Search Results
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
ignoring parameter: client.norc.org
ignoring parameter: jole
ignoring parameter: soleweb
ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.jstor.org
ignoring parameter: stable
ignoring parameter: 3270652
ignoring parameter: www.nber.org
ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.econ.yale.edu
ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
ignoring parameter: www.gao.gov
ignoring parameter: cgi-bin
ignoring parameter: getrpt
4001. |
Lynch, Lisa M. |
The Role of Off-the-Job vs On-the-Job Training for the Mobility of Women Workers American Economic Review 81,1 (May 1991): 151-156. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006844 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Job Training; Job Turnover; Mobility; Private Sector; Training; Training, Off-the-Job; Training, On-the-Job; Transition, School to Work; Work Histories Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impact of various types of training (company training, apprenticeships, and for-profit training by proprietary institutions) on job turnover or the probability that young workers will leave their first jobs. Data for civilian NLSY respondents who had left school during 1979-1983 and who had obtained a job during the first year out of school are analyzed. Factors found to influence the probability of leaving an employer were race, educational attainment, marital status, union status, being disabled, and local labor market unemployment rate. Those workers who had participated in company training were less likely to leave an employer while those who had invested in proprietary training were more likely to leave although the differences by sex were marked. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Lisa M. "The Role of Off-the-Job vs On-the-Job Training for the Mobility of Women Workers." American Economic Review 81,1 (May 1991): 151-156.
|
4002. |
Lynch, Lisa M. |
The Youth Labor Market In the Eighties: Determinants of Re-employment Probabilities for Young Men and Women Review of Economics and Statistics 71,1 (February 1989): 37-45. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1928049 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Search; Job Training; Local Labor Market; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Unemployment Compensation; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY is used to develop a model analyzing transition probabilities from nonemployment to employment. The effect on reemployment probabilities of various personal characteristics including race, education, and health status, as well as receipt of unemployment income, local demand conditions, and duration dependence is examined. Significant differences were found between the labor market experiences of whites and nonwhites, and males and females with local demand conditions and human capital investments acting as important determinants of the duration of nonemployment spells. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Lisa M. "The Youth Labor Market In the Eighties: Determinants of Re-employment Probabilities for Young Men and Women." Review of Economics and Statistics 71,1 (February 1989): 37-45.
|
4003. |
Lynch, Scott M. Western, Bruce |
Bayesian Posterior Predictive Checks for Complex Models Sociological Methods and Research 32,3 (February 2004): 301-335. Also: http://smr.sagepub.com/content/32/3/301.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Bayesian; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Modeling, Probit; Modeling, Random Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In sociological research, it is often difficult to compare nonnested models and to evaluate the fit of models in which outcome variables are not normally distributed. In this article, the authors demonstrate the utility of Bayesian posterior predictive distributions specif-ically, as well as a Bayesian approach to modeling more generally, in tackling these issues. First, they review the Bayesian approach to statistics and computation. Second, they discuss the evaluation of model fit in a bivariate probit model. Third, they discuss comparing fixed- and random-effects hierarchical linear models. Both examples high-light the use of Bayesian posterior predictive distributions beyond these particular cases. Copyright: 2004 Sage Publications |
|
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Scott M. and Bruce Western. "Bayesian Posterior Predictive Checks for Complex Models." Sociological Methods and Research 32,3 (February 2004): 301-335.
|
4004. |
Lynn, Freda B. Schneider, Barbara Zhang, Zhenmei |
The Changing Relationship Between Fertility Expectations and Educational Expectations: Adolescents in the 1970s Versus the 1980s Journal of Family Issues 34,9 (September 2013): 1147-1174. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/34/9/1147.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the relationship between young women’s fertility expectations and educational expectations in late adolescence and at the outset of adulthood. Given progressive macro-level changes in the United States beginning in the 1960s, we compare the expectation patterns of youth from two cohorts using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys. We find that the relationship between education and fertility expectations is statistically negligible for those born in the height of the baby boom (1950s) and yet statistically positive for those born at the tail end of the baby boom (1960s). The crux of the change, however, is not driven by an increase in those who pair high educational expectations with normative or above-norm fertility expectations but rather an increase in young women who pair modest educational ambitions with low fertility expectations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Lynn, Freda B., Barbara Schneider and Zhenmei Zhang. "The Changing Relationship Between Fertility Expectations and Educational Expectations: Adolescents in the 1970s Versus the 1980s ." Journal of Family Issues 34,9 (September 2013): 1147-1174.
|
4005. |
Lyshol, Arne F. Nenov, Plamen T. Wevelstad, Thea |
Duration Dependence and Labor Market Experience Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 35,1 (March 2021): 105-134. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/labr.12188 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment We study whether unemployment duration dependence--the negative effect of a current unemployment spell on an individual's employment probability--varies with labor market experience. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Current Population Survey, we show that although there is negative duration dependence for experienced workers, it is mostly absent for new entrants to the labor force. This difference suggests that structural forces in addition to ex ante heterogeneity in job‐finding probabilities and dynamic selection may drive unemployment duration dependence. Our findings are robust to the econometric model used and to a number of demographic controls and time trends, as well as individual fixed effects. We also discuss whether a number of theories of duration dependence can explain our empirical findings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Lyshol, Arne F., Plamen T. Nenov and Thea Wevelstad. "Duration Dependence and Labor Market Experience." Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations 35,1 (March 2021): 105-134.
|
4006. |
Ma, Jie |
Within-Occupation Schooling Dispersion, Over-education and Mismatch in the Labor Market: Theory and Empirics Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Overeducation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Concerns persist for years about whether individuals acquire more education than is required for their work, a phenomenon known as 'overeducation'. Ever since Duncan and Hoffman's seminal work (1981), much of the previous literature documents mixed evidence and interprets it as evidence for inefficiency and misallocation. To reconcile the contrasting facts, this paper first builds a vertical schooling and occupation sorting model based on a single dimensional human capital index, where education substitutes for ability. Both education and occupation choices are efficient in the theoretical model. I then use simulated data from the calibrated model to show that it reproduces patterns of estimates found in the literature. These estimates are in fact fully consistent with efficient decision making. Finally, I add lifecycle, information frictions and symmetric employer learning to the static model to derive novel and testable implications about the dynamics of education-job match. The paper then turns to the NLSY79 data to demonstrate that empirical evidence in the US from 1982-1994 is consistent with the theoretical model's predictions. Both the theoretical model predictions and the new empirical evidence rationalize the observed overeducation without implications of misallocation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Ma, Jie. "Within-Occupation Schooling Dispersion, Over-education and Mismatch in the Labor Market: Theory and Empirics." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019. |
4007. |
Maahs, Jeff R. |
Maternal Risk Factors, Early Life Events, and Deviant Outcomes: Assessing Antisocial Pathways from Birth Through Adolescence Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2001. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Poverty; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fathers, Presence; Life Course; Modeling, Multilevel; Neighborhood Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Religious Influences The life-course perspective has been instrumental in exploring relationships between early life circumstances, childhood problem behaviors, and adolescent and adult offending. This dissertation focuses on three areas that are central to the life-course perspective, (a) the development of childhood antisocial behavior, (b) factors that foster the stability of antisocial behavior, and (c) debate over the existence of multiple routes to delinquency. Particular research questions focus on (a) whether biosocial interactions predict childhood antisocial behavior, (b) whether processes of cumulative continuity account for stability in antisocial behavior, and (c) whether discrete offender groups differ on risk markers for delinquency. This research uses a sample of 1030 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child data set to examine the onset and persistence of antisocial behavior. Negative Binomial regression models reveal no support for the hypothesis that childhood antisocial behavior is the result of an interaction between neuropsychological deficits and structural adversity. Rather, the findings suggest that while both individual differences and structural adversity predict childhood antisocial behavior, these factors operate in an additive, rather than interactive fashion. The analyses focusing on the development of antisocial behavior from childhood to adolescence suggest that both stability and change are evident, and that early antisocial behavior is an insufficient cause of delinquency. Analysis of sub-groups constructed based on their level of antisocial behavior over time revealed some differences (including verbal intelligence and poverty status) between individuals with a history of childhood antisocial behavior (life-course persistent) and those who began offending in adolescent (adolescent limited), but these differences are overshadowed by similarities between the groups. The theoretical and policy implications of this research are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maahs, Jeff R. Maternal Risk Factors, Early Life Events, and Deviant Outcomes: Assessing Antisocial Pathways from Birth Through Adolescence. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2001.. |
4008. |
Mac, Chi Tinh |
Essays in Public Policy Issues Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Birthweight; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment The first two chapters analyze the effects of paid maternity leave on women's current wages and birth weight. Most workers in the US have access to unpaid parental leave benefits, and there is public interest in expanding existing coverage to provide paid leave benefits. California has already passed the first paid family leave statute, effective in 2004. An important step in considering future policy recommendations is to understand how workers have implicitly paid for new benefits in the past and how babies may have benefited from their mothers' leave-taking. I use the NLS-Young Women panel to examine the role of paid maternity leave in women's wages and the NLSY to study the effect of leave-taking on birth weight. Using a difference in difference approach, I find that younger women with paid leave benefits have wages that are 4.7 percent lower than their older counterparts. Using a fixed effects and a discontinuity design (i.e. isolating the periods before and after benefits change), I find that while wages of women with the benefits are higher overall, this is not the case during periods in which benefits change, particularly if the women acquire these benefits while staying with the same employer. I also find that women who take paid leave during pregnancy have babies that are 2.1 to 2.7 ounces heavier. In the third chapter, I consider the effects of Regulation Fair Disclosure. Reg FD was motivated by a desire to eliminate the (legal) trading advantage some investors had through selective disclosure practices. If this had been pervasive practice prior to Reg FD, then then there should have been information leakage through price run-up before official earnings announcements. I analyze the average cumulative abnormal returns for three samples: the NYSE and the largest and smallest capitalization firms of the NYSE/Amex/Nasdaq pool. The results suggest that Reg FD affected large firms more than small ones and negative information releases mor e than positive ones. There is also evidence that information leakage was already subsiding before Reg FD became effective, possibly because of voluntary compliance or the demands of the increasing number of individual investors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mac, Chi Tinh. Essays in Public Policy Issues. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 2004. |
4009. |
Macaluso, Claudia |
Skill Remoteness and the Economics of Local Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Geocoded Data; Layoffs; Local Labor Market; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Skills; Unemployment; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This work quantifies the effects of discrepancies between local supply and demand for skills on wages, employment, and mobility rates of laid-off workers. I propose the concept of local skill remoteness to capture the degree of dissimilarity between the skill profiles of workers and jobs in a local labor market. I implement a measure of local skill remoteness at the occupation-city level, and find that higher skill remoteness at layoff is associated with lower re-employment rates and lower wages upon re-employment. Earnings differences between the top and bottom skill remoteness quartiles amount to a loss of 15% of the median worker's annual income and persist for at least two years. Skill-remote workers also have a higher probability of changing occupation, a lower probability of being re-employed at jobs with similar skill profiles, a higher propensity to migrate to another city and, conditional on migration, a higher likelihood of becoming less skill-remote. Motivated by this evidence, I develop a search-and-matching model with two-sided heterogeneity that provides a natural framework to interpret my skill remoteness measure. I use a calibrated version of the model to show that subsidies to on-the-job training lower the average skill remoteness of unemployed workers, thus the aggregate unemployment rate. The marginal benefit of such a policy is increasing in the level of unemployment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Macaluso, Claudia. Skill Remoteness and the Economics of Local Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Chicago, 2017. |
4010. |
Mach, Traci Lynn |
A Cross-Cohort Examination of Nonmarital Teenage Childbearing JCPR Working Paper 322, Department of Economics, State University of New York - Albany, 13 January, 2003. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/mach.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Fathers, Presence; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current paper looks at the nonmarital teenage childbearing behavior of two cohorts of NLSY women. It constructs a monthly panel of information for the teens from the time they are twelve years old until they have a nonmarital birth, reach the end of their third survey without giving birth, get married, or reach age 18. The research attempts to identify the factors that have contributed to the differences in teenage childbearing behavior that we observe across the cohorts of women by estimating a Cox proportional hazard model, stratified on race, age of mother at the birth of her first child, and the rate of marriage in the state. The model identifies education, living situations, religion, and welfare policy as factors. Specifically, for the youths of the 1990s, the introduction of restrictions on living conditions, the so-called minor parent provisions, act as a retardant to nonmarital childbearing. The model also shows that higher education for the youth and her mother delay childbearing for both cohorts of women. Finally, living with one's biological father at age 14 is linked with delayed childbearing, with hazard rates nearly 60 and 40 percent lower for teens of the two cohorts. [Copyright JCPR, 2003.] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mach, Traci Lynn. "A Cross-Cohort Examination of Nonmarital Teenage Childbearing." JCPR Working Paper 322, Department of Economics, State University of New York - Albany, 13 January, 2003. |
4011. |
Mach, Traci Lynn |
Determinants of AFDC Caseloads: How Have Exit and Take-Up Rates Been Affected by Welfare Reform? Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2004. Also: http://www.nawrs.org/ClevelandPDF/mach.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association for Welfare Research and Statistics Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Studies; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past six years, the AFDC caseload has fallen by almost 50 percent. This decline has caused much speculation as to its causes. Using the approach employed by Blank and Ruggles (1995), this paper examines the behavior of the eligible and participating populations separately, with particular emphasis on the impact of welfare reform provisions implemented prior to the passage of PRWORA. The results indicate the increased earnings disregards and asset allowances decrease the probability that an eligibility spell will end through increased earnings, while time limitations on benefits increase the probability that the spell will end through a change in family status. Increased asset allowances also decrease the probability that a participation spell with end through increased earnings or a change in family status; family caps increase the probability that a participation spell will end through a change in family status; and increased earnings disregards and the elimination of some JOBS exemptions decrease the probability that a participation spell with end voluntarily. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mach, Traci Lynn. "Determinants of AFDC Caseloads: How Have Exit and Take-Up Rates Been Affected by Welfare Reform?" Working Paper, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2004. |
4012. |
Mach, Traci Lynn |
Three Essays on Welfare Reform Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Benefits; Childbearing; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fertility; Migration Patterns; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare In August 1996, Congress passed the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act. This act eliminated Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), the largest source of cash assistance available to needy families, and replaced it with Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), a time-limited program with stringent work requirements. This dissertation utilizes interstate variation in pre-reform passage of waivers to examine the impact of the new system on individual behavior. The first essay investigates the impact of family cap policies on women's childbearing decisions. Such policies eliminate the increase in AFDC benefits to families who bear children while receiving benefits. Using matched data from the March Current Population Survey, I estimate the probability of observing a birth in the second year given the state's family cap status. Estimates indicate living in a state that passes a family cap provision does not affect childbearing decisions. However, living in a state that passes a family cap provision and receiving welfare benefits reduces fertility among the welfare population by 19.5 percent. The second essay readdresses the welfare magnet hypothesis in the context of a time-limited welfare system. According to the original hypothesis, individuals migrate to states with more generous benefit structures. Under TANF, there are more interstate differences than previously, including differential time limits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I model migration as a function of the current location's relative characteristics. Estimates show that while being subject to a time limit is positively associated with cross-county migration, this impact becomes smaller as the distance to avoid being subject to a time limit increases. The final essay examines AFDC participation and exit decisions. I identify different reform policies separately and allow them to have different impacts on current and potential recipients. Making use of the extended panel provided by the NLSY79, I estimate a monthly competing risks hazard model of eligibility and participation. Results show that while recipients are responsive to some provisions, the provisions retard rather than hasten exit. However, potential recipients are deterred from taking up benefits by the presence of time limits. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mach, Traci Lynn. Three Essays on Welfare Reform. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2000. |
4013. |
Mackie, Christopher Bradburn, Norman M. |
Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Also: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9958 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy of Sciences (NAS), United States Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Well-Being; Neighborhood Effects; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Report of a Workshop on Confidentiality of and Access to Data Research Files Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council The Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT), in consultation with the Institute of Medicine, convened a two-day workshop on October 14-15, 1999 to identify ways to advance the often conflicting goals of exploiting the research potential of micro-data while maintaining the appearance and reality of preserving confidentiality. Special attention was given to longitudinal data that have been linked to administrative records, because such data have greater research potential but are also more vulnerable to disclosures. The workshop brought together data producers from federal agencies and research organizations; data users, including academic researchers; and experts in statistical disclosure limitation techniques, confidentiality policies and administrative and legal procedures. Norman Bradburn, National Opinion Research Center, chaired the workshop. The purpose of this workshop was to review the benefits and risks of providing public use research data files and to explore alternative procedures for restricting access to such data, especially longitudinal survey data that have been linked to administrative records. The workshop discussions addressed the impact of measures designed to reduce disclosure risk on each group involved--survey respondents, data producers, and data users. Workshop participants identified best current practices and suggested improvements to maximize the social return on investments in such databases, while fully complying with legal and ethical requirements. The workshop discussion accomplished several goals:
|
|
Bibliography Citation
Mackie, Christopher and Norman M. Bradburn. Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.. |
4014. |
MacLean, Alair |
Skills Mismatch? Military Service, Combat Occupations, and Civilian Earnings Sociological Perspectives 60,2 (April 2017): 229-250. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0731121416632011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Military Service; Occupations; Veterans Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has evaluated the impact of military service on socioeconomic outcomes, but little research has assessed the association between such outcomes and military occupations. The following article examines this relationship by analyzing the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979. It evaluates whether military occupations produce associations that are consistent with hypotheses based on theories of skills mismatch, selection, or turning points. Contrary to expectations, veterans of combat occupations did not have different earnings from those of other occupations, which suggests that any apparent effects of combat exposure reflect neither skills mismatch nor selection into these roles. Yet veterans earned less than nonveterans at the same years of combined military and civilian experience, regardless of occupation. These findings indicate that employers did not value time in the military as much as time in the civilian labor market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MacLean, Alair. "Skills Mismatch? Military Service, Combat Occupations, and Civilian Earnings." Sociological Perspectives 60,2 (April 2017): 229-250.
|
4015. |
MacLean, Alair Parsons, Nicholas L. |
Unequal Risk: Combat Occupations in the Volunteer Military Sociological Perspectives 53,3 (Fall 2010): 347-372. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sop.2010.53.3.347 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Family Background and Culture; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Occupations; Occupations, Male This study evaluates the characteristics of the men who served in the volunteer military in combat occupations. It examines whether these characteristics stem from supply-side or demand-side decisions, or reflect class bias. The findings suggest that, on the supply side, men who had greater academic abilities were more likely to go to college, thereby avoiding military service and the possibility of serving in a combat occupation. On the demand side, the armed forces were more likely to exclude men with lower academic abilities but were more likely to assign such men in the military to combat occupations. Net of the impacts of these supply-side and demand-side decisions, men who served in combat occupations still differed from those who did not in terms of their family background. The impact of family background was stronger on entering the military than on being assigned to combat occupations once in the military. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MacLean, Alair and Nicholas L. Parsons. "Unequal Risk: Combat Occupations in the Volunteer Military." Sociological Perspectives 53,3 (Fall 2010): 347-372.
|
4016. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
Does Leaving School in a Bad Economy Affect Body Weight?: Evidence from Panel Data Presented: Baltimore MD, AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting, June 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: AcademyHealth Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; School Completion; School Dropouts; Schooling; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I examine three measures of body weight at age 40: body mass index (BMI), overweight (BMI >= 25), and obesity (BMI >= 30). Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (NLS79). School -leaving is defined by school completion, and includes both graduates and drop-outs. I proxy economic conditions at school-leaving with the state unemployment rate, and exploit variation generated by volatility in the U.S. business cycle between 1976 and 1992 to identify body weight effects. Because the severe recession of the early 1980s lies within this time period, I effectively compare cohorts that left before, during, and after this recession. To address the potential endogeneity of the time and location of school-leaving, I instrument the school-leaving state unemployment rate. I estimate sex-specific equations given the different labor market participation patterns of men and women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine. "Does Leaving School in a Bad Economy Affect Body Weight?: Evidence from Panel Data." Presented: Baltimore MD, AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting, June 2013. |
4017. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
Does Leaving School in an Economic Downturn Impact Access to Employer-sponsored Health Insurance? IZA Journal of Labor Policy 3,19 (December 2014): DOI: 10.1186/2193-9004-3-19. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2193-9004-3-19 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; College Degree; College Dropouts; Dropouts; Economic Changes/Recession; Geocoded Data; Insurance, Health; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous work documents that leaving school in an economic downturn persistently depresses career outcomes as measured by wages, earnings, and other markers of labor market success. In this study I test whether leaving school in an economic downturn influences access to employer-sponsored health insurance. Using a long panel of workers drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort, I model the likelihood that a worker has access to employer-sponsored health insurance from initial labor market entrance through mid-career. I address the potential endogeneity of time and location of school-leaving with instrumental variables. My results suggest that leaving school in an economic downturn lowers the probability of access to employer-sponsored health insurance and this disparity is statistically distinguishable from zero 18 years after school-leaving. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine. "Does Leaving School in an Economic Downturn Impact Access to Employer-sponsored Health Insurance?" IZA Journal of Labor Policy 3,19 (December 2014): DOI: 10.1186/2193-9004-3-19.
|
4018. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
Does Leaving School in an Economic Downturn Persistently Affect Body Weight? Evidence from Panel Data Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 55,1 (January 2016): 122-148. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irel.12128/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Exits; Geocoded Data; Schooling; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate, Regional; Weight In this study I test whether leaving school when the state unemployment rate is high persistently affects body weight. Because the time and location of school leaving are potentially endogenous, I predict the economic conditions at school leaving with instruments based on birth date and residence at age 14. My findings show that by age 40 men (women) who left school when the state unemployment rate was high have lower (higher) body weight. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine. "Does Leaving School in an Economic Downturn Persistently Affect Body Weight? Evidence from Panel Data." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 55,1 (January 2016): 122-148.
|
4019. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
The Health Effects of Leaving School in a Bad Economy Journal of Health Economics 32,5 (September 2013): 951-964. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629613000970 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; School Completion; School Dropouts This study investigates the lasting health effects of leaving school in a bad economy. Three empirical patterns motivate this study: Leaving school in a bad economy has persistent and negative career effects, career and health outcomes are correlated, and fluctuations in contemporaneous economic conditions affect health in the short-run. I draw data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Age 40 Health Supplement. Members of my sample left school between 1976 and 1992. I find that men who left school when the school-leaving state unemployment rate was high have worse health at age 40 than otherwise similar men, while leaving school in a bad economy lowers depressive symptoms at age 40 among women. A 1 percentage point increase in the school-leaving state unemployment rate leads to a 0.5% to 18% reduction in the measured health outcomes among men and a 6% improvement in depressive symptoms among women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine. "The Health Effects of Leaving School in a Bad Economy." Journal of Health Economics 32,5 (September 2013): 951-964.
|
4020. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
The Lasting Effects of Leaving School in An Economic Downturn On Alcohol Use Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Economic Changes/Recession; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Schooling; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study I test whether leaving school in an economic downturn has a lasting impact on alcohol use. Two empirical patterns motivate this research. Workers who leave school in an economic downturn persistently earn lower wages and labor market outcomes are associated with alcohol use. Recent work suggests that leaving school in an economic downturn has a lasting impact on health outcomes (mental and physical functioning, obesity). We know little about health behaviors such as alcohol use, however. Understanding risk factors for alcohol use, particularly excessive use, is important for improving social welfare. Because of market imperfections excessive drinkers do not fully internalize the cost of their actions and instead impose costs on others through motor vehicle accidents, health care utilization, violence, crime, reduced labor market productivity, etc. The costs of alcohol for the U.S. are estimated to be as high as $255 billion per year (Bouchery et al, 2011). I examine three measures of past 30 day alcohol use in middle age: number of alcoholic drinks, heavy drinking (≥ 60 drinks), and weekly binge drinking. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. I proxy economic conditions at school-leaving with the state unemployment rate, and exploit variation generated by volatility in the U.S. business cycle between 1976 and 1992 to identify alcohol use effects. Because the severe recession of the early 1980s lies within this time period, I compare cohorts that left before, during, and after this recession. To address the potential endogeneity of the time and location of school-leaving, I instrument the school-leaving state unemployment rate. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine. "The Lasting Effects of Leaving School in An Economic Downturn On Alcohol Use." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
4021. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine |
The Lasting Effects of Leaving School in an Economic Downturn on Alcohol Use Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 120-152. Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/68/1/120 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Economic Changes/Recession; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Labor Market Outcomes; Schooling; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate The author tests whether leaving school in an economic downturn persistently affects alcohol use. She models alcohol use in middle age as a function of the state unemployment rate at school-leaving in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. The results suggest that men, but not women, who leave school in an economic downturn consume more drinks and are more likely to report heavy and binge drinking than otherwise similar men. Findings are robust to addressing the endogeneity of the time and location of school-leaving and contribute to the literature on the lasting consequences of leaving school in an economic downturn. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine. "The Lasting Effects of Leaving School in an Economic Downturn on Alcohol Use." Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 120-152.
|
4022. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine Covington, Reginald Sikora Kessler, Asia |
Labor Market Conditions at School-Leaving: Long-Run Effects on Marriage and Fertility Contemporary Economic Policy 34,1 (January 2016): 63-88. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/coep.12113/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Education; Fertility; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Marriage; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment Rate, Regional In this study, we assess the long-run impact of labor market conditions at the time of school-leaving on marriage and fertility outcomes. We draw data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Our sample left school between 1976 and 1989, and we use variation in the state unemployment rate at the time of school-leaving to identify persistent effects. We find that men who left school when the state unemployment rate was high are less likely to be married and have children at age 45, but are more likely to be divorced. Women, however, are more likely to have children |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine, Reginald Covington and Asia Sikora Kessler. "Labor Market Conditions at School-Leaving: Long-Run Effects on Marriage and Fertility." Contemporary Economic Policy 34,1 (January 2016): 63-88.
|
4023. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine Covington, Reginald Sikora, Asia |
Leaving School in an Economic Downturn: Long-Run Effects on Marriage and Fertility Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Divorce; Dropouts; Economic Changes/Recession; Fertility; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study we assess the long-run impact of leaving school in an economic downturn on marriage and fertility outcomes. We draw data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Our sample left school between 1976 and 1996, and we utilize variation in the state unemployment rate at the time of school-leaving to identify marriage and fertility effects. We find that men who left school in an economic downturn are less likely to be married and have children at age 40 than otherwise similar men while women are more likely to be divorced and to have children. Our results suggest that the marriage and fertility effects we observe operate through both divorce and failure to enter marriage. In an extension, we explore heterogeneity by worker characteristics and document the strongest effects for low skill and minority men. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine, Reginald Covington and Asia Sikora. "Leaving School in an Economic Downturn: Long-Run Effects on Marriage and Fertility." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
4024. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine Hill, Terrence D. |
Economic Conditions at School Leaving and Sleep Patterns Across the Life Course B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 17,2 (2017): DOI: doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2016-0142. Also: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bejeap-2016-0142/html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); College Degree; College Dropouts; Economic Changes/Recession; Sleep Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort to study the effects of leaving school in an economic downturn on sleep quality and quantity. We account for the potential endogeneity of economic conditions at school leaving using instrumental variables based on birth year and early state of residence. We find that men who leave school in an economic downturn initially experience lower quality sleep, but these men are able to experience improved sleep quality over time. Women who leave school in an economic downturn experience better sleep quality, although the effect emerges over time. We find that leaving school in an economic downturn increases sleep quantity among men and women. We document heterogeneity by work type. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine and Terrence D. Hill. "Economic Conditions at School Leaving and Sleep Patterns Across the Life Course." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 17,2 (2017): DOI: doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2016-0142.
|
4025. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine Hill, Terrence D. |
Leaving School in an Economic Downturn and Self-esteem across Early and Middle Adulthood Labour Economics 37 (December 2015): 1-12. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537115000925 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Geocoded Data; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Schooling; Self-Esteem; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Rate In this study, we test whether leaving school in an economic downturn impacts self-esteem across early and middle adulthood. Self-esteem is of interest to economists because it is an established determinant of important socioeconomic outcomes such as wages, crime, marriage, health, and civic engagement. Previous research suggests that leaving school in a downturn can depress career trajectories, and social psychological theory predicts that career success is an important determinant of self-esteem. We model responses to a standard measure of self-esteem (the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale) as a function of the state unemployment rate at school-leaving. We address the potential endogeneity of time and location of school-leaving with instrumental variables. Our results suggest that leaving school in an economic downturn can undermine self-esteem over time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine and Terrence D. Hill. "Leaving School in an Economic Downturn and Self-esteem across Early and Middle Adulthood." Labour Economics 37 (December 2015): 1-12.
|
4026. |
Maclean, Johanna Catherine Webber, Douglas A. |
Government Regulation and Wages: Evidence from Continuing Coverage Mandates Labour Economics published online (31 July 2022): 102236. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537122001269 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Geocoded Data; Government Regulation; Insurance, Health; State-Level Data/Policy; Wage Effects; Wages We examine the wage effects of health insurance market regulations that compel private insurers to offer continuing coverage to beneficiaries in the United States. We model wages at various points across the career as a function of the mandated number of months of continuing coverage at labor market entrance. More generous mandated continuing coverage at labor market entrance causes an initial wage decline of 1% that reverses after five years in the labor market, leading to higher wages later in the career. In particular, wage increases are observable up to 30 years after labor market entrance. We provide suggestive evidence that increased job mobility early in the career is a mechanism for observed wage effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maclean, Johanna Catherine and Douglas A. Webber. "Government Regulation and Wages: Evidence from Continuing Coverage Mandates." Labour Economics published online (31 July 2022): 102236.
|
4027. |
MacLeod, W. Bentley Parent, Daniel |
Job Characteristics and the Form of Compensation Olin Working Paper No. 99-10, University of Southern California Law School, May 1999. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=167570 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Southern California Law School Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Characteristics; Labor Economics; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Quality of Employment Survey (QES); Wage Models Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we introduce a way to systematically organize the choice between different forms of compensation based upon observable job characteristics. Secondly, we explore the determinants of compensation based upon questionnaire responses concerning job characteristics and methods of pay contained in the Quality of Employment Survey (QES), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), and the Current Population Survey. The main conclusion is that there is no single model of the employment relationship that can explain the variation in compensation form. We draw upon both agency and incomplete contract models to study the interplay between job characteristics and compensation. Specific results include a) the number of tasks seems to be associated with the use of incomplete contracts; b) jobs with high power incentives (piece or commission rates) tend to be associated with more worker autonomy and fewer tasks performed than hourly paid or salary jobs; c) tight labor market conditions tend to be associated with increased use of bonuses and promotions. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MacLeod, W. Bentley and Daniel Parent. "Job Characteristics and the Form of Compensation." Olin Working Paper No. 99-10, University of Southern California Law School, May 1999. |
4028. |
MacLeod, W. Bentley Parent, Daniel |
Job Characteristics, Wages, and the Employment Contract Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 81,3 (May-June 1999): 13-27. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedlrv/y1999imayp13-27n3.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keyword(s): Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Part of a special issue on labor markets and macroeconomics explores some of the determinants of compensation in the U.S. Compensation models are developed that make predictions grounded in observed job characteristics and attempt to demonstrate how compensation form may react to changes in both the nature of work and labor-market conditions. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics. Findings reveal that compensation systems depend on explicit performance measures when these accurately measure the contribution of work. Findings also reveal that the amount of bonus pay depends on the condition of the local labor market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MacLeod, W. Bentley and Daniel Parent. "Job Characteristics, Wages, and the Employment Contract." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 81,3 (May-June 1999): 13-27.
