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Author: Liu, Haiyong
Resulting in 9 citations.
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Liu, Haiyong |
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A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, November 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Endogeneity; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Simultaneity; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates how women's migration and labor supply behaviors respond to changes in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) policies and labor market conditions. It also traces out how these responses influence educational inputs and child outcomes. The research approach incorporates a new empirical framework for characterizing the simultaneity and endogeneity of decision making about migration, welfare program participation, and labor supply, recognizing that all of the decisions could impact their children's acheivement outcomes. No other paper had linked migration and work decisions to welfare participation and the impacts of welfare policies on children. Preliminary results show that poor and low-educated single women with children do change their residential locations in response to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions. The magnitude of this response in the form of migration, however, is modest. In addition, such policy changes often have large and important impacts on particular at-risk groups. For example, increases in a state's welfare benefits can significantly increase the fraction of in-migrants who newly decide to enter welfare. Similarly, the impacts on the children of those women who would move out of state in the presence of work requirements are large. On average, using New York as an example, their children's achievment test scores would fall by 3.5 percentile points because of their mothers' new relocation decisions. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, November 2002. |
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Liu, Haiyong |
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A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development Working Paper, Department of Economics, East Carolina University, September 2004. Also: http://www.ecu.edu/econ/wp/04/migration_welfare_liu.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, East Carolina University Keyword(s): Labor Supply; Migration; Mothers and Daughters; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates how women's migration and labor supply behaviors respond to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions, controlling for endogenous initial residence and unobserved heterogeneity. It also traces out how these responses influence educational inputs and child outcomes. The simulation results show that poor and low-educated single women with children do change their residential locations in response to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions. The magnitude of this response in the form of migration, however, is modest. More importantly, such policy changes often have large and important impacts on particular at-risk groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development." Working Paper, Department of Economics, East Carolina University, September 2004. |
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Liu, Haiyong |
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A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 22,1 (March 2008): 23-71. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2007.00403.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: CEIS and Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Endogeneity; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Migration; Mothers and Daughters; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Simultaneity; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates how women's migration and labor supply behaviors respond to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions, controlling for endogenous initial residence and unobserved heterogeneity. It also traces out how these responses influence educational inputs and child outcomes. The simulation results show that poor and low-educated single women with children do change their residential locations in response to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions. The magnitude of this response in the form of migration is rather modest. More importantly, however, such policy changes often have large and important impacts on particular at-risk groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 22,1 (March 2008): 23-71.
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Liu, Haiyong |
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Growing Up Poor and Childhood Weight Problems IRP Discussion Paper no. DP 1324-07, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, April 2007. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp132407.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Children, Poverty; Family Income; Obesity; Poverty; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the impact of growing up in poverty on the risk of childhood weight problems. Understanding the effect of family income on childhood weight problems is important, but has been hindered by the potential endogeneity of family income. We use matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to study the effects of growing up poor on risks of childhood overweight and underweight, accounting for unobserved heterogeneity that governs both children's weight and family income. We also estimate the impacts of family income on a child's weight measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) at different points in the conditional distribution of children's weight, using a two-stage residual inclusion least absolute deviation approach. Our results show that the mean effects of poverty exposure on risks of obesity and underweight are not statistically different from zero, accounting for the endogeneity of family income. More importantly we find that growing up poor increases a child's BMI by 14.7 percent if her BMI is at the 90th quantile of her cohort's BMI distribution and reduces her BMI by 12.7 percent if her BMI is at the 10th quantile. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "Growing Up Poor and Childhood Weight Problems." IRP Discussion Paper no. DP 1324-07, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, April 2007. |
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Liu, Haiyong |
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Participation in Food Assistance, Maternal Employment, and Child Obesity Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Maternal Employment; Obesity; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a comprehensive data set from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study examines the effects of Food Stamp Program (FSP) and maternal employment on the risk of obesity among children who live in single-mother families. Incorporating the endogenous decisions on participation in FSP and maternal employment, this study will evaluate the effects of demographic and economic factors on the probability of taking up public food assistance programs, as well as the impacts of FSP participation and maternal employment on the risk of obesity among impoverished children. The study provides important new insights into the determinants of both public food assistance program participation and maternal work decisions and into the way in which both choices interact in influencing child weight outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "Participation in Food Assistance, Maternal Employment, and Child Obesity." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006. |
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Liu, Haiyong |
