling This article shows that religiosity during adolescence has a significant effect on total number of years of schooling attained. It differs from previous research by focusing on church attendance rather than on denomination and by controlling more completely for the effects of omitted-variables bias. Any estimated correlation between church attendance and schooling without such controls may reflect unmeasured family, community, and individual characteristics. The size of the effect for individuals who attended church 52 weeks per year compared to individuals who do not attend at all is equivalent to over three years of parents' schooling. This finding implies that changes in church attendance, either due to exogenous changes in attitudes or as an indirect effect of government or other institutional activity, may have large spill-over effects on socioeconomic variables. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loury, Linda Datcher. "Does Church Attendance Really Increase Schooling? ." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43,1 (March 2004): 119-127.
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3941. |
Loury, Linda Datcher |
Siblings and Gender Differences in African-American College Attendance Economics of Education Review 23,3 (2004): 213-219. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02727757/23/3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Black Studies; College Education; College Enrollment; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Siblings Differences in college enrollment growth rates for African-American men and women have resulted in a large gender gap in college attendance. This paper shows that, controlling for spurious correlation with unobserved variables, having more college-educated older siblings raises rather than lowers the likelihood of college attendance for African-Americans. Furthermore, over one-third of the gender gap is due to the greater influence of older college-educated brothers and sisters on women than on men. This finding has implications for explanations of sibling effects on schooling by gender, for policies to reduce race and gender differences in schooling, and for calculating benefits of programs that increase college enrollments. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loury, Linda Datcher. "Siblings and Gender Differences in African-American College Attendance ." Economics of Education Review 23,3 (2004): 213-219.
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3942. |
Loury, Linda Datcher |
Some Contacts Are More Equal than Others: Informal Networks, Job Tenure, and Wages Journal of Labor Economics 24,2 (April 2006): 299-318. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/499974 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Employment; Job Search; Job Tenure; Wage Growth The explanation typically given for longer tenure among workers who use informal contacts to find jobs is that relatives and friends reduce uncertainty about the quality of the match between worker and employer. An alternative explanation is that workers rely on informal information sources as a last resort. Such workers remain at their current jobs mainly because they have few alternative choices rather than because of better match quality. This article shows that the two different explanations are simultaneously valid for different types of contacts and can account for differences in the wage effects of job contacts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loury, Linda Datcher. "Some Contacts Are More Equal than Others: Informal Networks, Job Tenure, and Wages." Journal of Labor Economics 24,2 (April 2006): 299-318.
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3943. |
Love, John M. |
Indicators of Problem Behavior and Problems in Early Childhood In: Indicators of Children's Well-Being. R. M. Hauser, B. V. Brown, and W. R. Prosser, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 279-308. Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/indicators_children.htm Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Well-Being The search for reliable information on the well-being of America's young is vital to designing programs to improve their lives. Yet social scientists are concerned that many measurements of children's physical and emotional health are inadequate, misleading, or outdated, leaving policymakers ill-informed. Indicators of Children's Well-Being is an ambitious inquiry into current efforts to monitor children from the prenatal period through adolescence. Working with the most up-to-date statistical sources, experts from multiple disciplines assess how data on physical development, education, economic security, family and neighborhood conditions, and social behavior are collected and analyzed, what findings they reveal, and what improvements are needed to create a more comprehensive and policy-relevant system of measurement. (Source: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/indicators_children.htm. Russell Sage Foundation.) |
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Bibliography Citation
Love, John M. "Indicators of Problem Behavior and Problems in Early Childhood" In: Indicators of Children's Well-Being. R. M. Hauser, B. V. Brown, and W. R. Prosser, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997: 279-308.
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3944. |
Lovenheim, Michael F. Reynolds, C. Lockwood |
Changes in Postsecondary Choices by Ability and Income: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Journal of Human Capital 5,1 (Spring 2011): 70-109. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/660123 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Higher Education; Income Level We characterize changes over time in the choices high school graduates make concerning 2-year attendance, 4-year attendance, and college nonattendance across the joint income and ability distribution. We find that college nonattendance decreased substantially between cohorts for both men and women and that these declines were larger for higher-ability students. On the 2-year/4-year margin, there is evidence of growing ability constraints among women. Furthermore, income has become more important among higher-ability men, and increases in 2-year attendance among high-ability but low-income men come at the expense of 4-year college enrollment. State-level college costs explain little of the changes we document. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. and C. Lockwood Reynolds. "Changes in Postsecondary Choices by Ability and Income: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth." Journal of Human Capital 5,1 (Spring 2011): 70-109.
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3945. |
Lovenheim, Michael F. Willen, Alexander |
The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Collective Bargaining Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Cognitive Ability; Collective Bargaining; Noncognitive Skills; Teachers/Faculty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents the first analysis of the effect of teacher collective bargaining on long-run labor market and educational attainment outcomes. Our analysis exploits the different timing across states in the passage of duty-to-bargain laws in a difference-in-difference framework to identify how exposure to teacher collective bargaining affects the long-run outcomes of students. Using American Community Survey (ACS) data linked to each respondent's state of birth, we examine labor market outcomes and educational attainment for 35-49 year olds. Our estimates suggest that teacher collective bargaining worsens the future labor market outcomes of students: living in a state that has a duty-to-bargain law for all 12 grade-school years reduces earnings by $800 (or 2%) per year and decreases hours worked by 0.50 hours per week. The earnings estimate indicates that teacher collective bargaining reduces earnings by $199.6 billion in the US annually. We also find evidence of lower employment rates, which is driven by lower labor force participation, as well as reductions in the skill levels of the occupations into which workers sort. The effects are driven by men and nonwhites, who experience larger relative declines in long-run outcomes. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we demonstrate that collective bargaining leads to sizable reductions in measured cognitive and non-cognitive skills among young adults. Taken together, our results suggest laws that support collective bargaining for teachers have adverse long-term labor market consequences for students. Note: Also presented at American Economic Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, January 2018. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. and Alexander Willen. "The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Collective Bargaining." Presented: Chicago IL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2017. |
3946. |
Loving, Ajamu C. Finke, Michael S. Salter, John R. |
Explaining the 2004 Decrease in Minority Stock Ownership The Review of Black Political Economy 39,4 (December 2012): 403-425. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12114-012-9132-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Assets; I.Q.; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior literature has examined minority stock market participation and found that it increased rapidly throughout the 1990’s and into the early 2000’s. However, in 2004 after stock prices had suffered decline, Black and Hispanic market participation fell off sharply. This paper uses the NLSY79, a panel data set, to examine whether the diminished likelihood of Black and Hispanic 2004 market participation is due to race or variation in cognitive ability and investor experience. We find that IQ and investor experience subsume all racial effects in the likelihood of 2004 market participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Loving, Ajamu C., Michael S. Finke and John R. Salter. "Explaining the 2004 Decrease in Minority Stock Ownership." The Review of Black Political Economy 39,4 (December 2012): 403-425.
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3947. |
Low, Justin |
Longitudinal Effects of Working Memory on Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 2010. Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1597 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of developmental trajectories of working memory on the developmental trajectories of behavior problems. Results suggested that developmental increases in working memory did not lead to developmental decreases in behavior problems. Results from this study suggested that internalizing and externalizing behavior problems increase over the course of childhood. Several variables did lead to developmental change in behavior problems in children. Children who had lower initial levels of working memory increased in internalizing behaviors less than children with higher initial working memory ability. Also, high socioeconomic status led to smaller increases in internalizing and externalizing behavior, high Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) scores led to larger increases in internalizing and externalizing behavior, and high PPVT scores led to larger decreases in inattentive and hyperactive behavior. Results are discussed in reference to current theories about working memory and behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Low, Justin. Longitudinal Effects of Working Memory on Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 2010.. |
3948. |
Low, Stuart A. Ormiston, Michael B. |
Stochastic Earnings Functions, Risk, and the Rate of Return to Schooling Southern Economic Journal 57,4 (April 1991): 1124-1132. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1060339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Schooling A simple Mincer-type model is used to investigate the relation between human capital investment and the riskiness of the wage distribution and to determine the rate of return to education when risk considerations are taken into account. Data are taken from the National Longitudinal Surveys Young Male and Female cohorts for 1981. The analysis shows that general human capital is risk increasing while specific human capital is risk reducing. It also shows that both risk and risk aversion are significant factors working to reduce the rate of return to schooling. For males, the generalized stochastic earnings function yields estimates of the rate of return to schooling that are 6.5% (risk neutral) to 89% (strongly risk averse) lower than those obtained using the standard, Mincer-type earnings function. For females, the results are equally dramatic, with the generalized estimates yielding estimates that are 4.5% to 90% lower than the standard earnings function. [ABI/INFORM] |
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Bibliography Citation
Low, Stuart A. and Michael B. Ormiston. "Stochastic Earnings Functions, Risk, and the Rate of Return to Schooling." Southern Economic Journal 57,4 (April 1991): 1124-1132.