|
4029. |
Macmillan, Ross |
Social Change in Structures of the Life Course: Examining Latent Pathways in the Transition to Adulthood, 1966 to 2010 Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent attention to the transition to adulthood has focused on perceived changes to the structure of such transitions with respect to the order and timing of role transitions and the degree to which these reflect large scale changes in culture and economy. At the heart of such research is emergent debates about the nature of the life course and the degree of ‘standardization,’ ‘individualization’ or ‘differentiation’ over time. To extend theory and research, this paper specifies a structural perspective for both heterogeneity in pathways into adulthood and their connection to broad processes of social change and elaborates latent class techniques to longitudinal data to formally map out heterogeneity in pathways into adulthood in terms of interlocked, probabilistic pathways through social roles in the late teens and 20s. We also examine comparable cohorts of men and women drawn from three national, longitudinal samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys that span a period of forty years, 1966-2005, the exact period that researchers suggest significant social change in structures of the life course. In doing so, this research is unique in mapping out the broad character of the life course in terms of multidimensional, dynamic pathways and formally examines how these might have changed over time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Macmillan, Ross. "Social Change in Structures of the Life Course: Examining Latent Pathways in the Transition to Adulthood, 1966 to 2010." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
4030. |
Macmillan, Ross Billari, Francesco Furstenberg, Frank |
Stability and Change in the Transition to Adulthood: A Latent Structure Analysis of Three Generations in the National Longitudinal Surveys Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A key issue in the demography of the life course is the transition to adulthood in the latter quarter of the 20th Century. Viewed as an increasingly problematic enterprise, researchers point to modal shifts in the timing of roles, diminished or delayed role attainments, and the uncoupling of roles over time among recent generations. Using latent structure approaches, we model the multidimensional, longitudinal processes of role transitions across three generations of Americans drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys (1966-2008). In formally modelling the longitudinal structure of the transition to adulthood, we pay explicit attention to within-group and between-group heterogeneity to map continuity and change over time. Results reveal the enduring importance of institutional contexts in the shaping of pathways, the important role of social and economic resources in determining pathways into adulthood, and the important connection between the two in shaping broad patterns of inequality through the life course. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Macmillan, Ross, Francesco Billari and Frank Furstenberg. "Stability and Change in the Transition to Adulthood: A Latent Structure Analysis of Three Generations in the National Longitudinal Surveys." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
4031. |
Macmillan, Ross Copher, Ronda |
Families in the Life Course: Interdependency of Roles, Role Configurations, and Pathways Journal of Marriage and Family 67,4 (November 2005): 858-879. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00180.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Family Studies; Life Course; Modeling; Parenthood Families are central in the unfolding life course. They have both internal and external dynamics that reflect and characterize the modern life span, and a life course perspective has particular utility for understanding the role and implications of families for individuals and society. The purpose of this paper is 3-fold. First, we offer a family life course perspective that delineates core concepts of roles, role configurations, and pathways, specifies the links between them, and highlights the importance of linked lives and structural context. Second, we elaborate a latent class approach for modeling the multilayered dynamic interdependencies that characterize modern family life. Third, we provide an empirical example by considering the timing of childbearing, teen parenthood, and its place in the transition to adulthood using women's data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 2,191). We conclude by discussing further avenues of family research that are enhanced with a life course approach and complementary latent structure methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Macmillan, Ross and Ronda Copher. "Families in the Life Course: Interdependency of Roles, Role Configurations, and Pathways." Journal of Marriage and Family 67,4 (November 2005): 858-879.
|
4032. |
Macmillan, Ross McMorris, Barbara J. Kruttschnitt, Candace |
Linked Lives: Stability and Change in Maternal Circumstances and Trajectories of Antisocial Behavior in Children Child Development 75,1 (January/February 2004): 205-220. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00664.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Children, Adjustment Problems; Family Influences; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Poverty Drawing on the notion of linked lives, this study examined the effects of stability and change in maternal circumstance on developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior in children 4 to 7 years of age. Using data from a national sample of young mothers and growth curve analysis, the study demonstrated that early maternal circumstances influences early antisocial behavior, whereas stability and change in these circumstances both exacerbate and ameliorate behavior problems. Of particular note, meaningful escape from poverty attenuates antisocial behavior whereas persistence in poverty or long-term movement into poverty intensifies such problems. These findings highlight the importance of structural context for parenting practices and the need to consider child development in light of dynamic and changing life-course fortunes of parents. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Macmillan, Ross, Barbara J. McMorris and Candace Kruttschnitt. "Linked Lives: Stability and Change in Maternal Circumstances and Trajectories of Antisocial Behavior in Children." Child Development 75,1 (January/February 2004): 205-220.
|
4033. |
Macomber, Alixandra Booth |
Parental Influence over Adolescent Women of Generation X and their Career Choices and Satisfaction in Adulthood Master's Thesis, University of Maryland, 1999. Also: http://books.google.com/books/about/Parental_influence_over_adolescent_women.html?id=eVJxNwAACAAJ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Attitudes; Educational Attainment; Fathers; Job Patterns; Mothers; Teenagers; Women; Work Attitudes The present study was designed to examine two stages in the lives of Generation X women included in a longitudinal national survey. The first stage was adolescence and the second stage was early-to-mid 30s. The respondents' perceptions, as adolescents, about the roles of women in the workplace was examined, along with information about their parents' jobs and education. The association between the adolescents' attitudes about women in the workplace and their parents' education and work patterns were explored. Then, the study examined how the women's perceptions as adolescents and their parents' education and occupations predicted the women's own education and careers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Macomber, Alixandra Booth. Parental Influence over Adolescent Women of Generation X and their Career Choices and Satisfaction in Adulthood. Master's Thesis, University of Maryland, 1999.. |
4034. |
MaCurdy, Thomas E. |
Using Information on the Moments of Disturbances to Increase the Efficiency of Estimation NBER Technical Working Paper No. 022, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1982. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/T0022 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Data Quality/Consistency; Educational Returns; Schooling; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wages; Wages, Men Econometric analyses of treatment response commonly use instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. Yet the credibility of IV assumptions is often a matter of considerable disagreement, with much debate about whether some covariate is or is not a 'valid instrument' in an application of interest. There is therefore good reason to consider weaker but more credible assumptions. To this end, we introduce monotone instrumental variable (MIV) assumptions. A particularly interesting special case of an MIV assumption is monotone treatment selection (MTS). IV and MIV assumptions may be imposed alone or in combination with other assumptions. We study the identifying power of MIV assumptions in three informational settings: MIV alone; MIV combined with the classical linear response assumption; MIV combined with the monotone treatment response (MTR) assumption. We apply the results to the problem of inference on the returns to schooling. We analyze wage data reported by white male respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and use the respondent's AFQT score as an MIV. We find that this MIV assumption has little identifying power when imposed alone. However, combining the MIV assumption with the MTR and MTS assumptions yields fairly tight bounds on two distinct measures of the returns to schooling. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MaCurdy, Thomas E. "Using Information on the Moments of Disturbances to Increase the Efficiency of Estimation." NBER Technical Working Paper No. 022, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1982. |
4035. |
MaCurdy, Thomas E. Glick, David Sherpa, Sonam Nagavarapu, Sriniketh S. |
Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America Journal of Econometrics 238,2 (January 2024): 105557. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.105557 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Black Studies; Educational Status; Family Formation; Government Aid/Assistance; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Schooling; Work History; Work, Youth/Teen; Young Adults; Youth Problems; Youth Studies; Youth, Disconnected/Disengaged In a successful transition from youth to adulthood, individuals pass through a sequence of roles involving school, work, and family formation that culminate in their becoming self-sufficient adults. However, some “disconnected” youth spend extended periods of time outside of any role that constitutes an element of the pathway towards adult independence. Assisting these youth requires a systematic understanding of what “disconnection” means, how many disconnected youth there are, who these youth are, and how the scale of the problem has evolved over time. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth for 1997 and 1979, we address these issues by creating concrete definitions of “disconnection spells” using rich data on youths’ enrollment, work, and personal histories. We estimate a multi-state duration model to account for right censoring and to understand differences across salient sub-groups. Our estimates imply that in the early 2000s, almost 19% and 25% of young men and young women, respectively, experienced a disconnection spell by age 23 using our basic definition. These rates are substantially higher for certain sub-groups defined by race/ethnicity, parental education, and government aid receipt, rising as high as 30+% by age 23. Approximately 60% of youth with a disconnection spell have it last longer than a year, and close to 10% have it last longer than 4 years. However, once reconnected, a majority of youth go at least three years without a re-disconnection spell. Patterns of initial disconnection changed markedly from the 1980s to the 2000s, as young women saw a 12 percentage point decline over time. Moreover, the Black-White gap in disconnection has fallen for women, but increased for men. Our profile of disconnection experiences provides a starting point for government agencies aiming to understand where, how, and with whom to intervene to prevent lengthy disconnection spells. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MaCurdy, Thomas E., David Glick, Sonam Sherpa and Sriniketh S. Nagavarapu. "Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America." Journal of Econometrics 238,2 (January 2024): 105557.
|
4036. |
MaCurdy, Thomas E. Keating, Bryan Nagavarapu, Sriniketh S. |
Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America Working Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University, March 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, Stanford University Keyword(s): Disconnected Youth; Employment; Foster Care; Mothers, Adolescent; Parental Influences; School Dropouts; Schooling; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MaCurdy, Thomas E., Bryan Keating and Sriniketh S. Nagavarapu. "Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University, March 2006. |
4037. |
MaCurdy, Thomas E. Mroz, Thomas Gritz, R. Mark |
An Evaluation of the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth Journal of Human Resources 33,2 (Spring 1998): 345-436. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146435 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Attrition; Data Quality/Consistency; Labor Market Surveys; NLS Description; Welfare; Work History The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) has become one of the most widely used data sources for investigating many of the economic and demographic circumstances faced by young adults during the 1980s. The usefulness of the NLSY for empirical analyses relies on the presumption that these data are representative of the population of U.S. youths throughout the 1980s. As the NLSY approaches its third decade, researchers may be concerned about the ongoing representativeness of the NLSY due to the possibility of nonrandom attrition. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MaCurdy, Thomas E., Thomas Mroz and R. Mark Gritz. "An Evaluation of the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth." Journal of Human Resources 33,2 (Spring 1998): 345-436.
|
4038. |
MacVean, Mary |
Allowances Can Teach Children Where the Money Goes St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 2, 2000, Everyday Magazine; Pg. E1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pulitzer Inc. Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Family Studies; Transfers, Parental; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article on teen allowances and spending habits references NLSY data indicating that the median allowance for teens is $50 per week. The article mentions that this figure may take into account parental transfers such as car insurance, sporting equipment, and clothing. Jennifer Hering of the Ohio State University's Center for Human Resource Research is also quoted. |
|
Bibliography Citation
MacVean, Mary. "Allowances Can Teach Children Where the Money Goes." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 2, 2000, Everyday Magazine; Pg. E1. |
4039. |
Maddala, G. S. |
Selectivity Problems in Longitudinal Data Annales de l'INSEE 30-31 (April-September 1978): 423-450. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20075299 Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques) Keyword(s): Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In many models using longitudinal data and involving dichotomous or limited dependent variables, ignoring the fact that such data are generated by individuals making choices leads to biased estimators. The present paper deals with this selectivity bias problem. Its purpose is to discuss within a unified framework the various classes of models applicable to these situations, and to discuss the identification and estimation of these models. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maddala, G. S. "Selectivity Problems in Longitudinal Data." Annales de l'INSEE 30-31 (April-September 1978): 423-450.
|
4040. |
Madigan, Thomas J. Hogan, Dennis P. |
Kin Access and Residential Mobility Among Young Mothers Social Science Quarterly 72,3 (September 1991): 615-622 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Childbearing; First Birth; Mobility; Residence; Support Networks; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Madigan, Thomas J. and Dennis P. Hogan. "Kin Access and Residential Mobility Among Young Mothers." Social Science Quarterly 72,3 (September 1991): 615-622.
|
4041. |
Madowitz, Michael Rowell, Alex Hamm, Katie |
Calculating the Hidden Cost of Interrupting a Career for Child Care Report, Center for American Progress, June 21, 2016. Also: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/report/2016/06/21/139731 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for American Progress Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Child Care; Family Income; Labor Force Participation; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. CAP estimates impact on family finances using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, or NLSY79, using data from 1979 through 2012. We estimate the effects of experience and career interruptions on wages following a method developed in a 2005 paper by economist Christy Spivey with controls for education, demographics, and full- or part-time labor force status. This process is described in greater detail in the Methodology section of this brief. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Madowitz, Michael, Alex Rowell and Katie Hamm. "Calculating the Hidden Cost of Interrupting a Career for Child Care." Report, Center for American Progress, June 21, 2016. |
4042. |
Madrigal, Sergio X. |
School-to-Work Transition: The Experience of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth Report, National Council of La Raza, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Hispanic Youth; Racial Differences; Training; Transition, School to Work Data from the 1979 youth cohort show that Hispanics have a lower rate of return for a year of education than black or white youth. Contrary to expectations, however, previous job experience and training did not significantly contribute to wage rate. Three reasons explaining the low wage rate of minorities compared to that of white youth are proposed: (1) minorities have lower educational endowments than the majority; (2) a smaller percentage of minorities has achieved the threshold of the high school diploma; (3) minorities do not appear to translate their educational investments into higher earnings as well as the majority youth. The study concludes with several policy recommendations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Madrigal, Sergio X. "School-to-Work Transition: The Experience of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth." Report, National Council of La Raza, 1982. |
4043. |
Magnuson, Katherine A. Berger, Lawrence Marc |
Family Structure States and Transitions: Associations with Children's Well-Being During Middle Childhood. Journal of Marriage and Family 71,3 (August 2009): 575-591. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00620.x/pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Structure; Modeling; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Using longitudinal data from the Maternal and Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth ( N = 3,862) and Hierarchical Linear Models, we estimated associations of family structure states and transitions with children's achievement and behavior trajectories during middle childhood. Results suggest that residing in a single-mother family was associated with small increases in behavior problems and decreases in achievement and that residing in a social-father family was associated with small increases in behavior problems. Family structure transitions, in general, were associated with increases in behavior problems and marginally associated with decreases in achievement. Transitioning to a single-mother family was associated with increases in behavior problems, whereas transitioning to a social-father family was associated with decreases in reading achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Magnuson, Katherine A. and Lawrence Marc Berger. "Family Structure States and Transitions: Associations with Children's Well-Being During Middle Childhood." Journal of Marriage and Family 71,3 (August 2009): 575-591.
|
4044. |
Mahnken, Jonathan D. Li, Chaoyang Nazir, Niaman So, Joseph Kaur, Harsohena Ahluwalia, Jasjit S. |
Analyzing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Comparison of Statistical Methods Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Joint Statistical Meetings, August 2005 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Modeling; Morbidity; Mortality; Obesity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Weight Recent trends in obesity incidence and prevalence among America's youth have raised concern among the public health community. Although much ongoing research is aimed at addressing the concerns of obesity and its related morbidity and mortality, many questions remain unanswered. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLSY79 Child and Youth data to investigate obesity incidence. These data contain not only factors of the children such as birth weight, gender and race, but also maternal factors such as mother's age at pregnancy, prenatal care, and alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy. While these data are rich in many ways, they present interesting statistical challenges. For this data set, respondents were surveyed biennially. Censored and missing data in both outcome and predictor variables are some of the problems that must be taken into account when determining the influence of the individual and maternal factors on adolescent obesity incidence. We applied different statistical methods (parametric survival analysis, GLMM, and GEE) to these data and compared the results, describing the merits and drawbacks of each approach. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mahnken, Jonathan D., Chaoyang Li, Niaman Nazir, Joseph So, Harsohena Kaur and Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. "Analyzing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Comparison of Statistical Methods." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Joint Statistical Meetings, August 2005. |
4045. |
Mahone, Zachary L. |
Human Capital, Contracts and Worker-Firm Attachment in the US Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Human Capital; Skills; Training; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 2 estimates the returns to on-the-job training and, in particular, asks how portable these acquired skills are from one job to the next. I build a model of a labor market with undirected, on-the-job search and counteroffers where firms may sign long-term contracts with workers that jointly determine wages and costly training (human capital acquisition). For any amount of training, some fraction of the human capital acquired is job-specific and is lost upon job termination. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mahone, Zachary L. Human Capital, Contracts and Worker-Firm Attachment in the US Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 2016. |
4046. |
Mai, Hui |
Estimating the Effects of Family Relocation on Children's Education and Youth Risky Behavior Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Washington, October 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Washington Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Drug Use; Mobility, Residential; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Runaways; School Completion; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using individual-level data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults, we empirically investigate the role of family relocation on children's schooling and youth behavior problems. By exploiting the variation in sibling's age at the time of family relocation, we find no detectable negative effects of family relocation on various children's outcomes. In addition, while the OLS estimates vary by gender and ethnicity, this variety disappears in the sibling fixed effects estimates. Our empirical results indicate that the unobserved family characteristics that drive the decision of family relocation are responsible for children's schooling and behavior outcomes in the long run. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mai, Hui. "Estimating the Effects of Family Relocation on Children's Education and Youth Risky Behavior." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Washington, October 2014. |
4047. |
Mai, Hui |
Three Essays on Family Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Washington, 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Contraception; Drug Use; Family Size; Mobility, Residential; Mobility, Schools; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Health; Runaways; School Completion; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, my dissertation investigates several key issues in family economics. The first chapter studies the role of family relocation on children's schooling and youth behavior problems. By exploiting the variation in sibling's age at the time of family relocation, we find no detectable negative effects of family relocation on various children's outcomes. We extend our discussion to the context of school mobility and child outcomes. In the second chapter, we use individual school change history from the NLSY 97 and control for sibling fixed effects to estimate how the variation in children's age at school change would affect a set of outcome variables. We find school change made at age 16-18 would significantly reduce children's education achievement by age 20 and increase their possibility for repeating grade in school. In the third chapter, we examine the impact of family size on maternal health outcomes by exploiting the exogenous change in family size using contraceptive failure as instrument variable. This result indicates that mothers' mental health at age 40 is negatively affected by having additional child while their physical health stays intact. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mai, Hui. Three Essays on Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Washington, 2015. |
4048. |
Majumdar, Sumon |
Market Conditions and Worker Training: How Does It Affect and Whom? Labour Economics 14,1 (January 2007): 1-23. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537105000412 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Human Capital; Occupational Choice; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials This paper analyses the impact of labor market conditions on a firm's incentive to train its workers. In an equilibrium model of the labor market in which firms use both untrained and in-house-trained workers, we show that the incidence of training increases with the tightness of the labor market. In a multi-sector framework, the usual threat of hold-up by a trained worker is more severe for workers who change their sector of work; during downturns, this serves to bias firms' incentives in imparting training away from such workers and towards workers already in the firm and those new workers coming from the same sector. Evidence from the NLSY confirms both predictions--the incidence and duration of company-sponsored training is adversely affected by higher unemployment rates; furthermore, this negative effect is much stronger for workers who change industries as compared to those who do not. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Majumdar, Sumon. "Market Conditions and Worker Training: How Does It Affect and Whom? ." Labour Economics 14,1 (January 2007): 1-23.
|
4049. |
Majumdar, Sumon |
Three Essays on Frictional Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, 2001. DAI, 61, no. 04A (2001): p. 1542 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Segmentation; Labor Market, Secondary; Modeling; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment; Wage Differentials; Welfare Labor markets are rarely perfect. Most markets for labor are characterized by frictions and imperfect information so that firms must search for workers and workers must search for firms. This dissertation addresses the effects of specific market frictions on welfare, productivity and unemployment. The first essay uses a nonsequential search model to examine the consequences of labor market frictions for the theory of hedonic wages. Once markets are not perfect, it is shown that wage differentials between jobs with disparate characteristics need not be compensating. Nevertheless, if all workers have identical preferences over these characteristics, the unregulated equilibrium is efficient. When workers differ in their relative preferences for job-characteristics, the labor market may get segmented into good and bad jobs. Further, in this case, certain regulatory constraints on offers made by firms have the potential to benefit all groups. The second essay analyzes the impact of local labor market conditions on firms' incentives to impart costly training to their workers. The formal model demonstrates that the incidence of training should decrease when the market for labor becomes less competitive. However, not all workers are equally likely to be affected. It is shown that during a downturn, firms will be more inclined to train workers coming from their own sector rather than those from other sectors. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth confirms both predictions of the theoretical model. The pressure of a deadline is encountered in many situations. The third essay sets up a model of multi-dimensional search with a deadline. It examines the sensitivity of behavior to changes in the deadline. In the two-dimensional case, a simple characterization of the optimal search policy is possible, and a wide variety of behaviors can be rationalized as the length of the deadline increases. This characterization is shown to be behaviorally distinct from the traditional case of geometric discounting under an infinite horizon. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Majumdar, Sumon. Three Essays on Frictional Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, 2001. DAI, 61, no. 04A (2001): p. 1542. |
4050. |
Makki, Nazgol |
Role of Neurotic Personality Trait in the Determination of Self Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction M.A. Thesis, Department of Economics and Statistics, California State University, Los Angeles, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Job Satisfaction; Life Satisfaction; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study examines the role of neurotic personality in the determination of an individual's happiness in the form of self-satisfaction and job satisfaction. Using four samples from two surveys of the national longitudinal survey of youth NLSY79 and using an ordered probit approach, the study demonstrates that other characteristics held constant, an individual with a neurotic personality is likely to be less satisfied with his/her life and workplace. The significance of this variable in both self-satisfaction and job satisfaction regression along with the likelihood test results indicate that personality trait is an important determinant of the individual's overall well-being, and should not therefore be excluded from happiness regressions. As a byproduct, the study identifies several important covariates of job satisfaction and self-satisfaction, and shows how they affect the satisfaction of younger and mature adults differently. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Makki, Nazgol. Role of Neurotic Personality Trait in the Determination of Self Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction. M.A. Thesis, Department of Economics and Statistics, California State University, Los Angeles, 2017. |
4051. |
Makki, Nazgol Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Mental Health and Happiness: Evidence From the U.S. Data The American Economist 64,2 (October 2019): 197-215. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0569434518822266 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Omicron Delta Phi Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Health, Mental/Psychological; Job Satisfaction; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study examines the role of poor mental health characterized by depression in the determination of an individual's happiness measured by self-satisfaction and job satisfaction. Using two samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) and following an ordered probit approach, the study demonstrates that, other variables held constant, an individual suffering from mental depression is likely to have lower levels of self-satisfaction and job satisfaction than those with better mental health. The significance of this variable in both self-satisfaction and job satisfaction regressions indicates that metal health status is an important covariate of an individual's overall well-being, and should not, therefore, be omitted when estimating relevant happiness equations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Makki, Nazgol and Madhu Sudan Mohanty. "Mental Health and Happiness: Evidence From the U.S. Data." The American Economist 64,2 (October 2019): 197-215.
|
4052. |
Makridis, Christos |
Work and Grow Rich: The Dynamic Effects of Performance Pay Contracts Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Human Capital; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Performance pay; Wage Growth; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the rise of performance pay contracts and their aggregate effects on the labor market. First, using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I document three patterns: (i) the share of performance pay workers grew from 15% in 1970 to 50% by 2000, (ii) performance pay workers experience higher earnings levels and growth rates and work longer hours, and (iii) invest more in their on-the-job human capital. These differences persist even when comparing similar jobs in the same establishment using the National Compensation Survey. Second, I build a dynamic Roy model with heterogeneity in performance pay, time-varying probabilities of receiving performance pay, and human capital accumulation. The model is calibrated using simulated method of moments on the NLSY79. Third, I use my model to gauge the role of incentives, the contribution of performance pay to rising earnings inequality, and evaluate a recently proposed counterfactual 73% marginal tax rate. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Makridis, Christos. "Work and Grow Rich: The Dynamic Effects of Performance Pay Contracts." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019. |
4053. |
Malamud, Ofer Wozniak, Abigail |
The Impact of College Education on Geographic Mobility: Evidence from the Vietnam Generation Working Paper Series 08.11. Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; Mobility; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. College-educated workers are twice as likely as high school graduates to make lasting long-distance moves, but little is known about the role of college itself in determining geographic mobility. Unobservable characteristics related to selection into college might also drive the relationship between college education and geographic mobility. We explore this question using a number of methods to analyze both the 1980 Census and longitudinal sources. We conclude that the causal impact of college completion on subsequent mobility is large. We introduce new instrumental variables that allow us to identify educational attainment and veteran status separately in a sample of men whose college decisions were exogenously influenced by their draft risk during the Vietnam War. Our preferred IV estimates imply that graduation increases the probability that a man resides outside his birth state by approximately 35 percentage points, a magnitude nearly twice as large as the OLS migration differential between college and high school graduates. IV estimates of graduation’s impact on total distance moved are even larger, with IV estimates that exceed OLS considerably. We provide evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 that our large IV estimates are plausible and likely explained by heterogeneous treatment effects. Finally, we provide some suggestive evidence on the mechanisms driving the relationship between college completion and mobility. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Malamud, Ofer and Abigail Wozniak. "The Impact of College Education on Geographic Mobility: Evidence from the Vietnam Generation." Working Paper Series 08.11. Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, 2008. |
4054. |
Malamud, Ofer Wozniak, Abigail |
The Impact of College Graduation on Geographic Mobility: Identifying Education Using Multiple Components of Vietnam Draft Risk Discussion Paper No. 3432, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2008. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1136237 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): College Graduates; Education; Labor Market Demographics; Migration; Migration Patterns; Mobility; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. College-educated workers are twice as likely as high school graduates to make lasting long distance moves, but little is known about the role of college itself in determining geographic mobility. Unobservable characteristics related to selection into college might also drive the relationship between college education and geographic mobility. We explore this question using a number of methods to analyze both the 1980 Census and longitudinal sources. We conclude that the causal impact of college completion on subsequent mobility is large. We introduce new instrumental variables that allow us to identify educational attainment and veteran status separately in a sample of men whose college decisions were exogenously influenced by their draft risk during the Vietnam War. Our preferred IV estimates imply that graduation increases the probability that a man resides outside his birth state by approximately 35 percentage points, a magnitude nearly twice as large as the OLS migration differential between college and high school graduates. IV estimates of graduation's impact on total distance moved are even larger, with IV estimates that exceed OLS considerably. We provide evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 that our large IV estimates are plausible and likely explained by heterogeneous treatment effects. Finally, we provide some suggestive evidence on the mechanisms driving the relationship between college completion and mobility. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Malamud, Ofer and Abigail Wozniak. "The Impact of College Graduation on Geographic Mobility: Identifying Education Using Multiple Components of Vietnam Draft Risk." Discussion Paper No. 3432, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2008. |
4055. |
Malhotra, Heide B. |
Effects of Education and Experience on Pay Inequality Among Male and Female Professionals a Cross-Sectional Study Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University (Minnesota), 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Wage Differentials; Work Experience This research attempted to assess the effect of education and experience on the wage differential between male and female professionals, and the existence of a trend toward the narrowing of the wage gap. This study used the NLS of Youth, conducted by the Center for Human Resource Research between 1979 and 1991. The total population consisted of 12,686 male and female cohorts from 485 counties and independent cities within the United States. A bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to test the data for existing relationships among years of experience, sex, given degree, specific professional position, and income from wages. Empirical results indicated that education and years of experience are major factors in the determination of wages. The sex component appears to show statistical significance only in positions where the employee holds an associate degree. The indications are that a bachelor's or higher degree affects wages positively for either sex. The final section of this paper discusses possible factors, such as location and industry, as having equal importance in the determination of wages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Malhotra, Heide B. Effects of Education and Experience on Pay Inequality Among Male and Female Professionals a Cross-Sectional Study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University (Minnesota), 1993. |
4056. |
Malhotra, Rahul Ostbye, Truls Riley, Crystal M. Finkelstein, Eric A. |
Young Adult Weight Trajectories Through Midlife by Body Mass Category Obesity 21,9 (September 2013): 1923-1934. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20318/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To estimate the expected weight gain through midlife for those in a given BMI category in young adulthood. Design and Methods: Group-based trajectory modeling and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data from 1990 to 2008 were used to quantify weight trajectories through midlife for 10,038 young adult men and women stratified by BMI category. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of trajectory membership with obesity-related conditions (hypertension, diabetes, arthritis) in middle age. Results: Annual weight gain averaged 0.53 kg (1.17 lb) across the entire sample. However, there was considerable variation by and within BMI categories. More than 98% of men and 92% of women were on upward-sloping trajectories, generally moving into a higher BMI category by middle age. Those who experienced early and rapid weight gain during young adulthood were most likely to be on a steeper trajectory and had greater risks for obesity-related conditions. Conclusion: This study points to the health and weight benefits of entering young adulthood with a normal BMI, but further reveals that this is no guarantee of maintaining a healthy weight through midlife. For those who are young adults today, weight maintenance is unlikely to occur without significant environmental or technical innovation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Malhotra, Rahul, Truls Ostbye, Crystal M. Riley and Eric A. Finkelstein. "Young Adult Weight Trajectories Through Midlife by Body Mass Category." Obesity 21,9 (September 2013): 1923-1934.
|
4057. |
Maloney, Paul |
Does it Pay to Attend an Elite Liberal Arts College? Undergraduate Honors Thesis, College of the Holy Cross, April 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: College of the Holy Cross Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Colleges; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Undergraduate Research; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of the most important decisions in a person’s life is what college they will attend. The choice of college can have an effect on future earnings. With the increase in college tuition, it has become even more important to make cost effective decisions. This paper studies how wages are affected by the type of school an individual attends and in particular elite liberal arts colleges. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the U.S. News and World Report’s individual characteristics are linked to characteristics of the college that the individual attended. Individual’s wages are regressed on the individual and college characteristics at different points in the individual’s career in order to determine the percent change in wages when attending an elite liberal arts college. The findings suggest there is not a statistically significant relationship between wages and attending an elite liberal art college at the beginning of a career but in the middle of an individual’s career there is a positive and statistically significant relationship. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maloney, Paul. "Does it Pay to Attend an Elite Liberal Arts College?." Undergraduate Honors Thesis, College of the Holy Cross, April 2012. |
4058. |
Maloney, Timothy |
Estimating the Returns to a High School Education for Female Dropouts Working Paper, Bowdoin College, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Bowdoin College Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Dropouts; Earnings; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Employment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Dropouts; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Some recent welfare reform proposals emphasize the need to increase the general educational attainment of welfare recipients who have dropped out of high school. This study uses data from the NLSY to empirically estimate the impact on the earnings capacities of young female dropouts if they were to return to complete either a regular high school education or a General Education Development (GED) degree. To reduce the upward bias on these estimated rates of return, dropouts are allowed to have lower levels of innate ability and lower rates of human capital accumulation in school. After controlling for the sample selection bias associated with the observation of wage rates among only employed women, the rates of return for the average dropout are estimated to be 21.5 percent for a high school diploma and 16.4 percent for a GED degree. After allowing for self selection in the decision of whether or not to complete a secondary education, these estimated rates of return fall slightly to 18.7 percent and 14 percent, respectively. However, because of differences in other productivity characteristics, this education would only eliminate up to one-half of the substantial gaps that already exist in the earnings capacities between dropouts and either high school graduates or GED recipients. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maloney, Timothy. "Estimating the Returns to a High School Education for Female Dropouts." Working Paper, Bowdoin College, 1990. |
4059. |
Maloney, Timothy |
Estimating the Returns to a Secondary Education for Female Dropouts ERIC Document No. ED397169; Clearinghouse No. UD031047; February 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ERIC Keyword(s): Dropouts; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Gender Differences; High School; High School Diploma; Human Capital; Sample Selection; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to estimate empirically the impact on the earnings capacities of young female dropouts if they were to return to complete either a regular high school education or a General Educational Development (GED) degree. To reduce the potential upward bias on these estimated rates of return, dropouts are allowed to have lower levels of innate ability and lower rates of human capital accumulation in school. After controlling for the sample selection bias associated with the observation of wage rates among only employed women, the rates of return for the average dropout are estimated to be 10.2% for a high school diploma and 6.2% for a GED degree. After allowing for self-selection in the decision of whether or not to complete a secondary education, these estimated rates of return actually rise slightly to 10.9% and 6.5% respectively. Because of differences in other productivity characteristics, this education would only eliminate up to one-third of the substantial gap that already exists between the earnings capacities of dropouts and secondary school completers. (Contains 8 tables and 16 references.) (Author/SLD) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maloney, Timothy. "Estimating the Returns to a Secondary Education for Female Dropouts." ERIC Document No. ED397169; Clearinghouse No. UD031047; February 1991. |
4060. |
Maltarich, Mark A. Nyberg, Anthony J. Reilly, Greg |
A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis of the Cognitive Ability–Voluntary Turnover Relationship Journal of Applied Psychology 95,6 (November 2010): 1058-1070. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/95/6/1058.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Employment History; Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Occupational Status; Work History Despite much research into cognitive ability as a selection tool and a separate large literature on the causes of voluntary turnover, little theoretical or empirical work connects the two. We propose that voluntary turnover is also a potentially key outcome of cognitive ability. Incorporating ideas from the person- environment fit literature and those regarding push and pull influences on turnover, we posit a theoretical connection between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover that addresses both why and how voluntary turnover is related to cognitive ability. Integrating data from 3 different sources, our empirical analyses support the theoretical perspective that the relationship between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover depends on the cognitive demands of the job. When the cognitive demands of a job are high, our findings support the hypothesized curvilinear relationship between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover, such that employees of higher and lower cognitive ability are more likely than medium cognitive ability employees to leave voluntarily. With regard to jobs with low cognitive demands, our data are more consistent with a negative linear relationship between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover, such that higher cognitive ability employees are less likely to leave voluntarily. We also examine the role of job satisfaction, finding that job satisfaction is more strongly linked to voluntary turnover in jobs with high cognitive demands. NOTE: O*Net used for coding occupational characteristics. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maltarich, Mark A., Anthony J. Nyberg and Greg Reilly. "A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis of the Cognitive Ability–Voluntary Turnover Relationship." Journal of Applied Psychology 95,6 (November 2010): 1058-1070.