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Participation in Food Assistance, Maternal Employment, and Child Obesity Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. Also: http://healtheconomics.us/conference/2006/abstracts/06/06/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE) Keyword(s): Child Health; Endogeneity; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Maternal Employment; Obesity; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Rationale: The effect of Food Stamp Program (FSP) participation on mitigating food insecurity and childhood obesity is likely to be confounded with maternal employment decisions. For instance, supplemental food subsidies may free up mothers' time spent in home production, namely food preparation, and enable them to work away from home. It is important to account for the potential income effect and substitution effect when assessing the effects of the FSP on weight health outcomes because both income and maternal time are crucial inputs for child health. Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of poverty, FSP, and maternal employment on the risk of obesity in early childhood. Methodology: This study investigates the interactions between poverty, FSP participation, and maternal employment, as well as their impacts on the risk of obesity among children who are raised in single mother families. The main data source in this study is from the matched mother/child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Utilizing the full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method, the empirical model estimates the joint decisions of FSP enrollment and maternal employment along with child health (weight) production function simultaneously to account for the potential endogeneity of these health inputs. The identification strategy used in this paper exploits the time series interactions of all current and lagged exogenous variables and a set of instruments that capture the variations of welfare regulations across states and over time. Results: The results suggest that FSP participation mitigates the risk of childhood obesity among the poor while maternal employment is positively linked to incidents of obesity over the whole socio-economic spectrum. Both findings are statistically significant. In addition, the racial gap of the weight health problem is widening over years, even after accounting for family income and maternal employment. Finally, estimation methods without adequate control for endogeneity of FSP participation and maternal employment are likely to yield biased results. Conclusions: The childhood health disparities among different socio-economic stratums are widening, especially for racial minorities. The food assistance programs modestly mitigate the risk of obesity among impoverished children while the risk could be aggravated because of mother's excessive time spent in the labor market. These findings imply that when single mothers transitioning from welfare to the labor market, policy considerations should be given to their family, especially on relaxed eligibility rules for food assistance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong. "Participation in Food Assistance, Maternal Employment, and Child Obesity." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference, "Economics of Population Health", June 2006. |
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Liu, Haiyong Mroz, Thomas van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
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Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development Working Paper, Department of Economics, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, April 2005. Also: http://www.unc.edu/~vanderkl/maternal3.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Common Core of Data (CCD); Maternal Employment; Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use longitudinal models to investigate the interactions and interdependencies between parental inputs and school inputs as determinants of a child's development. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we integrate information on household migration, maternal employment decisions, and the mother's wage rate with observations on child outcomes for 7184 persons over 10 years. A mother maximizes her utility that depends on the household's consumption, her "leisure" time, and her child's achievement outcome. The mother solves a stochastic optimization problem where she is uncertain of her future wages and job prospects. She can only imperfectly influence her child's development. We use semi-parametric maximum likelihood procedures to estimate the structure of her preferences and the stochastic child production process under the assumption that the mother maximizes her expected utility. The statistical model follows directly from the theoretical framework. We relax many functional form assumptions that have been imposed by previous researchers who have studied how parents and schools can affect a child's development. Our preliminary investigations with simplified versions of this approach indicate that we are able to explain and reject several of the counter-intuitive estimation results found in the literature on the determinants of children's school performance. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong, Thomas Mroz and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, April 2005. |
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Liu, Haiyong Mroz, Thomas van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
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Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2007/0107_1015_0504.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Common Core of Data (CCD); Maternal Employment; Migration; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze the roles and interrelationships between school inputs and parental inputs in affecting child development through the specification and estimation of a behavioral model of household migration and maternal employment decisions. We integrate information on these decisions with observations on child outcomes over a 13-year period from the NLSY. We find that the impact of our school quality measures diminish by a factor of 2 to 4 after accounting for the fact that families may choose where to live in part based on school characteristics and labor market opportunities. The positive statistical relationship between child outcomes and maternal employment reverses sign while remaining statistically significant after controlling for its possible endogeneity. Our estimates imply that when parental responses are taken into account, policy changes in school quality end up having only minor impacts on child test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong, Thomas Mroz and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development." Presented: Chicago, IL, American Economic Association Annual Meetings, January 2007. |
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Liu, Haiyong Mroz, Thomas van der Klaauw, Wilbert |
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Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 212-228. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609002176 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Common Core of Data (CCD); Maternal Employment; Migration; Mobility; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Residence; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT We analyze the roles of and interrelationships among school inputs and parental inputs in affecting child development through the specification and estimation of a behavioral model of household migration and maternal employment decisions. We integrate information on these decisions with observations on child outcomes over a 13-year period from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY). We find that the impact of our school quality measures diminishes by factors of 2 to 4 after accounting for the fact that families may choose where to live in part based on school characteristics and labor market opportunities. The positive statistical relationship between child outcomes and maternal employment reverses sign and remains statistically significant after controlling for its possible endogeneity. Our estimates imply that when parental responses are taken into account, policy changes in school quality end up having only minor impacts on child test scores. |
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Bibliography Citation
Liu, Haiyong, Thomas Mroz and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "Maternal Employment, Migration, and Child Development." Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 212-228.
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