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3949. |
Lowen, Aaron Sicilian, Paul |
"Family-Friendly" Fringe Benefits and the Gender Wage Gap Journal of Labor Research 30,2 (June 2009): 101-119. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/kx48421695121rk2/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John M. Olin Institute at George Mason University Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Family Studies; Gender Differences; Occupational Segregation; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence suggests a large portion of the gender wage gap is explained by gender occupational segregation. A common hypothesis is that gender differences in preferences or abilities explain this segregation; women may prefer jobs that provide more "family-friendly" fringe benefits. Much of the research provides no direct evidence on gender differences in access to fringe benefits, nor how provision affects wages. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that women are more likely to receive family-friendly benefits, but not other types of fringe benefits. We find no evidence that the differences in fringe benefits explain the gender wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lowen, Aaron and Paul Sicilian. ""Family-Friendly" Fringe Benefits and the Gender Wage Gap." Journal of Labor Research 30,2 (June 2009): 101-119.
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3950. |
Lown, E. Anne Lui, Camillia K. Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Mulia, Nina Williams, Edwina Ye, Yu Li, Libo Greenfield, Thomas K. Kerr, William C. |
Adverse Childhood Events and Risk of Diabetes Onset in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort BMC Public Health 19 (December 2019): DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7337-5. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-019-7337-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Health, Chronic Conditions; Obesity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem with considerable personal and societal costs. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are associated with a number of serious and chronic health problems in adulthood, but these experiences have not been adequately studied in relation to diabetes in a US national sample. The association between ACE and poor health can be partially explained by greater risky health behaviors (RHB) such as smoking, heavy alcohol use, or obesity. Few studies have examined ACE in relation to adult onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) taking into account the role of RHB. Using longitudinal data from a representative US population sample followed over 30 years, this study examines the impact of ACE on the risk of diabetes onset. Methods: Data from the 1982 to 2012 waves of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed, spanning ages 14 to 56. Bivariate and discrete-time survival models were used to assess the relationships between ACE and RHB including smoking, alcohol use, and obesity, and subsequent onset of diabetes. Conclusion: ACE predicted diabetes onset among women, though this relationship was attenuated when controlling for BMI. Being overweight or obese was significantly more common among women with a history of ACE, which suggests BMI may be on the pathway from ACE to diabetes onset for women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lown, E. Anne, Camillia K. Lui, Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe, Nina Mulia, Edwina Williams, Yu Ye, Libo Li, Thomas K. Greenfield and William C. Kerr. "Adverse Childhood Events and Risk of Diabetes Onset in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort." BMC Public Health 19 (December 2019): DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7337-5.
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3951. |
Lu, Chenyan |
Essays on Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Job Search; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation has two self-contained chapters in labor economics. In the first chapter, I exploit variation in job arrival rates due to the recession in the early 1980s to understand the relative importance of three main channels--skill accumulation, search, and learning--to an individual's lifetime wage growth, and analyze how these channels interact. Specifically, I construct and estimate a model of on-the-job search, dynamic wage growth, and occupational choice using data from the NLSY79 and O*NET. In my model, workers are heterogeneous in initial cognitive and manual skills, while jobs differ by how intensively these skills are used. Over time, workers sort into occupations for which they are well suited by searching either on the job or off the job as they learn about their comparative advantages and accumulate skills. The estimated model shows that, first, all three channels are important in explaining life-cycle wage growth. Second, the interactions of the three components also play a significant role in life-cycle wage growth. Finally, I use my estimated model to understand the persistent wage losses of individuals who graduate during a recession. I find that skill accumulation, both alone and interacted with the other two channels, is the primary contributor to the long-term effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lu, Chenyan. Essays on Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2016. |
3952. |
Lu, Yao Li, Xiaoguang |
Gender Gap in Education-Occupation Mismatch among Highly-Educated Workers Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Graduates; Gender Differences; Occupational Choice; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite women's tremendous progress in higher education, gender labor market inequality has largely persisted. The present study seeks to understand these paradoxical trends by investigating a previously underexplored source of gender inequality among highly-educated workers - how educational credentials translate into labor market positions. We operationalize this translational process by analyzing education-occupation mismatch. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (1996-2008) and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, we find that female college graduates were disproportionately channeled into mismatched occupational positions either below their educational level (vertical mismatch) or outside of their field of study and less lucrative (horizontal undermatch); but women were less likely to secure more lucrative, out-of-field positions (horizontal overmatch) than men. Women's higher risks of mismatch were largely driven by married women and mothers. Holding an advanced degree or a STEM degree did little to alleviate the gender gap in mismatch. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lu, Yao and Xiaoguang Li. "Gender Gap in Education-Occupation Mismatch among Highly-Educated Workers." Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022. |
3953. |
Lucas-Thompson, Rachel G. Goldberg, Wendy A. Prause, JoAnn |
Maternal Work Early in the Lives of Children and Its Distal Associations with Achievement and Behavior Problems: A Meta-Analysis Psychological Bulletin 136,6 (November 2010): 915-942. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20919797 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Achievement; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Data Quality/Consistency; Maternal Employment; Meta-analysis; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) This meta-analysis of 69 studies (1,483 effect sizes) used random effects models to examine maternal employment during infancy/early childhood in relation to 2 major domains of child functioning: achievement and behavior problems. Analyses of studies that spanned 5 decades indicated that, with a few exceptions, early employment was not significantly associated with later achievement or internalizing/ externalizing behaviors. The exceptions were for teacher ratings of achievement and internalizing behaviors: Employment was associated with higher achievement and fewer internalizing behaviors. Substantial heterogeneity among the effect sizes prompted examination of moderators. Sample-level moderator analyses pointed to the importance of socioeconomic and contextual variables, with early employment most beneficial when families were challenged by single parenthood or welfare status. Maternal employment during Years 2 and 3 was associated with higher achievement. Some moderator analyses indicated negative effects of employment for middle-class and 2-parent families and for very early employment (child's first year). Associations also differed depending on whether effect sizes were adjusted for contextual variables. Only 1 study-level moderator (sex of first author) was significant after adjusting for other moderators. The small effect size and primarily nonsignificant results for main effects of early maternal employment should allay concerns about mothers working when children are young. However, negative findings associated with employment during the child's first year are compatible with calls for more generous maternal leave policies. Results highlight the importance of social context for identifying under which conditions and for which subgroups early maternal employment is associated with positive or negative child outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lucas-Thompson, Rachel G., Wendy A. Goldberg and JoAnn Prause. "Maternal Work Early in the Lives of Children and Its Distal Associations with Achievement and Behavior Problems: A Meta-Analysis ." Psychological Bulletin 136,6 (November 2010): 915-942.
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3954. |
Lucas, Michael Dale |
Family Background, Home Environment and the Rate of Child Cognitive Development Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas At Dallas, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Ability; Elementary School Students; Family Characteristics; Family Studies; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Household Structure; Minority Groups; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Poverty; Racial Differences Arguments continue concerning the effect of various social factors upon children's academic performance, especially during the elementary school years. This dissertation examines the effects of family and home characteristics upon minority and majority children's performance from the first through sixth grades. First, I ask if minority children enter first grade with performance levels in reading and math comparable to those of white children. Second, I ask how much of the variance in children's performance over time can be attributed to social factors associated with race/ethnicity and how much is explained by social factors such as poverty status, household configuration, the quality of the home environment and maternal cognitive skills. I also measure the relative strength of these factors in predicting children's beginning performance levels and subsequent rates of growth. These questions are addressed by applying Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Linked Mother-Child dataset. HLM facilitates fitting a growth curve model to over-time data for each child. That is, family and child characteristics are permitted to have separate effects on the child's beginning cognitive performance level and also on the child's rate of cognitive growth. I find that black and white children do, indeed, enter first grade performing differently in reading and mathematics, without further controls. I find that race/ethnicity, family configuration and sibling group size have no significant effect on either beginning levels of performance or on growth rates for either math or reading skills when the effects of maternal cognitive performance and the home environment are controlled. Poverty remains a predictor of reading comprehension growth rate scores, but not for math beginning levels of performance or rates of growth, when maternal cognitive performance is controlled. Gender proves to be a predictor of math rates of growth at the 0.1 level of significance. Overall, maternal cognitive performance is the most powerful predictor of children's reading and math capabilities. The child's home environment, over and above the mother's cognitive skill, exerts a secondary effect on child cognitive performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lucas, Michael Dale. Family Background, Home Environment and the Rate of Child Cognitive Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas At Dallas, 1998. |
3955. |
Ludwig, Jens Otto |
Do Youths in Urban Poverty Neighborhoods Underestimate the Returns to Education? Working Paper, Graduate Public Policy Program, Georgetown University, Washington DC, January 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Graduate Public Policy Program, Georgetown University Keyword(s): Black Youth; Educational Returns; Intelligence Tests; Job Knowledge; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Poverty; Racial Differences; Role Models; Rural/Urban Differences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides an empirical examination of W.J. Wilson's hypothesis that youths residing in concentrated urban poverty neighborhoods misperceive the returns to education due, in part, to a paucity of middle class role models within these communities. Three primary empirical questions are addressed using the NLSY: (1) Do youths in urban poverty communities, defined here as urban ZIP Code areas with 1980 poverty rates above 30 percent, have less information about the labor market than youths from other areas? Evidence is found for such information differences using a number of labor market information measures available with the NLSY. (2) Does residence within a concentrated urban poverty neighborhood per se depress labor market information, or are information differences due primarily to characteristics suck as race and socioeconomic status? Analysis of the NLSY suggests that urban poverty areas appear to matter primarily for African-American males. (3) Does labor market information influence educational outcomes? Both naive and two-stage estimation procedures suggest that the information which youths have about the labor market appear to influence high school graduation and years of school completed, even after controlling for other individual, family, neighborhood and school characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ludwig, Jens Otto. "Do Youths in Urban Poverty Neighborhoods Underestimate the Returns to Education?" Working Paper, Graduate Public Policy Program, Georgetown University, Washington DC, January 1995. |
3956. |
Ludwig, Jens Otto |
Information and Inner City Educational Attainment Economics of Education Review 18,1 (February 1999): 17-30. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027277579700054X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Inner-City; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are analyzed to examine whether adolescents living in low-income urban areas have less accurate information about labor market institutions than teens in more affluent communities, and whether information influences educational attainment. All adolescents seem to implicitly underestimate the educational requirements of their occupational goals, and teens (particularly males) in high-poverty urban areas have less accurate information than those in other neighborhoods. Information varies across neighborhoods in part because of the effects of family socioeconomic status on information, including the education and employment experiences of parents. The labor market information measures available with the NLSY are related to schooling persistence, even after controlling for AFQT scores and family background. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ludwig, Jens Otto. "Information and Inner City Educational Attainment." Economics of Education Review 18,1 (February 1999): 17-30.