|
4061. |
Mamun, Arif A. |
"The White Picket Fence Dream": Effects of Assets on the Choice of Family Union Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Family Studies; Home Ownership; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage is perceived as a family status to be chosen after certain economic and relational preconditions are fulfilled - after the couple have achieved the so-called "white picket fence dream". In this paper, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine whether there is any direct relationship between the individual's financial and housing assets and his/her transition into cohabitation or marriage. Preliminary results indicate that both for men and women, home ownership and access to liquid financial assets increases the probability of marriage. Transition into cohabitation, however, is not significantly influenced by asset ownership. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mamun, Arif A. ""The White Picket Fence Dream": Effects of Assets on the Choice of Family Union." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005. |
4062. |
Mamun, Arif A. |
Cohabitation Premium in Men’s Earnings: Testing the Joint Human Capital Hypothesis Journal of Family and Economic Issues 33,1 (March 2012): 53-68. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/d475u11p1423406x/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Earnings; Human Capital; Marriage; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides new evidence on the increase in wage earnings for men due to marriage and cohabitation (in the literature, commonly referred to as marital and cohabitation wage premiums for men). Using data for a sample of white men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the paper shows that even after accounting for potential selection bias there is a cohabitation wage premium for men, albeit smaller than the marriage premium. Our analysis shows that a joint human capital hypothesis (a la Benham in J Polit Econ 82(2, Part 2):S57–71, 1974) with intra-household spillover effects of partner’s education can explain the existence of the wage premiums. Our estimates provide some empirical support for the joint human capital hypothesis. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mamun, Arif A. "Cohabitation Premium in Men’s Earnings: Testing the Joint Human Capital Hypothesis." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 33,1 (March 2012): 53-68.
|
4063. |
Mamun, Arif A. |
Essays in Economics of the Family: Incorporating Cohabitation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2005. DAI-A 66/07, p. 2673, Jan 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assets; Cohabitation; Demography; Educational Attainment; Hispanics; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay of this dissertation provides new evidence on wage premiums for men in relation to marriage and cohabitation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we show that even after accounting for selection there is a cohabitation wage premium, albeit smaller than the marriage premium, for white and black men but not for Hispanic men. We find empirical support for a joint human capital hypothesis which suggests that intra-household spillover effects of partner's education can explain the existence of the wage premiums. A recent strand of literature in demography argues that young unmarried Americans value marriage so highly that it is perceived as a family status to be chosen after certain economic preconditions are fulfilled--after they have achieved the so-called "white picket fence dream" (a house, surplus income etc.). Motivated by these claims, in the second essay we use data from the NLSY79 to examine whether there is any direct relationship between the individual's housing and financial assets and his/her transition into marriage or cohabitation. For both men and women, analysis using a proportional hazard model indicates a positive association of asset ownership with transition into marriage, but not with transition into cohabitation. However, instrumental variables probit estimations, designed to account for the endogeneity of asset-accumulation, either remove the statistical significance of the association between asset ownership and family union transitions, or identify effects that are in the opposite direction to those derived from the time-to-event analysis, indicating dissuading effects of asset ownership on transition to marriage. The existing theoretical literature on household decision-making makes no distinction between different institutional processes of household formation, namely, cohabitation and marriage. In the third essay, we develop a simple two-period model of family union that distinguishes cohabitation and marriage. The analytical results of the model suggest that compared to marital unions, cohabiting unions have higher risk of dissolution in the future, and involve less intra-household specialization. The model also indicates that improved labor market conditions for men provide stronger incentives for marriage than for cohabitation; and that cost of divorce affects married women's labor supply choice. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mamun, Arif A. Essays in Economics of the Family: Incorporating Cohabitation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2005. DAI-A 66/07, p. 2673, Jan 2006. |
4064. |
Mamun, Arif A. |
Is There a Cohabitation Premium in Men's Earnings? Working Paper No. 2004-02, Center for Research on Families, University of Washington, Seattle WA, May-July 2004. Also: http://depts.washington.edu/crfam/WorkingPapers/CRF 2004-02_Mamun_updated.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Research on Families Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Hispanics; Marriage; Wage Determination; Wage Models; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper provides new evidence on wage premiums for men in relation to marriage and cohabitation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the paper shows that even after accounting for selection there is a cohabitation wage premium, albeit smaller than the marriage premium, for White and Black men but not for Hispanic men. The wage premiums appear to result from a steepening of the wage profile over the length of the relationship. In addition, we find that partner's education has a significant positive influence on men's wage. The results indicate that family union might enhance men's earnings by means beyond what household specialization hypothesis suggests. We put forward a joint human capital hypothesis as an explanation for the existence of the wage premiums. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mamun, Arif A. "Is There a Cohabitation Premium in Men's Earnings?" Working Paper No. 2004-02, Center for Research on Families, University of Washington, Seattle WA, May-July 2004. |
4065. |
Manchester, Colleen Flaherty Leslie, Lisa M. Park, Tae-Youn |
Screening for Commitment: The Effect of Maternity Leave Use on Wages Working Paper, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, September 2008 Also: http://www.economics.uiuc.edu/docs/seminars/Screening-for-Commitment-The-Effect-of-Maternity-Leave-Use-on-Wages.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Minnesota Keyword(s): Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Human Capital; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines whether firms use participation in work-family policies to screen for a worker's level of job commitment, an unobservable characteristic that affects productivity. We identify two conditions that differentiate screening from human capital explanations, and test whether the wage penalty associated with usage varies with these conditions. Specifically, we propose that the wage growth penalty from policy usage will increase with monitoring costs and with the quality of the screening technology if firms screen based on usage. We test and provide support for these propositions using the NLSY 1979, with paid maternity leave as the work-family policy of interest. We proxy for monitoring costs using a measure of job autonomy and capture a change in the screen's quality with passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie and Tae-Youn Park. "Screening for Commitment: The Effect of Maternity Leave Use on Wages." Working Paper, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, September 2008. |
4066. |
Mandal, Bidisha |
Use of Food Labels as a Weight Loss Behavior Journal of Consumer Affairs 44,3 (Fall 2010): 516-527. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01181.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Exercise; Obesity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the use of food labels as a weight loss behavior compared to regular exercise among middle-aged Americans. After controlling for unobserved heterogeneity women were more likely to read food labels than men and also more successful in losing weight. Label users who did not exercise displayed a slightly greater likelihood of weight loss than those who exercised but did not read food labels. Additionally, those who only read labels were more likely to improve their chances of weight loss by adding exercise to their routines rather than abandoning label usage in favor of exercise. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mandal, Bidisha. "Use of Food Labels as a Weight Loss Behavior." Journal of Consumer Affairs 44,3 (Fall 2010): 516-527.
|
4067. |
Mandal, Bidisha Brady, Michael P. |
The Roles of Gender and Marital Status on Risky Asset Allocation Decisions Journal of Consumer Affairs 54,1 (Spring 2020): 177-197. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joca.12261 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Assets; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Gender; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We analyze data on asset allocations in Individual Retirement Accounts to examine the roles of marital status and gender on investment decisions. We utilize data from two birth cohorts to understand the relationship over a wide age range. We find that, in their thirties and early forties, men are more likely to hold a majority of their funds in stocks in Individual Retirement Accounts compared to women. The gender difference disappears around retirement age; however, a significant difference by marital status emerges in that age group. Divorced and widowed individuals are less likely to hold a majority of their funds in stocks compared to married individuals in their sixties. While there exists a positive gap in stock holdings between married men and married women in their thirties, the gender gap is non‐existent among older individuals. Using paired data on stock holdings in the older birth cohort, we show that husbands' and wives' asset allocations in Individual Retirement Accounts are strongly correlated, coinciding with the lack of a gender gap in stock holdings among older couples. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mandal, Bidisha and Michael P. Brady. "The Roles of Gender and Marital Status on Risky Asset Allocation Decisions." Journal of Consumer Affairs 54,1 (Spring 2020): 177-197.
|
4068. |
Mandal, Bidisha Roe, Brian E. |
Risk Tolerance among National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Participants: The Effects of Age and Cognitive Skills Economica 81,323 (July 2014): 522-543. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecca.12088/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Cognitive Ability; Life Course; Risk-Taking We analyse how age and cognitive skills are related to risk tolerance among respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth between 1993 and 2006. Older individuals display lower risk tolerance than younger individuals, though as the panel ages from their early thirties to their mid-forties, differences in risk tolerance between the oldest and youngest individuals narrow, while panel-average risk tolerance declines. In contrast to other studies, we find that cognitive skill measured during respondents' teenage years is related to risk tolerance in a non-linear fashion, where respondents with the lowest and highest skills reveal the greatest risk tolerance. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mandal, Bidisha and Brian E. Roe. "Risk Tolerance among National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Participants: The Effects of Age and Cognitive Skills." Economica 81,323 (July 2014): 522-543.
|
4069. |
Mandara, Jelani |
An Empirically Derived Parenting Typology Working Paper, Program in Human Development and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2010 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Northwestern University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Depression (see also CESD); Discipline; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to uncover dispositional types of parents among 4754 adolescents and their parents from the NLSY-79. Cluster analytic methods were used and five qualitatively different parenting types were uncovered. Moreover, the profiles and effects of parenting type were consistent for African, European, and Hispanic Americans. Authoritative and strict authoritative parents had much higher SES, achievement and mental health than the permissive, authoritarian or neglectful parents. Even after adjusting for the background factors, those with authoritative parents had higher achievement, fewer depressive symptoms and less externalizing problems for each ethnic group. However, European American youth were twice as likely as Hispanic and African American youth to have authoritative parents. It was concluded that the traditional conception of authoritative parenting may be optimal for all American ethnic groups, even if it is not culturally normative for some. A stricter version of authoritative parenting was also adequate. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mandara, Jelani. "An Empirically Derived Parenting Typology." Working Paper, Program in Human Development and Social Policy, Northwestern University, 2010. |
4070. |
Mandara, Jelani |
Economic Resources and Achievement Oriented Parenting Explain Most Ethnic Disparities in Child and Adolescent Achievement Presentation: Montreal QC, Canada: Invited Address, SRCD Biennial Meeting, March 31 - April 2, 2011. Also: http://www.srcd.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=495 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Ethnic Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Structural Equation; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this talk, Jelani Mandara will argue that ethnic differences in achievement are completely social in origin. He will argue that the significant differences in SES of past generations led to ethnic differences in the use of achievement oriented parenting strategies. Such parenting strategies are fundamental to the development of certain cognitive skills and achievement motivation, which, along with school factors, account for current ethnic disparities in achievement. Using SEM with latent variables to test the tenets of this model with data from the NLSY79, NLSY97 and smaller datasets, Dr. Mandara will show that once SES and parenting are appropriately measured, the family factors explain no less than 90% of the achievement gap in each dataset. He also will show that these achievement disparities are somewhat different by gender, birth order, and region of the country. Dr. Mandara will conclude by discussing the importance of effective parent training interventions and other policy recommendations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mandara, Jelani. "Economic Resources and Achievement Oriented Parenting Explain Most Ethnic Disparities in Child and Adolescent Achievement." Presentation: Montreal QC, Canada: Invited Address, SRCD Biennial Meeting, March 31 - April 2, 2011. |
4071. |
Mandara, Jelani Greene, Nereira Varner, Fatima |
Intergenerational Predictors of the Black-White Achievement Gap in Adolescence Presented: Cambridge, MA, Achievement Gap Initiative Conference, Harvard University, June 2006. Also: http://agi.harvard.edu/events/download.php?id=41 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Graduate School of Education, Harvard University Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Ethnic Differences; Grandparents; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parenthood; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Intergenerational predictors of the Black-White achievement gap among 2108 adolescents from the NLSY were examined. The results showed that the gaps in SES and achievement significantly reduced over the past few generations. Moreover, grandparents' education and occupational prestige accounted for 20% of the achievement gap, but were completely mediated by parent and adolescent factors. Parents' SES, achievement, and parenting accounted for almost all of the remaining ethnic differences in math and reading scores. Parental demandingness and adolescent health and motivation had particularly large unique effects on achievement. It was concluded that adjusting for these differences across generations would, theoretically, all but eliminate the Black-White test score gap. The need for culturally specific parenting interventions was also discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mandara, Jelani, Nereira Greene and Fatima Varner. "Intergenerational Predictors of the Black-White Achievement Gap in Adolescence." Presented: Cambridge, MA, Achievement Gap Initiative Conference, Harvard University, June 2006. |
4072. |
Mangini, Marco |
Essays on Family Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Arizona State University, 2021 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The presence of children can influence importantly how households respond to income risk. The aim of this dissertation is to study how different aspects of families' life-cycle decisions are affected by different sources of income fluctuation. In the first part of this dissertation, I study the relationships between fertility choices, consumption, and labor supply, by developing a model with endogenous fertility decisions and income volatility. Within this framework, fertility choices act as a mechanism to smooth utility over time. In this context, I analyze the insurance value of fertility choices. I use a structural model that combines two features underexplored by the literature: children as consumption commitments, and nonseparabilities of family size and consumption. Having children in the household affects consumption and labor marginal utilities, changing the insurance value of fertility decisions and generating incentives to avoid childbearing during low-income spells. I find that the welfare loss of a negative transitory income shock is 34 to 38 times larger if households are not able to choose when to have their children. These results underscore how costly unplanned childbearing can be to the household in terms of welfare. The second part of this dissertation evaluates the impact of being born under negative conditions in the labor market on human capital formation, and what parental behavior could be leading to those effects. I estimate the impact of the unemployment rates on children's assessment outcomes in cognitive and noncognitive skills. Counterintuitively, the results suggest that higher unemployment rates are linked to positive child development outcomes later in childhood. In my main specification, an increase of 1 percentage point in state unemployment causes an increase of 2.5% of a standard deviation in cognitive test scores after controlling for income at birth, hours worked at birth, and other variables. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mangini, Marco. Essays on Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Arizona State University, 2021. |
4073. |
Mangum, Stephen L. Ball, David E. |
Military Service and Post-Service Labor Market Outcomes Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Military Service; Military Training; Occupations Utilizing a sample from the NLSY of individuals who left schooling between 1975 and 1978 and subsequently decided to enter the armed forces or enter directly into the labor force, the authors compare labor market outcomes for these two groups as of the 1983 interview. It is shown that those choosing to serve in the military were, on average, doing less well than their counterparts who did not serve. Differences in occupation and firm-specific tenure accounted for much of the difference. The study indicates a key factor offsetting the apparent negative effect of military service is attainment of post-military employment that uses occupational skills acquired while in the service. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mangum, Stephen L. and David E. Ball. "Military Service and Post-Service Labor Market Outcomes." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1984. |
4074. |
Mangum, Stephen L. Ball, David E. |
Military Service, Occupational Training, and Labor Market Outcomes: An Update Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Military Service; Military Training; Occupations; Schooling, Post-secondary; Training, Occupational; Training, Post-School; Transfers, Skill This report updates the authors' 1984 report using a sample of individuals leaving school and facing the enlistment decision between 1975 and 1979. Labor market outcomes are evaluated as of the 1984 interview. The report focuses on the transferability of military-provided occupational training, comparing its transferability to that of training provided by non-military institutions. The authors isolate factors influencing skill transferability and suggest the incidence of skill transfer of military training to be similar to that of other training providers for the individuals in this sample. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mangum, Stephen L. and David E. Ball. "Military Service, Occupational Training, and Labor Market Outcomes: An Update." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1986. |
4075. |
Mangum, Stephen L. Ball, David E. |
Military Skill Training: Some Evidence of Transferability Armed Forces and Society 13,3 (Spring 1987): 425-441. Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/13/3/425.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Military Training; Skills; Training; Transfers, Skill Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, this study examines the skill transferability of military-provided training to civilian employment. With other factors controlled, males were most readily able to transfer training in the service, craft, and equipment repair occupations, while transfer percentages for females were greatest in the traditional occupational stronghold of administrative/functional support. Analysis of skill transfer between nonmilitary training providers and employment showed that the occupational areas offering the greatest probability of skill transfer were similar to those that emerged in the analysis of military training. For males, the probability of skill transfer for those trained by the military was significantly lower than that for those in apprenticeship and employer-provided training programs, but not significantly different from that associated with training through vocational/technical institutes, proprietary business colleges, and so forth. Females involved in employer- provided training, apprenticeships, nursing programs, or beauty school programs were more likely to find jobs in the occupation for which they were trained than were those receiving training in the military. Key in explaining these differences may be the presence of internal labor-market mechanisms, which facilitate the transition from training to work in some institutional settings. Analysis of this data set leaves little reason to doubt the viability of the military as a training provider offering linkages to the civilian work world. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mangum, Stephen L. and David E. Ball. "Military Skill Training: Some Evidence of Transferability." Armed Forces and Society 13,3 (Spring 1987): 425-441.
|
4076. |
Mangum, Stephen L. Ball, David E. |
The Transferability of Military-Provided Occupational Training in the Post-Draft Era Industrial and Labor Relations Review 42,2 (January 1989): 230-245. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2523356 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cornell University Press Keyword(s): Military Draft; Military Training; Training, Occupational; Transfers, Skill Using a sample drawn from the NLSY, the authors have documented significant amounts of skill transfer between military-provided training and civilian employment. The probability of skill transfer of those receiving military training was not significantly different than that of individuals trained by nonmilitary providers of occupational training outside the institutional structure of internal labor market mechanisms facilitating the training to work transfer. Based on the analysis of this data set, there is little reason to doubt the viability of the military as a training provider offering access to the world of work, though the analysis does suggest exploration of alternative schemes for improving linkages between training providers and employment opportunities to be a potentially valuable area for further policy discussion. [Note: this article was previously published as a 1987 Working Paper Series with the title, "Military Provided Occupational Training and Skill Transfer in the Post-Draft Era"] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mangum, Stephen L. and David E. Ball. "The Transferability of Military-Provided Occupational Training in the Post-Draft Era." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 42,2 (January 1989): 230-245.
|
4077. |
Mann, David R. |
Choosing to Serve: Understanding the Military Participation Decision Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Labor Force Participation; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. With 2.4 million employees, the military is America's largest employer. Individuals make the military labor force participation decision within the context of other labor market opportunities, which may vary by race and over the business cycle. This paper develops and estimates a dynamic discrete choice model of lifetime career decision making that incorporates military options. In the model, forward-looking individuals receive wage offers from the civilian and military sectors and decide whether to work in the civilian sector, attend school, stay home, serve active duty military, or serve reserve duty military. The model describes the military's compensation structure and recruitment policies in detail and introduces business cycle effects that affect civilian labor market opportunities. The model is estimated by simulated maximum likelihood using data on males from the NLSY79. Parameter estimates reveal that the civilian sector places a high premium on civilian experience relative to military experience. The model fits well military participation patterns and dynamics, including by race and over the business cycle. The model is used to perform experiments that alter the military compensation and promotion structure. Results indicate that military participation is highly elastic with respect to changes in the wage rate. Other experiments reveal that blacks' participation in the military drops dramatically as the racial wage gap in the civilian sector de- creases. Experiments that alter the length and severity of business cycles result in military participation rate effects that range from 3% to 6%. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. Choosing to Serve: Understanding the Military Participation Decision. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2011. |
4078. |
Mann, David R. |
Why We Fight: Understanding Military Participation over the Life Cycle Journal of Human Capital 6,4 (Winter 2012): 279-315. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668863 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Military Service This paper specifies a dynamic career decision model that includes military service options to understand how human capital, compensation, the business cycle, and combat risk affect the military labor supply. The model is estimated using data on males from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. "Why We Fight: Understanding Military Participation over the Life Cycle." Journal of Human Capital 6,4 (Winter 2012): 279-315.
|
4079. |
Manning, Wendy D. |
Implications of Cohabitation for Children's Well-Being Presented: University Park, PA, National Symposium "Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation for Children, Families and Social Policy", October 2000. Also: http://www.pop.psu.edu/events/manningpaper.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Well-Being; Cohabitation; Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Family Formation; Fathers, Absence; Marital Status; Marriage; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Parental Marital Status; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper is divided into four sections. I begin with a basic discussion of the trends in cohabitation as a family living arrangement for children. Next I discuss why cohabitation may influence child outcomes. Then I review findings from empirical research that specifically focuses on the effect of cohabitation on children's social and economic well-being. Finally, I present limitations and challenges for future work on the effects of cohabitation on children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manning, Wendy D. "Implications of Cohabitation for Children's Well-Being." Presented: University Park, PA, National Symposium "Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation for Children, Families and Social Policy", October 2000. |
4080. |
Manning, Wendy D. Smock, Pamela Jane Dorius, Cassandra J. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Cohabitation Expectations Among Young Adults in the United States: Do They Match Behavior? Population Research and Policy Review 33,2 (April 2014): 287-305. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-013-9316-3 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Dating; Expectations/Intentions; Gender Differences; Household Composition; Marital History/Transitions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cohabitation continues to rise, but there is a lack of knowledge about expectations to cohabit and the linkage between expectations and subsequent cohabitation. We capitalize on a new opportunity to study cohabitation expectations by drawing on the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) main youth and two waves (2008 and 2010) of the NLSY young adult (YA) surveys (n = 1,105). We find considerable variation in cohabitation expectations: 39.9 % have no expectation of cohabiting in the future and 16.6 % report high odds of cohabiting in the next 2 years. Cohabitation expectations are associated with higher odds of entering a cohabiting relationship, but are not perfectly associated. Only 38 % of YAs with certain cohabitation expectations in 2008 entered a cohabiting union by 2010. Further investigation of the mismatch between expectations and behaviors indicates that a substantial minority (30 %) who entered a cohabiting union had previously reported no or low expectations, instances of what we term “unplanned cohabitation.” Our findings underscore the importance of considering not only just behavior but also individuals’ expectations for understanding union formation, and more broadly, family change. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manning, Wendy D., Pamela Jane Smock, Cassandra J. Dorius and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Cohabitation Expectations Among Young Adults in the United States: Do They Match Behavior?" Population Research and Policy Review 33,2 (April 2014): 287-305.
|
4081. |
Mansfield, Richard K. |
School Quality and Student Inequality Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Quality; Training; Training, Occupational; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation contains two chapters that chronicle the degree to which the way school and teacher inputs are allocated within and across American high schools is contributing to disparities in academic and labor market success. A third chapter examines whether such disparities might be partially redressed later in individual's careers via the acquisition of vocational re-training. The third chapter exploits panel data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate the efficacy of vocational education as a means of retraining adults. Using Altonji, Elder and Taber's (2005) method to correct for selection into training, I estimate a 10-year profile of returns to vocational training for those changing jobs. While fairly imprecise, the estimates I obtain suggest that the average spell of vocational training increases hourly wages by 6 percent for the first couple of years after training and around 8-10 percent thereafter, with the effects persisting for at least 10 years. I also find positive effects of training on employment, weeks worked, and income, but these results are both less precise for each year and less consistent across years. Under further assumptions regarding the cost of training and the pattern of returns after ten years, I also show that the estimated returns are sufficient to make vocational training a sound investment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mansfield, Richard K. School Quality and Student Inequality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2011. |
4082. |
Manski, Charles F. Pepper, John V. |
Monotone Instrumental Variables with an Application to the Returns to Schooling NBER Technical Working Paper No. 224, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1998. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/t0224 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Returns; Schooling; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Variables, Instrumental Econometric analyses of treatment response commonly use instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. Yet the credibility of IV assumptions is often a matter of considerable disagreement, with much debate about whether some covariate is or is not a "valid instrument" in an application of interest. There is therefore good reason to consider weaker but more credible assumptions. assumptions. To this end, we introduce monotone instrumental variable (MIV) A particularly interesting special case of an MIV assumption is monotone treatment selection (MTS). IV and MIV assumptions may be imposed alone or in combination with other assumptions. We study the identifying power of MIV assumptions in three informational settings: MIV alone; MIV combined with the classical linear response assumption; MIV combined with the monotone treatment response (MTR) assumption. We apply the results to the problem of inference on the returns to schooling. We analyze wage data reported by white male respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and use the respondent's AFQT score as an MIV. We find that this MIV assumption has little identifying power when imposed alone. However combining the MIV assumption with the MTR and MTS assumptions yields fairly tight bounds on two distinct measures of the returns to schooling. Published as: Manski, Charles F. and John V. Pepper. "Monotone Instrumental Variables With An Application To The Returns To Schooling," Econometrica 68,4 (July 2000): 997-1010. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2999533 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manski, Charles F. and John V. Pepper. "Monotone Instrumental Variables with an Application to the Returns to Schooling." NBER Technical Working Paper No. 224, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1998. |
4083. |
Manski, Charles F. Pepper, John V. |
Monotone Instrumental Variables: with an Application to the Returns to Schooling Working Paper 308, Thomas Jefferson Center for Political Economy Working Paper Series, University of Virginia, January 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Virginia Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Returns; Schooling; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Econometric analyses of treatment response commonly use instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. Yet the credibility of IV assumptions is often a matter of considerable disagreement, with much debate about whether some covariate is or is not a "valid instrument" in an application of interest. There is therefore good reason to consider weaker but more credible assumptions. To this end, we introduce monotone instrumental variable (MIV) assumptions. A particularly interesting special case of an MIV assumption is monotone treatment selection (MTS). IV and MIV assumptions may be imposed alone or in combination with other assumptions. We study the identifying power of MIV assumptions in three informational settings: MIV alone; MIV combined with the classical linear response assumption; MIV combined with the monotone treatment response (MTR) assumption. We apply the results to the problem of inference on the returns to schooling. We analyze wage data reported by white male respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and use the respondent's AFQT score as an MIV. We find that this MIV assumption has little identifying power when imposed alone. However combining the MIV assumption with the MTR and MTS assumptions yields fairly tight bounds on two distinct measures of the returns to schooling. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manski, Charles F. and John V. Pepper. "Monotone Instrumental Variables: with an Application to the Returns to Schooling." Working Paper 308, Thomas Jefferson Center for Political Economy Working Paper Series, University of Virginia, January 1998. |
4084. |
Manski, Charles F. Pepper, John V. |
Monotone Instrumental Variables: With an Application to the Returns to Schooling Econometrica 68,4 (July 2000): 997-1010. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2999533 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Schooling; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Variables, Instrumental Introduction: For fifty years econometric analyses of treatment response have made extensive use of instrumental variable (IV) assumptions holding that mean response is constant across specified subpopulations of a population of interest. Yet the credibility of mean independence conditions and other IV assumptions has often been a matter of considerable disagreement, with much debate about whether some covariate is or is not a "valid instrument" in an application of interest. There is therefore good reason to consider weaker but more credible assumptions. To this end, we introduce monotone instrumental variable (MIV) assumptions holding that mean response varies weakly monotonically across specified subpopulations. We study the identifying power of these MIV assumptions and give an empirical application. The findings reported here add to the literature developing nonparametric bounds on treatment effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manski, Charles F. and John V. Pepper. "Monotone Instrumental Variables: With an Application to the Returns to Schooling." Econometrica 68,4 (July 2000): 997-1010.
|
4085. |
Manski, Charles F. Pepper, John V. Petrie, Carol V. |
Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Drug Use; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description Adequate data and research are essential to judge the effectiveness of the nation's efforts to cope with its illegal drug problem. Given the importance of the illegal drug problem and the continuing controversy about how best to confront it, there is a pressing need for the nation to assess the existing portfolio of data and research and to initiate stronger efforts where necessary. Accordingly, at the request of the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, the National Research Council established the Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs. The committee was given charge to: 1. Assess existing data sources and recent research studies that support policy analysis; 2. identify new data and research that may enable the development of more effective means of evaluating the consequences of alternative drug control policies; and 3. explore ways to integrate theory and findings from diverse disciplines to increase understanding of drug abuse and the operation of drug markets. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manski, Charles F., John V. Pepper and Carol V. Petrie. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2001.. |
4086. |
Manski, Charles F. Sandefur, Gary D. McLanahan, Sara S. Powers, Daniel A. |
Alternative Estimates of the Effects of Family Structure During Childhood on High School Graduation Journal of the American Statistical Association 87,417 (March 1992): 25-37. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2290448 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Parental Influences; Racial Differences A good deal of research in the past few years has found significant relationships between family structure during childhood and various outcomes during the teen and early adult years. There may, however, be unmeasured variables which affect both family structure and teen or early adult outcomes. The apparent effects of family structure may be due to these unmeasured variables, which affect both the likelihood of maintaining an intact marriage and parenting effectiveness. The authors estimate a model that attempts to take this unmeasured heterogeneity into account. Another weakness of past studies is that they make very strong assumptions about the relationship between family structure and early outcomes. Relaxing these assumptions, estimate nonparametric bounds on the magnitude of the relationship between family structure and early outcomes are estimated. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manski, Charles F., Gary D. Sandefur, Sara S. McLanahan and Daniel A. Powers. "Alternative Estimates of the Effects of Family Structure During Childhood on High School Graduation." Journal of the American Statistical Association 87,417 (March 1992): 25-37.
|
4087. |
Manso, Gustavo |
Experimentation and the Returns to Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2015. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2527034 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Life Course; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have argued that entrepreneurs earn less and bear more risk than salaried workers with otherwise similar characteristics. In a simple model of entrepreneurship, I show that estimates of mean and variance of returns to entrepreneurship used by these previous studies are biased, as they are based on cross-sectional data and fail to account for the option value of experimenting with new ideas. Using longitudinal data, I find patterns that are consistent with entrepreneurship as experimentation and returns to entrepreneurship that are more attractive than established by previous research. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manso, Gustavo. "Experimentation and the Returns to Entrepreneurship." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, October 2015. |
4088. |
Manso, Gustavo |
Experimentation and the Returns to Entrepreneurship Review of Financial Studies 29,9 (September 2016): 2319-2340. Also: http://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/9/2319 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Entrepreneurship; Life Course; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have argued that entrepreneurs earn less and bear more risk than salaried workers with otherwise similar characteristics. In a simple model of entrepreneurship, I show that estimates of mean and variance of returns to entrepreneurship used by these previous studies are biased, as they fail to account for the option value of experimenting with new ideas. Using longitudinal data, I find patterns that are consistent with entrepreneurship as experimentation and returns to entrepreneurship that are more attractive than established by previous research. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manso, Gustavo. "Experimentation and the Returns to Entrepreneurship." Review of Financial Studies 29,9 (September 2016): 2319-2340.
