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Author: Leibbrand, Christine
Resulting in 9 citations.
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Does Geographic Stagnation Correspond to Economic Stagnation? The Migration Decline and its Association with Economic Well-being Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Internal migration has long played an important role in increasing individuals' and families' access to economic opportunities and, as a result, improving their economic wellbeing. However, the United States has been experiencing a continuous decline in internal migration rates since the 1980s, suggesting that migration may be less beneficial now than in the past or that recent generations of individuals are less able to migrate than their predecessors. In this study, I explore these possibilities and examine whether the migration decline is suggestive of harmful changes to the American opportunity structure and to individuals' chances for upward economic mobility. To do this, I utilize restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and harmonize these data for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts. I find that the economic returns to inter-state migration have actually increased over time. However, non-migrants in the 1997 cohort are economically worse off than both migrants and non-migrants in the 1979 cohort. It may therefore be the case that the migration decline is due, in part, to migration becoming increasingly out of reach for some families and to the negative consequences of being "rooted" in place. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Does Geographic Stagnation Correspond to Economic Stagnation? The Migration Decline and its Association with Economic Well-being." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Flexibility or Constraint? The Implications of Mothers' and Fathers' Nonstandard Schedules for Children’s Behavioral Outcomes Journal of Family Issues 39,8 (June 2018): 2336-2365. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192513X17748693 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Parental Influences; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Approximately 17.7% of the U.S. workforce is employed in a nonstandard schedule. Research thus far indicates that these schedules negatively influence children's behavioral development. However, few studies examine the roles of the child's gender and age. To broaden understanding of the relationships between nonstandard schedules and child behavior, and how these relationships may depend on the gender and age of the child, I analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 and its Child Supplement from 1992 to 2006. My findings show that some types of parental nonstandard shifts, such as evening and night shifts, are associated with fewer behavioral problems among children, though these results depend on the gender and age of the child. In contrast, parents' rotating and split shifts are associated with more behavior problems among children, indicating that it is relatively unstable and unpredictable work schedules that may have the most harmful associations with children's outcomes. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Flexibility or Constraint? The Implications of Mothers' and Fathers' Nonstandard Schedules for Children’s Behavioral Outcomes." Journal of Family Issues 39,8 (June 2018): 2336-2365.
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Migrating for Opportunity? Internal Migration and Economic Advancement among Black and White Women and Men Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Considerable research has shown that internal migration may benefit male partners' employment outcomes at the expense of female partners' employment outcomes, but that migration offers benefits for unpartnered, childless females that mirror the benefits experienced by both partnered and unpartnered males. Despite the considerable amount of research that has been conducted on the returns to migration among females and males, there are a number of important, open questions. In particular, much of the migration research has focused on the returns to migration for white men and white women. Analyses that do include minority men and women usually jointly analyze the relationship between migration and economic mobility while controlling for race, without disentangling the potentially unique and important economic trajectories of different minority groups. Using geocoded, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 data from 1979 to 2012, I am able to examine how migration across county and state lines influences the earnings trajectories of Black, Hispanic, and White females and males across their lifetimes, while accounting for previous earnings trajectories and unobserved characteristics. In doing so, I am also able to observe whether migration is associated with increases or decreases in the economic disparities between these groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Migrating for Opportunity? Internal Migration and Economic Advancement among Black and White Women and Men." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Non-Standard Work Schedules and Father Involvement: Moderating the Negative Impact of a 24/7 Economy on Child Behavioral Outcomes Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Fathers, Involvement; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Nonstandard employment, such as work during the evening or night shift, has become more prevalent in the U.S. , with approximately 18 percent of jobholders now working a nonstandard schedule. Research indicates that a mother's nonstandard employment negatively influences her children’s behavioral development. However, rarely do workers remain in the same nonstandard schedule for more than a few years. Moreover, fathers and mothers may coordinate employment involving a nonstandard shift to solve childcare dilemmas. Work scheduling that permits this kind of "tag-team" parenting might increase father involvement with children, thereby leading to better child behaviors. This paper explores the impact of dual-earner parents' nonstandard work arrangements on mother's and father's involvement with children, and whether these effects mediate or offset any negative effect of maternal nonstandard employment on children's behavioral adjustment. I use data from the NLSY79 and its Child Supplement to estimate these effects for school-aged children between 1994-2006. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Non-Standard Work Schedules and Father Involvement: Moderating the Negative Impact of a 24/7 Economy on Child Behavioral Outcomes." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Parental Nonstandard Schedules and Child Academic Outcomes Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; Parental Influences; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Approximately 1 in 5 working Americans are now employed in a nonstandard schedule that falls outside of the typical 7am to 7pm work day. Much of the work on these schedules indicates that they negatively influence children's academic development. However, the majority of studies focus on infants and toddlers, with elementary school-age children relatively understudied. Likewise, the role of the child's gender and of the father's shift schedule has been neglected. To broaden understanding of the effects of parental nonstandard schedules on children, and how these effects may depend upon the gender of the child, I analyze data from the NLSY79 and its Child Supplement from 1990-2006. Overall, the findings indicate that mothers' nonstandard schedules and fathers' irregular schedules harm girls' academic outcomes. For boys, fathers' rotating shifts tend to be associated with worse academic outcomes, with little evidence that mothers' nonstandard schedules are harmful for boys. In contrast, mothers' irregular shifts are positively related to reading comprehension outcomes for both boys and girls, hinting at the potential benefits associated with these schedules. None of these relationships are explained by parental closeness or involvement in schooling, however. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Parental Nonstandard Schedules and Child Academic Outcomes." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Behavioral Outcomes M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Fathers, Involvement; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Work, Atypical Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Nonstandard work schedules, such as the evening and night shift, are prevalent in the United States, with approximately 17.7 percent of the workforce now employed in a nonstandard schedule. The research thus far indicates that these work arrangements negatively influence children's behavioral development. However, the majority of studies focus on infants and toddlers or on adolescents, with elementary school-age children relatively understudied. Likewise, the role of the father's work schedule and parental involvement has been neglected. To broaden understanding of the effects of nonstandard schedules on children, and how these effects may depend upon the age of the child and the level of parental involvement, I analyze data from the NLSY79 and its Child Supplement from 1994-2006. My findings show that older children whose mothers work rotating or irregular shifts exhibit more behavior problems, while other types of shift schedules do not harm children's behavioral outcomes. While differences in parental involvement and closeness do not explain these relationships, parental closeness has an important influence on behavior problems for all parental employment statuses. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Behavioral Outcomes. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2015. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and the Pursuit of Economic Opportunity in the Age of the Migration Decline Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Migration; Racial Differences; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 2, I utilize 25 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) to explore whether race, ethnicity, and gender intersect to shape the economic returns associated with internal migration, as well as racial and ethnic disparities in these relationships across gender. I find that internal migration is associated with larger economic benefits for white relative to black and Hispanic men and, as a result, larger racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes for men. For women, in contrast, internal migration is associated with larger wage benefits for white women, but larger work hour benefits for black and Hispanic women that cumulatively correspond to slightly narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes. These findings illustrate the importance of employing an intersectional lens for internal migration research and point to the possibility that internal migration reinforces the privileged position of white men. In Chapter 3, I link both the NLSY79 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 (NLSY97) and examine whether the returns to migration and the economic wellbeing of young adult migrants and non-migrants have changed across these two cohorts, the former cohort having been young adults early in the migration decline and the latter cohort having been young adults late in the decline. While the economic returns to migration have not changed across these cohorts and the economic wellbeing of migrants has remained largely unchanged, the economic outcomes of non-migrants have deteriorated over time. As such, non-migrants may increasingly be left behind geographically and economically, potentially hindering their abilities to migrate should they wish to. In Chapter 4, I integrate the insights garnered in Chapters 2 and 3 to explore whether changes in the returns to migration and in the economic wellbeing of migrants and non-migrants vary across race, ethnicity, and gender. The findings from this chapter complicate the findings from Chapter 3, illustrating that it is largely white men and women that have experienced changes in their economic wellbeing, while black men and, especially, black women exhibit declines in their returns to migration. Hispanic women and men, in contrast, have experienced little change in their economic outcomes across cohorts. Chapter 5 concludes by pointing to the importance of taking an intersectional perspective when studying the internal migration decline and internal migration more broadly. Chapter 5 also highlights the potential role of internal migration in shaping disparities in outcomes, particularly between blacks and whites. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and the Pursuit of Economic Opportunity in the Age of the Migration Decline. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2019. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Internal Migration Decline Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Migration; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since 1980, internal migration rates within the U.S. have declined precipitously. Given the importance of migration for exposing individuals to economic and social opportunities, this decline is concerning. However, we have relatively little knowledge about how race/ethnicity and gender have structured declines in migration propensities and/or changes in the returns to migration over time. In this study, I utilize restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data and harmonize these data for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts in order to explore these relationships. I find that migration propensities have declined the most for black women and men and that the returns to migration have likewise declined more substantially for black women and men relative to other demographic groups. These findings are problematic, suggesting that internal migration, historically an important avenue for improving outcomes among blacks, may be a less viable means of reducing racial disparities in outcomes over time. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Internal Migration Decline." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
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Leibbrand, Christine |
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Unequal Opportunity? Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in the Returns to Internal U.S. Migration Social Currents 7,1 (1 February 2020): 46-70. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2329496519869339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Migration; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Internal U.S. migration plays an important role in increasing individuals' access to economic and social opportunities. At the same time, race, ethnicity, and gender have frequently shaped the opportunities and obstacles individuals face. It is therefore likely that the returns to internal migration are also shaped by race, ethnicity, and gender, though we have relatively little knowledge of whether this is the case for contemporary internal U.S. migration. To explore this possibility, I use restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data from 1979 to 2012. I find that white men gain the most economically from migrating, relative to black and Latino men. For women, migration is associated with stable or narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes, with Latina women experiencing the largest economic benefits associated with migration and with black and white women exhibiting comparable economic returns to migration. Together, these findings indicate that migration may maintain or even narrow racial/ethnic disparities in economic outcomes among women, but widen them among men. |
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Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Unequal Opportunity? Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in the Returns to Internal U.S. Migration." Social Currents 7,1 (1 February 2020): 46-70.
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