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3957. |
Ludwig, Jens Otto |
Information and Inner-City Educational Attainment Ph.D. Dissertation, Economics, Duke University, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Family Background and Culture; Geocoded Data; Information Networks; Inner-City; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Residence; Role Models; Urbanization/Urban Living; Youth Problems This dissertation provides an empirical examination of William Julius Wilson's 1987 hypothesis that youths residing in concentrated urban poverty neighborhoods may misperceive the returns to education and, in turn, underinvest in schooling. In the absence of useful longitudinal data capturing the earnings expectations of youths from central city poverty communities, this dissertation makes use of the labor market information measures available with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine Wilson's theory, under the hypothesis that youths' information about the labor market will be (imperfectly) correlated with the consistency of their expectations of the returns to schooling. A model is developed which shows that even if central city youths are exposed to middle class role models, if the observed role models are different from themselves with respect to such income-altering characteristics as race, these youths may have difficulty in isolating the earnings effects of education. Three primary empirical questions raised by Wilson's hypothesis are addressed using the NLSY data: (1) Do youths in urban poverty neighborhoods (defined as urban ZIP Code areas with 1980 poverty rates above 30 percent) have less information about the labor market than youths from other areas? Simple analysis-of-variance procedures indicate that the answer to this question is yes, and that these differences are statistically significant. (2) Does residence within a concentrated urban poverty neighborhood per se depress labor market information, or are information differences due primarily to characteristics such as race and socioeconomic status? Results derived using both naive and two-stage estimation procedures suggest that neighborhoods do not appear to affect information for the NLSY sample as a whole. However, urban poverty area residence did seem to negatively influence the information of youths from families that had received welfare. These results may suggest that neighborhoods become more important as sources of labor market information for youths as their families becomes less so. (3) Does the information a youth has about the labor market influence educational outcomes? Both naive and two-stage estimation procedures suggest that the information which youths have about the labor market may influence their likelihood to graduate from high school and their eventual total years of school completed, even after controlling for individual, family, neighborhood and school characteristics. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ludwig, Jens Otto. Information and Inner-City Educational Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Economics, Duke University, 1994. |
3958. |
Ludwig, Volker Bruderl, Josef |
Is There a Male Marital Wage Premium? New Evidence from the United States American Sociological Review 83,4 (August 2018): 744-770. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003122418784909 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Growth; Wage Levels; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study reconsiders the phenomenon that married men earn more money than unmarried men, a key result of the research on marriage benefits. Many earlier studies have found such a "male marital wage premium." Recent studies using panel data for the United States conclude that part of this premium is due to selection of high earners into marriage. Nevertheless, a substantial effect of marriage seems to remain. The current study investigates whether the remaining premium is really a causal effect. Using conventional fixed-effects models, previous studies statistically controlled for selection based on wage levels only. We suggest a more general fixed-effects model that allows for higher wage growth of to-be-married men. The empirical test draws on panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 to 2012). We replicate the main finding of the literature: a wage premium remains after controlling for selection on individual wage levels. However, the remaining effect is not causal. The results show that married men earn more because selection into marriage operates not only on wage levels but also on wage growth. Hence, men on a steep career track are especially likely to marry. We conclude that arguments postulating a wage premium for married men should be discarded. |
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Bibliography Citation
Ludwig, Volker and Josef Bruderl. "Is There a Male Marital Wage Premium? New Evidence from the United States." American Sociological Review 83,4 (August 2018): 744-770.
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3959. |
Luecke, Ellen Cohen, Alison K. Brillante, Miranda Rehkopf, David Coyle, Jeremy R. Hendrick, C. Emily Abrams, Barbara |
Similarities in Maternal Weight and Birth Weight Across Pregnancies and Across Sisters Maternal and Child Health Journal 23,2 (February 2019): 138-147. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-018-2602-2 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Sisters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The current study examined how prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, and birth weight cluster between births within women and between women who are sisters. Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, we utilized nested, multivariable hierarchical linear models to examine the correlation of these three outcomes between births (n = 6006) to women (n = 3605) and sisters (n = 3170) so that we can quantify the clustering by sibship and by woman for these three pregnancy-related outcomes. Results: After controlling for confounding covariates, prepregnancy BMI (intraclass correlation (ICC) 0.24, 95% CI 0.16, 0.32), gestational weight gain (ICC 0.23, 95% CI 0.16, 0.31), and infant's birthweight (ICC 0.07, 95% CI 0.003, 0.13) were correlated between sisters. Additionally, all three outcomes were significantly correlated between births for each sister, suggesting that prepregnancy BMI (ICC 0.82, 95% CI 0.81, 0.83), gestational weight gain (ICC 0.45, 95% CI 0.42, 0.49), and birth weight (ICC 0.31, 95% CI 0.28, 0.35) track between pregnancies in the same woman. . |
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Bibliography Citation
Luecke, Ellen, Alison K. Cohen, Miranda Brillante, David Rehkopf, Jeremy R. Coyle, C. Emily Hendrick and Barbara Abrams. "Similarities in Maternal Weight and Birth Weight Across Pregnancies and Across Sisters." Maternal and Child Health Journal 23,2 (February 2019): 138-147.
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3960. |
Lui, Camillia K. Kerr, William C. Li, Libo Mulia, Nina Ye, Yu Williams, Edwina Greenfield, Thomas K. Lown, E. Anne |
Lifecourse Drinking Patterns, Hypertension, and Heart Problems Among U.S. Adults American Journal of Preventive Medicine 58,3 (March 2020): 386-395. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379719304830 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Racial Differences Introduction: Understanding the role of alcohol in hypertension and heart problems requires a lifecourse perspective accounting for drinking patterns before onset of health problems that distinguishes between lifetime abstinence and former drinking, prior versus current drinking, and overall alcohol consumption in conjunction with heavy episodic drinking. Using prospective data among U.S. adults aged 21-55 years, this study accounts for these lifecourse factors to investigate the effect of alcohol on hypertension and heart problems. Methods: Data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, aged 14-21 years in 1979 and followed through 2012 (n=8,289), were analyzed in 2017-18 to estimate hypertension and heart problems onset from lifecourse drinking patterns. Discrete-time survival models stratified by sex and race/ethnicity, controlling for demographics and time-varying factors of employment, smoking, and obesity. Results: Elevated risks for hypertension were found for women drinking >14 drinks/week regardless of any heavy drinking (AOR=1.57, p=0.023) and for men engaged in risky drinking (15-28 drinks/week) together with monthly heavy drinking (AOR=1.64, p=0.016). Having a history of weekly heavy drinking elevated the risk for women but not for men. No significant relationship was evident for alcohol and heart problems onset. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lui, Camillia K., William C. Kerr, Libo Li, Nina Mulia, Yu Ye, Edwina Williams, Thomas K. Greenfield and E. Anne Lown. "Lifecourse Drinking Patterns, Hypertension, and Heart Problems Among U.S. Adults." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 58,3 (March 2020): 386-395.
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3961. |
Lui, Camillia K. Mulia, Nina |
A Life Course Approach to Understanding Racial/Ethnic Differences in Transitions Into and Out of Alcohol Problems Alcohol and Alcoholism 53,4 (July 2018): 487-496. Also: https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/53/4/487/4931258 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Life Course; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Short summary: Racial/ethnic groups had similar risks for earlier onset and recurrence/persistence of alcohol problems, but Blacks were at significantly greater risk than Whites for later onset in the 30s. Cumulative poverty and heavy drinking explained away this disparity, and were risk factors for recurring/persistent problems. Methods: Using data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-1994 waves (n = 6098), past-year alcohol problems were measured in 1989 (mean age = 28) and in 1994 (mean age = 33) among drinkers. Patterns of alcohol problems were categorized as no problems, earlier onset in 20s/offset in 30s, later onset in 30s, and recurrence or persistence (at both time points). Multinomial regression models adjusted for demographics, cumulative poverty, HD and timing of social role transitions (marital, parental). |
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Bibliography Citation
Lui, Camillia K. and Nina Mulia. "A Life Course Approach to Understanding Racial/Ethnic Differences in Transitions Into and Out of Alcohol Problems." Alcohol and Alcoholism 53,4 (July 2018): 487-496.
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3962. |
Luik, Marc-Andre Thakurta, Amelia Guha Wesselbaum, Dennis |
Child Health, Human Capital, and Adult Financial Behavior Health Economics 30,11 (November 2021): 2722-2750. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hec.4404 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Assets; Child Health; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides novel evidence that child health affects adult financial behavior, that is, risky asset market participation. We do so by using a longitudinal dataset with a rich set of covariates and exploit sibling fixed-effects (FE) to control for invariant unobserved heterogeneity. We begin by proposing a new mechanism working via skill formation and portfolio choice. To be precise, we test two hypotheses. First, we expect a negative correlation between poor child health and risky asset market participation. Second, this correlation should be mostly explained by differences in skills. To test these hypotheses, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Our results show that poor child health is associated with an 11 pp decrease in adult risky market participation conditional on demographics and family background. Moreover, our results suggest that disruption in pre-labor market skill formation is a main mediator of this relationship. These results are robust to a wide range of robustness checks. Our findings have implications for the design of health policies and policies intended to increase financial literacy and asset market participation. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luik, Marc-Andre, Amelia Guha Thakurta and Dennis Wesselbaum. "Child Health, Human Capital, and Adult Financial Behavior." Health Economics 30,11 (November 2021): 2722-2750.
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3963. |
Lumeng, Julie C. Gannon, Kate Cabral, Howard J. Frank, Deborah A. Zuckerman, Barry |
Association Between Clinically Meaningful Behavior Problems and Overweight in Children Pediatrics 112,5 (November 2003): 1138-1146. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/112/5/1138 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health, Limiting Condition(s); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Depression (see also CESD); Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Logit; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Obesity; Poverty; Racial Differences; Television Viewing; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Weight Objective. To determine whether there is a relationship between clinically meaningful behavior problems and concurrent and future overweight in 8- to 11-year-old children. Methods. 1998 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth interview data for 8- to 11-year-old children and their mothers were analyzed. A Behavior Problems Index score >= the 90th percentile was considered clinically meaningful. Child overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) >= the 95th percentile for age and sex. Multiple logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders (selected a priori): child's sex, race, use of behavior-modifying medication, history of academic retention, and hours of television per day; maternal obesity, smoking status, marital status, education, and depressive symptoms; family poverty status; and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment-Short Form (HOME-SF) cognitive stimulation score. In an attempt to elucidate temporal sequence, a second analysis was conducted with a subsample of normal-weight children who became overweight between 1996 and 1998 while controlling for BMI z score in 1996. Results. The sample included 755 mother-child pairs. Of the potential confounding variables, race, maternal obesity, academic grade retention, maternal education, poverty status, and HOME-SF cognitive stimulation score acted as joint confounders, altering the relationship between behavior problems and overweight in the multiple logistic regression model. With these covariates in the final model, behavior problems were independently associated with concurrent child overweight (adjusted odds ratio: 2.95; 95% confidence interval: 1.34-6.49). The relationship was strengthened in the subsample of previously normal-weight children, with race, maternal obesity, HOME-SF cognitive stimulation score, and 1996 BMI z score acting as confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 5.23; 95% confidence interval: 1. 37-19.9). Conclusions. Clinically meaningful behavior problems in 8- to 11-year-old children were independently associated with an increased risk of concurrent overweight and becoming overweight in previously normal-weight children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lumeng, Julie C., Kate Gannon, Howard J. Cabral, Deborah A. Frank and Barry Zuckerman. "Association Between Clinically Meaningful Behavior Problems and Overweight in Children." Pediatrics 112,5 (November 2003): 1138-1146.
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3964. |
Lundberg, Ian |
Do Attitudes Matter? Understanding Regional Variation in the Motherhood Wage Penalty in the United States Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): General Social Survey (GSS); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Regions; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children have a negative effect on women's wages. Could this effect depend on cultural context? This paper investigates whether cultural values affect the size of the motherhood wage penalty in the United States. Analyzing longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997 cohorts, I find a wage penalty of 3.6% per child. Mothers are nested in 4 regions and 2 cohorts, yielding 8 region-cohort combinations. Person fixed-effects models show variation between region-cohorts in the size of the motherhood wage penalty. I use a multilevel model to investigate this variation. General Social Survey (GSS) data on attitudes toward working mothers in each region-cohort serves as a group-level predictor for the effect of the number of children on women's wages. Results suggest that the motherhood wage penalty is significantly smaller in region-cohorts with cultural values which support mothers' employment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Ian. "Do Attitudes Matter? Understanding Regional Variation in the Motherhood Wage Penalty in the United States." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013. |
3965. |
Lundberg, Ian |
Has the Motherhood Penalty Changed? The Declining Effect of Children on Young Women’s Wages Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While men’s wages increase when they have children, the presence of children at home is negatively associated with women’s wages. Gender differences in the effect of children on wages are partially responsible for continuing gender wage inequality. Previous research shows that the size of the motherhood wage penalty did not decline between 1975 and 1998 (Avellar and Smock 2003). However, several changes suggest that the penalty may have declined in more recent years. Gender role attitudes have become more egalitarian, the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 increased the availability of maternity leave, and the structure of employment has shifted away from long careers with a single employer toward temporary and contingent work, which may allow mothers to catch up after taking time off work. Using panel data, this study compares the motherhood penalty in two cohorts: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY-79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY-97). From the NLSY-79 to the NLSY-97, there is a significant decline in the magnitude of the motherhood wage penalty. Motherhood has a more negative influence on job tenure and work experience in the early cohort than the later cohort, and these variables are stronger predictors of wages in the early cohort than in the later cohort. Although these changes demonstrate that mothers are increasingly attached to the labor force, they cannot explain the decline in the motherhood wage penalty. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Ian. "Has the Motherhood Penalty Changed? The Declining Effect of Children on Young Women’s Wages." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014. |
3966. |
Lundberg, Ian |
The Influence of Fatherhood on Time Spent at Work: Job Characteristics as a Moderating Factor Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Employment; Fatherhood; First Birth; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Does fatherhood affect men’s work hours? Men might work more hours when they have children in order to provide for the family. However, previous evidence is mixed. Using panel data, I summarize fathers’ employment hours before and after the first birth. I find no evidence that men’s work hours change with the birth of their first child, besides occurring during a period when employment hours are already increasing. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Ian. "The Influence of Fatherhood on Time Spent at Work: Job Characteristics as a Moderating Factor." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
3967. |
Lundberg, Shelly |
Division of Labor by New Parents: Does Child Gender Matter? IZA Discussion Paper No. 1787, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2005. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp1787.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Birth Order; Child Care; Dual-Career Families; Fertility; Gender Differences; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper documents some distinct and surprising patterns of specialization among new parents in the NLSY79. Child gender has significant effects on the labor supply of both mothers and father, and these effects are opposite at the two ends of the education spectrum – boys reduce specialization among the college-educated and increase specialization among parents with less than a high school education. Estimates from the recent American Time Use Survey are generally consistent with the NLSY79 findings, and indicate that highly educated parents devote more child care time to young sons. The labor supply results are inconsistent with previous research that found boys substantially increase the work hours of their fathers relative to girls but have no effect on mother's work hours. Possible explanations for the heterogeneous responses to sons and daughters across education groups include a bias towards same-sex parental inputs as desired child quality increases and child gender effects on the relative bargaining power of the mother and father. No evidence of improved maternal bargaining power can be found in the leisure consumption of mothers of young sons in the ATUS, but patterns in parental child care time suggest gender differences in child production functions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly. "Division of Labor by New Parents: Does Child Gender Matter?" IZA Discussion Paper No. 1787, Institute for the Study of Labor, September 2005. |
3968. |
Lundberg, Shelly |
Division of Labor in Exigency: Work Hours of New Parents in the NLSY79 Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Economic Association Meeting, January 2005. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2005/0108_1430_0601.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Dual-Career Families; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Excerpt from Introduction: In this paper, I examine the determinants of the work hours of married female respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) and their husbands during the 3 years following a first birth. There are a number of reasons to think that labor supply decisions during this short period could have long-term consequences for the economic independence of the mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly. "Division of Labor in Exigency: Work Hours of New Parents in the NLSY79." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Economic Association Meeting, January 2005. |
3969. |
Lundberg, Shelly |
Men and Islands: Dealing with the Family in Empirical Labor Economics Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Washington, March 2005. Also: http://www.econ.washington.edu/user/Lundberg/Men_LE.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Washington Keyword(s): Fatherhood; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Forthcoming in Labour Economics I would like to suggest that family arrangements in the developed world have become, over the past few decades, so complex, so varied, and so transitory that the key work-family problem facing labor economists is the simultaneity of individual decisions in these two domains. The presence of a partner, wife, or child in a man's household influence his work effort and his earnings, but are also influenced by his past labor market decisions, current constraints, and his expectations about future opportunities. With widespread increases in divorce, cohabitation, and nonmarital childbearing, men are far more likely to be marginal decision-makers with respect to family status domains such as marriage and custodial parenthood, and these decisions are closely connected to a man's strategies as an individual worker and investor. Demographic changes have practical implications both for the returns to marriage and costs of children literature, and for labor economists who use family status measures as controls for unobserved productivity. No single econometric technique or set of techniques can "solve" the family-work simultaneity problem, but a recognition that the world has changed in a way that makes a clear separation between family economics and labor economics impossible can improve our modeling of, and understanding of, work and income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly. "Men and Islands: Dealing with the Family in Empirical Labor Economics." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Washington, March 2005. |
3970. |
Lundberg, Shelly |
Men and Islands: Dealing with the Family in Empirical Labor Economics Presented: Lisbon, Portugal, European Association of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, September 2004. Also: http://www.econ.washington.edu/user/Lundberg/Men_LE.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: European Association of Labour Economists Keyword(s): Family Studies; Fatherhood; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I would like to suggest that family arrangements in the developed world have become, over the past few decades, so complex, so varied, and so transitory that the key work-family problem facing labor economists is the simultaneity of individual decisions in these two domains. The presence of a partner, wife, or child in a man's household influence his work effort and his earnings, but are also influenced by his past labor market decisions, current constraints, and his expectations about future opportunities. With widespread increases in divorce, cohabitation, and nonmarital childbearing, men are far more likely to be marginal decision-makers with respect to family status domains such as marriage and custodial parenthood, and these decisions are closely connected to a man's strategies as an individual worker and investor. Demographic changes have practical implications both for the returns to marriage and costs of children literature, and for labor economists who use family status measures as controls for unobserved productivity. No single econometric technique or set of techniques can "solve" the family-work simultaneity problem, but a recognition that the world has changed in a way that makes a clear separation between family economics and labor economics impossible can improve our modeling of, and understanding of, work and income. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly. "Men and Islands: Dealing with the Family in Empirical Labor Economics." Presented: Lisbon, Portugal, European Association of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, September 2004. |
3971. |
Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Adolescent Premarital Childbearing: Do Economic Incentives Matter? Journal of Labor Economics 13,2 (April 1995): 177-200. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535102 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cost-Benefit Studies; Family Planning; Household Composition; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling; Parental Marital Status; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Religion; State Welfare; Welfare An empirical model is developed of adolescent premarital childbearing in which a woman's decisions affect a sequence of outcomes: premarital pregnancy, pregnancy resolution, and the occurrence of marriage before the birth. State welfare, abortion, and family planning policies alter the costs and benefits of these outcomes. For white adolescents, welfare, abortion, and family planning policy variables have significant effects on these outcomes consistent with theoretical expectations. Black adolescents' behavior shows no association with the policy variables. The different racial results may reflect differences in sample size or important unmeasured racial differences in factors that influence fertility and marital behavior. (ABI/Inform) |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Robert D. Plotnick. "Adolescent Premarital Childbearing: Do Economic Incentives Matter?" Journal of Labor Economics 13,2 (April 1995): 177-200.
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3972. |
Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Adolescent Premarital Childbearing: Do Opportunity Costs Matter? Discussion Paper No. 926-90, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavioral Differences; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Planning; Household Composition; Medicaid/Medicare; Racial Differences; Religion; State Welfare; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study develops an empirical model of adolescent premarital childbearing which emphasizes the influence of opportunity costs. The model estimates determinants of premarital pregnancy, the choice to abort or carry to teem, and whether a marriage occurs before the birth. The sample is from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The long-run opportunity costs are the predicted effects of premarital childbearing on own future wages and welfare benefits. State variables on abortion and family planning policy and availability, which are proxies for the costs of abortion and avoiding pregnancy, represent short-run costs. For white adolescents, the long-run wage measure has statistically significant effects on abortion and pregnancy outcomes that are consistent with theoretical expectations. Their behavior also is associated with welfare, abortion, and family planning policy variables in directions consistent with an opportunity-cost model of behavior. Black adolescents' behavior shows no association with the opportunity-cost or policy variables. This may be a function of sample size. It may also be that there are important unmeasured racial differences in the factors that influence fertility and marital behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Robert D. Plotnick. "Adolescent Premarital Childbearing: Do Opportunity Costs Matter?" Discussion Paper No. 926-90, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1990. |
3973. |
Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Effects of State Welfare, Abortion, and Family Planning Policies on Premarital Childbearing Among White Adolescents Family Planning Perspectives 22,6 (November-December 1990): 246-251+275. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135680 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Planning; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Government Regulation; Marital Status; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the impact of public policies and programs on the probability and resolution of premarital pregnancies. Data from the 1979-1986 NLSY fertility and marital histories of a sample of young white women who were ages 14-16 in 1979 are examined. Various measures of a state's abortion funding policies, the restrictiveness of its abortion laws, the availability of family planning services, the extent of welfare benefits, and proportions of women at risk of unintended pregnancies are developed. It was found that: (1) laws restricting contraceptive availability were associated with a higher risk of pregnancy; (2) policies restricting public funding of abortion reduced the likelihood that young women would obtain an abortion; and (3) higher welfare benefits reduced the probability that pregnant teenagers would marry before the birth of their child. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Robert D. Plotnick. "Effects of State Welfare, Abortion, and Family Planning Policies on Premarital Childbearing Among White Adolescents." Family Planning Perspectives 22,6 (November-December 1990): 246-251+275.
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3974. |
Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Measuring Lifetime Earnings Losses Caused by Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Earnings; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Hispanics; Labor Force Participation; Marital Stability; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the effect of early childbearing, both with and without an early marriage, on a young woman's future potential earnings using data from the NLSY. The approach used differs from others in that it: (1) examines both married and unmarried teenage mothers in order to isolate the effect of premarital childbearing from that of early childbearing; (2) corrects for selection biases which may arise from choices to participate in the labor market or from fertility and marriage choices; and (3) estimates the long term impact on earnings of early and premarital births, instead of a one year snapshot of this impact. It was found that a premarital birth leads to a substantial long-term reduction of earnings for white and Hispanic girls, but has essentially no effect on black girls' earnings. The results are strikingly consistent with the suggestion, based largely on casual, qualitative and journalistic evidence, that high rates of black premarital childbearing partly result because the labor market opportunities facing adolescent blacks are so poor that they sacrifice few long run earnings by not postponing motherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Robert D. Plotnick. "Measuring Lifetime Earnings Losses Caused by Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Population Association of America Meetings, 1989. |
3975. |
Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Teenage Childbearing and Adult Wages Discussion Papers in Economics No. 90-24, Seattle WA: Department of Economics, University of Washington, August 1990. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/washer/90-24.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Washington Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Maternal Employment; Religion; Wages, Adult Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper estimates the effect of early childbearing on a young woman s future wages using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. By following both married and unmarried teenage mothers we isolate the effect of premarital childbearing from that of early childbearing. Our methodology differs from that of earlier work, in that we estimate the long term impact on wages or early and premarital births. instead of a one year snapshot of this impact. and correct for selection biases due to labor market participation decisions, and to fertility and marriage choices. We find that a premarital birth leads to a long term reduction in wages for white women, but has no negative effects on black women's wages. A marital birth reduces wages substantially for whites and blacks. The results are consistent with the suggestion that rates of black premarital childbearing are high because the labor market opportunities facing adolescent blacks are so poor that they sacrifice nothing by becoming unwed mothers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Robert D. Plotnick. "Teenage Childbearing and Adult Wages." Discussion Papers in Economics No. 90-24, Seattle WA: Department of Economics, University of Washington, August 1990. |
3976. |
Lundberg, Shelly Plotnick, Robert D. |
Testing the Opportunity Cost Hypothesis of Adolescent Premarital Childbearing Presented: Toronto, ON, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. Also: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Differences; Child Care; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Contraception; Family Planning; Fathers, Absence; General Assessment; Home Environment; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study develops an empirical model of adolescent premarital childbearing which emphasizes the influence of opportunity costs. The model estimates determinants of premarital pregnancy, the choice to abort or carry to term, and whether a marriage occurs before the birth. The sample is from the NLSY. The long run opportunity costs are the effects of premarital childbearing on own future wages and welfare benefits. State variables on abortion and family planning policy and availability, which are proxies for the costs of abortion and avoiding pregnancy, represent short run costs. Young white women appear to systematically respond to differences in long run opportunity costs associated with different teenage fertility and marital outcomes. The long run wage measure has statistically significant effects on abortion and pregnancy outcomes that are consistent with theoretical expectations. Their behavior also is associated with welfare, abortion and family planning policy variables in directions consistent with an opportunity cost model of behavior. Black behavior shows no association with the opportunity cost or policy variables. This may be a function of sample size. It may also be that there are important unmeasured racial differences in the factors that influence fertility and marital behavior. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Robert D. Plotnick. "Testing the Opportunity Cost Hypothesis of Adolescent Premarital Childbearing." Presented: Toronto, ON, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
3977. |
Lundberg, Shelly Romich, Jennifer L. |
Maternal Labor Supply and Child Decision Power: Evidence on the Adultification Hypothesis Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Economic Association Meeting, January 2005. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2005/0108_1015_0201.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Family Structure; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we apply a bargaining model to predict how maternal employment may be related to children's power in making decisions about household resources and rules. The paper proceeds as follows. Section II. outlines a model of bargaining between parents and children. Next we overview the implications of this model for empirical investigations. Section IV contains a description of our sample drawn, from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child data (NLSY-C), and the decision-making indexes used as our key dependent variables. Results are presented on family structure, mothers' work and children's autonomous and shared participation in decision-making. We find little evidence to support the adultification hypothesis. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly and Jennifer L. Romich. "Maternal Labor Supply and Child Decision Power: Evidence on the Adultification Hypothesis." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Economic Association Meeting, January 2005. |
3978. |
Lundberg, Shelly Romich, Jennifer L. Tsang, Kwok Ping |
Decision-Making by Children Review of Economics of the Household 7,1 (March 2009): 1-30. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/618610672t3ml3r5/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Child Development; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children; Cognitive Ability; Ethnic Differences; Household Composition; Marital Disruption; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine the determinants of decision-making power by children and young adolescents. Moving beyond previous economic models that treat children as goods consumed by adults, we develop a noncooperative model of parental control of child behavior and child resistance. Using child reports of decision-making and psychological and cognitive measures from the NLSY79 Child Supplement, we examine the determinants of shared and sole decision-making based on indices created from seven domains of child activity. We find that the determinants of sole decision-making by the child and shared decision-making with parents are quite distinct: sharing decisions appears to be a form of parental investment in child development rather than a simple stage in the transfer of authority. In addition, we find that indicators of child capabilities and preferences affect reports of decision-making authority in ways that suggest child demand for autonomy as well as parental discretion in determining these outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly, Jennifer L. Romich and Kwok Ping Tsang. "Decision-Making by Children." Review of Economics of the Household 7,1 (March 2009): 1-30.
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3979. |
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes |
A Counterfactual Approach to the Black-White Differential in Family Trends: The Effect of a 'Total Institution' Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2004. DAI-A 65/06, p. 2373, Dec 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Economics of Minorities; Ethnic Studies; Family Studies; General Social Survey (GSS); Military Service; Modeling, Logit; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Survey of Active Duty Personnel (1999) Social scientists have noted an increasing divergence in family patterns between US blacks and whites, with the former experiencing markedly higher divorce, nonmarital childbearing and never-marrying rates. While the causality behind such racial divergence is complex, the current political climate tends to downplay economic explanations, emphasizing that differences are attributable primarily to individual and group level preferences. This dissertation exploits the military context as a unique way to reassess these issues. Most explanations forwarded for race differences in society find their counter in the military environment. For minorities, the military provides improved economic opportunity and stability. There is also evidence for an improved environment extending beyond simply socioeconomic parity, as evidenced by the military's comparatively high levels of racial desegregation and interracial marriage. Through a combination of event history and propensity score matching analyses using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that racial differences in family patterns, so prevalent in the civilian population, dramatically decrease or disappear. Military blacks and whites are each equally likely to marry. Divorce rates are reversed from the civilian pattern. Nonmarital childbearing is substantially reduced among blacks in the military relative to their civilian counterparts. In the second part of the dissertation I use the Survey of Active Duty Personnel to show how the military moderates many of the structural disadvantages of race. Using ordered category logistic regression, I find that, compared to military whites, military blacks consider their lives vastly improved from civilian life along all of those elements identified as lacking for many black Americans in civilian society. This is the case not only in ratings of improved economic conditions and related benefits, but also in ratings of overall happiness. The third part of the dissertation explores the "social contact hypothesis," comparing veterans with nonveterans in their behaviors and opinions related to race. Exploratory analyses using the General Social Survey show an association between increased tenure in the military and a pronounced lessening of racially discriminatory attitudes among white males. Overall, this dissertation highlights the experimental utility of the military environment in reevaluating traditional approaches to race stratification. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes. A Counterfactual Approach to the Black-White Differential in Family Trends: The Effect of a 'Total Institution'. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2004. DAI-A 65/06, p. 2373, Dec 2004. |
3980. |
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes |
The Black-White Gap in Marital Dissolution Among Young Adults: What Can a Counterfactual Scenario Tell Us? Social Problems 53,3 (August 2006): 421-441. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2006.53.3.421 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Formation; Family Studies; Military Personnel; Military Service; Racial Differences One of the most heavily studied subfields of family sociology is that of racial disparities in family formation trends. While divergent black-white patterns in divorce are well documented, their underlying causal factors are not well understood. Debates on whether such differences are due to socioeconomic compositional differences, cultural differences, or some degree of each continue to surface in the literature. In this article, I use the U.S. military as an institutional counterfactual to larger society because, I argue, it isolates many of the conditions commonly cited in the literature to explain race differences in divorce trends. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I find that, unlike their civilian counterparts, African American military enlistees have low divorce rates, even lower, it seems, than their fellow enlisted Caucasians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes. "The Black-White Gap in Marital Dissolution Among Young Adults: What Can a Counterfactual Scenario Tell Us?" Social Problems 53,3 (August 2006): 421-441.
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3981. |
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes |
When Race Makes No Difference: Marriage and the Military Social Forces 83,2 (December 2004): 731-758. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3598346 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Divorce; Marriage; Military Personnel; Military Service; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While "retreat from marriage" rates have been on the rise for all Americans, there has been an increasing divergence in family patterns between blacks and whites, with the former experiencing markedly higher divorce, nonmarital childbearing and never-marrying rates. Explanations generally focus on theories ranging from economic class stratification to normative differences. I examine racial marriage trends when removed from society and placed in a structural context that minimizes racial and economic stratification. I compare nuptial patterns within the military, a total institution in the Goffmanian sense, which serves as a natural control for the arguments presented in the literature on the retreat from marriage. Through a combination of event history and propensity score matching analyses using the NLSY79, I find that black-white difference in marriage patterns disappears in the military. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes. "When Race Makes No Difference: Marriage and the Military." Social Forces 83,2 (December 2004): 731-758.
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3982. |
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes Smith, Herbert L. |
Family Formation Among Women in the U.S. Military: Evidence from the NLSY Journal of Marriage and Family 67,1 (February 2005): 1-13. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00001.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Employment; Family Formation; Fertility; Marriage; Military Personnel; Military Service; Propensity Scores Although female employment is associated with lower levels of completed fertility in the civilian world, we find family formation rates among U.S. military women to be comparatively high. We compare enlisted women with civilian women using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N= 3,547), the only data set to measure simultaneously the nuptiality and fertility of both populations. Using propensity score matching, we show that the fertility effect derives primarily from early marriage in the military, a surprisingly 'family-friendly' institution. This shows that specific organizational and economic incentives in a working environment may offset the more widespread contemporary social and economic factors that otherwise depress marriage and fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundquist, Jennifer Michelle Hickes and Herbert L. Smith. "Family Formation Among Women in the U.S. Military: Evidence from the NLSY." Journal of Marriage and Family 67,1 (February 2005): 1-13.
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3983. |
Lundstrom, Samuel M. |
Essays in Labor Economics and Public Policy Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Irvine, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Academic Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Minimum Wage; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation I provide new evidence regarding the relationship between the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Achievement, and I present evidence relating to the optimal usage of minimum wage policy. In chapter one, I estimate the contemporaneous impact of the EITC on the achievement of children of single mothers. I find little evidence of a relationship. In chapter two I review a paper that was recently published in The American Economic Review , which finds a very strong positive relationship between the EITC and child achievement. I present evidence suggesting that this evidence is flawed. From the evidence presented in chapters one and two I conclude that, while it is certainly possible that the EITC affects child achievement, we are still looking for good evidence of an effect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lundstrom, Samuel M. Essays in Labor Economics and Public Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Irvine, 2016. |
3984. |
Luo, Sai |
Essays on Skills and Racial Gaps in the U.S. Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Cognitive Ability; Labor Market Outcomes; Male Sample; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this dissertation I establish some of the first evidence on the early career labor market experiences of young American men from the Millennial cohort. I also conduct a cross-cohort comparison of the early career outcomes of Millennials compared to their predecessors from the Baby Boomer cohort. The empirical analysis in this dissertation is facilitated by the 1997 and 1979 samples of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). First, I document the racial gaps in early career labor market trajectories of a cohort of early Millennial men (NLSY-97, born 1980-1984), and explore the driving forces behind them. Tracing the experiences of Black and white young men over their first eight years after school completion, I show that racial gaps in various labor market outcomes opened up immediately post-schooling, and largely persisted over the subsequent years. In particular, I find that measured Black-white disparities in accumulated education and skills, especially cognitive skills, play the central role in explaining the observed racial gaps in employment and earnings. Second, I compare how the racial labor market gaps have changed between the Baby Boomers (NLSY-79, born 1957-1964) add these Millennials. Both Black and white men in the older cohort experienced upward-sloping trajectories in employment and earnings in the first four to five years post-schooling. In the younger cohort, the labor market trajectories, especially for employment, were comparatively flatter both for Black men and for white men. Relative to the older cohort, a larger share of the racial employment and earnings gaps in the younger cohort cannot be explained by measured racial differences in observable premarket characteristics. Yet education and skills remain the key explanatory factor among observable characteristics. Third, in co-authored work, we examine how the wage returns to cognitive skills have evolved across cohorts of white men in the U.S. labor market. We show that the distribution of measured cognitive skills has diverged between the NLSY-79 and the NLSY-97. This divergence has a meaningful impact on estimated returns to cognitive skills. We explore why this divergence has occurred, considering both economic and measurement explanations, and we conclude that the conventional wisdom of a declining return to cognitive skills may well be incorrect. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luo, Sai. Essays on Skills and Racial Gaps in the U.S. Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2020. |
3985. |
Luo, Shaung |
The Effects of Parental Marital Change on Cohabitation Behavior of Young Adulthood Presented: Honolulu, HI, Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, June 2003. Also: http://www.hicsocial.org/Social2003Proceedings/Shuang%20Luo%201.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Hawaii International Conferences Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using 2000 NLSY79 Youth and NLSY79 Young Adult, this study examines the intergenerational effects of parental marital experience on the cohabitation behaviors of children in their young adulthood. Consistent with previous findings, divorce alone proved to have no relevance to children's probability early cohabitation. On the other hand, remarriage and the number of mother's spouse/partners are found to be positively related to early cohabitation of daughters, especially if mother's remarriage occurred between age 6 and 12, indicating an erosion effect of parental marital change at younger age (before age 6) and buffering effect at older age (after age 13). The fact that mothers' remarriage has stronger effect on daughters than sons may be explained from role model and socialization point of view. Also, the effect is stronger for white females, suggesting the difference among low-divorce populations and high-divorce ones in terms of susceptibility to the deleterious impact of parental marital change. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luo, Shaung. "The Effects of Parental Marital Change on Cohabitation Behavior of Young Adulthood." Presented: Honolulu, HI, Hawaii International Conference on Social Sciences, June 2003. |
3986. |
Lusardi, Annamaria |
Financial Literacy: An Essential Tool for Informed Consumer Choice? NBER Working Paper 14084, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14084 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Demography; Economics of Minorities; Financial Investments; Literacy; Savings Increasingly, individuals are in charge of their own financial security and are confronted with ever more complex financial instruments. However, there is evidence that many individuals are not well-equipped to make sound saving decisions. This paper demonstrates widespread financial illiteracy among the U.S. population, particularly among specific demographic groups. Those with low education, women, African-Americans, and Hispanics display particularly low levels of literacy. Financial literacy impacts financial decision-making. Failure to plan for retirement, lack of participation in the stock market, and poor borrowing behavior can all be linked to ignorance of basic financial concepts. While financial education programs can result in improved saving behavior and financial decision-making, much can be done to improve these programs' effectiveness. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lusardi, Annamaria. "Financial Literacy: An Essential Tool for Informed Consumer Choice?" NBER Working Paper 14084, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. |
3987. |
Luscombe, Belinda |
Wealth Matters: People with Stuff Are More Likely to Marry Time, October 12, 2011. Also: http://healthland.time.com/2011/10/12/wealth-matters-people-with-stuff-are-more-likely-to-marry/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Time Inc. Keyword(s): Assets; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. People who have more personal wealth -- in the form of a car, say, or a small nest egg -- are more likely to get married than those who have less, according to an analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. It's further evidence, as if it were needed, that money and marriage are becoming increasingly intertwined in ways that are not yet fully understood. [News media article based on Schneider, Daniel J. "Wealth and the Marital Divide." American Journal of Sociology 117,2 (September 2011): 627-667] |
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Bibliography Citation
Luscombe, Belinda. "Wealth Matters: People with Stuff Are More Likely to Marry." Time, October 12, 2011. |
3988. |
Luster, Thomas Boger, Robert Hannan, Kristi |
Infant Affect and Home Environment Presented: Montreal, QC, Seventh International Conference on Infant Studies, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavior; Bias Decomposition; Child Development; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Influences; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study is concerned with the relation between infant affect and quality of the home environment. Past research examining the relation between infant irritability and parenting behavior has produced inconsistent findings. The hypothesis that infant irritability is most likely to be negatively correlated with the quality of the home environment in families which would be considered to be "at-risk" based on characteristics of the mother (e.g., low self-esteem or low maternal intelligence) or contextual characteristics (e.g., living in poverty or having several other children to care for) was tested in this study. A second hypothesis tested in this study is that positive affect on the part of the infant is more strongly related to the quality of care the infant receives in high-risk environments than in low risk environments. In other words, a cheerful disposition may be a protective factor in high-risk environments. These hypotheses were tested with data from the Children of the NLSY. Little support was found for the first hypothesis. Infant irritability was negatively correlated with the quality of the home environment in both high-risk and low-risk families. Support was found for the second hypothesis among infants who were greater than 12 months of age. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas, Robert Boger and Kristi Hannan. "Infant Affect and Home Environment." Presented: Montreal, QC, Seventh International Conference on Infant Studies, 1990. |
3989. |
Luster, Thomas Dubow, Eric F. |
Home Environment and Maternal Intelligence as Predictors of Verbal Intelligence: A Comparison of Preschool and School Age Children Working Paper, Department of Family and Child Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1989 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Family and Child Ecology, Michigan State University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intelligence; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For an idea of the contents, see, citation number 1406 by the same author in this bibliography. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Eric F. Dubow. "Home Environment and Maternal Intelligence as Predictors of Verbal Intelligence: A Comparison of Preschool and School Age Children." Working Paper, Department of Family and Child Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1989. |
3990. |
Luster, Thomas Dubow, Eric F. |
Home Environment and Maternal Intelligence as Predictors of Verbal Intelligence: A Comparison of Preschool and School Age Children Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 38,2 (April 1992): 151-175. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ441933&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ441933 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wayne State University Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intelligence; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. ERIC document: EJ441933 This study examines the extent to which home environment and maternal intelligence are predictive of verbal intelligence in two groups of children -- 3-5 year-olds and 6-8 year-olds. Data on approximately 2000 children from the NLSY merged mother-child data set were used for this study. Hierarchical regression was used to assess the relative contribution of home environment and maternal intelligence to children's verbal intelligence as measured by the PPVT-R. For both groups of children, there was a significant relation between home environment and children's verbal intelligence when the effect of maternal intelligence was statistically controlled. Likewise, maternal intelligence was a significant predictor of PPVT-R scores when the effect of home environment was partialled out. For the preschoolers, the effects of home environment and maternal intelligence were of comparable magnitude. For the elementary school children, maternal intelligence was a stronger predictor of PPVT-R scores than home environment. A developmental perspective is used to explain why earlier studies examining these relations have produced inconsistent results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Eric F. Dubow. "Home Environment and Maternal Intelligence as Predictors of Verbal Intelligence: A Comparison of Preschool and School Age Children." Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 38,2 (April 1992): 151-175.
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3991. |
Luster, Thomas Dubow, Eric F. |
Home Environment and Maternal Intelligence as Predictors of Verbal Intelligence: A Comparison of Preschool and School-Age Children Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intelligence; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For an idea of the contents, see, citation number 1406 by the author. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Eric F. Dubow. "Home Environment and Maternal Intelligence as Predictors of Verbal Intelligence: A Comparison of Preschool and School-Age Children." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
3992. |
Luster, Thomas Dubow, Eric F. |
Predictors of the Quality of the Home Environment Adolescent Mothers Provide for Their School-Age Children Journal of Youth and Adolescence 19,5 (October 1990): 475-494. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/jp745433m0193500/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Bias Decomposition; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Structure; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The primary question addressed in this study is: what factors distinguish between adolescent mothers with school-age children who are providing relatively supportive home environments for their children, and their peers who are providing less supportive care? Data from the Children of the NLSY data set were used to address this question. Variables from four major categories were useful in identifying mothers who were at greatest risk for providing less supportive environments: (1) characteristics of the mother, (2) characteristics of the family of origin, (3) current SES level, and (4) the composition of the mother's household. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Eric F. Dubow. "Predictors of the Quality of the Home Environment Adolescent Mothers Provide for Their School-Age Children." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 19,5 (October 1990): 475-494.
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3993. |
Luster, Thomas McAdoo, Harriette Pipes |
Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children Child Development 65,4 (August 1994): 1080-1094. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00804.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Deviance; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Self-Esteem; Simultaneity Recent studies have shown that children are most likely to experience academic or behavioral problems when they are exposed to several risk factors (i.e., poverty, large family size) simultaneously. This study utilizes data from the NLSY to examine factors related to the achievement and adjustment of black children in the early elementary grades. Consistent with past research, there was a direct relation between the number of risk factors to which children were exposed and the probability that they were experiencing academic or behavioral problems. Positive outcomes (scoring in the top quartile for this sample) were associated with high scores on an "advantage index". |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Harriette Pipes McAdoo. "Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young African American Children." Child Development 65,4 (August 1994): 1080-1094.
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3994. |
Luster, Thomas McAdoo, Harriette Pipes |
Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young Black Children Presented: Seattle, WA, Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meetings, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Black Studies; Family Size; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies have shown that children are most likely to experience academic or behavioral problems when they are exposed to several risk factors (i.e., poverty, large family size) simultaneously. This study utilizes data from the NLSY to examine factors related to the achievement and adjustment of black children in the early elementary grades. Consistent with past research, there was a direct relation between the number of risk factors to which children were exposed and the probability that they were experiencing academic or behavioral problems. Positive outcomes (scoring in the top quartile for this sample) were associated with high scores on an "advantage index". |
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Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Harriette Pipes McAdoo. "Factors Related to the Achievement and Adjustment of Young Black Children." Presented: Seattle, WA, Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meetings, April 1991. |
3995. |
Luthra, Renee Flashman, Jennifer A. Yammer Microsoft |
Who Benefits Most from a University Degree?: A Cross-National Comparison of Selection and Wage Returns in the US, UK, and Germany Research in Higher Education 58,8 (December 2017): 843-878. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-017-9451-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Degree; Cross-national Analysis; Educational Returns; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent research on economic returns to higher education in the United States suggests that those with the highest wage returns to a college degree are least likely to obtain one. We extend the study of heterogeneous returns to tertiary education across multiple institutional contexts, investigating how the relationship between wage returns and the propensity to complete a degree varies by the level of expansion, differentiation, and cost of higher education. Drawing on panel data and matching techniques, we compare findings from the US with selection into degree completion in Germany and the UK. Contrary to previous studies, we find little evidence for population level heterogeneity in economic returns to higher education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Luthra, Renee, Jennifer A. Flashman and Yammer Microsoft. "Who Benefits Most from a University Degree?: A Cross-National Comparison of Selection and Wage Returns in the US, UK, and Germany." Research in Higher Education 58,8 (December 2017): 843-878.
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3996. |
Lvovskiy, Lev |
Three Essays on Income Dynamics and Demographic Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 studies the dramatic transformation that the typical American family has undergone since the 1950s. Marriage and fertility have been delayed, while single-motherhood rates have increased. The link between these facts emanates from the greater delay in marriage than that in first births. As "the Gap" between the age at first birth and the age at first marriage becomes negative for some women, out-of-wedlock first births increase. In my analyses, I focus on the increase in income inequality and the decrease in income mobility -- observed across two National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) cohorts of women -- to account for the above facts using an equilibrium two-sided search framework in which agents make marriage and fertility choices over the life-cycle. Marriage is a commitment device for consumption-sharing, providing spouses with partial insurance against idiosyncratic earnings risk. Agents derive utility from children, but children also involve a risky commitment to future monetary and time costs. According to my model, two observed trends in the income process produce these changes in the respective timings of marriage and fertility. First, the increase in income inequality produces incentives to delay marriage. Since single women tend to face higher income risk than do married women, all else being equal, a decline in marriages when young implies delayed births, which are perceived to be risky. Second, the decrease in income mobility also delays marriage as the insurance value of marriage decreases but accelerates fertility because it becomes less risky to have a child. The model qualitatively matches the observed changes in family formation and quantitatively accounts for a significant portion of the observed changes in marriage and fertility timing between the two NLSY cohorts. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lvovskiy, Lev. Three Essays on Income Dynamics and Demographic Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2017. |
3997. |
Lyerly, Jordan E. Reeve, Charlie L. |
Evaluating the Unique Effects of Cognitive Ability and Parental Socioeconomic Status on Adult Dietary Behaviors and Receipt of Preventive Health Services Intelligence 47 (November-December 2014): 113-121. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289614001366 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Health Care; Income; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Some research has shown that both cognitive ability and parental socioeconomic status (parental SES) predict dietary behaviors and receipt of preventive health services later in life. However, previous research has not attempted to disentangle these effects while also examining important mediators such as education level and income. Based on a sample of 4078 individuals drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examined the unique effects of g and parental SES on adult dietary behaviors and receipt of preventive health services. Overall, the results suggest that there is essentially little direct unique effect of cognitive ability or parental SES on adult dietary behaviors and receipt of preventive health services. However, the total effects of cognitive ability and parental SES on adult dietary behaviors and receipt of preventive health services showed that higher levels of cognitive ability and parental SES were associated with healthier dietary habits and receipt of health services due to their effects on educational attainment and adult income. The findings may have implications for health education materials and access to healthcare. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lyerly, Jordan E. and Charlie L. Reeve. "Evaluating the Unique Effects of Cognitive Ability and Parental Socioeconomic Status on Adult Dietary Behaviors and Receipt of Preventive Health Services." Intelligence 47 (November-December 2014): 113-121.
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3998. |
Lynch, Lisa M. |
Private Sector Training and Its Impact on the Earnings of Young Workers NBER Working Paper No. 2872, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W2872 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Job Training; Private Sector; Racial Differences; Training; Unions; Wages, Youth While there have been numerous studies devoted to examining the impact of governmental training programs on workers who have experienced difficulties in the labor market, there has been remarkably little research on the actual occurrence and consequences of training provided by the private sector in the U.S. Using data from the NLSY, this paper analyzes how personal characteristics including employment histories, and local demand conditions determine the probability of receiving training and its effect on wages and wage growth of young workers. More specifically, some of the issues addressed here include the relative importance of training and tenure for wage determination and the rate of return to company provided training compared to the rate of return to training received outside the firm and schooling. The portability of company training from employer to employer and the existence of differentials in the returns to training by union status, race and sex are also investigated. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Lisa M. "Private Sector Training and Its Impact on the Earnings of Young Workers." NBER Working Paper No. 2872, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989. |
3999. |
Lynch, Lisa M. |
Private-sector Training and the Earnings of Young Workers American Economic Review 82,1 (March 1992): 299-312. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117617 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Training; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Slower productivity growth rates are the result of companies' poor training policies and poor training decisions made by workers. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey youth cohort is used to study the formal training process in the private sector. Some 70% of young employees are not college graduates. Research indicates that private-sector training programs are a key factor in determining the growth of wages in this group of young employees. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Lisa M. "Private-sector Training and the Earnings of Young Workers." American Economic Review 82,1 (March 1992): 299-312.
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4000. |
Lynch, Lisa M. |
The Impact of Private Sector Training on Race and Gender Wage Differentials and the Career Patterns of Young Workers NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-8, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1991. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl910030.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; Career Patterns; Clare Jellick; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Job Training; Mobility; Project Talent; Racial Differences; Skill Formation; Training; Training, Off-the-Job; Training, On-the-Job Although there has been increasing attention paid by policy makers and researchers to the topic of U.S. firms' skill formation or training strategies, relatively little is known about the nature of private sector training in the U.S. This in-progress research focuses on two issues that should help develop our understanding of firms' training policies in the U.S. and how such policies affect wages and career patterns of young workers. The two issues to be examined are: (1) race and gender differences in the acquisition of and returns to private sector training; and (2) the impact of private sector training on the job mobility and career paths of young workers. Using data from the NLSY, the analysis will utilize the detailed survey questions on "training from other sources" to examine the training/wage/career patterns of these young workers with special emphasis on race and gender differences. By distinguishing between on-the-job training, training acquired off-the-job, and apprenticeship, this research seeks to identify what proportion of the wage differential for males and females and whites and blacks is explained by differences in the probability of receiving different types of training and what proportion is due to different rates of return to training for these groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Lisa M. "The Impact of Private Sector Training on Race and Gender Wage Differentials and the Career Patterns of Young Workers." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-8, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1991. |