|
4089. |
Mansour, Fady |
Essays on Human Capital, Public Policy, and Decision-Making Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Program Participation/Evaluation; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter employs welfare participation to investigate the impact of working during adolescence on outcomes later in life. I use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 data to investigate the impact of the average hours worked from age 14 through 19 on both the welfare payment and the probability of welfare participation in the twenties and thirties of the respondents' life. I use a variety of different model specifications, including instrumental variables and Heckman selection models, to check the robustness of the results. The study shows that working one extra full-time week per year for an average individual between the ages of 14 to 19 will reduce the probability of receiving welfare in the twenties by 2.6 (10.8%) percentage points and the welfare payment received in the twenties by 6.3% per year. This impact is generated mainly from the hours worked during the ages of 17, 18 and 19. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mansour, Fady. Essays on Human Capital, Public Policy, and Decision-Making. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University, 2017. |
4090. |
Mansour, Hani |
Does Employer Learning Vary by Occupation? Journal of Labor Economics 30,2 (April 2012): 415-444. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/663590 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Occupations; Wage Dynamics; Work Experience Models of employer learning have two implications: first, the distribution of wages becomes more dispersed as a cohort of workers gains experience; second, the coefficient on an ability correlate that employers initially do not observe grows with experience. If learning by employers varies across occupations, both of these indicators of learning should covary positively across groups defined by a worker’s initial occupational assignment. This paper tests these implications using data from the NLSY79 and CPS. I find that there is significant heterogeneity in the employer learning process across occupations and that occupational assignment affects the learning process independently of education. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mansour, Hani. "Does Employer Learning Vary by Occupation?" Journal of Labor Economics 30,2 (April 2012): 415-444.
|
4091. |
Mansour, Hani |
The Career Effects of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy: The Role of Workers’ Ability Working Paper, University of Colorado-Denver and DIW Berlin, November 2009. Also: econ.ucdenver.edu/mansour/BC09.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Colorado-Denver Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Wage Dynamics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The literature on cohort effects, particularly the effects of graduating from college in a bad economy on wages, provide a wide range of estimates that vary both in magnitude and persistence. In this paper, I provide a simple explanation that reconciles the results in the literature. Using data from the NLSY79 and CPS ORG covering the graduating cohorts of 1979-1989 and 1979-1997, respectively, I provide evidence that workers who graduate from college during higher unemployment rates are positively selected from the ability distribution of college graduates. Consequently, not accounting for a measure of the worker’s ability underestimates the effects of higher unemployment rates at graduation on wages and weakens their persistence. The results from both data sets suggest that an increase of one percentage point in the unemployment rate induces a modest 2 percent wage loss that fades after 5 years. However, once I control for the worker’s AFQT score, the initial effect of wages becomes larger, about a 5 percent wage loss, and the effect remains as large even after 12-15 years into the worker’s career. I also show that starting a career in a recession has a signifi…cant adverse impact on the worker’s initial occupational wage. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mansour, Hani. "The Career Effects of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy: The Role of Workers’ Ability." Working Paper, University of Colorado-Denver and DIW Berlin, November 2009. |
4092. |
Mansour, Hani McKinnish, Terra |
Who Marries Differently Aged Spouses? Ability, Education, Occupation, Earnings, and Appearance Review of Economics and Statistics 96,3 (July 2014): 577-580. Also: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00377#.V4AKbnrqXNJ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Census of Population; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Marriage; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) In direct contrast to conventional wisdom and most economic models of marital age gaps, we present robust evidence that men and women who are married to differently aged spouses are negatively selected. Empirical results show lower cognitive ability, lower educational attainment, lower occupational wages, lower earnings, and less attractive appearance among those married to a differently aged spouse. These results, obtained using samples of first marriages and controlling for age of marriage, are consistent with a model in which individuals with more schooling and more upwardly mobile occupations interact more heavily with similarly aged peers and are ultimately more likely to marry similarly-aged spouses. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mansour, Hani and Terra McKinnish. "Who Marries Differently Aged Spouses? Ability, Education, Occupation, Earnings, and Appearance." Review of Economics and Statistics 96,3 (July 2014): 577-580.
|
4093. |
Mansour, Hani McKinnish, Terra |
Who Marries Differently-Aged Spouses? Earnings, Ability and Appearance Working Paper Series, SSRN - Social Science Research Network, April 26, 2011. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1823746 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Census of Population; Cognitive Development; Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Gender Differences; Marriage; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In direct contrast to conventional wisdom and most economic models of gender differences in age of marriage, we present robust evidence that men and women who are married to differently-aged spouses are negatively selected. Earnings analysis of married couples in the 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Decennial Censuses finds that male earnings decrease with within-couple age difference, regardless of whether the man is older or younger than his wife. In contrast, female earnings increase with within-couple age difference. We argue and present evidence that women in differently-aged couples have higher earnings not because of positive selection, but because their hours of work increase in response to partnering with a lower earning man. We test for negative selection into differently-aged couples using three measures: average earnings per hour in occupation using Census data, cognitive skills assessments from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79), and measures of physical appearance from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The point estimates indicate negative selection on all of these characteristics, although statistical significance varies by outcome and sample. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mansour, Hani and Terra McKinnish. "Who Marries Differently-Aged Spouses? Earnings, Ability and Appearance." Working Paper Series, SSRN - Social Science Research Network, April 26, 2011. |
4094. |
Manuel, Tiffany A. |
Giving Mercenaries a Chance to be Missionaries: Making the Case for Universal Paid Family Leave in the United States Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2004. DAI-A 65/07, p. 2788, Jan 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Benefits; Labor Economics; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Poverty; Welfare; Women's Studies The U.S. Congress and more than twenty state legislatures have recently considered legislation that would provide wage replacement for workers taking various forms of unpaid family leave from their jobs. In 2002, California became the first state to adopt such legislation. This dissertation seeks to present a coherent theoretical, empirical, and polemical case for expanding wage replaced family leave in the United States. More specifically, this dissertation explores the need, political feasibility, and challenges involved in extending family leave policies as well as critically evaluates the historical evolution of leave policies, the current policy environment, and the overall impact of existing leave policies (particularly on new mothers). Particular attention is given to the allocation and distribution effects of current family leave policies and how changing existing government policies on this issue might alter those effects. As a part of evaluating the distribution effects of existing policies, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the opportunity costs of lost annual earnings to three types of new mothers taking maternity leave: paid leavers, unpaid leavers, and women who quit their jobs when they became pregnant. Results indicate that mothers who had access to wage replacement during their maternity leave (paid leavers) fared much better than those who did not and this was true for almost a decade following the birth. Results also show that women who quit their jobs when they became pregnant were more likely to experience poverty than unpaid or paid leavers. I conclude that policymakers should carefully consider wage replacement proposals because of the potential to: (1) mitigate existing inequalities across families and occupational categories; (2) provide work supports to families no longer receiving support from other social welfare programs; and, (3) distribute the costs and benefits of family leave-taking more effic iently by extending these opportunities to those who most need them. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Manuel, Tiffany A. Giving Mercenaries a Chance to be Missionaries: Making the Case for Universal Paid Family Leave in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2004. DAI-A 65/07, p. 2788, Jan 2005. |
4095. |
Maralani, Vida |
Breastfeeding Success and Expectations for More Children Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Breastfeeding; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, I show how symbolic success in childrearing can cause women to increase their fertility intentions. Prior research shows that women who breastfeed for longer durations have more children overall than women who breastfeed for shorter durations. Using a life course approach, I examine the fertility intentions of women based on how long they breastfeed their firstborn. Although women do not differ in their fertility intentions before the start of childbearing based on how long they breastfeed their firstborn (when they finally have that child), women who breastfeed for longer durations systematically increase their fertility intentions in the year that they have their firstborn. Succeeding at breastfeeding may serve as a signal that women can fulfill the cultural and "expert-driven" expectations of modern intensive parenting. Given this signal of success, women increase how many children they expect to have. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida. "Breastfeeding Success and Expectations for More Children." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
4096. |
Maralani, Vida |
From GED to College: Age Trajectories of Nontraditional Educational Paths American Educational Research Journal 48,5 (October 2011): 1058-1090. Also: http://aer.sagepub.com/content/48/5/1058 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Age patterns of secondary certification and college entry differ in complex and surprising ways for traditional graduates and GED recipients. Although GED recipients are less likely to enter college in their late teens, they catch up to traditional graduates in their 20s. Results show that adjusting for differences in the age trajectories of school continuation accounts for a substantial portion of the differences observed between the two groups. Important differences remain, however, in the type of college attended and the likelihood of college entry before age 21. Nonetheless, more GED recipients enroll in college than previous studies have suggested, and this interest in college identifies a useful place for policy to intervene to encourage school continuation for this group. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida. "From GED to College: Age Trajectories of Nontraditional Educational Paths." American Educational Research Journal 48,5 (October 2011): 1058-1090.
|
4097. |
Maralani, Vida McKee, Douglas |
Obesity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: BMI and Socioeconomic Outcomes across Cohorts Sociological Science published online (19 April 2017): DOI: 10.15195/v4.a13. Also: https://www.sociologicalscience.com/articles-v4-13-288 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sociological Science Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Income; Gender Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The biological and social costs of body mass cannot be conceptualized in the same way. Using semiparametric methods, we show that the association between body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic outcomes such as wages, being married, and family income is distinctly shaped by gender, race, and cohort rather than being above a specific threshold of BMI. For white men, the correlation between BMI and outcomes is positive across the “normal” range of BMI and turns negative near the cusp of the overweight range, a pattern that persists across cohorts. For white women, thinner is nearly always better, a pattern that also persists across cohorts. For black men in the 1979 cohort, the association between BMI and wages is positive across the normal and overweight ranges for wages and family income and inverted U-shaped for marriage. For black women in the 1979 cohort, thinner is better for wages and marriage. By the 1997 cohort, however, the negative association between body mass and outcomes dissipates for black Americans but not for white Americans. In the social world, "too fat" is a subjective, contingent, and fluid judgment that differs depending on who is being judged, who does the judging, and the social domain. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida and Douglas McKee. "Obesity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: BMI and Socioeconomic Outcomes across Cohorts." Sociological Science published online (19 April 2017): DOI: 10.15195/v4.a13.
|
4098. |
Maralani, Vida Stabler, Samuel |
Intensive Parenting: Fertility and Breastfeeding Duration in the United States Demography 55,5 (October 2018): 1681-1704. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-018-0710-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Breastfeeding; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using 30 years of longitudinal data from a nationally representative cohort of women, we study the association between breastfeeding duration and completed fertility, fertility expectations, and birth spacing. We find that women who breastfeed their first child for five months or longer are a distinct group. They have more children overall and higher odds of having three or more children rather than two, compared with women who breastfeed for shorter durations or not at all. Expected fertility is associated with initiating breastfeeding but not with how long mothers breastfeed. Thus, women who breastfeed longer do not differ significantly from other breastfeeding women in their early fertility expectations. Rather, across the life course, these women achieve and even exceed their earlier fertility expectations. Women who breastfeed for shorter durations (1-21 weeks) are more likely to fall short of their expected fertility than to achieve or exceed their expectations, and they are significantly less likely than women who breastfeed for longer durations (≥22 weeks) to exceed their expected fertility. In contrast, women who breastfeed longer are as likely to exceed as to achieve their earlier expectations, and the difference between their probability of falling short versus exceeding their fertility expectations is relatively small and at the boundary of statistical significance (p = .096). These differences in fertility are not explained by differences in personal and family resources, including family income or labor market attachment. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding duration may serve as a proxy for identifying a distinct approach to parenting. Women who breastfeed longer have reproductive patterns quite different than their socioeconomic position would predict. They both have more children and invest more time in those children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida and Samuel Stabler. "Intensive Parenting: Fertility and Breastfeeding Duration in the United States." Demography 55,5 (October 2018): 1681-1704.
|
4099. |
Maralani, Vida Stabler, Samuel |
The Fertility Patterns of Women Who Breastfeed Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Breastfeeding; Expectations/Intentions; Family Size; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Demographers have long studied breastfeeding as part of the process of fertility. There is, however, little demographic work on how breastfeeding fits into women's reproductive lives in the U.S. Using longitudinal data from a cohort of American women with completed fertility, we study the relationship between breastfeeding and subsequent fertility timing and levels. We also study differences in fertility intentions early in life by the breastfeeding status women go on to have. We find that women who breastfeed their first child for at least five months have larger families than those who breastfeed for shorter durations or not at all. These women also have significantly shorter intervals between births. Moreover, these women report higher expected fertility at ages 14-22, before ever conceiving their first child. These findings run counter to the quality-quantity tradeoff. Women who breastfeed choose both to have more children and to invest more time in those children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida and Samuel Stabler. "The Fertility Patterns of Women Who Breastfeed." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
4100. |
Maralani, Vida Stabler, Samuel |
The Wages and Work Patterns of Women Who Breastfeed Their Children Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Breastfeeding; Earnings; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We revisit the question of how the earnings of women who breastfeed might differ from the earnings of those who do not. Breastfeeding is just one of numerous changes, constraints, and choices that come with having a new child. In order to understand the role that breastfeeding plays in the working lives of women, our analyses link this question back to the larger literature on work and motherhood. We describe differences in women’s economic outcomes (wages, weeks worked, annual earnings) by breastfeeding separately for those who stay in the labor force versus those who take time off or leave. We answer the following research questions: do women who breastfeed their children have different work patterns, including leaves from work, than women who do not breastfeed at all? Conditional on working within one year after giving birth, what is the difference in the wages that women earn by breastfeeding status? |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida and Samuel Stabler. "The Wages and Work Patterns of Women Who Breastfeed Their Children." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
4101. |
Maranto, Cheryl L. Stenoien, Ann Fraedrich |
Weight Discrimination: A Multidisciplinary Analysis Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 12,1 (March 2000): 9-24 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Job; Employment; Gender Differences; Obesity; Wage Effects; Weight Using data from the 1988 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth on 12,686 Ss (aged 23-30 yrs at onset) the authors estimate weight-based wage penalties for young men and women. It was found that mildly obese (20% over standard weight) White women experience greater wage penalties than Black men experience for weight that is 100% over standard weight. Men do not experience wage penalties until their weight exceeds standard weight by over 100 lbs. ((c) 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maranto, Cheryl L. and Ann Fraedrich Stenoien. "Weight Discrimination: A Multidisciplinary Analysis." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 12,1 (March 2000): 9-24.
|
4102. |
Marcis, John G. |
Sex Differences in Job Quitting by Younger Workers Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Quits; Sex Roles; Unemployment This study reports on an empirical investigation of labor market behavior among young workers. The hypothesis tested in this study is that sex-related differences in younger labor market participants do not affect their decision to voluntarily change their employment status, against the simple alternative that sex-related differences do produce such an effect. The study first investigates sex differences in the reasons for quitting employment and then empirically estimates the probability of quitting using a logit model. Hence, the model allows us to examine how a set of attributes influences the probability of an individual quitting employment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marcis, John G. "Sex Differences in Job Quitting by Younger Workers." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, 1982. |
4103. |
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. |
Economic Contraction and Birth Outcomes: An Integrative Review Human Reproduction Update 16,4 (July-August 2010): 445–458. Also: http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/445.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Well-Being; Job Turnover; Mortality; Stress; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Previous research has demonstrated an association between economic contraction at both the individual and aggregate level, and adverse health outcomes. Proposed mechanisms include increased psychosocial stress and loss of resources. The aim of this review is to assess the quantity, validity and consistency of empirical evidence examining economic contraction and birth outcomes. Methods: Empirical, English-language articles examining the effects of economic change at either the aggregate or individual level on birthweight, length of gestation, neonatal mortality and the secondary sex ratio were identified using PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge. Studies were organized by level of analysis and birth outcome and evaluated for internal and external validity. Results: One individual-level study reported a strong association between individual shift to inadequate employment and decreased birthweight. Of seven aggregate-level studies on birthweight, five exhibited moderate to strong validity but reported inconsistent findings. Similarly, findings from five studies (four with moderate to strong validity) examining rates of neonatal mortality reported inconsistent findings. Three of four moderate to strong studies reported a reduced secondary sex ratio following economic contraction. Conclusions: Associations between economic contraction and birthweight, neonatal mortality and the secondary sex ratio remain speculative. Consensus on methodology is needed to compare findings across studies. Further research on economic contraction and the secondary sex ratio, as well as individual-level birthweight and length of gestation, is warranted. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. "Economic Contraction and Birth Outcomes: An Integrative Review." Human Reproduction Update 16,4 (July-August 2010): 445–458. A.
|
4104. |
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. |
Economic Contraction and Maternal Health Behaviors During Pregnancy in a National Sample of U.S. Women Annals of Epidemiology 24,6 (June 2014): 432-440. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279714000763 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Economic Changes/Recession; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Unemployment Rate, Regional; Weight Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between maternal exposure to unexpected economic contraction and health behaviors during pregnancy, using methods to account for impacts of economic contraction on selection into pregnancy. Methods: Data on health behaviors among 7,074 pregnancies in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 were linked to monthly unemployment rates in maternal state of residence. The study examined associations between exposure to unexpected economic contraction (higher than expected state-level unemployment) during each trimester of pregnancy and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and gestational weight gain using generalized linear models. Results: Economic contraction was not associated with maternal smoking or gestational weight gain. Associations between economic contraction and maternal alcohol use differed by maternal race/ethnicity and education. Among Black/non-Hispanic women, exposure to economic contraction during the first and second trimester of pregnancy were associated with a 42% (95% CI: 1.08, 1.85) and 33% (95% CI: 1.01, 1.74) increased risk of alcohol use, respectively. Conclusions: Findings suggest that exposure to extreme economic contraction during pregnancy may be associated with increased use of alcohol with differences by maternal race/ethnicity and educational attainment. Economic contraction was not associated with other maternal pregnancy behaviors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. "Economic Contraction and Maternal Health Behaviors During Pregnancy in a National Sample of U.S. Women." Annals of Epidemiology 24,6 (June 2014): 432-440.
|
4105. |
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. |
Economic Contraction and Maternal Pregnancy Behavior in NLSY79 Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Unemployment Rate; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined associations between exposure to higher-than-expected state-level unemployment during pregnancy and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and gestational weight gain in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and explored differences in these associations by maternal race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and poverty status. Exposure to economic contraction during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with maternal smoking or gestational weight gain. Among Black/non-Hispanic women only, economic contraction in the first trimester was associated with increased risk of alcohol consumption (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.76). Associations between economic contraction and pregnancy behaviors did not differ significantly by education or poverty status. Developing a better understanding of how economic contractions impact pregnant women and how these effects differ by race/ethnicity or SES may help public health professionals identify groups vulnerable to economic downturns. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. "Economic Contraction and Maternal Pregnancy Behavior in NLSY79." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
4106. |
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. |
Economic Perturbations and Fetal Growth: A Multilevel Analysis of Exposure to Labor Market Insecurity during Gestation and Birth Weight for Gestational Age Ph.D. Dissertation, Epidemiology, University of California-Berkeley, 2011. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2465652421&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1318280379&clientId=3959 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Job Turnover; Maternal Employment; Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; State-Level Data/Policy; Stress; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background. Epidemiologic research has made important strides in identifying individual-level risk factors for adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth, which carry high clinical, social, and economic costs. Despite this accumulated knowledge, we remain unable to explain differences in the distribution of birth outcomes between populations and within populations across space and time, suggesting the need to consider macro-level, ecologic determinants of birth outcomes. In this dissertation, I developed a conceptual model based on ecologic and evolutionary theory and research that proposes that unexpected changes to the human ecology, i.e. perturbations, may result in unexpected behavioral and biological responses in humans and that such responses will be conserved by natural selection if they are adaptive. Based on this framework, I hypothesized that reductions in fetal growth would occur in response to maternal exposure to ecological perturbations—specifically, perturbations to labor market security—during gestation. Methods. I examined the association between maternal exposure to state-level labor market perturbations during each trimester of gestation and fetal growth, as measured by birth weight for gestational age percentile. The study population included 6,715 gestations and births between 1982 and 2000 to women enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). I calculated birth weight for gestational age percentiles using national reference data and categorized births <10th percentile as small for gestational age (SGA). I defined perturbations to labor market security as months in which the state unemployment rate was higher than its statistically expected value (i.e., unexpectedly high labor market insecurity) and months in which the state unemployment rate was lower than its statistically expected value (i.e., unexpectedly high security). I derived statistically expected values using ARIMA modeling me thods to account for autocorrelation. Gestations in the NLSY79 were classified as either exposed or unexposed to labor market insecurity or security in the first, second, and third trimester if one of these labor market perturbations occurred in the maternal state of residence during that trimester. I used linear and logistic regression models to examine the association between labor market perturbations in each trimester and birth weight percentile and odds of SGA. I also examined whether any observed associations differed by maternal race/ethnicity, childhood socioeconomic status, educational attainment, marital status, employment status, or poverty status. Finally, I explored whether any observed associations were mediated by individual economic change (i.e., changes in maternal employment status or household income) or maternal pregnancy behaviors (i.e., smoking, first trimester utilization of prenatal care, or net gestational weight gain). If associations were mediated by one these factors, I calculated the proportion of the total association explained by that factor. Results. Exposure to labor market insecurity in the first trimester was significantly associated with a decrease in birth weight for gestational age of 4.05 percentile points (95% CI = -6.87, -1.22) and higher odds of SGA (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.86). Exposure to labor market insecurity in the second and third trimesters was not significantly associated with either outcome. Exposure to labor market security was not associated with birth weight for gestational age percentile or SGA. The association between exposure to labor market insecurity in the first trimester and birth weight percentile differed significantly by maternal childhood SES, educational attainment, and employment status but not by race/ethnicity, marital status, or poverty status. Exposure to labor market insecurity in the first trimester was associated with decreases in birth weight percentile of 5.52 (95% CI = -10. 0, -1.04) and 8.66 points (95% CI = -14.04, -3.29) among women with average or high childhood SES, respectively, while the association was not significant among women with low childhood SES. Exposure to labor market insecurity in the first trimester was associated with a decrease in birth weight percentile of 9.22 points (95% CI = -15.77, -2.88) among women with <12 years educational attainment, while the association was not significant among women with 12 years or >12 years educational attainment. Exposure to labor market insecurity was associated with a decrease in birth weight percentile of 7.10 points (95% CI = -12.33, -1.87) and 10.27 points (95% CI = (-18.82, -1.71) among women keeping house and out of the labor force, respectively, while the association was not significant among employed and unemployed women. My exploration of mediation by individual economic change and maternal pregnancy behaviors found that approximately 11% of the association between exposure to labor market insecurity in the first trimester and birth weight percentile was explained by net maternal gestational weight gain. The association also differed significantly by maternal smoking, with the association only significant among smokers. No other individual economic change or maternal pregnancy behaviors mediated greater than one percent of the association. Conclusions. Findings support my hypothesis that fetal growth responds to a contemporary ecological perturbation, i.e., unexpectedly high labor market insecurity. Exposure to this perturbation appears to have more impact on fetal growth if it occurs in the first trimester of gestation. The finding that associations between exposure to labor market insecurity and birth weight percentile were stronger among women with high childhood SES, <12 years education, and those keeping house or out of the labor force suggests that these women may be more vulnerable to economic perturbations. Although further research on mediation is needed , initial findings suggest that maternal gestational weight gain may represent one pathway through which economic perturbations affect fetal growth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. Economic Perturbations and Fetal Growth: A Multilevel Analysis of Exposure to Labor Market Insecurity during Gestation and Birth Weight for Gestational Age. Ph.D. Dissertation, Epidemiology, University of California-Berkeley, 2011.. |
4107. |
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. Catalano, Ralph Hubbard, Alan Ahern, Jennifer |
Maternal Exposure to Unexpected Economic Contraction and Birth Weight for Gestational Age Epidemiology 22,6 (November 2011): 855-858. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900824 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Keyword(s): Birthweight; Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Job Turnover; Maternal Employment; Poverty; State-Level Data/Policy; Stress; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: The macro-level economy may affect fetal health through maternal behavioral or physiologic responses. Methods: We used a multilevel design to examine associations between exposure to state-level unexpected economic contraction during each trimester of gestation and birth weight for gestational age percentile and small for gestational age (SGA), using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We examined differences in observed associations by maternal educational attainment, race/ethnicity, employment status, and poverty status. Results: Exposure in the first trimester was associated with a 3.7 percentile point decrease in birth weight for gestational age (95% confidence interval [CI] = −6.8 to −0.6). This association appeared stronger for women “keeping house” or with <12 years education. Exposure in the first trimester was also associated with increased odds of SGA (odds ratio = 1.5 [95% CI = 1.1 to 2.1]) and term SGA (odds ratio = 1.6 [95% CI = 1.2 to 2.3]). Conclusions: Unexpected economic contraction during early pregnancy may be associated with reduced fetal growth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E., Ralph Catalano, Alan Hubbard and Jennifer Ahern. "Maternal Exposure to Unexpected Economic Contraction and Birth Weight for Gestational Age." Epidemiology 22,6 (November 2011): 855-858.
|
4108. |
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E. Rehkopf, David Abrams, Barbara |
Association of Maternal Gestational Weight Gain with Short- and Long-term Maternal and Child Health Outcomes American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202,6 (June 2010): 574.e1-574.e8. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132923 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Growth; Child Health; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Weight OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between gestational weight gain (GWG) and small- and large-for-gestational-age (SGA, LGA), cesarean delivery, child overweight, and maternal postpartum weight retention in a diverse sample of women in the Unites States. STUDY DESIGN: We estimated associations between GWG (continuous and within categories defined by the Institute of Medicine), maternal prepregnancy body mass index, and each outcome in 4496 births in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, which was a prospective cohort. RESULTS: GWG (kilograms) was associated with decreased risk of SGA and increased risk of LGA, cesarean delivery, postpartum weight retention, and child overweight independent of maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics. Gain above the Institute of Medicine guidelines was associated with decreased risk of SGA and increased risk of all other outcomes. CONCLUSION: Excessive gain may have long-term consequences for maternal and child body size, but the benefits of lower gain must be balanced against risk of SGA. Copyright © 2010 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margerison-Zilko, Claire E., David Rehkopf and Barbara Abrams. "Association of Maternal Gestational Weight Gain with Short- and Long-term Maternal and Child Health Outcomes." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202,6 (June 2010): 574.e1-574.e8.
|
4109. |
Margolis, David N. Simonnet, Véronique Vilhuber, Lars |
Early Career Experiences and Later Career Outcomes: Comparing the United States, France, and Germany Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 70. Jahrgang, Heft 1/2001, S. 31-38. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/diw/diwvjh/70-10-5.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Duncker & Humblot GmbH Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Cross-national Analysis; France, French; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Germany, German; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Market, Secondary; Modeling, Mixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper explores the links between individuals' early career experiences and their labor market outcomes 5 to 20 years later using data from France, (western) Germany, and the United States. Relative to most of the literature, we consider a large set of measures of men's early career experiences and later career outcomes. Our results differ significantly across countries. Labor market outcomes in Germany are consistent with a dual labor market model. In the case of American workers, either the market learns about unobservable worker characteristics over time or the implicit contracts established at the start of the career are increasingly renegotiated over time. Unobserved heterogeneity in individuals' networks of labor market contacts is consistent with our results for France. These results reflect optimal firm responses to the different institutional environments in each country in the presence of ex ante imperfect information concerning young workers. Full-text available on-lne at: http://www.atypon-link.com/DH/doi/pdf/10.3790/vjh.70.1.31 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Margolis, David N., Véronique Simonnet and Lars Vilhuber. "Early Career Experiences and Later Career Outcomes: Comparing the United States, France, and Germany." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 70. Jahrgang, Heft 1/2001, S. 31-38.
|
4110. |
Mariani, Fabio Mercier, Marion Pensieroso, Luca |
Left-handedness and Economic Development Journal of Economic Growth published online (20 August 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10887-022-09212-6. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10887-022-09212-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Economic Well-Being; Handedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the interplay between left-handedness and economic development, thereby contributing to our understanding of the relationship between evolutionary forces, human diversity and growth. We propose a novel theoretical framework in which economic development influences the prevalence of left-handedness through structural change and a genetic mechanism driven by differential fertility. In particular, the emergence of the industrial sector puts left-handers at a reproductive disadvantage, because of their lower manual ability and wages. This fertility differential changes sign as soon as the income-fertility relationship is reversed, and eventually fades away when the rise of human capital makes manual skills irrelevant. Our model thus explains the decline and subsequent recovery of left-handedness observed over the last few centuries in the Western world. We further explore the possibility that left-handedness in turn influences growth: despite their lower productivity in manual tasks, left-handers may enhance technological progress through cognitive skills that are conducive to innovation, and through their contribution to the diversity of the workforce. This implies that the link between handedness and economic performance varies across stages of development. We present empirical evidence that lends credence to the core differential-fertility mechanism of our model and suggests that left-handedness can positively contribute to growth, once the economy has reached a sufficiently high level of human capital. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mariani, Fabio, Marion Mercier and Luca Pensieroso. "Left-handedness and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Growth published online (20 August 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10887-022-09212-6.
|
4111. |
Marini, Margaret Mooney Fan, Pi-Ling |
Education and the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; High School; Higher Education; Income; Job Aspirations; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Segregation; Social Environment; Unions; Wage Gap; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analyzes the gender wage gap at career entry for 2 groups of workers, those with only vs [sic] more than a high school education, using a new approach that identifies several alternative explanatory mechanisms that account for the sorting of women & men into different types of jobs that offer different levels of reward. Because labor market rewards derive from the occupancy of labor market positions, matching processes operating at the microlevel that sort individual workers into existing slots, or openings, in a given microlevel structure of jobs & associated wages are examined. It is argued that the gender difference in wages at career entry results from several types of influences that affect the sorting of workers into jobs with different levels of reward: (1) gender differences in job-related skills & credentials, (2) gender differences in adult family roles, (3) gender differences in work & family aspirations, (4) gender discrimination by employers, & (5) gender differences in the availability & use of information & influence via social networks. Based on analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collected 1979-1991, it is shown that the gender gap in wages at career entry is larger for those with only high school education (20%) than for those with more than high school education (13%). The difference in the size of the wage gap for the 2 education groups arises because there is greater occupational segregation by gender for occupations requiring only high school education than for those requiring more than high school education. The findings on the microlevel processes that match individuals to jobs indicate that gender segregation & the association between the gender type & wage rate of jobs within the organizational structure of the labor market are perpetuated to some degree by microlevel processes that produce gender differences in the aspirations & qualifications with which workers enter the labor market but at least as much & probably more by microlevel processes that operate at the point of career entry to channel women & men with the same aspirations & qualifications into different (gender-typed) jobs. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marini, Margaret Mooney and Pi-Ling Fan. "Education and the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996. |
4112. |
Marini, Margaret Mooney Fan, Pi-Ling |
The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry American Sociological Review 62,4 (August 1997): 588-604. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657428 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We propose a new approach to analyzing gender differences in wages. This approach identifies several alternative explanatory mechanisms to account for the sorting of women and men into different types of jobs that offer different levels of reward. Because labor market rewards derive from labor market positions, we study matching processes operating at the micro level that sort workers into existing slots in a given macro-level structure of jobs and associated wages. We focus on the explanation of gender differences in wages at career entry. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collected between 1979 and 1991, we fend that at career entry women earn 84 cents for every dollar men earn. Gender differences in worker characteristics account for only about 30 percent of this wage gap: Gender differences in occupational aspirations have the most important effect, accounting for 16 percent of the wage gap, and gender differences in job-related skills and cred entials account for about 14 percent of the wage gap. Gender differences in adult family roles have little direct effect. Our analysis further suggests that the external influences of employing organizations and network processes on gender differences in occupational and industrial placement at career entry account for another 42 percent of the wage gap. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marini, Margaret Mooney and Pi-Ling Fan. "The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry." American Sociological Review 62,4 (August 1997): 588-604.
|
4113. |
Markowitz, Anna J. |
Associations Between Emotional Engagement With School and Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes Across Adolescence AERA Open 3,3 (1 July 2017): DOI: 10.1177/2332858417712717. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2332858417712717 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Children, Behavioral Development; Children, School-Age; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Psychological Effects; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Truancy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although a small body of research suggests that emotional engagement with school is related to youth behavioral and psychological outcomes, it remains unclear whether these associations represent causal relationships and at what age engagement matters most for student outcomes. Using data from two large, national surveys, this study uses three analytic strategies to reduce threats to causal inference and assess whether the central relationship changes as youth age. Results across both data sets are consistent with a causal relationship between emotional engagement with school and youth behavioral and psychological outcomes that decreases somewhat as youth age. Given the importance of emotional engagement for these outcomes, and the importance of avoiding problem behaviors and maintaining healthy psychological functioning for students' long-run outcomes, research should continue to explore the ways in which schools and educational policy can influence students' engagement. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Markowitz, Anna J. "Associations Between Emotional Engagement With School and Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes Across Adolescence." AERA Open 3,3 (1 July 2017): DOI: 10.1177/2332858417712717.
|
4114. |
Marks, Gary N. |
Cognitive Ability Has Powerful, Widespread and Robust Effects on Social Stratification: Evidence from the 1979 and 1997 US National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Intelligence 94 (September-October 2022): 101686. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289622000678 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Socioeconomic Background; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Few issues in the social sciences are as controversial as the role of cognitive ability for educational and subsequent socioeconomic attainments. There are a variety of arguments raised to dismiss, discount or discredit the role of cognitive ability: socioeconomic background is the dominant influence; if cognitive ability appears important, that is only because important predictors have been omitted; the relative importance of socioeconomic background and cognitive ability cannot be ascertained; and cognitive ability is simply a function of socioeconomic background and, for post-education socioeconomic attainments, education. This study analyses the effects of cognitive ability and socioeconomic background on a chronological sequence of social stratification outcomes - school grades, SAT and ACT scores, educational and occupational attainment, income and wealth - in data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. The coefficients for cognitive ability decline marginally with the addition of socioeconomic background measures, including family-of-origin income averaged over several years, and wealth. In contrast, socioeconomic background coefficients decline substantially with the addition of cognitive ability. Net of educational attainment, cognitive ability has sizable effects on occupational attainment and income. Net of socioeconomic background, education and occupation, a one-standard-deviation difference in ability corresponds to a sizable 43% difference in positive wealth at around age 35 in the older cohort and a 25% increase in the younger cohort. Therefore, contrary to dominant narratives, cognitive ability is important to a range of social stratification outcomes, and its effects cannot be attributed to socioeconomic background or educational attainment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marks, Gary N. "Cognitive Ability Has Powerful, Widespread and Robust Effects on Social Stratification: Evidence from the 1979 and 1997 US National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth." Intelligence 94 (September-October 2022): 101686.
|
4115. |
Marks, Gary N. |
Has Cognitive Ability Become More Important for Education and the Labor Market? A Comparison of the Project Talent and 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohorts Journal of Intelligence 11,8 (21 August 2023): 169. Also: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/11/8/169 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Achievement; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Income; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Attainment; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Modernization and meritocratic theories contend that with modernization, socioeconomic background (SES) becomes less important for educational and socioeconomic attainments, while cognitive ability becomes more important. However, the evidence is mixed. This study investigates if the effects of SES and cognitive ability on educational and labor market outcomes have changed in the US by comparing two longitudinal cohort studies: the 1960 Project Talent and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. For all outcomes-grades-at-school, educational and occupational attainment, and income-cognitive ability clearly has stronger effects than a composite and broad measure of SES. The effects of cognitive ability for grades-at-school and income are notably stronger in the more recent cohort, whereas its effects on educational and occupational attainment are similar. SES effects, net of ability, for educational and occupational attainment are only moderate and for school grades and income are very small (β < 0.10). However, for each outcome SES effects are stronger in the more recent NLSY79 cohort. This is attributed to ability being a stronger influence on the educational and socioeconomic attainments of NLSY79 parents compared to Project Talent parents. These analyses suggest that in the US, cognitive ability has long been an important, and SES a much weaker, influence on educational and subsequent socioeconomic outcomes. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marks, Gary N. "Has Cognitive Ability Become More Important for Education and the Labor Market? A Comparison of the Project Talent and 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohorts." Journal of Intelligence 11,8 (21 August 2023): 169.
|
4116. |
Marks, Gary N. O'Connell, Michael |
No Evidence for Cumulating Socioeconomic Advantage. Ability Explains Increasing SES Effects with Age on Children's Domain Test Scores Intelligence 88 (September-October 2021): 101582. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289621000660 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Socioeconomic Background; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Studies that investigate the effects of socioeconomic background (SES) on student achievement tend to find stronger SES effects with age, although there is much inconsistency between studies. There is also a large academic literature on cumulative advantage arguing that SES inequalities increase as children age, a type of Matthew Effect. This study analysing data from the children of NLSY79 mothers investigates the relationship of SES by children's age for two cognitive domains (Peabody Picture Vocabulary test and digit span memory) and three achievement domains (reading comprehension, reading recognition and math). There are small increases in the SES-test score correlations for several domains, but there are more substantial increases in the test score correlations with mother's ability and prior ability. Regression analyses found linear increases in SES effects for all domains except digit memory. However, when considering mother's ability, the substantially reduced SES effects did not increase with children's age. Much of the effects of SES on children's domain scores are accounted for by mother's ability. The effects of prior ability also increase with age and SES effects are small. Therefore, there is no evidence for cumulative socioeconomic advantage for these domains. Generally, increases in SES effects on children's cognitive development and student achievement are likely to be spurious because of the importance of parents' abilities and their transmission from parents to children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marks, Gary N. and Michael O'Connell. "No Evidence for Cumulating Socioeconomic Advantage. Ability Explains Increasing SES Effects with Age on Children's Domain Test Scores." Intelligence 88 (September-October 2021): 101582.
|
4117. |
Marks, Gary N. O'Connell, Michael |
The Importance of Parental Ability for Cognitive Ability and Student Achievement: Implications for Social Stratification Theory and Practice Research in Social Stratification and Mobility published online (11 January 2023): 100762. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562423000069 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Development; Cognitive Ability; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Socioeconomic Status (SES) Socioeconomic status (SES) is considered a powerful influence on children's cognitive development and student achievement. This model has generated an enormous literature on the nature of, explanations for, and policy implications arising from SES inequalities in early childhood cognitive outcomes and student achievement. An alternative model focuses on the associations between SES and parental ability, the parent-child transmission of ability, and the association between children's ability and their test scores. This study analyses two ability and three achievement measures, with composite and multiple SES measures and a commonly used indicator of the home environment (HOME) in children aged from 3 to 15. The associations between SES and children's test scores are only partially accounted for by the home environment, which itself has only small to moderate associations with test scores, independent of SES. Adding mother's cognitive ability substantially reduces the coefficients for the composite SES measure by between 50 and 60%, and for mother's education by between 56 and 87%. The contemporaneous effects of SES and the home environment are small or very small. Sizable percentages of the variance in the five outcome measures are attributable to genetics ranging from 38% for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) to 77% for reading recognition. The contributions of the shared environment ranged from 14% for reading recognition to 41% for the PPVT. Therefore, genetics is important, and the non-trivial contributions of the common environment are more likely to reflect school and neighborhood factors rather than SES and the home environment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marks, Gary N. and Michael O'Connell. "The Importance of Parental Ability for Cognitive Ability and Student Achievement: Implications for Social Stratification Theory and Practice." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility published online (11 January 2023): 100762.
|
4118. |
Marks, Mindy Sue |
In Sickness and in Health: Unintended Consequences in the American Health Insurance System Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 2004. DAI-A 65/07, p. 2693, January 2005. Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=775170341&Fmt=7&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Washington University - St. Louis Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter one of the dissertation provides background on America's complicated health care system where eligibility for subsidized health insurance depends on employment, spouses' employment, employer characteristics, family income and family structure. The idiosyncratic nature of the health care system almost guarantees that unintended consequences will arise from the interactions between individual choices, health insurance availability and government intervention. This chapter addresses some of these unintended consequences, while chapters two and three provide case studies. Chapter two examines whether health and access to health insurance impact the decisions to marry and divorce. I argue that individuals in ill health face difficulties on the marriage market. Furthermore, since sickness during marriage is an unanticipated shock that reduces the size of the marriage surplus, sickness should contribute to divorce. Finally, I investigate if access to subsidized health insurance through marriage affects the probability of divorce. Proportional hazard models estimated on panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicate that ill health increases the time until first marriage. Furthermore, illnesses that were present at the time of marriage have no impact on divorce but health shocks that occur during the marriage increase the propensity to divorce for nonblack men. When the source of health insurance is added to the analysis it appears that sick women remain married to keep health insurance from their spouse's employer and are more likely to divorce when doing so would enable them to qualify for Medicaid. Chapter three investigates the relationship between the minimum wage, employer-provided health insurance and part-time labor. I argue that minimum wages prevent the tradeoff of wages for benefits and result in lower rates of subsidized employer-provided health insurance. Additionally, increasing the minimum wages creates an incentive to hire more part-time workers who can be excluded from the firm's health insurance plan. The essay uses the 1988-1993 Current Population Surveys and exploits cross-state and federal variation in minimum wages. I find that higher minimum wages reduce the receipt of employer-provided health insurance, particularly for low-income workers. Furthermore firms, governed by the nondiscrimination law, switch to part-time workers who can be denied health insurance. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marks, Mindy Sue. In Sickness and in Health: Unintended Consequences in the American Health Insurance System. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 2004. DAI-A 65/07, p. 2693, January 2005.. |
4119. |
Marlowe, Julia |
A Family Economic Self Sufficiency Measure Consumer Interests Annual 42 (1996): 205-206 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Studies; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Policy makers and researchers commonly set family economic self-sufficiency as a goal for welfare recipients, but the term is often not defined. The most common definition--not receiving welfare--is too narrow. A more inclusive measure of self sufficiency is needed if researchers are to predict which young persons will become economically self-sufficient adults. To that end, a measure which can be used to research this topic is proposed in this paper |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marlowe, Julia. "A Family Economic Self Sufficiency Measure." Consumer Interests Annual 42 (1996): 205-206.
|
4120. |
Marlowe, Julia Wang, Jing |
Factors Associated With Self-sufficiency of Young Adults Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial (1997): 75-78 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Family Economics and Resource Management (FERM) Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; High School Students; Human Capital; Income; School Completion; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. High school drop out rates are a matter of considerable concern. The results from research presented in this paper indicate that the concern is well founded, because the most consistent variable associated with self-sufficiency is completion of high school. A national longitudinal sample of young adults was used to investigate human capital investments, family background and personal characteristic associated with income and receipt of public assistance at age 27. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marlowe, Julia and Jing Wang. "Factors Associated With Self-sufficiency of Young Adults." Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial (1997): 75-78.
|
4121. |
Marmer, Jeremy K. |
Differential Outcomes Among Children Raised in Different Types of Single Mother Families Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Family Studies; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evidence that children living in the single-parent family structure set generally are worse off than children from intact two-parent families has been well documented. This research examines young children living in different types of single-mother families using the NLSY. First I explore the differences and similarities among these groups of children in terms of behavior problems (BPI) and cognitive ability and achievement (PPVT, PIAT Math and Reading). Using the same outcomes, I examine the impact of stability and change in family structure on these children. Results indicate that complex measures of family structure are likely to be unwarranted. Selection of mothers into various marital states accounts for most differences in child outcomes. The mediating role of parenting practices are explored using the HOME scale. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marmer, Jeremy K. "Differential Outcomes Among Children Raised in Different Types of Single Mother Families." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997. |
4122. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
Pathways into Bankruptcy: Accumulating Disadvantage and the Consequences of Adverse Life Events Sociological Inquiry 85,2 (May 2015): 183-216. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soin.12073/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Dissolution; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Net Worth; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study combines theories of accumulating disadvantage and economic insecurity using the event of bankruptcy to investigate how certain adverse life events jointly affect inequality. I analyze National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 1985 through 2008 to highlight the complexities of financial hardship in the path to bankruptcy. By applying hybrid mixed effects models to parse out within- and between-person variation, I show that, in the case of bankruptcy, financial hardship unfolds over a specific series of events, which can lead to the accumulation of disadvantage connected to changes in employment, marital, and health statuses. I find that bankruptcy results from people's recent experiences of illness and marital dissolution, but not always directly from employment disruption. The effects of job loss on bankruptcy become more apparent as these events accumulate over time and limit wealth creation. The timing of events and their relationship with net worth also influence when a person will file for bankruptcy. As a whole, my findings demonstrate how adverse events and financial hardship lead to bankruptcy through multiple pathways. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. "Pathways into Bankruptcy: Accumulating Disadvantage and the Consequences of Adverse Life Events." Sociological Inquiry 85,2 (May 2015): 183-216.
|
4123. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
Saving, Sharing, or Spending? The Wealth Consequences of Raising Children Demography 55,6 (December 2018): 2257-2282. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-018-0716-1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Net Worth; Parenthood; Savings; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses 1986-2012 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort data to investigate the relationship between raising children and net worth among younger Baby Boomer parents. I combine fixed-effects and unconditional quantile regression models to estimate changes in net worth associated with having children in different age groups across the wealth distribution. This allows me to test whether standard economic models for savings and consumption over the life course hold for families at different wealth levels. My findings show that the wealth effects of children vary throughout the distribution. Among families at or below the median, children of all ages were associated with wealth declines, likely due to the costs of child-rearing. However, at the 75th percentile and above, wealth increased with the presence of younger children but decreased after those children reached age 18. My results, therefore, provide evidence for a saving and investment model of child-rearing among wealthier families but not among families at or below median wealth levels. For these families, the costs of raising children largely outweighed motivations for saving. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. "Saving, Sharing, or Spending? The Wealth Consequences of Raising Children." Demography 55,6 (December 2018): 2257-2282.
|
4124. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
The Absorbing Status of Incarceration and its Relationship with Wealth Accumulation Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31,2 (June 2015): 207-236. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-014-9231-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Net Worth; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: This study extends our knowledge on the negative effects of incarceration to the accumulation of wealth by examining whether, how, and how much incarceration affects home ownership and net worth. It also investigates how these outcomes vary with the time since a person was incarcerated and the number of incarceration periods, along with addressing potential mechanisms behind this relationship. Methods: I apply hybrid mixed effects models that disaggregate within- and between person variation to investigate incarceration’s relationship with home ownership and net worth, using National Longitudinal Study of Youth data from 1985 to 2008. I also incorporate a set of mediation models in order to test for indirect effects of incarceration on wealth through earnings, health, and family formation. Results: My results show that incarceration limits wealth accumulation. Compared to never-incarcerated persons, ex-offenders are less likely to own their homes by an average of 5 percentage points, and their probability of home ownership decreases by an additional 28 percentage points after incarceration. Ex-offenders’ net worth also decreases by an average of $42,000 in the years after incarceration. Conclusions: When combined with previous research on incarceration, my findings show that incarceration acts as an absorbing status, potentially leading to the accumulation of disadvantage. Although incarceration’s negative effects on wealth accumulation were partially mediated by its relationship with earnings and family formation, incarceration directly affected home ownership and net worth. In most cases, former inmates began with flatter wealth trajectories and experienced additional losses after incarceration. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. "The Absorbing Status of Incarceration and its Relationship with Wealth Accumulation." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31,2 (June 2015): 207-236.
|
4125. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
The Scarring Effects of Bankruptcy: Cumulative Disadvantage across Credit and Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Earnings; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Duration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although the labor market functions as the primary mechanism for the distribution of resources in the United States, credit markets can also enhance, maintain, or reduce inequality. My project uses the event of bankruptcy to investigate how credit and labor markets jointly affect inequality. I apply fixed effects and multilevel models to two longitudinal datasets, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which I have combined with state-level bankruptcy data. My findings support a general model of cumulative disadvantage across spheres in which bankruptcy tends to be sparked by adverse events combined with a high debt burden. After declaring bankruptcy, bankrupters earn less and spend more time out of work than non-bankrupters, net of their prior labor market statuses. Interestingly, bankruptcy has similar causes and consequences for respondents in this sample regardless of their race, ethnicity, or sex. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. The Scarring Effects of Bankruptcy: Cumulative Disadvantage across Credit and Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2012. |
4126. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
The Scarring Effects of Bankruptcy: Cumulative Disadvantage Across Credit and Labor Markets Social Forces, 91,1 (September 2012): 99-130. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v091/91.1.maroto.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Earnings; Labor Force Participation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As the recent economic crisis has demonstrated, inequality often spans credit and labor markets, supporting a system of cumulative disadvantage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this research draws on stigma, cumulative disadvantage and status characteristics theories to examine whether credit and labor markets intersect through the event of bankruptcy to disadvantage certain individuals over time. The transmission of bankruptcy’s stigma across markets occurs in a specific legal setting where, even though the current U.S. Bankruptcy Code grants bankrupters a fresh start through debt forgiveness, the Fair Credit Reporting Act limits bankrupters’ ability to begin anew because it permits employers to access credit reports. My findings highlight these ambiguities and show that, net of their previous labor market statuses, bankrupters spend less time working and have lower earnings than nonbankrupters. Thus, having become bankrupt exposes people to subsequent disadvantage in the labor market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. "The Scarring Effects of Bankruptcy: Cumulative Disadvantage Across Credit and Labor Markets." Social Forces, 91,1 (September 2012): 99-130.
|
4127. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
When the Kids Come Home: Coresidence with Adult Children and Its Influence on Parental Wealth Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Coresidence; Household Composition; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Net Worth; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) 1979 cohort data from 1985 through 2012 to investigate how coresidence with adult children influences wealth levels among baby boomer parents. I apply hybrid-mixed effects regression models that partition between- and within-person variation to estimate household equivalent net worth across a set of covariates. By expanding previous research that shows a relationship between increasing economic security, limited wealth, and the rise in multigenerational households among millennials, this study offers broader implications for the interconnectivity of debt and financial hardship across generations. My results show that coresidence with adult children – particularly those over age 25 – was negatively associated with net worth in multiple ways. On average, individuals living with adult children held less wealth than otherwise similar individuals, and these individuals saw their wealth decrease once their children moved back home. Although the effects were largest for non-Hispanic white households, coresidence with adult children led to wealth declines across racial and ethnic groups. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. "When the Kids Come Home: Coresidence with Adult Children and Its Influence on Parental Wealth." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
4128. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee |
When the Kids Live at Home: Coresidence, Parental Assets, and Economic Insecurity Journal of Marriage and Family 79,4 (August 2017): 1041-1059. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12407/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Assets; Coresidence; Economic Changes/Recession; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Savings This study uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort data from 1994 through 2012 (N = 16,108 person-years, 4,671 individuals) to investigate how coresidence with adult children influences asset levels among parents. It applies hybrid mixed effects regression models that partition between- and within-person variation to estimate parental savings and financial assets over time and across different households. The results suggest that coresidence with adult children led to decreases in parental assets and savings. In the years in which their children lived at home, parents held 24% less in financial assets and 23% less in savings when compared with the years when adult children were not present. By expanding previous research that shows a relationship between increasing economic insecurity, limited wealth, and the rise in coresidence among young adults, this study also offers broader implications for the interconnectivity of financial hardship across generations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee. "When the Kids Live at Home: Coresidence, Parental Assets, and Economic Insecurity." Journal of Marriage and Family 79,4 (August 2017): 1041-1059.
|
4129. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee Serafini, Brian |
Different Story, Same Ending: Family-related Gender Earnings Penalties and Premiums Across Two Generations Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent research suggests that the gender gap in earnings has almost vanished among young millennials, who comprise the youngest cohort of workers born between 1980 and 1984. Nevertheless, women in this cohort still report lingering sources of gender inequity, particularly in terms of the work-family conflicts that have also plagued baby boomer women. We apply hybrid mixed effects models to two longitudinal surveys – the NLSY 1979 baby boomer cohort, and the NLSY1997 millennial cohort - to compare earnings disparities by gender, marriage, and parental status for young workers. These models allow us to parse out between-gender differences in earnings and changes over time within respondents’ earnings that coincide with marriage and childbirth. Our findings show that between-gender inequalities have become less pronounced compared to those observed among the boomer generation, suggesting that millennial wives, mothers, and, most notably, single women have made some labor market gains. However, marriage and parenthood effects that reward men and disadvantage women still persist and explain much of the within-gender inequality that occurs with changing family responsibilities. Finally, we find that the timing of family transition is an important determinant of future earnings, especially among young women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee and Brian Serafini. "Different Story, Same Ending: Family-related Gender Earnings Penalties and Premiums Across Two Generations." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014. |
4130. |
Maroto, Michelle Lee Serafini, Brian |
The Declining Significance of Parenthood? Effects of Parental Status on Wages for Young Adults Across Generations Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Fatherhood; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although many studies demonstrate motherhood penalties and fatherhood premiums, most rely on data from older cohorts of workers, and questions remain as to whether parenthood still leads to the same earnings disparities for millennial workers as it has for the baby boomer cohort. To answer these questions, this paper presents results from cross-cohort analyses of NLSY 1979 and 1997 data that compare family earnings disparities among young workers. We combine modeling strategies to highlight trends across cohorts, tease out composition and "price" effects, and account for selection factors. We find that, while parenthood continues to pattern the earnings of younger-aged workers, the nature of these effects has changed over time. The motherhood penalty has declined, largely because mothers increased their work hours and work experience, but the fatherhood premium remains unchanged. Finally, we conclude that different selection processes into parenthood likely play a role in its changing effects on earnings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee and Brian Serafini. "The Declining Significance of Parenthood? Effects of Parental Status on Wages for Young Adults Across Generations." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
4131. |
Marr, Christa |
Exploring Income Inequality in the United States through Redistribution Preferences, Intergenerational Mobility, and Political Polarization Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clark University, May 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Family Income; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second chapter explores how non-cognitive and cognitive abilities impact intergenerational transmission of income in the United States for sons and daughters. I take advantage of the maternal linkage between two cohorts in the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth to accurately measure parental and child permanent income and to utilize the rich source of non-cognitive and cognitive abilities available in the data. I propose a "nurture" versus "nature" model to uncover the transmission mechanisms through which personality and cognitive abilities impact mobility. I find that parents' socioeconomic background influences abilities which are then valued on the market (nurture) while abilities are also directly transmitted from mothers to children (nature). Cognitive skills are a stronger transmission mechanism, particularly for daughters, based on these models. Following Nordin and Rooth (2011), I investigate how intergenerational income mobility varies conditional personality and cognitive abilities. I use varying coefficient models to account for observed and unobserved heterogeneity and to illuminate non-linearities and vulnerable populations. Results show that quiet sons and problem daughters from low-income families are more likely to remain poor. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marr, Christa. Exploring Income Inequality in the United States through Redistribution Preferences, Intergenerational Mobility, and Political Polarization. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Clark University, May 2014. |
4132. |
Marsiglio, William |
Adolescent Fathers in the United States: Their Initial Living Arrangements, Marital Experience and Educational Outcomes Family Planning Perspectives 19,6 (November-December 1987): 240-241+243-251. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135104 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fathers; Fertility; Hispanic Youth; Household Composition; Marital Status; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the NLSY show that seven percent of young males who were aged 20-27 in 1984 had fathered a child while they were teenagers, more than three-quarters of them nonmaritally. One-third of them married within 12 months of conception, and half of all of the young men lived with their child shortly after the child's birth. Overall, young black men were more likely to have been responsible for a nonmarital first birth than were males of other racial backgrounds, and only 15 percent of black teenagers lived with their first child. Multivariate analyses indicate that only black or Hispanic youths and those who fathered a child at age 16 or younger were significantly less likely to have lived with their first child; those who were raised Catholic were more likely to have done so. Teenage fathers, regardless of their marital status at conception or age at first birth, were much more likely to have been high school dropouts than were other male teenagers. Those with a maritally conceived child had a particularly high drop-out rate - almost 62 percent. A multivariate analysis revealed that a teenage father's living with his child shortly after birth was not significantly related to his completion of high school, while being black was positively associated. The racial difference may mean that norms or social and familial supports are more influential for young black males in minimizing the possible deleterious effects of teenage fatherhood on schooling. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William. "Adolescent Fathers in the United States: Their Initial Living Arrangements, Marital Experience and Educational Outcomes." Family Planning Perspectives 19,6 (November-December 1987): 240-241+243-251.
|
4133. |
Marsiglio, William |
Male Teenage Fertility: An Analysis of Fatherhood Commitment and its Association with Educational Outcomes and Aspirations Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Fathers, Influence; Fertility; Hispanics; Household Composition; Racial Differences; Schooling; Teenagers My research, based on NLSY data and my survey of high school youth in Columbus, Ohio, focuses on male adolescent fertility, teenage fathers' propensity to live with their nonmaritally conceived first child, and young males' hypothetical intentions to do the same in the event that they and their girlfriend were responsible for an unplanned pregnancy. I explore the association between living arrangement variables and young fathers' educational outcomes, schooling intentions, and their expectations for their partners' schooling. I also test Ajzen and Fishbein's social psychological model of reasoned action. I argue that this kind of research is timely since we need to incorporate young males more fully into our conceptualization of adolescent fertility and fatherhood if we wish to develop more viable policies and programs. NLSY data indicate 5.5 percent of males 20-27 years of age in 1984 were teenagers when they fathered a nonmaritally conceived first child, that almost 80 percent of teenage fathers had their child when they were 18 or 19 years old, and that black teens were more likely to father children, and to do so outside of marriage and at younger ages, than their white or Hispanic counterparts. While several background variables were associated with an above average probability of living with a child initially for whites in a multivariate context, none of the measured background variables were significant predictors of living arrangement status among blacks. These data do not suggest that living with a child is directly related to adverse educational consequences. Teenage fathers whose first child was maritally conceived had the poorest high school completion patterns of all males. About half of young males in the high school sample, both whites and blacks, indicated that they would be "quite likely" or "extremely likely" to live with their partner and child. The attitudinal and subjective norm components of Ajzen and Fishbein's model accounted for 32 percent of the variance in the intention variable and the attitudinal component was the more powerful predictor in all models. [UMI ADG87-10026] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William. Male Teenage Fertility: An Analysis of Fatherhood Commitment and its Association with Educational Outcomes and Aspirations. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1987. |
4134. |
Marsiglio, William |
Teenage Fatherhood: High School Accreditation and Educational Attainment In: Adolescent Fathers. A. Elster and M. Lamb, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Educational Attainment; First Birth; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Household Composition; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William. "Teenage Fatherhood: High School Accreditation and Educational Attainment" In: Adolescent Fathers. A. Elster and M. Lamb, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986
|
4135. |
Marsiglio, William Mott, Frank L. |
Does Wanting to Become Pregnant with a First Child Affect Subsequent Maternal Behaviors and Infant Birth Weight? Journal of Marriage and Family 50,4 (November 1988): 1023-1036. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352112 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Childbearing; Deviance; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Race; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Urbanization/Urban Living; Wantedness Using data from the NLSY, the authors examined the relationship between whether or not women wanted to become pregnant with their first child, and their subsequent maternal behaviors and infant\'s birth weight. Fifty-five percent of the sample wanted to become pregnant when they did. Being a black or younger mother was associated with below average levels of pregnancy wantedness, while living in an urban area was positively associated with wantedness. In addition, it was found that while wantedness was related to most of the maternal behaviors in a bivariate context, age at childbearing and race tended to be responsible for these relationships. In a multivariate context, women who wanted their pregnancy were more likely to initiate prenatal care early in their pregnancy and more likely to gain 50 or more pounds during pregnancy. However, wantedness was not a significant predictor of: alcohol or smoking behavior, low weight gain by the mother during pregnancy, her infant\'s birth weight, whether she ever breastfed, or whether she took her infant for wellcare soon after birth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William and Frank L. Mott. "Does Wanting to Become Pregnant with a First Child Affect Subsequent Maternal Behaviors and Infant Birth Weight?" Journal of Marriage and Family 50,4 (November 1988): 1023-1036.
|
4136. |
Marsiglio, William Mott, Frank L. |
Does Wanting to Become Pregnant with a First Child Affect Subsequent Maternal Behaviors and Infant Birth Weight? Working Paper, The Ohio State University, Center for Human Resource Research, Columbus, OH, revised, July 1987 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Deviance; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Wantedness Using data from the NLSY, we examined the relationship between whether or not women wanted to become pregnant with their first child, and their subsequent maternal behaviors and infant's birth weight. Fifty-five percent of the sample wanted to become pregnant when they did. Being a black or younger mother was associated with below average levels of pregnancy wantedness, while living in an urban area was positively associated with wantedness. In addition, it was found that while wantedness was related to most of the maternal behaviors in a bivariate context, age at childbearing and race tended to be responsible for these relationships. In a multivariate context, women who wanted their pregnancy were more likely to initiate prenatal care early in their pregnancy and more likely to gain 50 or more pounds during pregnancy. However, wantedness was not a significant predictor of: alcohol or smoking behavior, low weight gain by the mother during pregnancy, her infant's birth weight, whether she ever breastfed, or whether she took her infant for wellcare soon after birth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William and Frank L. Mott. "Does Wanting to Become Pregnant with a First Child Affect Subsequent Maternal Behaviors and Infant Birth Weight?" Working Paper, The Ohio State University, Center for Human Resource Research, Columbus, OH, revised, July 1987. |
4137. |
Marsiglio, William Mott, Frank L. |
Sex Education for American Youth: Its Availability, Timing, and Relationship to Teenage First Intercourse and Premarital Pregnancies Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, February 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): High School Curriculum; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sex Education; Sexual Experiences/Virginity The objective of this paper is to bring new evidence to bear on a few of the more salient sex education issues by presenting both descriptive and multivariate analyses based on a national representative sample of American youth. The data we use focuses on youth who have taken a separate course relating to sex education and five topics their course may have covered. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William and Frank L. Mott. "Sex Education for American Youth: Its Availability, Timing, and Relationship to Teenage First Intercourse and Premarital Pregnancies." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, February 1986. |
4138. |
Marsiglio, William Mott, Frank L. |
The Impact of Sex Education on Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Premarital Pregnancy Among American Teenagers Family Planning Perspectives 18,4 (July-August 1986): 151-154+157-162. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135324 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Childbearing; Contraception; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth, a U.S. panel survey of 6,288 women and 6,398 men who have been interviewed each year since 1979 when they were 14-22 years old. The principal objectives of this research were to document the proportion of a recent cohort of teenagers who had taken a sex education course and the extent to which they were exposed to five types of course instruction, and to examine systematically the relationship between exposure to a sex education course and sex-related behaviors of young women. The findings indicated that the majority of young people (66 percent of women and 79 percent of men) had become sexually active by age 19. A notable finding was that a sizeable proportion of youth had sexual intercourse for the first time without having taken a sex education course. Among those teens who became sexually active by age 19, only 53 percent of women and 35 percent of men had taken a sex education course before they first had intercourse. Analyses revealed, after controlling for a series of sociodemographic factors, that 15- to 16-year-old girls who were virgins and who had taken a sex education course were slightly more likely to initiate sexual activity within the year after their course than those who had not taken a course; no relationship was found between course taking and sexual activity for 17- and 18-year-old women. Young women who had previously taken a sex education course were significantly more likely to use effective contraceptives than were teenagers who had never had a course. However, course taking did not affect young women's probability of experiencing a nonmarital pregnancy before age 20 in a multivariate context. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Marsiglio, William and Frank L. Mott. "The Impact of Sex Education on Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Premarital Pregnancy Among American Teenagers." Family Planning Perspectives 18,4 (July-August 1986): 151-154+157-162.
|
4139. |
Martell, Dennis Patrick |
Home Environments of Physically Handicapped Children: An Analysis of NLSY Data Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childhood Education, Early; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Family Studies; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Physical Characteristics; Poverty More and more children with varying degrees of physical handicaps are entering the family ecosystem where they must rely on the parental subsystem for the quality of their home environment. It seems apparent that the effect the presence of a physically handicapped child has on the family would best be measured by assessing the effect this child has on the construction of his/her own home environment. A family ecosystems model is utilized to examine the quality of the home environment of the handicapped child. The family is examined in this context by controlling and assessing variations (predictive variables) in family structure as well as maternal and child characteristics. Data for this study were drawn from a larger on-going study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1990 Data Set. The measured home environments of 1323 children aged 3 to 6 years were assessed using an adapted form of the HOME Scale. The research samples were composed of 58 physically handicapped child ren and 1265 nonhandicapped children. The central focus of this study was the family's provision of a home environment including cognitive, physical, and emotional aspects of the child's environment. T-tests, Chi-square analyses, and regression were utilized to analyze data. No statistically significant differences were found between the measured home environments provided for the physically handicapped and nonhandicapped children in this study. Additionally no statistically significant differences were found between selected groups of physically handicapped children and the control sample. The quality of the home environment provided for the physically handicapped child was found to be significantly positively correlated with the measured intelligence of the mother and significantly negatively correlated with family poverty status. The most significant finding is the strength of the relationship between the sex of the physically handicapped child and the quality of the home environment. Female physically handicapped children are provided a better home environment. The findings suggest that on the variables measured, families with physically handicapped children are very similar to families with nonhandicapped children in their provision of home environments. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martell, Dennis Patrick. Home Environments of Physically Handicapped Children: An Analysis of NLSY Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1994. |
4140. |
Martellini, Paolo |
Essays on Labor Markets and Cities Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Labor Productivity; Skilled Workers; Urbanization/Urban Living; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis focuses on the functioning of labor markets and on how search frictions affect the dynamics of labor productivity across space (first chapter) and over time (second chapter). The first chapter addresses a long-standing question concerning the sources of the positive wage differential between large and small US cities. I build a spatial equilibrium model that I use to measure the contribution of three channels. In the model, larger cities are characterized by a higher frequency of interactions in the labor market--hence better matches between workers and firms (matching)--a better composition of peers workers learn from (knowledge diffusion), and positive sorting of high-skilled workers through migration across cities (sorting). I find that the aggregate implications of policies that change the size and composition of cities are determined by how such policies influence matching, knowledge diffusion, and sorting. Concretely, I show that an expansion of housing supply in large, productive, cities reduces the extent of sorting and knowledge diffusion in those cities. As a consequence, the aggregate income gain from implementing such policy is considerably smaller than in a hypothetical scenario in which the productivity of cities was invariant to the policy. The second chapter extends the traditional search and matching model of the labor market to account for long-run growth in the efficiency of the search technology. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions under which such long-run growth does not trigger a secular decline in unemployment (consistently with US data), but it contributes to labor productivity growth. Intuitively, a higher meeting probability in the labor market allows firm-worker pairs to be more selective with respect to the quality of the matches they create. Simple calculations show that this channel may be responsible for approximately one fourth of US labor productivity growth over the last 30 years. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martellini, Paolo. Essays on Labor Markets and Cities. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2020. |
4141. |
Martin, Anne Gardner, Margo |
College Expectations for All? The Early Adult Outcomes of Low-Achieving Adolescents Who Expect to Earn a Bachelor's Degree Applied Developmental Science 20,2 (2016): 108-120. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10888691.2015.1080596 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Achievement; College Degree; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Income; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Critics of the college-for-all ethos argue that it encourages low-achieving adolescents to develop unrealistically high expectations. This argument posits that low-achievers waste time and money, and risk disappointment and self-recrimination, pursuing college when they are unlikely to complete it. The present study uses two national data sets--Add Health and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979--to test the proposition that expecting to earn a bachelor's degree (BA) puts low-achieving students at risk of disadvantageous early adult outcomes. Youth reported their educational expectations in high school, and their income-to-needs ratios and depressive symptoms were measured approximately a decade later. Results in both data sets suggest that the expectation of a BA was advantageous for all students, regardless of achievement level. Low-achievers who expected to earn a BA had higher educational attainment, higher income-to-needs ratios, and fewer depressive symptoms than low-achievers who did not expect to earn a BA. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Anne and Margo Gardner. "College Expectations for All? The Early Adult Outcomes of Low-Achieving Adolescents Who Expect to Earn a Bachelor's Degree." Applied Developmental Science 20,2 (2016): 108-120.
|
4142. |
Martin, Anne Gardner, Margo Petitclerc, Amelie |
Low-income Mothers' Entry into Postsecondary Education during Middle Childhood: Effects on Adolescents Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104470. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919304670 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Education, Adult; Income Level; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use This study tests whether young adolescents' achievement and behavior are associated with their mother's entry into post-secondary education (PSE) during their middle childhood years. It also examines five family processes that may link maternal PSE to development in middle childhood (income, home learning environment, mother's educational expectations for child, maternal presence, and family affective climate). The sample selects low-income families from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979. Propensity score weighting adjusts for mothers' self-selection into PSE. We find that adolescents whose mothers entered PSE in their middle childhood scored higher than their peers on math, but similarly on reading, behavior problems, delinquency, and substance use. There were no associations between mothers' PSE entry and the proposed mediators. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Anne, Margo Gardner and Amelie Petitclerc. "Low-income Mothers' Entry into Postsecondary Education during Middle Childhood: Effects on Adolescents." Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104470.
|
4143. |
Martin, Holly P. |
Integration of Women into the Military: A Preliminary Investigation of Relevant Factors Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Attitudes; Gender Differences; Job Satisfaction; Military Enlistment; Military Service; Racial Differences; Sex Roles; Wage Levels; Women This paper presents an extension to the human capital model of wage level determination for women. The new model incorporates the effect of expectations of potential earnings on future earnings. A woman's decision to invest in human capital, to remain committed to the labor force, and to search for a new job that would pay a greater return to her for her investment in human capital, rests primarily on her expectations of what she can earn in the labor market. Using the NLS Mature Women data, the empirical analysis shows that current wages are dependent on past expectations and that expectations depend on past wages and labor market conditions. Two-stage least squares regression was used to obtain parameters of current wage and expected wage equations. The results indicate that historically low expectations, due possibly to the male/female wage differential, will continue to influence the future wage patterns of women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Holly P. Integration of Women into the Military: A Preliminary Investigation of Relevant Factors. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1987. |
4144. |
Martin, Sandra L. Burchinal, Margaret R. |
Antisocial Behavior of Female Youth and the Later Emotional and Behavioral Health of their Children: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Working Paper, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Child Health; Children; Children, Temperament; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Mothers; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Associations between the severity of early female antisocial behavior (including both drug and non-drug related offenses) and the later behavioral and emotional health of the children of these women were examined among 1,428 mother-child pairs of the NLSY. Multiple linear regression procedures found a significant positive relationship between the severity of the mothers' early non-drug related offenses and the later severity of the children's antisocial, anxious/depressed, hyperactive, immature dependency, headstrong, peer conflict/social withdrawal, and total problem scores. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Sandra L. and Margaret R. Burchinal. "Antisocial Behavior of Female Youth and the Later Emotional and Behavioral Health of their Children: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Working Paper, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1991. |
4145. |
Martin, Sandra L. Burchinal, Margaret R. |
Young Women's Antisocial Behavior and the Later Emotional and Behavioral Health of their Children American Journal of Public Health 82,7 (July 1992): 1007-1010. Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/82/7/1007 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Temperament; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Poverty; Preschool Children; Psychological Effects; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Questions arise concerning whether youthful female deviant behavior eventually will have negative behavioral and emotional consequences for the later children of these women. Associations between the severity of early female antisocial behavior (including both drug-related and non-drug related offenses) and the later behavioral and emotional health of the children of these women were examined among 1425 mother-child pairs of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Multiple linear regression procedures indicated a significant positive relationship between the severity of the mothers' early non-drug-related offenses and the later severity of the children's scores on the Antisocial, Hyperactive, Anxious/Depressed, Headstrong, Peer Conflict/Social Withdrawal, Immature Dependency, and Total Problem subscales of the Behavior Problem Index. This study demonstrated an association between the antisocial behavior of female youth and the later behavioral and emotional problems of the children of these women. Future research needs to determine the mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of these types of problems so that effective preventive and therapeutic public health practices may be designed and implemented. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Sandra L. and Margaret R. Burchinal. "Young Women's Antisocial Behavior and the Later Emotional and Behavioral Health of their Children." American Journal of Public Health 82,7 (July 1992): 1007-1010.
|
4146. |
Martin, Steven P. |
How Late Do Women Wait? Expectations of Parenthood and Childlessness across the Reproductive Life Course Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; Life Course; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979–2008 to measure women’s fertility expectations across the reproductive life course. We also develop models of what the trajectories of fertility expectations for childless women should look like, if childlessness is the result of delaying childbearing based on “good” and “bad” information, respectively, about age and infertility. Our main methodological advance is to develop indirect techniques to distinguish women who “try” for a child at a given age (or are sexually active with imperfect enough contraceptive use that a birth would be expected) from women who switch to expecting childlessness without ever having actively attempted to get pregnant. We find that prolonged expectation of parenthood among ultimately childless women is the exception rather than the rule; most childless women shift their fertility expectations to expectations of childlessness by their early thirties, even if they never try for a baby. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Steven P. "How Late Do Women Wait? Expectations of Parenthood and Childlessness across the Reproductive Life Course." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
4147. |
Martin, Steven P. Musick, Kelly |
Unmet Fertility Expectations, Education, and Fertility Postponement among U.S. Women Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Graduates; Education; Family Formation; Family Planning; Fertility Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we use mismatches between womens fertility expectations expressed in 1982 and their completed fertility in 2006 as a tool to analyze educational differences in fertility during this time period. We find very little difference across educational groups in their fertility expectations in young adulthood. We find that about 23 percent of women exceeded their fertility expectations, while a much larger percentage (about 42 percent) of women fell short of their fertility expectations. Within every educational group but especially for college graduates, women were more likely to fall short of their educational expectations than to exceed those expectations. We conclude that unmet fertility expectations had the largest effects on fertility, and on educational differences in fertility, for the NLSY79 cohort. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Steven P. and Kelly Musick. "Unmet Fertility Expectations, Education, and Fertility Postponement among U.S. Women." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
4148. |
Martin, Steven P. Wu, Lawrence L. |
The Subsequent Fertility of Adolescent Mothers in the United States CDE Working Paper No. 98-01, Center for Demography and Ecology, Madison WI: University of Wisconsin - Madison, May 1998. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/1998papers.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Birth Rate; Childbearing; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Ethnic Differences; Mothers, Adolescent; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Presented: Toronto, Canada, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1997 This paper describes recent patterns in the subsequent fertility of women in the United States by comparing rates of second and higher-order births for women with teen and nonteen first births. We expand upon previous work by paying particular attention to issues related to the spacing of second births. We pose and answer three questions concerning the pace and tempo of second and higher-order births. First, is an early first birth associated with a quicker overall pace of second births? Second, is an early first birth associated with higher second birth rates during the first few months postpartum? And third, does an early first birth or a closely spaced second birth speed the pace of higher-order births? For black women, we find that a first birth before age eighteen speeds the overall pace of second births by about 25 percent, and that part of this overall difference is due to a doubling of the pace of second births in the first 15 months postpartum. For white women, we find no association between a first birth before age eighteen and the overall pace of second births, but a strong positive association between an adolescent first birth and the pace of second births in the 15 months postpartum, and a negative association at longer durations. For black and white women, an early age at first birth is associated with a faster pace of third births, an effect that appears to persist for fourth births. However, a closely spaced second birth is at least as strongly associated with a fast pace of third and later births as is an adolescent first birth. These results suggest substantial spacing effects on second and higher order births that, in several instances, outweigh effects of a teen first birth. We discuss implications of these findings for policies concerning teen childbearing and argue for special attention to pregnancy prevention in the six months immedia tely following a first birth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Steven P. and Lawrence L. Wu. "The Subsequent Fertility of Adolescent Mothers in the United States." CDE Working Paper No. 98-01, Center for Demography and Ecology, Madison WI: University of Wisconsin - Madison, May 1998. |
4149. |
Martin, Terrance K. Guillemette, Michael A. Browning, Christopher M. |
Do Retirement Planning Strategies Alter the Effect of Time Preference on Retirement Wealth? Applied Economics Letters 23,14 (2016): 1003-1005. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2015.1128068 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Time Preference; Wealth An individual's willingness to accumulate retirement wealth is influenced by their preference for intertemporal consumption. People with a strong preference for current consumption (high personal discount rate) may choose to save less and face the risk of decreased retirement preparedness. A negative relation between a high personal discount rate and retirement wealth may be reduced when individuals engage in some form of retirement planning. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we provide evidence that respondents with a high personal discount rate accumulated 37% less retirement wealth, on average, between 2004 and 2008, when compared with respondents with a low personal discount rate. However, when retirement planning strategies were included in the model, there was no statistical difference in retirement wealth between people with high and low personal discount rates. The retirement planning strategies included calculating a retirement income need, hiring a financial planner for retirement or engaging in both of these activities. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Terrance K., Michael A. Guillemette and Christopher M. Browning. "Do Retirement Planning Strategies Alter the Effect of Time Preference on Retirement Wealth?" Applied Economics Letters 23,14 (2016): 1003-1005.
|
4150. |
Martin, Terrance K. Guillemette, Michael A. Urgel, Fabiola E. |
The Effect of Disability Income on Retirement Decisions and Wealth Applied Economics Letters 25,19 (2018): 1333-1335. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2017.1420874 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Disability; Income; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Wealth Using the 2008 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study examines the impact of receiving disability income on a respondent's decision to calculate a retirement income need, use tax-advantaged accounts and accumulate retirement wealth. Respondents who received disability income were 4.4% less likely to report calculating a retirement income need and 4.5% less likely to report using a tax-advantaged account, compared to a reference group of respondents who did not receive disability income. Respondents who received disability income also accumulated 41% less retirement wealth compared to the same reference group. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martin, Terrance K., Michael A. Guillemette and Fabiola E. Urgel. "The Effect of Disability Income on Retirement Decisions and Wealth." Applied Economics Letters 25,19 (2018): 1333-1335.
|
4151. |
Martinez-Granado, Maite |
Testing Labour Supply and Hours Constraints Labour Economics 12,3 (June 2005): 321-344. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537104000053 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Endogeneity; Labor Supply; Work Hours/Schedule This paper provides empirical evidence that, at a given wage, individuals cannot freely choose the number of hours they work. The novelty relative to the existing literature (e.g. [Altonji, J., Paxson, C., 1986. Job characteristics and hours of work. In: Ehrenberg, R. (Ed.), Research in Labor Economics, vol. 8. Westview Press, Greenwich, 1-55]) is twofold. We use the US data on prime age males from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and we account for endogenous switching between jobs. Our results are: (i) the variance of the change in hours worked is more than six times higher for movers than for stayers; (ii) the intertemporal labour supply elasticity is positive and significant for movers and zero for stayers. This is further evidence for the presence of hours constraints. One important implication is that estimates of the labour supply elasticity that ignore these constraints are biased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2005 Elsevier] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martinez-Granado, Maite. "Testing Labour Supply and Hours Constraints." Labour Economics 12,3 (June 2005): 321-344.
|
4152. |
Martinez-Iriarte, Julian Sun, Yixiao |
Identification and Estimation of Unconditional Policy Effects of an Endogenous Binary Treatment Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - San Diego, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Marginal Treatment Effect; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Statistical Analysis; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the identification and estimation of unconditional policy effects when the treatment is binary and endogenous. We first characterize the asymptotic bias of the unconditional regression estimator that ignores the endogeneity and elaborate on the channels that the endogeneity can render the unconditional regressor estimator inconsistent. We show that even if the treatment status is exogenous, the unconditional regression estimator can still be inconsistent when there are common covariates affecting both the treatment status and the outcome variable. We introduce a new class of marginal treatment effects (MTE) based on the influence function of the functional underlying the policy target. We show that an unconditional policy effect can be represented as a weighted average of the newly defined MTEs over the individuals at the margin of indifference. Point identification is achieved using the local instrumental variable approach. Furthermore, the unconditional policy effects are shown to include the marginal policy-relevant treatment effect in the literature as a special case. Methods of estimation and inference for the unconditional policy effects are provided. In the empirical application, we estimate the effect of changing college enrollment status, induced by higher tuition subsidy, on the quantiles of the wage distribution. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Martinez-Iriarte, Julian and Yixiao Sun. "Identification and Estimation of Unconditional Policy Effects of an Endogenous Binary Treatment." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - San Diego, 2020. |
4153. |
Maslowsky, Julie Hendrick, C. Emily Stritzel, Haley |
Mechanisms Linking Teenage Mothers' Educational Attainment with Self-reported Health at Age 50 BMC Women's Health 21 (2021): 15. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12905-020-01150-y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Early childbearing is associated with adverse health and well-being throughout the life course for women in the United States. As education continues to be a modifiable social determinant of health after a young woman gives birth, the association of increased educational attainment with long-term health for women who begin childbearing as teenagers is worthy of investigation. Methods: Data are from 301 mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who gave birth prior to age 19. We estimated path models to assess women's incomes, partner characteristics, and health behaviors at age 40 as mediators of the relationship between their educational attainment and self-rated general health at age 50. Results: After accounting for observed background factors that select women into early childbearing and lower educational attainment, higher levels of education (high school diploma and GED attainment vs. no degree) were indirectly associated with higher self-rated health at age 50 via higher participant income at age 40. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maslowsky, Julie, C. Emily Hendrick and Haley Stritzel. "Mechanisms Linking Teenage Mothers' Educational Attainment with Self-reported Health at Age 50." BMC Women's Health 21 (2021): 15.
|
4154. |
Maslowsky, Julie Stritzel, Haley Gershoff, Elizabeth T. |
Post-Pregnancy Factors Predicting Teen Mothers' Educational Attainment by Age 30 in Two National Cohorts Youth and Society published online (7 July 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0044118X211026941. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0044118X211026941 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women who begin childbearing as teenagers attain lower levels of education than women who delay childbearing until age 20 and later. Little is known about post-pregnancy factors that predict educational attainment among teen mothers. The current study examined whether teen mothers' environment and experiences 2 years after their first birth contribute to their educational outcomes by age 30, net of selection factors associated with teenage childbearing. Data were from two cohorts, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 (N = 241) and 1997 (N = 378). Multinomial logistic regression modeling was used to assess associations of post-pregnancy factors with teen mothers' educational attainment. Having child care was associated with increased odds of attaining a high school diploma and of attending college in both cohorts. Providing regular and subsidized child care for teen mothers is an opportunity to support teen mothers in achieving higher levels of educational attainment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maslowsky, Julie, Haley Stritzel and Elizabeth T. Gershoff. "Post-Pregnancy Factors Predicting Teen Mothers' Educational Attainment by Age 30 in Two National Cohorts." Youth and Society published online (7 July 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0044118X211026941.
|
4155. |
Mason, Katherine |
Modeling Discrimination: Gender, Weight, and Income Inequality Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Gender Differences; Income; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Contemporary public discussions about the obesity epidemic and its consequences tend to focus on the potential impacts weight can have on one's health and quality of life. To the extent that associations between socioeconomic status and weight enter the conversation, it is usually to acknowledge that lower-SES people (especially the urban poor) may have limited access to fresh produce and gym memberships. In this paper, however, I examine the social and economic consequences of fatness. Using statistical data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this paper draws on economic theories of statistical and prejudicial discrimination to examine the nature and the extent of the disadvantages overweight people face. Building on previous findings of overweight income disadvantage in this dataset [in particular, Gortmaker et al (1993)], my study finds significant gender differences in the presence and amount of discrimination affecting women's and men's income. Further, due to differing types of discrimination (statistical for overweight men and prejudicial for overweight women), this study suggests that the disadvantages overweight women face are not only more severe than those experienced by overweight men, but also that these disadvantages will worsen over time relative to overweight men's. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mason, Katherine. "Modeling Discrimination: Gender, Weight, and Income Inequality." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010. |
4156. |
Massoglia, Michael |
Incarceration as Exposure: The Prison, Infectious Disease, and Other Stress-Related Illnesses Journal of Health and Social Behavior 49,1 (March 2008): 56-71. Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/49/1/56.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Illnesses; Incarceration/Jail; Stress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the relationship between incarceration and health functioning. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the relationship between incarceration and more than 20 different measures of health are tested. Using multiple analytic procedures, a distinctive pattern of association emerges. Individuals with a history of incarceration appear consistently more likely to be afflicted with infectious disease and other illnesses associated with stress. In contrast, no consistent relationships were observed between incarceration status and ailments unrelated to stress or infectious disease. The results suggest that exposure to infectious disease and stress are important to understanding the lasting impact of incarceration on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Health & Social Behavior is the property of American Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael. "Incarceration as Exposure: The Prison, Infectious Disease, and Other Stress-Related Illnesses." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 49,1 (March 2008): 56-71.
|
4157. |
Massoglia, Michael |
Incarceration, Health, and Racial Disparities in Health. Law and Society Review 42,2 (June 2008): 275-306 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences This article addresses two basic questions. First, it examines whether incarceration has a lasting impact on health functioning. Second, because blacks are more likely than whites to be exposed to the negative effects of the penal system--including fractured social bonds, reduced labor market prospects, and high levels of infectious disease--it considers whether the penal system contributes to racial health disparities. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and both regression and propensity matching estimators, the article empirically demonstrates a significant relationship between incarceration and later health status. More specifically, incarceration exerts lasting effects on midlife health functioning. In addition, this analysis finds that, due primarily to disproportionate rates of incarceration, the penal system plays a role in perpetuating racial differences in midlife physical health functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Law & Society Review is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael. "Incarceration, Health, and Racial Disparities in Health." Law and Society Review 42,2 (June 2008): 275-306.
|
4158. |
Massoglia, Michael |
Mid-Life Health Consequences of Crime and Punishment Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, December 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Heterogeneity; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling; Punishment, Criminal; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation has two basic aims. First, it examines the relationship between incarceration and mid-life mental and physical health functioning. Next, it considers whether the penal system contributes to racial health disparities. The conceptual and analytical models of health functioning are drawn from various theoretical traditions, including criminology, medical and life course sociology, and social stratification. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to estimate (1) correlational models establishing baseline incarceration effects on mental and physical health, (2) regression models assessing the effect of incarceration on mental and physical health, (3) regression models assessing the impact of incarceration on racial inequalities in physical health, and (4) propensity score models of the treatment effect of incarceration on mental and physical health. Three main findings emerge from the analysis. First, incarceration is a powerful predictor of mid-life mental and physical health functioning. Second, these effects are evident in models that account for the non-random nature of incarceration. That is, even when models are employed to correct for sample heterogeneity, the significant physical and mental health effects remain. Finally, the results indicate that incarceration contributes to racial inequalities in physical health. When incarceration is included in models estimating physical health functioning, racial differences in health become non-significant. A variety of factors come together to explain these findings. First, incarceration fractures social bonds associated with health functioning. Additionally, incarceration lowers the likelihood of gainful wages and depresses wages. Furthermore, incarceration exposes individuals to high levels of infectious diseases and stress. Finally, most ex-inmates find themselves near the bottom of the social hierarchy, making it difficult for them to fully control their lives and participate in society upon release. These factors, with two additional considerations, also explain how incarceration contributes to racial inequalities in physical health. First, relative to whites, blacks are much more likely to be incarcerated and, therefore, more likely to be exposed to the negative health effects of the penal system. Second, it appears more difficult for blacks than whites to reestablish social bonds to social institutions that protect or enhance physical health. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael. Mid-Life Health Consequences of Crime and Punishment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, December 2005. |
4159. |
Massoglia, Michael Firebaugh, Glenn Warner, Cody |
Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Attainment American Sociological Review 78,1 (February 2013): 142-165. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/78/1/142.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Each year, more than 700,000 convicted offenders are released from prison and reenter neighborhoods across the country. Prior studies have found that minority ex-inmates tend to reside in more disadvantaged neighborhoods than do white ex-inmates. However, because these studies do not control for pre-prison neighborhood conditions, we do not know how much (if any) of this racial variation is due to arrest and incarceration, or if these observed findings simply reflect existing racial residential inequality. Using a nationally representative dataset that tracks individuals over time, we find that only whites live in significantly more disadvantaged neighborhoods after prison than prior to prison. Blacks and Hispanics do not, nor do all groups (whites, blacks, and Hispanics) as a whole live in worse neighborhoods after prison. We attribute this racial variation in the effect of incarceration to the high degree of racial neighborhood inequality in the United States: because white offenders generally come from much better neighborhoods, they have much more to lose from a prison spell. In addition to advancing our understanding of the social consequences of the expansion of the prison population, these findings demonstrate the importance of controlling for pre-prison characteristics when investigating the effects of incarceration on residential outcomes. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael, Glenn Firebaugh and Cody Warner. "Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Attainment." American Sociological Review 78,1 (February 2013): 142-165.
|
4160. |
Massoglia, Michael Firebaugh, Glenn Warner, Cody |
Where Do They Live Now? Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Disadvantage Presented: Washington DC, Population Assocation of America Meetings, March-April 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The expansion of the penal state has been one of the most dramatic developments in contemporary American Society. Current estimates suggest that one of every 100 American adults is now incarcerated, and each year more than 700,000 individuals are released from prison, numbers that represent a five-fold increase from just a few decades earlier. This dramatic expansion spurred a wealth of research which has focused on the detrimental impact incarceration has on a range of life course outcomes including employment, wages, health, and marital stability. Notably missing from this literature is a systematic examination of the potential impact that incarceration has on the communities to which ex-inmates return following their release from prison. Using nationally representative panel data, this study begins to fill this empirical gap by examining the relationship between incarceration and levels of neighborhood disadvantage. Controlling for neighborhood of origin, we find that upon release incarceration is associated with residence in more disadvantaged neighborhoods, especially for white ex-inmates. These findings have direct implications for understanding the social consequences of the expansion of the penal state as well as the patterns of residential mobility and disadvantage. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael, Glenn Firebaugh and Cody Warner. "Where Do They Live Now? Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Disadvantage." Presented: Washington DC, Population Assocation of America Meetings, March-April 2011. |
4161. |
Massoglia, Michael Pare, Paul-Philippe Schnittker, Jason Gagnon, Alain |
The Relationship between Incarceration and Premature Adult Mortality: Gender Specific Evidence Social Science Research 46 (July 2014): 142-154. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14000623 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Incarceration/Jail; Mortality We examine the relationship between incarceration and premature mortality for men and women. Analyses using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) reveal strong gender differences. Using two different analytic procedures the results show that women with a history of incarceration are more likely to die than women without such a history, even after controlling for health status and criminal behavior prior to incarceration, the availability of health insurance, and other socio-demographic factors. In contrast, there is no relationship between incarceration and mortality for men after accounting for these factors. The results point to the importance of examining gender differences in the collateral consequences of incarceration. The results also contribute to a rapidly emerging literature linking incarceration to various health hazards. Although men constitute the bulk of inmates, future research should not neglect the special circumstances of female former inmates and their rapidly growing numbers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael, Paul-Philippe Pare, Jason Schnittker and Alain Gagnon. "The Relationship between Incarceration and Premature Adult Mortality: Gender Specific Evidence." Social Science Research 46 (July 2014): 142-154.
|
4162. |
Massoglia, Michael Remster, Brianna King, Ryan D. |
Stigma or Separation? Understanding the Incarceration-Divorce Relationship Social Forces 90,1 (September 2011): 133-155. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/90/1/133.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Conflict; Marital Dissolution Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research suggests a correlation between incarceration and marital dissolution, although questions remain as to why this association exists. Is it the stigma associated with “doing time” that drives couples apart? Or is it simply the duration of physical separation that leads to divorce? This research utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel to shed light on these questions. The findings generally support a separation explanation of the incarceration-divorce relationship. Specifically, the data show that exposure to incarceration has no effect on marital dissolution after duration of incarceration is taken into account. In addition, across both datasets we find that individuals who spend substantial time away from spouses are at higher risk of divorce. The findings point to the importance of spousal separation for understanding the incarceration-marital dissolution relationship. Moreover, and in contrast to settings in which stigma appears quite salient (e.g., labor markets), our results suggest that the shared history and degree of intimacy among married partners may weaken the salience of the stigma of incarceration. Findings are discussed in the context of a burgeoning body of work on the collateral consequences of incarceration and have implications for the growing pool of men in American society returning from prison. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Massoglia, Michael, Brianna Remster and Ryan D. King. "Stigma or Separation? Understanding the Incarceration-Divorce Relationship." Social Forces 90,1 (September 2011): 133-155.
|
4163. |
Matsuda, Kazushige Mazur, Karol |
College Education and Income Contingent Loans in Equilibrium Journal of Monetary Economics published online (5 September 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.08.005. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439322200112X Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Legislation; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Welfare In 2009 the US government introduced a major income-contingent loans (ICLs) program for financing higher education. We investigate its welfare implications in the presence of income shocks, and endogenous dropout risk and college enrollment. While ICLs provide valuable income insurance and thereby increase college enrollment by risk averse agents, they may also lead to adverse selection of individuals with lower ability and generate a moral hazard cost of lowering educational effort and labor hours. We evaluate this insurance-incentives trade-off in a calibrated heterogeneous agent model. We show that ICLs increase welfare and that the social costs of adverse selection and moral hazard are mild. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Matsuda, Kazushige and Karol Mazur. "College Education and Income Contingent Loans in Equilibrium." Journal of Monetary Economics published online (5 September 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.08.005.
|
4164. |
Mauldin, Teresa A. Koonce, Joan Rupured, A. Michael Parazo, Justice |
Working Poor: Research, Outreach, and Public Policy Presented: San Antonio, TX, American Council on Consumer Interests Conference, March 22-25, 2000. Also: http://www.consumerinterests.org/public/articles/working.PDF Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Family Studies; Poverty; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This panel discussion provided background information about a sample of working poor, working near-poor and working non-poor from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data (79) and information about fringe benefits available from their employers. Ideas for moving the working poor to self-sufficiency and resources related to the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 were also discussed. Many families are struggling to provide a supportive environment on limited resources. Some work full-time or part-time, some are unemployed, others are homeless, others are receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and other forms of public assistance. These families, working or not, face many obstacles in their struggle to become self-sufficient (Beaulieu, 1999). During the 1990s revisions to the United States public assistance programs began moving families from welfare to work. However, work does not always lift or keep a family out of poverty. If family, individual, and employment characteristics that distinguish the working poor from the working non-poor can be identified, better public policy and outreach programs can be designed. This panel discussion focused on characteristics of a sample of working poor and working near-poor and the availability of fringe benefits from their employers, ideas regarding transitional assistance and strategies for reaching the working poor population, and finally provides resources related to the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mauldin, Teresa A., Joan Koonce, A. Michael Rupured and Justice Parazo. "Working Poor: Research, Outreach, and Public Policy." Presented: San Antonio, TX, American Council on Consumer Interests Conference, March 22-25, 2000. |
4165. |
Mauldin, Teresa A. Mimura, Yoko |
Changes in Marital Status and Poverty Dynamics among Young Mothers in the United States Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Marital Status; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented: Helsinki, Finland: International Household & Research Conference, 2002 How do changes in young mothers' marital status relate to the likelihood of exiting from and reentering into poverty? Does marrying get them out of poverty as strongly as being unmarried puts them back into poverty? Using two-way transition models from event history analysis and a sample of young mothers who experienced poverty from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, we will address these questions. We expect to find that getting married in a year is associated with the increased likelihood of exiting poverty in the year and with decreased likelihood of going back into poverty. Being unmarried is hypothesized to be associated with an increased likelihood of reentering poverty and decreased likelihood of exiting from poverty when other conditions are kept equal. We also expect that the economic benefit of marrying for young mothers is smaller than the negative economic consequences from being unmarried. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mauldin, Teresa A. and Yoko Mimura. "Changes in Marital Status and Poverty Dynamics among Young Mothers in the United States." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
4166. |
Mauldin, Teresa A. Mimura, Yoko |
Exits from Poverty Among Rural and Urban Black, Hispanic, and White Young Adults Review of Black Political Economy 29,1 (Summer 2001): 9-23. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/y5vqrl6tvnb4a1eu/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Transaction Publishers Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Exits; Family Background and Culture; Hispanics; Human Capital; Poverty; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Rural Sociology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the NLSY79 cohort data (1981-1993), we examined Black, Hispanic, and White young adults for their poverty exit rates as a function of the elapsed duration of the spell, family background characteristics, human capital, labor market factors, and other socio-demographic variables. There was no difference in exit rates between rural and urban residents or between Hispanic and Whites, ceteris paribus. At the baseline, Blacks had lower exit rates than Whites between the third and fourth years, and the gap was greater when the respondents lived in the north central region of the United States and when they were not employed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mauldin, Teresa A. and Yoko Mimura. "Exits from Poverty Among Rural and Urban Black, Hispanic, and White Young Adults." Review of Black Political Economy 29,1 (Summer 2001): 9-23.
|
4167. |
Mauldin, Teresa A. Mimura, Yoko |
Marrying, Unmarrying, and Poverty Dynamics among Mothers with Children Living at Home Journal of Family and Economic Issues 28,4 (December 2007): 566-582. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/fk37722vvn6701g7/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Child Development; Discrimination; Domestic Violence; Economics of Gender; Family Structure; Fertility; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the two-way transitions model and a sample of mothers with children living at home who experienced poverty, we examined how the changes in mothers' marital status relate to the odds of exiting and reentering poverty. The data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (1979-1998). This study found an asymmetric association between poverty dynamics and becoming unmarried. Becoming unmarried was associated with increased odds of both getting out of poverty and reentering poverty, where the magnitude of the latter is greater than that of the former, when family background, family characteristics, and human capital and employment factors are controlled. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mauldin, Teresa A. and Yoko Mimura. "Marrying, Unmarrying, and Poverty Dynamics among Mothers with Children Living at Home." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 28,4 (December 2007): 566-582.
|
4168. |
Mauldon, Jane |
How Well Do Retrospective Recalls Match Panel Reports? Working Paper, Goldman School of Public. Policy, University of California - Berkeley, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Goldman School of Public. Policy, University of California - Berkeley Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Dropouts; High School Dropouts; Longitudinal Surveys; Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the accuracy and completeness of retrospective data by comparing retrospective reports with data gathered in repeated panel surveys from the same individuals. While the surveys considered here describe educational events, the discrepancies identified between panel and retrospective data are likely to occur in other types of surveys. The study reveals substantial differences in the reported frequency and timing of transitions in and out of school, depending on whether retrospective or the panel data are used. The author attributes most of these differences to forgetfulness: the results indicate that after five years, about one- half of the stopouts that occurred seem to be forgotten. A smaller proportion of the discrepancies arose from differences in wording or interpretation of the panel and retrospective survey questions. The findings sound a clear note of caution to researchers who routinely rely on retrospective reports. They also highlight some potential limitations of panel data. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mauldon, Jane. "How Well Do Retrospective Recalls Match Panel Reports?" Working Paper, Goldman School of Public. Policy, University of California - Berkeley, 1990. |
4169. |
Maume, David J. Jr. Cancio, A. Silvia Evans, T. David |
Cognitive Skills and Racial Wage Inequality: Reply To Farkas And Vicknair American Sociological Review 61,4 (August 1996): 561-564. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096393 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior; Cognitive Ability; Family Background and Culture; Racial Differences; School Quality; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Farkas and Vicknair (1996) create a composite measure of cognitive skills that is the average standardized score on tests of word knowledge, paragraph comprehension, arithmetic reasoning, and mathematical knowledge. These four tests are known as the "Armed Forces Qualifications Test" (AFQT), the scores the military uses to select recruits and for job assignments. Farkas and Vicknair claim to explain away the discrimination component of the racial gap in wages by controlling for cognitive skills. Yet they ignore the possibility that the AFQT, like many standardized tests, is class-biased. If these tests (especially those stressing a knowledge of vocabulary) also test for exposure to the values and experiences of the White middle class (Schiff and Lewontin 1986:33), then Blacks' scores on these tests will be systematically lower than scores for Whites. Indeed, Wigdor and Green (1991:179) reviewed studies of the AFQT and found larger Black/White differences on the AFQT than were found using direct measures of job performance. Thus, AFQT test scores exaggerate racial differences in skills and may in part be a proxy for race. If Blacks have lower scores on the AFQT and receive lower earnings because of employer discrimination, then inclusion of the AFQT score in a wage attainment model will weaken the impact of race on earnings. The AFQT score should be purged of its correlation with race so that the impact of cognitive skills, apart from race, can be examined. When the Department of Labor considered using military intelligence tests in the U.S. Employment Service, it commissioned a study that found "scientific grounds for the adjustment of minority scores so that able minority workers have the same chance of referral as able majority workers" (Hartigan and Wigdor 1989:7). To adjust AFQT scores received by minorities, Rodgers and Spriggs (1995:22) suggest regressing the scores on family background and school quality characteristics by race. The s lopes for Whites are then applied to values of the predictors for Blacks to generate a predicted AFQT score for Blacks. This method corrects for the devaluation of Blacks' scores by allowing the family background and school quality inputs to be evaluated in a "nondiscriminatory" manner. This method produces an instrumental variable that more closely approximates the job-relevant skills of African Americans. We replicated part of the Rodgers and Spriggs (1995) analysis using Farkas and present the results of regressing the AFQT composite score on family background and school quality variables. The data are for young males in the 1980 NLSY. Significant racial differences suggest that the AFQT test measures the abilities of Blacks and Whites differently. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maume, David J. Jr., A. Silvia Cancio and T. David Evans. "Cognitive Skills and Racial Wage Inequality: Reply To Farkas And Vicknair." American Sociological Review 61,4 (August 1996): 561-564.
|
4170. |
Maume, David J. Wilson, George |
Determinants of Declining Wage Mobility in the New Economy Work and Occupations 42,1 (February 2015): 35-72. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/42/1/35.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Employment; Mobility; Part-Time Work; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey to compare patterns of wage mobility among the late boomer and millennial cohorts of young men. Estimating group-based trajectory models, the authors find that fewer men enjoyed rapid wage growth and more men fell into the steady and stagnant wage-trajectory groups. Furthermore, employment patterns in the new economy (e.g., changing employers, more part-time employment, and employment in low-end service occupations) increasingly determine the mobility rates of millennials compared with boomers and are stronger predictors of mobility chances in the millennial cohort than are family background and cognitive skills. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maume, David J. and George Wilson. "Determinants of Declining Wage Mobility in the New Economy." Work and Occupations 42,1 (February 2015): 35-72.
|
4171. |
Maxfield, Michelle |
Essays on Income, Social Policy, and Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); State-Level Data/Policy; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1: "The Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Child Achievement and Long-Term Educational Attainment." The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a significant source of government assistance to low income families. Total outlay reached over $50 billion in 2008, with more than 97 percent of aid received by families with children (Internal Revenue Service 2011). Despite its size and pro-child goals, relatively little is known about how the EITC affects children directly. This study directly links EITC receipt throughout all ages of childhood to both contemporaneous achievement and long-run educational attainment. I take advantage of both Federal tax code changes and state EITC adoptions, which result in large variation in EITC generosity across state, time, and family size. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that EITC expansions improve both contemporaneous and long-run educational outcomes of children. An increase in the maximum EITC of $1,000 (2008 dollars) in a given year significantly increases math achievement by about 0.072 nationally normed standard deviations. This change in EITC generosity during childhood also increases the probability of graduating high school or receiving a GED at age 19 by about 2.1 percentage points and increases the probability of completing one or more years of college by age 19 by about 1.4 percentage points. Estimated effects are larger for boys and minority children, and I find evidence that an expansion in the EITC is more effective at improving educational outcomes for children who are younger during the expansion. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxfield, Michelle. Essays on Income, Social Policy, and Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2014. |
4172. |
Maxfield, Michelle |
The Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Child Achievement and Long-Term Educational Attainment Working Paper, Michigan State University, November 14, 2013. Also: https://www.msu.edu/~maxfiel7/20131114%20Maxfield%20EITC%20Child%20Education.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Michigan State University Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Academic Development; Children, Poverty; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Geocoded Data; Insurance; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a significant source of government assistance to low income families. Total outlay reached over $50 billion in 2008, with more than 97 percent of aid received by families with children (Internal Revenue Service 2011). Despite its size and pro-child goals, relatively little is known about how the EITC affects children directly. Until recently, studies focused only on indirect measures of child well-being such as poverty, parental labor supply, marriage, fertility, and consumption. This study directly links EITC receipt throughout all ages of childhood to both contemporaneous achievement and long-run educational attainment. I take advantage of both Federal tax code changes and state EITC adoptions, which result in large variation in EITC generosity across state, time, and family size. Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that EITC expansions improve both contemporaneous and long-run educational outcomes of children. An increase in the maximum EITC of $1,000 (2008 dollars) in a given year significantly increases math achievement by about 0.072 nationally normed standard deviations. This change in EITC generosity during childhood also increases the probability of graduating high school or receiving a GED at age 19 by about 2.1 percentage points and increases the probability of completing one or more years of college by age 19 by about 1.4 percentage points. Estimated effects are larger for boys and minority children, and I find evidence that an expansion in the EITC is more effective at improving educational outcomes for children who are younger during the expansion. An increase in the maximum EITC of $1,000 also results in other changes in the household, including an increase in net family income inclusive of EITC and welfare payments of about $888 and an increase in maternal labor force participation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxfield, Michelle. "The Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Child Achievement and Long-Term Educational Attainment." Working Paper, Michigan State University, November 14, 2013. |
4173. |
Maxfield, Michelle |
The Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit On Child Development Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Insurance; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has been a significant source of government aid to poor families since its start in 1975, with total aid reaching over $50 billion in 2008. Despite its size and pro-child goals, relatively little is known on how the EITC affects children directly. Until recently, studies have focused only on indirect measures of child well-being such as poverty, parental labor supply, marriage, fertility, and consumption. A few recent studies focus on the effects of the EITC on child and infant health, but other outcomes have not yet been explored. Without knowing the direct impact of the EITC on children, it is difficult to accurately assess the performance of the program. Taking advantage of tax changes in the 1990s which resulted in a large differential expansion in the EITC by number of children, I assess how an expansion in the EITC affects children’s cognitive, noncognitive, and health outcomes as well as the mechanisms behind these effects. Preliminary results using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that home resources change significantly for children with single mothers – most notably an increase in maternal labor force participation, reduction in welfare receipt, a substitution away from maternal care to child care by distant relatives or non-relatives in a home setting, and a substitution of child insurance from Medicaid to private insurance. I find early evidence that the credit improves math scores for all children and decreases behavioral issues for children with married mothers. Timing and duration of effects are explored as well as differential effects by age of the child. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxfield, Michelle. "The Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit On Child Development." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013. |
4174. |
Maximova, Katerina Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie |
Mental Health Consequences of Unintended Childlessness and Unplanned Births: Gender Differences and Life Course Dynamics Social Science and Medicine 68,5 (March 2009): 850-857. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953608005789 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Fertility; Gender Differences; Life Course; Wantedness The discordance between fertility intentions and outcomes may be associated with mental health in the general population. This requires data directly linking individuals' fertility intentions with their outcomes. This study brings together two streams of research on fertility and psychological distress to examine whether unintended childlessness and unplanned births are associated with psychological distress, compared with intended childlessness and planned births. We also examine whether unintended childlessness and unplanned births are differently associated with distress at two stages of the individuals' life course: in early and late 30s. As women are more directly affected by the decline in fertility with age and the experience of motherhood is more central to women's identity, we also examined gender differences in these associations. Thus, we examined the association between four possible fertility events (planned and unplanned births, intended and unintended childlessness) and psychological distress of men and women, at two different stages over the life course (early and late 30s). We used longitudinal data from the US National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (N = 2524) to link individuals' fertility intentions and outcomes to evaluate the association of depressive symptoms (CES-D) with four possible fertility events occurring in two-year intervals, for men and women separately. Contrary to our first hypothesis, unintended childlessness and unplanned births were not associated with psychological distress for women. Among men, only unplanned births in their early 30s were associated with increases in psychological distress. We did not find support for our second hypothesis that unintended childlessness and unplanned births have a different association with psychological distress for men and women and as a function of the stage of life. These findings are discussed in the context of previous literature in this area. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maximova, Katerina and Amélie Quesnel-Vallée. "Mental Health Consequences of Unintended Childlessness and Unplanned Births: Gender Differences and Life Course Dynamics." Social Science and Medicine 68,5 (March 2009): 850-857.
|
4175. |
Maxwell, Nan L. |
Basic Skills, Occupational Training, and Wage Differentials Between Young Black and White Males Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Education; Job Tenure; Job Training; Occupations; Racial Differences; Skills; Training, Occupational; Wage Differentials; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper empirically examines the interrelationships between prelabor market skills, on-the-job training as it occurs within occupations, wages, and race. Using data from the NLSY, the lower level of basic skills of blacks is linked to subsequent wage reductions and racial wage differentials. While fewer prelabor market skills do not directly reduce on-the-job training, blacks' employment in less skilled occupations does impede their acquisition of on-the-job training. Thus, blacks' lower level of both prelabor market and labor market skill accumulation is a primary determination of racial wage differentials for youth. In fact, by increasing blacks' basic skills and occupational training to white levels, racial wage differences all but disappear. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. "Basic Skills, Occupational Training, and Wage Differentials Between Young Black and White Males." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, 1991. |
4176. |
Maxwell, Nan L. |
Fertility Policy and Employment: Implications from the Former Soviet Union Population Research and Policy Review 17 (1998): 351-368. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/j8762q3k1vt75qw7/ Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Employment; Fertility; Russia, Russian Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. NLS data (Mature and Young Women and NLSY79) were used as the benchmark for Russians in this study: Using individual-level survey data that were collected in Russia in 1993, we analyze the fertility-employment relationship for a sample of urban women who bore children during the Soviet era. Although some Russian policy makers advocate policies that reduce female employment to stimulate fertility, we find little empirical support to ensure success of these policies. Specifically, we find no connection between employment and fertility for our sample of Russian females, perhaps because of their historic, mandated commitment to the labor market. Instead, we find that demographics and attitudes influence fertility decision making. These results, in combination with the findings that our sample of Russian women hold more 'traditional' attitudes toward family and 'egalitanan' attitudes toward work than similar American women, suggest that policies to stimulate fertility by reducing employment may not be effective for women raised during the Soviet era unless a dramatic shift in attitudes away from a strong work commitment also occurs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. "Fertility Policy and Employment: Implications from the Former Soviet Union." Population Research and Policy Review 17 (1998): 351-368.
|
4177. |
Maxwell, Nan L. |
Occupational Segregation and Wages: Is There Long Run Convergence Among Young Male and Female Workers? Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Segregation; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY, this study empirically examines occupational and wage mobility of high school and college educated males and females in the first five years after school leaving. College-educated males exhibit the greatest occupational mobility with their movement into management positions. While females, irrespective of educational level, are overwhelmingly employed as clericals throughout the five year period, the movement of high school-educated females into the clerical field suggests that these females will spend nearly half their work lives as clericals. Reflecting this occupational movement, wage growth during the five year period is greatest for college-educated males. College- educated females experienced half as large a growth as their male counterpart and nearly equivalent wage growth as high school-educated males. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. "Occupational Segregation and Wages: Is There Long Run Convergence Among Young Male and Female Workers?" Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
4178. |
Maxwell, Nan L. |
Russian Fertility and Labor Supply: Implications for Fertility Policy Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Rate; Cross-national Analysis; Demography; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Labor Supply; Local Labor Market; Russia, Russian; Social Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using both individual-level survey data that was collected in Russia, three panels of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, and aggregate-level data from Russia and the U.S., this paper examines the determinants of fertility for Russian women. Although many Russian policy makers advocate policies to reduce female levels of employment to stimulate fertility, we find little empirical support to ensure success of this policy. Specifically, in contrast to American females whose fertility is intertwined with labor market behavior, we find no connection between labor supply and fertility for Russian females. Instead, aggregate social, demographic, and economic conditions influence fertility levels. As such, results of this study suggest that Russian policies designed to decrease female labor force participation will be ineffective at increasing birth rates in absence of change in the country's social and economic structure. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. "Russian Fertility and Labor Supply: Implications for Fertility Policy." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
4179. |
Maxwell, Nan L. |
The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47,2 (January 1994): 249-264. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524419 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cornell University Press Keyword(s): Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Racial Differences; Schooling; Wage Differentials Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for black-white differences in educational attainment, educational quality, and unmeasured individual ability can explain black-white wage differences. An analysis that corrects for both selectivity and ability biases inherent in estimating the education-wage relationship shows that the main source of the black-white wage differential is the racial difference in the quality rather than quantity of schooling. In fact, the author concludes, closing the racial gap in the basic skills learned in school could reduce the wage differential by two-thirds. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. "The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47,2 (January 1994): 249-264.
|
4180. |
Maxwell, Nan L. Mott, Frank L. |
Trends in the Determinants of Early Childbearing Population and Environment 9,2 (Summer 1987): 59-73. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503065 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Contraception; Fertility; First Birth; Mothers, Race; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) This study uses data from the Young Women and NLSY cohorts to examine the extent to which socioeconomic background factors and race have changed in their ability to predict a first birth before age 19 between 1968 and 1980 for women aged 19 to 23. The authors find little support for their hypothesis that the increasing availability of contraception and abortion for young women from all social classes reduces the traditionally strong inverse association between social class and early childbearing. There is evidence that, even after controlling for changes in socioeconomic background factors, black young women are significantly more likely than their white counterparts to bear children before age 19 in 1980 and the relative gap between races in this regard did not alter perceptibly during that period. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. and Frank L. Mott. "Trends in the Determinants of Early Childbearing." Population and Environment 9,2 (Summer 1987): 59-73.
|
4181. |
Maxwell, Nan L. Mott, Frank L. |
Trends in the Determinants of Early Childbearing Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April-May 1987 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Contraception; Fertility; First Birth; Mothers, Race; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the Young Women and NLSY cohorts to examine the extent to which socioeconomic background factors and race have changed in their ability to predict a first birth before age 19 between 1968 and 1980 for women aged 19 to 23. The authors find little support for their hypothesis that the increasing availability of contraception and abortion for young women from all social classes reduces the traditionally strong inverse association between social class and early childbearing. There is evidence that, even after controlling for changes in socioeconomic background factors, black young women are significantly more likely than their white counterparts to bear children before age 19 in 1980 and the relative gap between races in this regard did not alter perceptibly during that period. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maxwell, Nan L. and Frank L. Mott. "Trends in the Determinants of Early Childbearing." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April-May 1987. |
4182. |
Mayer, Susan E. |
Can't Buy Me Love The Economist, 343, (June 1997): pg. 29 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economist Group Ltd., The Keyword(s): Children, Poverty; Disadvantaged, Economically; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Family Income; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Susan Mayer of the University of Chicago developed a statistical model to predict what would happen to children's prospects if the income of a poor family was raised from $15,000 to $30,000 a year. Her analysis revealed that whereas doubling poor families' income would lift most children above the poverty line, it would have almost no effect on their test scores and only a slight effect on their social behavior. This might be explained by the fact that extra money is usually spent on things that have little to do with helping children succeed in school or life and by the fact that good parenting has a lot in common with being a good worker, therefore children with parents who possess the qualities of good workers tend to do well even if their parents do not earn a lot. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mayer, Susan E. "Can't Buy Me Love." The Economist, 343, (June 1997): pg. 29. |
4183. |
Mayer, Susan E. |
How Much Does Additional Income Help Children? Policy Briefing, Washington DC: U.S. House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee, July 11, 1997. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/additional.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Children, Well-Being; High School Dropouts; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Income Level; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy, Adolescent Research on the effect of income on children's life chances suggests that small changes in living standards might not hurt children much. Harm from a short term decline in living standards could eventually be offset if parental work eventually leads to higher wages, or if it sets a good example for the children. But little research suggests that either of these scenarios is likely for long-term welfare recipients. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mayer, Susan E. "How Much Does Additional Income Help Children?" Policy Briefing, Washington DC: U.S. House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee, July 11, 1997. |
4184. |
Mayer, Susan E. |
Influence of Parental Income on Children's Outcomes Report, Wellington, New Zealand, Knowledge Management Group, Ministry of Social Development, 2002. Also: http://www.msd.govt.nz/publications/influence_parental_income/index.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Ministry of Social Development (MSD) Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Cross-national Analysis; Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income Level; Labor Market Outcomes; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A .pdf copy of this report is also available at: http://www.msp.govt.nz/publications/docs/raisingchildreninnz.pdf. It is well established that parental income is positively associated with virtually every dimension of child well-being that social scientists measure. This report advances beyond simple analyses of the correlation between parental income and children's outcomes, by separating out the effect of parental income on children's outcomes, net of other influences such as family structure and parental education. The report opens with an examination of theoretical perspectives that hypothesise why parental income might affect children's outcomes. It discusses a range of methodological issues that confront researchers in this field. It documents the findings of a range of research on the effect of parental income on six broad areas of child outcomes: cognitive test scores; socio-emotional functioning, mental health and behavioural problems; physical health; teenage childbearing; educational attainment; and future economic status. It considers whether the source of parental income matters for child outcomes, whether the effect of parental income might vary according to the age of the child, and whether the effect of parental income depends on the child's gender or race. The report concludes with a discussion of policy insights that might be gleaned from the research literature in this field. Parental income is positively associated with all outcomes covered in the review. When family background variables are controlled, however, the estimated size of the effect of parental income reduces, and the residual effects are generally small to modest on most outcomes. The size of the effect of income differs across different outcomes: it appears to have its largest effect on cognitive test scores and educational attainment. For some outcomes, such as health, there is too little research to draw strong conclusions about the effect of income. The effect of income is larger when incomes are measured over a longer period - that is to say, extended durations on low income have stronger adverse effects on children than short periods on low income. There is some evidence that the effect of income is larger for low-income than for high-income children. No general conclusions can be drawn about whether parental income is more important at different stages of childhood; however, there is some evidence to suggest that income is more important in early childhood for schooling outcomes. There is little evidence to suggest that income has differential effects on children of different gender or race. Welfare income is found to be negatively associated with a range of children's outcomes; however, this seems to be due not to welfare receipt per se but to parental characteristics that make some parents more prone to be on welfare than others. Finally, it is noted that most of the research has been done in the US and there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about whether the effect of parental income varies across countries. Although parental income generally has only a small to modest effect on any particular outcome, it contributes to many aspects of children's well-being. This means that income gains have the potential to make a significant cumulative difference to the lives of children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mayer, Susan E. "Influence of Parental Income on Children's Outcomes." Report, Wellington, New Zealand, Knowledge Management Group, Ministry of Social Development, 2002. |
4185. |
Mayer, Susan E. Duncan, Greg J. Kalil, Ariel Tepper, Robin L. |
Like Mother Like Daughter: Does SES Account for the Similarity between Mothers and Daughters? Presented: Chicago, IL, Joint Center for Poverty Research, "Family Investments in Children's Potential", Research Conference, September 2002. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/conferences/SRI_2002/mayer.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Depression (see also CESD); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem; Shyness; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [This paper assesses the importance of maternal income and education to daughters' adolescent characteristics that are associated with her own future economic success. The analysis looks beyond socio-economic status to account for the strong correlations between parents' and children's educational achievement, psychological and personality characteristics, attitudes, interests, and highrisk behaviors, such as smoking, early pregnancy, or antisocial behavior. Although their findings are preliminary, they suggest a lesser role for socioeconomic status than previously thought. Specifically, the authors find that mothers' own characteristics, measured when she herself was an adolescent, can predict her future income and education, and the latter, in turn, predict her daughter's adolescent characteristics, which presumably predict the daughter's future income and education. These findings are important for research and policy on several levels. In short, the authors argue that the importance of socioeconomic status will be overstated if researchers omit a mother's own adolescent characteristics in their measurement models. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mayer, Susan E., Greg J. Duncan, Ariel Kalil and Robin L. Tepper. "Like Mother Like Daughter: Does SES Account for the Similarity between Mothers and Daughters?" Presented: Chicago, IL, Joint Center for Poverty Research, "Family Investments in Children's Potential", Research Conference, September 2002. |
4186. |
Maynard, Rebecca A. |
Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997. Also: http://www.urban.org/pubs/khk/summary.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; Fertility; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Teenagers Four hundred thousand children under age 18 give birth every year in the United States--a rate twice as high as that in any other advanced country. This is the first book that makes systematic estimates of the economic and social impact of such childbearing?to the mothers, the fathers, their children, and society. Among its findings: the sons of these very young mothers are nearly three times as likely to serve a prison sentence as other women's sons. The expenses in welfare, health, and other public benefits amount to $4 billion a year. This informative and readable book by leading experts examines the issue from many perspectives and discusses strengths and weaknesses of specific policies and programs. Includes bibliographical references and index. The Study, the context, and the findings in brief Rebecca A. Maynard -- Trends over time in teenage pregnancy and childbearing: the critical changes Susan Williams McElroy and Kristin Anderson Moore -- The Impacts of teenage childbearing on the mothers and the consequences of those impacts for government V. Joseph Hotz, Susan Williams McElroy, and Seth G. Sanders -- Costs and consequences for the fathers Michael J. Brien and Robert J. Willis -- Effects on the children born to adolescent mothers Kristin Anderson Moore, Donna Ruane Morrison, and Angela Dungee Greene -- Teen children's health and health care use Barbara Wolfe and Maria Perozek -- Abuse and neglect of the children Robert M. Goerge and Bong Joo Lee -- Incarceration-related costs of early childbearing Jeffrey Grogger -- Children of early childbearers as young adults Robert H. Haveman, Barbara Wolfe, and ELaine Peterson -- The Costs of adolescent childbearing Rebecca A. Maynard. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Maynard, Rebecca A. Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997.. |
4187. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Black-White Differences in Inter-Generational Economic Mobility in the U.S. Working Paper Series No. CES-WP-11-40, U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, December 2011. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1967466## Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Disadvantaged, Economically; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wealth Traditional measures of intergenerational mobility such as the intergenerational elasticity are not useful for inferences concerning group differences in mobility with respect to the pooled income distribution. This paper uses transition probabilities and measures of “directional rank mobility” that can identify inter-racial differences in intergenerational mobility. The study uses two data sources including one that contains social security earnings for a large intergenerational sample. I find that recent cohorts of blacks are not only significantly less upwardly mobile but also significantly more downwardly mobile than whites. This implies a steady-state distribution in which there is no racial convergence in income. A descriptive analysis using covariates reveals that test scores in adolescence can explain much of the racial difference in both upward and downward mobility. Family structure can account for some of the racial gap in upward mobility but not downward mobility. Completed schooling and parental wealth also appear to account for some of the racial gaps in intergenerational mobility. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar. "Black-White Differences in Inter-Generational Economic Mobility in the U.S." Working Paper Series No. CES-WP-11-40, U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, December 2011. |
4188. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Black-White Differences in Inter-Generational Economic Mobility in the U.S. Economic Perspectives 38,1 (2014):. Also: https://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/economic_perspectives/2014/1Q2014_part1_mazumder.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Disadvantaged, Economically; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Social Security; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wage Gap; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, I attempt to advance our understanding along several dimensions. First, I use two data sets containing larger intergenerational samples than have been used in the previous literature. One of the data sets matches individuals in the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to administrative earnings records from the Social Security Administration (SSA). This matched data set provides many more years of data on parents' earnings than most surveys and is likely to be less prone to measurement error, since it is derived from tax records. In addition, the SIPP contains data on key characteristics of the parents, such as wealth levels and marital history. The other data source I use is the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). In addition to containing a rich array of information as children transition from adolescence to adulthood, such as test scores and personality traits, the NLSY also measures total family income in both generations, giving it an advantage over the SIPP. Using a measure of economic status that includes the income of the spouse avoids selecting only women who participate in the labor market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar. "Black-White Differences in Inter-Generational Economic Mobility in the U.S." Economic Perspectives 38,1 (2014):.
|
4189. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Fortunate Sons: Estimates of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States Using Social Security Earnings Data Review of Economics and Statistics 87,2 (May 2005): 235-255. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40042900 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Income; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Previous studies, relying on short-term averages of fathers' earnings, have estimated the intergenerational elasticity (IGE) in earnings to be approximately 0.4. Due to persistent transitory fluctuations, these estimates have been biased down by approximately 30% or more. Using administrative data containing the earnings histories of parents and children, the IGE is estimated to be around 0.6. This suggests that the United States is substantially less mobile than previous research indicated. Estimates of intergenerational mobility are significantly lower for families with little or no wealth, offering empirical support for theoretical models that predict differences due to borrowing constraints. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar. "Fortunate Sons: Estimates of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States Using Social Security Earnings Data." Review of Economics and Statistics 87,2 (May 2005): 235-255.
|
4190. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Sibling Similarities, Differences and Economic Inequality Working Paper No. 2004-13, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, August 2004. Also: http://www.chicagofed.org/publications/workingpapers/wp2004_13.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Brothers; Earnings; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use improved statistical approaches and much larger samples than previous studies to provide more robust estimates of the correlation in economic outcomes among siblings. A key finding is that more than half the variance in log wages among men is due to differences in family and community background. Slightly smaller estimates in the 0.45 to 0.5 range are found for earnings and family income. For women, the sibling correlation in family income is the same as that found for men. I estimate that the sibling correlation in years of schooling and AFQT test scores is higher than 0.6. In contrast, estimates for a variety of other non-economic outcomes (including physical attributes) are in the 0.2 to 0.4 range. Family and community influences are particularly important for those who start at the bottom of the income distribution. An analysis of the variance in outcomes within families, by quartiles of parent income provides a new set of facts that should inform theoretical models of family resource allocation. I also find that a large portion of the sibling correlation in some economic outcomes can be explained by observable characteristics. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar. "Sibling Similarities, Differences and Economic Inequality." Working Paper No. 2004-13, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, August 2004. |
4191. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar |
Upward Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States Economic Mobility Project, the Pew Charitable Trust, May 2008. Also: http://www.economicmobility.org/reports_and_research/other?id=0004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Pew Charitable Trust Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Income Distribution; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In an era of rising income inequality, understanding the extent of economic mobility from one generation to the next in America has never been more important. Only if there is considerable opportunity for children from disadvantaged backgrounds to move beyond their parents' place in the income distribution, may economic inequality be viewed as tolerable. This report introduces two new and flexible measures to examine upward relative mobility--the extent to which children can rise above their parents' position when compared to their peers. The report also explores various factors that might account for racial differences in upward economic mobility rates. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar. "Upward Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States." Economic Mobility Project, the Pew Charitable Trust, May 2008. |
4192. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar |
What Similarities Between Siblings Tell Us About Inequality in the U.S. Chicago Federal Letter 209,1 (December 2004): 1-5 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Demography; Family Influences; Incarceration/Jail; Income; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Discusses family and community influences that lead to earnings inequality. Number of sibling pairs included in the sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; Estimated sibling correlation in annual earnings for men; Percentage of the correlation between brothers accounted for the time spent in jail; Psychological measures that have a non-negligible effect on the sibling correlation. The author finds that about half of earnings inequality in the U.S. can be explained by family and community influences during childhood. He also finds that these influences have become more important in recent decades. Copyright: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago: 2004 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar. "What Similarities Between Siblings Tell Us About Inequality in the U.S. ." Chicago Federal Letter 209,1 (December 2004): 1-5.
|
4193. |
Mazumder, Bhashkar Levine, David I. |
Growing Importance of Family and Community: An Analysis of Changes in the Sibling Correlation in Earnings Working Paper No. 2003-24, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, November 2003. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=483023 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Keyword(s): Brothers; Data Quality/Consistency; Earnings; High School Dropouts; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study presents evidence that the correlation in brothers' earnings has risen in recent decades. We use two distinct cohorts of young men from the National Longitudinal Surveys and estimate that the correlation in earnings between brothers rose from 0.26 to 0.45. This suggests that family and community influences shared by siblings have become increasingly important in determining economic outcomes. We find that neither the correlation in years of schooling nor the rising return to schooling accounts for this increase. We also argue that the PSID is not an appropriate dataset for analyzing changes over time because of its sampling design, small sample of siblings, and high attrition rate. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazumder, Bhashkar and David I. Levine. "Growing Importance of Family and Community: An Analysis of Changes in the Sibling Correlation in Earnings." Working Paper No. 2003-24, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, November 2003. |
4194. |
Mazza, Jacopo van Ophem, Hans |
Separating Risk from Heterogeneity in Education: A Semiparametric Approach Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 181,1 (January 2018): 249-275. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rssa.12253/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Heterogeneity; Wage Equations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Returns to education are variable both within and between educational group. If uncertain pay-offs are a concern to individuals when selecting an education, wage variance is relevant. The variation is a combination of unobserved heterogeneity and pure uncertainty or risk. The first element is known to the individual, but unknown to the researcher; the second is unknown to both. As a result, the variance of wages observed in the data will overestimate the real magnitude of educational uncertainty and the effect that risk has on educational decisions. We apply a semiparametric estimation technique to tackle the selectivity issues. This method does not rely on distributional assumptions of the errors in the schooling choice and wage equations. Our results suggest that risk is decreasing in schooling. Private information accounts for a share varying between 0% and 13% of total wage variance observed depending on the educational level. Finally, we conclude that the estimation results are very sensitive to the functional relation that is imposed on the error structure. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazza, Jacopo and Hans van Ophem. "Separating Risk from Heterogeneity in Education: A Semiparametric Approach." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 181,1 (January 2018): 249-275.
|
4195. |
Mazza, Jacopo van Ophem, Hans Hartog, Joop |
Unobserved Heterogeneity and Risk in Wage Variance: Does More Schooling Reduce Earnings Risk? Labour Economics 24 (October 2013): 323-338. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537113001061 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Heterogeneity; Wage Theory We apply a recently proposed method to disentangle unobserved heterogeneity from risk in returns to education to data for the USA, the UK and Germany. We find that in residual wage variation, uncertainty by far dominates unobserved heterogeneity. The relation between uncertainty and level of education is not monotonic and differs among countries. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mazza, Jacopo, Hans van Ophem and Joop Hartog. "Unobserved Heterogeneity and Risk in Wage Variance: Does More Schooling Reduce Earnings Risk?" Labour Economics 24 (October 2013): 323-338.
|
4196. |
McArdle, John J. Bell, Richard Q. |
An Introduction to Latent Growth Models for Developmental Data Analysis In: Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data: Practical Issues, Applied Approaches, and Specific Examples. T. Little, K. Schnabel, and J. Baumert, eds., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000. Also: http://kiptron.usc.edu/publications/jjm.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Change Scores; Children, Poverty; Data Quality/Consistency; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); LISREL; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McArdle, John J. and Richard Q. Bell. "An Introduction to Latent Growth Models for Developmental Data Analysis" In: Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data: Practical Issues, Applied Approaches, and Specific Examples. T. Little, K. Schnabel, and J. Baumert, eds., Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000.
|
4197. |
McBee, Matthew T. Brand, Rebecca J. Dixon, Wallace E., Jr. |
Challenging the Link Between Early Childhood Television Exposure and Later Attention Problems: A Multiverse Approach Psychological Science published online (25 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0956797620971650. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956797620971650 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Attention/Attention Deficit; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Depression (see also CESD); Mothers, Health; Self-Esteem; Television Viewing; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 2004, Christakis and colleagues published an article in which they claimed that early childhood television exposure causes later attention problems, a claim that continues to be frequently promoted by the popular media. Using the same National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data set (N = 2,108), we conducted two multiverse analyses to examine whether the finding reported by Christakis and colleagues was robust to different analytic choices. We evaluated 848 models, including logistic regression models, linear regression models, and two forms of propensity-score analysis. If the claim were true, we would expect most of the justifiable analyses to produce significant results in the predicted direction. However, only 166 models (19.6%) yielded a statistically significant relationship, and most of these employed questionable analytic choices. We concluded that these data do not provide compelling evidence of a harmful effect of TV exposure on attention. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McBee, Matthew T., Rebecca J. Brand and Wallace E. Dixon. "Challenging the Link Between Early Childhood Television Exposure and Later Attention Problems: A Multiverse Approach." Psychological Science published online (25 March 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0956797620971650.
|
4198. |
McCall, Brian P. |
An Empirical Analysis of Youth Joblessness Durations Presented: Madison, WI, Industrial Relations Research Association Annual Meeting, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Industrial Relations Research Association ==> LERA Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the determinants of the length of joblessness durations for youth leaving their first job. Estimates are derived from a log-normal duration model. Utilizing the NLSY 1979-1985 Work history data, it was found that longer joblessness durations were experienced by black youth and less educated youth. Some evidence was found that increased job experience reduced the duration of joblessness for women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCall, Brian P. "An Empirical Analysis of Youth Joblessness Durations." Presented: Madison, WI, Industrial Relations Research Association Annual Meeting, 1990. |
4199. |
McCall, Brian P. |
Occupational Matching: A Test of Sorts Journal of Political Economy 98,1 (February 1990): 45-69. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937641 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Job Search; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Occupations; Quits A theory of job matching is developed in which matching information has job- specific and occupation-specific components. If occupational matching is significant, the theory predicts that, for those who have switched jobs but stayed in the same occupation, increased tenure in the previous job lowers the likelihood of separation from the current job. These predictions were tested using data from the NLSY; this panel data set follows 12,686 youths, aged 14 to 22 years in 1979, over the period 1979-1985. Using a proportional hazards approach, it was found that, in general, tenure in the previous job had a significantly negative impact on the separation rate from the current job. However, for those who had switched occupations between jobs, the magnitude of this effect was significantly less. Similar results were obtained when job quits were analyzed separately using a competing risks approach. [ABI/INFORM] |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCall, Brian P. "Occupational Matching: A Test of Sorts." Journal of Political Economy 98,1 (February 1990): 45-69.
|
4200. |
McCall, Brian P. |
Studies of Sequential Choice in Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Heterogeneity; Job Search; Job Turnover; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice This dissertation investigates problems of sequential job choice when jobs are characterized by significant uncertainty, the importance of which may differ from job to job, and where information revealed at one job may be useful for predicting the outcomes at other jobs. Recent results in the statistical theory of multi-armed bandits are used to determine the optimal sampling strategies for workers in this environment. Chapter 1 develops a model of job search where jobs are not identical and where not all information of value is revealed before a job is accepted. In this case, the optimal sampling strategy implies that jobs with more residual uncertainty are, ceteris paribus, ranked higher and associated with a lower reservation wage, which governs job acceptance. This gives a very simple explanation of why reservation wages might increase over an unemployment spell. Chapter 2 of this dissertation tries to determine whether matching occurs at an occupational level. A dynamic model of job choice is developed where matching information is comprised of job-specific and occupation-specific components. One empirical prediction derived from the theory is that, if occupation matching is significant, those working their second job in an occupation would be less likely to quit than those working their first job. This prediction is tested using weekly employment data from the NLSY and semi-parametric hazard estimation techniques which control for unobserved heterogeneity. The predictions of the model are confirmed but only for those working their second job in a occupation who, in addition, had tenure in their first job exceeding one year. Finally, Chapter 3 develops a model of occupational choice where matching information is partly occupation-specific, workers risk being fired, and interoccupational job switches may be significantly more costly, due to training, thenintraoccupational job switches. It is shown that, when job switching costs are low and training costs negligible, workers find occupations with larger match uncertainty and where information tends to be occupation-specific more attractive. If it is more costly to move between occupations than within an occupation, then a worker likes occupations where information is relatively job-specific. [UMI ADG89-04319] |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCall, Brian P. Studies of Sequential Choice in Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1988. |
4201. |
McCall, Brian P. Chi, Wei |
Unemployment Insurance, Unemployment Durations and Re-employment Wages Economics Letters 99,1 (April 2008): 115-118. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176507002236 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Unemployment Insurance; Wage Models We develop an empirical model to estimate the impact of UI on unemployment duration and re-employment wages. The model estimates the UI receipt, unemployment duration and re-employment wage equations simultaneously, incorporates unobserved heterogeneity variables in each equation and allows them to be correlated. The NLSY79 data is used to estimate the model. Some results are found in support of the positive effect of UI on re-employment wages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCall, Brian P. and Wei Chi. "Unemployment Insurance, Unemployment Durations and Re-employment Wages." Economics Letters 99,1 (April 2008): 115-118.
|
4202. |
McCartney, Kathleen Rosenthal, Saul |
Family Mediators of the Effects of Maternal Employment in the First Year of Life Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Family Influences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to examine family mediators of the effects of early maternal employment on preschoolers using data on 1,248 children ages four to six from the Children of the NLSY. The HOME and a factor-based scale for the home environment each mediated the relation between maternal employment and PPVT and between maternal employment and a measure of behavior problems. These data suggest that maternal employment must be considered as one part of a complex social ecology for the young child. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCartney, Kathleen and Saul Rosenthal. "Family Mediators of the Effects of Maternal Employment in the First Year of Life." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
4203. |
McCartney, Kathleen Rosenthal, Saul |
Maternal Employment Should Be Studied Within Social Ecologies Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1103-1107. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353014 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Child Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Shyness; Temperament An exchange on Maternal Employment and Young Children's Adjustment. The infant day care controversy began with a provocative paper by Belsky (1986), in which he expressed concerns about the developmental risks associated with extensive nonmaternal care. Critics responded to Belsky's claims (e.g., ClarkeStewart, 1988, 1989; Phillips, McCartney, Scarr, and Howes, 1987; Richters and Zahn-Waxler, 1988) and expressed two methodological criticisms. First, the studies upon which Belsky's claims rested were mostly nonexperimental; potential third variables related to extensive nonmaternal care seemed likely. Second, in virtually none of the studies did researchers consider the role of quality of child care (for an exception, see McCartney, Scarr, Phillips, Grajek, and Schwarz, 1982). |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCartney, Kathleen and Saul Rosenthal. "Maternal Employment Should Be Studied Within Social Ecologies." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1103-1107.
|
4204. |
McCarty, Carolyn A. Ebel, Beth E. Garrison, Michelle M. Digiuseppe, David L. Christakis, Dimitri A. Rivara, Frederick P. |
Continuity of Binge and Harmful Drinking From Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood Pediatrics 114,3 (September 2004): 714-719. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/114/3/714 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Gender Differences; Modeling Objective. To test the hypothesis that late adolescent drinking behavior (ages 17--20) is associated with harmful and binge drinking in early adulthood (ages 30--31). Methods. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative longitudinal data set. We used harmful and binge drinking at ages 17 to 20 to predict harmful and binge drinking at ages 30 to 31, stratifying for gender and controlling for confounders. Results. Data were available on harmful drinking at both the adolescent and the early adult age period for 3790 individuals and on binge drinking for 2387 individuals. Harmful drinking during adolescence was significantly associated with harmful drinking at ages 30 to 31 for men only. Among male adolescents, 14% of harmful drinkers continued harmful drinking at ages 30 to 31, compared with 4% of nonharmful drinkers who became harmful drinkers. In Poisson regression models, binge drinking during adolescence was associated with binge drinking at ages 30 to 31 for both men and women, generating relative risks of 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.8--3.0) and 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 2.4--4.8), respectively. Half of binge-drinking male adolescents and one third of binge-drinking female adolescents engaged in binge drinking into early adulthood, compared with 19% for non--binge-drinking male adolescents and 8% of non--binge-drinking female adolescents. Conclusions. Problem drinking during adolescence is associated with problem drinking in early adulthood. Efforts to prevent and treat adolescent problem drinking could have an impact on the progression of alcohol-related disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCarty, Carolyn A., Beth E. Ebel, Michelle M. Garrison, David L. Digiuseppe, Dimitri A. Christakis and Frederick P. Rivara. "Continuity of Binge and Harmful Drinking From Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood." Pediatrics 114,3 (September 2004): 714-719.
|
4205. |
McCarty, Carolyn A. Zimmerman, Frederick J. Digiuseppe, David L. Christakis, Dimitri A. |
Parental Emotional Support and Subsequent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among Children Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 26,4 (August 2005):267-275. Also: http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/Abstract/2005/08000/Parental_Emotional_Support_and_Subsequent.2.aspx Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; CESD (Depression Scale); Children, Behavioral Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the association between early emotional support provided by parents and child internalizing and externalizing problems, using a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of 1361 children. Parental emotional support was assessed using the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment, incorporating both parent report and interviewer observation. We found that, controlling for child externalizing problems at age 6 years, parental emotional support at age 6 years was negatively related to child externalizing problems at age 8 years. A developmental model that assessed the timing of the emergence of this relationship was then analyzed by including parental emotional support at ages 2, 4, and 6 years as predictors of child externalizing problems at age 8 years. The developmental model suggested that less parental emotional support as early as age 2 years is associated with later externalizing problems in children. This study discusses the importance of very early parental emotional support in promoting positive child development. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCarty, Carolyn A., Frederick J. Zimmerman, David L. Digiuseppe and Dimitri A. Christakis. "Parental Emotional Support and Subsequent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among Children." Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 26,4 (August 2005):267-275.
|
4206. |
McCauley, Gary Thomas |
The Relationship of Self-Esteem and Locus of Control to Unintended Pregnancy and Childbearing Among Adolescent Females Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; First Birth; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Pregnancy, Adolescent; Psychological Effects; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem The purpose of this study was to identify the association of self-esteem and locus of control with early pregnancies and births among adolescent females. This research is designed to aid the practitioners in identifying adolescents at high risk for early pregnancy and childbearing so early interventions can occur. This investigation was a secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). This sample consisted of 2,803 females adolescents, aged 14 to 19 years, as of January 1, 1979. The respondents in the sample have been interviewed annually since 1979. Self-esteem and locus of control were examined in adolescents who became pregnant before age 20 in comparison with those who became pregnant after age 20. Self-esteem and locus of control were also examined in adolescents who had births before age 20 in comparison with those who had births after age 20. The NLSY used the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale to measure an adolescent's self-esteem. A four item scale was used to measure the adolescents' locus of control. This scale was an abridged form of the widely used and tested Rotter's Internal-External scale. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data while controlling for selected demographic variables. The goal of the analysis was to evaluate the relative odds of First Pregnancy or First Birth associated with Self-Esteem and Locus of Control for each year of age from 16 to 19, The method employed was discrete life table analysis, in which a logistic model governed the risk of outcome at each of the four ages, 16, 17, 18, and 19. Adolescents with low self-esteem are more likely to become pregnant and bear children during their adolescent years than adolescents with high self-esteem. Teenage girls with low self-esteem are 1.57 times(95% C.I. = 1.16-2.12) more likely to have their first pregnancy in their adolescent years, than girls with a high self-esteem. Teenage girls with low self-esteem are 1.52 times(95% C.I. = 0.94-2.18) more likely to have their first birth in their adolescent years, than girls with a high self-esteem. Teenage girls with an external locus of control are 1.32 times(95% C.I. 0.98-1.77) more likely than teens with an internal locus of control to have their first pregnancy in their adolescent years. Teenage girls with an external locus of control are 1.59 times(95% C.I. = 1.11-2.27) more likely than teens with an internal locus of control to have their first birth in their adolescent years. Thus, the results of this research suggest that future interventions should address the self-esteem and locus of control of the adolescent in an effort to curtail the alarming increase in the rate of teenage pregnancy. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCauley, Gary Thomas. The Relationship of Self-Esteem and Locus of Control to Unintended Pregnancy and Childbearing Among Adolescent Females. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 1993. |
4207. |
McClanahan, E. Thomas |
Letting Boys In On the Fun Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 6, 2002, News; Pg. 11A Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Milwaukee Journal Sentinal Keyword(s): Earnings; Economics of Gender; Employment; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Opinion piece on Take Our Daughters To Work Day which utilizes NLSY data to show that the pay differential between childless men and women between 27-33 is "only" 2%. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McClanahan, E. Thomas. "Letting Boys In On the Fun." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 6, 2002, News; Pg. 11A. |
4208. |
McClintock, Elizabeth |
Occupational Sex Segregation and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender-Deviant Jobs Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Occupational Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I consider the possible mechanisms by which occupation sex segregation might be associated with the chance of marriage. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to estimate the chance of marriage over a period of fourteen years as a function of occupational and personal characteristics. I find that both women and men benefit from making gender-typical occupational choices. Additionally, men are penalized from working in female-dominated occupations. In a supplementary analysis I use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 1994-2008 (Add Health) to investigate whether these findings might be attributed to differences in sexual orientation or in personal attractiveness. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McClintock, Elizabeth. "Occupational Sex Segregation and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender-Deviant Jobs." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. |
4209. |
McClintock, Elizabeth Aura |
Occupational Sex Composition and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender‐Atypical Jobs Journal of Marriage and Family published online (22 January 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12657. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12657 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Marriage; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Non-Traditional The author considers the mechanisms by which occupational sex composition (the proportion of women and men in an occupation) might be associated with romantic transitions in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to 2014, the author estimates the odds of marriage during a period of 35 years as a function of occupational and personal characteristics. Men's odds of marriage are decreased by working in predominately female occupations (75%-100% female) when compared with working in predominately male occupations (0%-25% female) or integrated (26%-74% female) occupations. Also, working in a predominately female occupation increases the odds that men have never married by ages 30 and 40. Women's odds of marriage are unrelated to occupational sex composition. Although the author focuses on marriage, the results are robust to including cohabitation as a competing risk. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health 1994 to 2008 to replicate these findings in a more recent cohort with additional control variables. The romantic penalty for men's occupational gender atypicality demonstrates the continued devaluation of female activities and attributes and the resulting rigidity of expectations for men's gendered behavior, which may reinforce occupational segregation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McClintock, Elizabeth Aura. "Occupational Sex Composition and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender‐Atypical Jobs." Journal of Marriage and Family published online (22 January 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12657.
|
4210. |
McCloud, Laura |
Climbing or Drowning? Consumer Credit and Intergenerational Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Educational Outcomes; Financial Assistance; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parental Influences; Parental Investments Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In my dissertation, I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine how parental indebtedness, measured across the life course, impacts the ability of their children to attain social mobility. In the first phase of this research, I transform the parent data in order to look at debt holding across age. I then use developmental trajectory analysis to assign parents to groups based on the amount of existing consumer debt balances they carry at each age data is collected, including parent’s income at each data point as a risk factor of their consumer indebtedness. I find that 7 distinct groups of debt holders among the parents: 1) those with consistently insignificant or no consumer debt, 2) those who start adulthood with considerable consumer debt and initially repay only to amass large amounts later in life, 3) those who start adulthood with considerable consumer debt they repay late in life, 4) those who start adulthood with considerable consumer debt they repay mid-life, 5) those who start adulthood with considerable consumer debt they repay early in adult life, 6) those who start with no consumer debt but amass some at midlife they later repay, and 7) those who consistently carry significant amounts of consumer debt across their lives. I conduct thorough descriptive analysis of each group to identify likely risk factors to understand why parents emerge in the various groups. In the second phase of this research, I link parent data to their young adult children to assess the impact parental indebtedness has on their children’s social mobility. Because consumer debt can be used as a mechanism to both invest in children and to drain fiscal resources that could be invested in children, I initially examine the impact of parental indebtedness on financial investment in their young adult children. I find that young adult children whose parents hold significant amounts of consumer debt in later life (groups 2, 6, and 7) are much more likely to receive financial support from their parents. These parents are more likely to support their young adult children by paying their children’s bills, financing their education, and letting them live at home than are children whose parents consumer carry little debt when their children become young adults. My findings suggesting that some parents likely incur consumer debt as a means of investing in their young adult children. I next examine the impact parental indebtedness has on their young adult children’s financial behaviors. I find that young adults whose parents have consistently low debt (group 1) are unlikely to become consumer debtors themselves during young adulthood and that young adults whose parents have consistently high consumer debt (group 7) are very likely to hold sizeable consumer debt balances early in life. I also find, however, that young adults with parents who, in their own young adulthood, followed a trajectory compatible with the life course hypothesis (groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) have indistinguishable debt patterns. Because important distinctions of consumer behavior did not emerge until later ages among their parents’ cohort, these findings still support my hypothesis that carrying debt is a somewhat socialized behavior. My dissertation finally examines how parental indebtedness impacts educational outcomes. Preliminary findings suggest that young adults whose parents hold significant amounts of debt in later life (groups 2, 6, and 7) are more likely to attend college than children of parents who have consistently low consumer debt (group 1), but that only children of parents who repay their own debts mid-life and re-emerge as consumer debtors (group 6) matriculate faster than the children of low debtors (group 1) when enrolled. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCloud, Laura. Climbing or Drowning? Consumer Credit and Intergenerational Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2010. |
4211. |
McClure, Gregory Todd |
Variables Impacting the Supply of Majority Female and Male Scientists and Engineers Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Returns; Industrial Relations; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Choice; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Women's Education; Women's Studies The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of the reasons women are less likely than men to choose to study collegiate-level physical science and engineering and why women have lower rates than men of working in the physical science and engineering occupations. The theoretical frameworks used to examine these questions are self- efficacy, as formulated by the psychologist Albert Bandura, and peer influence, as suggested by the anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart: It is important to note that self- efficacy and peer influences evolve throughout the lifetime, and differences in genders began to diverge dramatically at adolescence. This study, however, is primarily concerned with post-secondary outcomes and recommendations. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-1993 (NLSY) with an N = 12686 was utilized to create the database for this study. The analysis used an econometric method, multinomial logit analysis, to infer which of 30 some independent factors af fect the mutually exclusive outcomes of majoring or working in other than the sciences and engineering, majoring or working in the biological sciences, and majoring or working in the physical sciences or engineering. The independent factors were those suggested by previous readings of the literature, e.g., demographics and high school attainment variables, as well as those additional independent factors available through the NLSY that pertain to self-efficacy and peer influence. The findings indicate that strong evidence exists to support both self-efficacy and peer influence. The results suggest convincing linkages between self-efficacy and the eventual major and occupation in the physical science and engineering. This study also reveals that peer influences are especially important in developing college major and career aspirations of girls and women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McClure, Gregory Todd. Variables Impacting the Supply of Majority Female and Male Scientists and Engineers. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 1997. |
4212. |
McCool, Laurie |
Effects of Children's Behavior Difficulties on Mother's Self-Esteem Master's Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Self-Esteem; Temperament While the impact of parenting on children is taken for granted, the reverse relationship is generally ignored. In this paper, I test for the significance of a feedback effect of children's behavior on maternal self-esteem - if a mother perceives her child as difficult, does the mother suffer a loss of self-esteem? I use 1,570 women, their children, from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and its Child-Mother Supplement. From the NLSY main survey, I extracted mothers' self-esteem scores from before the birth of their first child and after they were mothers to measure changes in self-esteem, and from the Mother Supplement I obtained mothers' perception of their children's behavior. By controlling for other potential influences, independent of the children's behavior, I attempt to isolate the influence of the mothers' perceptions of their children's behavior on changes in their self-esteem between 1980 and 1987. The inclusion of mothers' self-esteem from a time before they were mothers addresses the time ordering condition of causation - changes in mothers' self-esteem are not due to conditions which existed prior to the potential influence of their children's problematic behavior (or their perception thereof). My analyses conclude that, controlling for other variables considered important to an individual's self-esteem, children's behavior difficulties is a statistically significant factor in predicting changes in their mothers' self-esteem. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCool, Laurie. Effects of Children's Behavior Difficulties on Mother's Self-Esteem. Master's Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1999. |
4213. |
McCormick, Alexander C. |
It’s about Time: What to Make of Reported Declines in How Much College Students Study Liberal Education 97,1 (Winter 2011): 30-39. Also: http://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/le-wi11/LEWI11_McCormick.cfm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association of American Colleges and Universities Keyword(s): College Education; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Human Capital; National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE); Project Talent; Time Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists Philip Babcock and Mindy Marks recently assembled time-series survey data on college student time use from a number of sources spanning four decades. Their study, titled "The Falling Time Cost of College: Evidence from a Half Century of Time Use Data," will appear in a forthcoming issue of the "Review of Economics and Statistics." While the journal article discusses the implications of diminished study time for understanding trends in the economic return to baccalaureate education and in human capital investment, the authors summarized their findings in the more sensationally titled "Leisure College, USA: The Decline in Student Study Time" published by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) (Babcock and Marks 2010). As both titles indicate, they found evidence of a pronounced decline in the number of hours that full-time college students say they study, from about twenty-four hours per week in 1961 to fourteen hours per week in 2003. Although Babcock and Marks examined change in study time over three time periods (1961 to 1981; 1987, 1988, and 1989 to 2003, 2004, and 2005; and 1961 to 2003), the author focuses attention in this article on the long-term change from 1961 to 2003, which is also the focus of the AEI article. Babcock and Marks devote a portion of each article to identifying and addressing factors that might account for the apparent drop in study time. The author briefly summarizes these and the evidence marshaled to dismiss them. Next, he considers some possible explanations for the decline advanced by the researchers, adding some of his own to the list. He concludes with a discussion of what one is to make of these findings. (Contains 3 tables and 2 notes.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCormick, Alexander C. "It’s about Time: What to Make of Reported Declines in How Much College Students Study ." Liberal Education 97,1 (Winter 2011): 30-39.
|
4214. |
McCoy, E. G. |
The Impact of Military Training on Veterans' Earnings in the Private Sector: Is There Complimentarity Between Military and Private Training for Veterans Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Naval Postgraduate School Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Training; Manpower Research; Military Personnel; Military Training; Modeling; Private Sector; Training, Occupational; Veterans; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This thesis specified and estimated standard human capital earnings models to investigate the effect of military training on the post-military wages of veterans, and the relative payoff of military training for veterans compared to the payoff of civilian training for nonveterans. In addition, the thesis analyzed the complimentarity between military and post-military private sector training and the effect of military training on private sector wages of veterans when occupation variables are included in the models. The National Longitudinal Survey, Youth cohort, for 1983, was used as the source of data. The results of the thesis indicate that military training increases post-military private sector earnings of Veterans by 0.18 percent per week of training, which exceeds the payoff to civilian training for nonveterans of 0.14 percent per week of training. No complimentarity was found between military and post-service private sector training. When type of occupation is included in the models, the wage effect of military training fell to 0.14 percent per week of training. Overall, the thesis demonstrates that the military has been an important source of training during the all volunteer era that is comparable to that received by nonveterans in the private sector. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCoy, E. G. The Impact of Military Training on Veterans' Earnings in the Private Sector: Is There Complimentarity Between Military and Private Training for Veterans. Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1994. |
4215. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Discrimination, Returns to Education, and Teenage Childbearing Working Paper, Bunting Institute, Radcliffe College, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Discrimination; Discrimination, Age; Discrimination, Job; Educational Returns; Employment; Poverty; Schooling; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Widespread teenage childbearing among some subpopulations of U.S. women, particularly black women, has been taken as evidence of a "culture of poverty." According to this theory, the poor do not take advantage of existing opportunities, such as school and work, to improve their economic circumstances. Utilizing data from the NLSY, this paper provides an empirical critique of such a notion. It demonstrates that returns to education are lower among the women who become teenage mothers, and that these lower returns are not due to the birth itself. Rather, they are due to poor quality schooling or jobs. Hence, since education does not pay off for these women, this research questions a key assumption of the culture of poverty theory: that education is a viable means to economic betterment. The paper also concludes that premarket discrimination in schooling and discrimination in employment contribute to teenage childbearing, rather than deficient culture. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Discrimination, Returns to Education, and Teenage Childbearing." Working Paper, Bunting Institute, Radcliffe College, 1989. |
4216. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Expectations of Adult Wages and Teenage Childbearing Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Family Background and Culture; Mothers; Regions; Sex Education; Sex Roles; Teenagers; Wages, Adult; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most previous research on teenage mothers has emphasized that early births reduce later earnings. This paper explores whether causality might run in the opposite direction: Whether the expectation of low adult wages might increase the probability of teenage childbearing. Using data from the NLSY and treating teenage motherhood, wages, employment and education as jointly determined, this investigation supports the proposition that low adult wages contribute to teenage childbearing. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Expectations of Adult Wages and Teenage Childbearing." Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992. |
4217. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Expectations of Adult Wages and Teenage Childbearing Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Mothers; Regions; Religion; Sex Education; Sex Roles; Teenagers; Wages, Adult; Welfare Teenage mothers typically experience lower adult earnings than other women. Conventional wisdom has emphasized a one-way causal relationship, with teenage childbearing accounting in large measure for low incomes later in life. According to this logic, adolescent mothers make irrational choices, or perhaps exceptionally poorly informed ones: in either case, their decisions ultimately undermine their future economic well-being. Many empirical studies have investigated in detail the hypothesis that teenage childbearing reduces adult earnings and employment opportunity, generally concluding, emphatically, that it does. In this paper I investigate the second opportunity cost hypothesis: whether the expectation of low adult wages increases the probability of adolescent childbearing. I develop a model in which education, wages, and adolescent motherhood are jointly determined, and test it using data from the 1986 cross-section of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Expectations of Adult Wages and Teenage Childbearing." Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992. |
4218. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Expectations of Adult Wages and Teenage Childbearing International Review of Applied Economics 6,3 (1992): 309-328. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/758534264 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Mothers; Regions; Religion; Sex Education; Sex Roles; Teenagers; Wages, Adult; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The adult earnings of women and the age at which they initiated childbearing are well known to be positively correlated. Most previous research on teenage mothers has emphasized that early births reduce later earnings. This article explores whether the causality might run in the opposite direction: whether the expectation of low adult wages might increase the probability of teenage childbearing. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and treating teenage motherhood, wages and education as jointly determined, this investigation gives strong support to the idea that low wages contribute to teenage childbearing. I also explore two popular policy proposals for reducing the incidence of teenage childbearing: reducing transfer income and providing sex education courses. The former has only a very small effect on teenage childbearing; the latter is significant only for black adolescents. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Expectations of Adult Wages and Teenage Childbearing." International Review of Applied Economics 6,3 (1992): 309-328.
|
4219. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Labor Market Segmentation and Relative Black/White Teenage Birth Rates Review of Black Political Economy 18,4 (Spring 1990): 37-53. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/y2483713p10322vp/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Affirmative Action; Birth Rate; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Labor Market Segmentation; Labor Market, Secondary; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teenage mothers typically have lower educational attainment than other women. Most observers have argued that this is a major reason for their greater risk of poverty. This article takes the opposite view: that circumstances associated with poverty contribute to a greater likelihood of teenage childbearing. In particular, poor educational quality and the chances of secondary sector employment are more common for black women, regardless of their age at first birth. Hence the payoffs to education may be quite low for these women, which may be the reason for early motherhood. This argument is presented in terms of segmented labor market theory. