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Author: Chou, Shin-Yi

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1.	Baum, Charles L., II Chou, Shin-Yi
1.	The Socio-Economic Causes of Obesity Working Paper No. 17423. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17423 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Obesity; Socioeconomic Factors; Urbanization/Urban Living An increasing number of Americans are obese, with a body mass index of 30 or more. In fact, the latest estimates indicate that about 30% of Americans are currently obese, which is roughly a 100% increase from 25 years ago. It is well accepted that weight gain is caused by caloric imbalance, where more calories are consumed than expended. Nevertheless, it is not clear why the prevalence of obesity has increased so dramatically over the last 30 years. We simultaneously estimate the effects of the various socio-economic factors on weight status, considering in our analysis many of the socio-economic factors that have been identified by other researchers as important influences on caloric imbalance: employment, physical activity at work, food prices, the prevalence of restaurants, cigarette smoking, cigarette prices and taxes, food stamp receipt, and urbanization. We use 1979- and 1997-cohort National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, which allows us to compare the prevalence of obesity between cohorts surveyed roughly 25 years apart. Using the traditional Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that cigarette smoking has the largest effect: the decline in cigarette smoking explains about 2% of the increase in the weight measures. The other significant factors explain less.
	Bibliography Citation Baum, Charles L., II and Shin-Yi Chou. "The Socio-Economic Causes of Obesity." Working Paper No. 17423. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

2.	Baum, Charles L., II Chou, Shin-Yi
2.	Why Has the Prevalence of Obesity Doubled? Review of Economics of the Household 14,2 (June 2016): 251-267. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-015-9298-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Obesity; Urbanization/Urban Living; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The prevalence of obesity has doubled over the last 25 years. We estimate the effects of multiple socio-environmental factors (e.g., physical demands at work, restaurants, food prices, cigarette smoking, food stamps, and urban sprawl) on obesity using NLSY data. Then we use the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition technique to approximate the contribution of each socio-environmental factor to the increase during this time. Many socio-environmental factors significantly affect weight, but none are able to explain a large portion of the obesity increase. Decreases in cigarette smoking consistently explains about 2–4 % of the increase in obesity and BMI. Food stamp receipt also consistently affects the measures of weight, but the small decrease in food stamp program participation during the period we examine actually dampened the increases in obesity and BMI. Collectively, the socio-environmental factors we examine never explain more than about 6.5 % of the weight increases.
	Bibliography Citation Baum, Charles L., II and Shin-Yi Chou. "Why Has the Prevalence of Obesity Doubled?" Review of Economics of the Household 14,2 (June 2016): 251-267.

3.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
3.	Fast Food Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity Presented: Atlanta, GA, Twenty-Sixth Annual APPAM Research Conference, "Creating and Using Evidence in Public Policy Analysis and Management", October 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood obesity around the world, and particularly in the United States, is an escalating problem that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. Finding the causes for childhood obesity is key in its prevention. In this paper we employ two panel data sets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, and the Mother-Child National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, to estimate the effects of fast food advertising on overweight in children and adolescents....Limiting fast food advertising on television might be drastic, but knowing what effect it has on childhood obesity in the first place is an important step in knowing what could be done to prevent it. The Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission, pressed by ACT (Action for Children's Television) in the past has made attempts to limit commercials during hours of children's programming yet faced angry opposition by candy, cereal, toy, and advertising industries (Krasnow et al. 1982). Parental control might thus be more effective. Preliminary results in this paper show that fast food advertising can possibly affect children's and adolescents' body mass indexes and probabilities of being overweight, particularly for adolescent females.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast Food Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Twenty-Sixth Annual APPAM Research Conference, "Creating and Using Evidence in Public Policy Analysis and Management", October 2004.

4.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
4.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity NBER Working Paper No. 11879, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11879.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Childhood obesity around the world, and particularly in the United States, is an escalating problem that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents being overweight. The advertising measure used is the number of hours of spot television fast-food restaurant advertising messages seen per week. Our results indicate that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3-11 in a fixed population by 10 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12-18 by 12 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 3 and 5 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be banned completely from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." NBER Working Paper No. 11879, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

5.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
5.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0106_1015_2004.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood obesity around the world, and particularly in the United States, is an escalating problem that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child-Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents being overweight. The advertising measure used is the number of hours of spot television fast-food restaurant advertising messages seen per week. Our results indicate that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3-11 in a fixed population by 18 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12-18 by 14 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 5 and 7 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be banned completely from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007.

6.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
6.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity The Journal of Law and Economics 51,4 (November 2008): 599-618. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/590132 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Market Level Data; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Childhood obesity is an escalating problem around the world that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child–Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of television fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents with respect to being overweight. A ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3–11 in a fixed population by 18 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12–18 by 14 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 5 and 7 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be completely banned from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." The Journal of Law and Economics 51,4 (November 2008): 599-618.

7.	Liu, Echu Hsiao, Cheng Matsumoto, Tomoya Chou, Shin-Yi
7.	Maternal Full-Time Employment and Overweight Children: Parametric, Semi-Parametric, and Non-Parametric Assessment Journal of Econometrics 152,1 (September 2009): 61-69. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609000542 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Children; Fathers, Presence; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Obesity; Weight We use the matched mother-child data from the 2000 wave of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) to assess the impact of full-time working mothers on children's body mass index (BMI) and the likelihood of becoming overweight. Parametric, semi-parametric and non-parametric methods are employed to correct the bias of selection on observables and unobservables. Pros and cons of various methods are discussed and specification tests are conducted. In general, we find that a mother's full-time employment does have some impact on her children's BMI and likelihood of becoming overweight across models and inference procedures. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Econometrics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
	Bibliography Citation Liu, Echu, Cheng Hsiao, Tomoya Matsumoto and Shin-Yi Chou. "Maternal Full-Time Employment and Overweight Children: Parametric, Semi-Parametric, and Non-Parametric Assessment." Journal of Econometrics 152,1 (September 2009): 61-69.

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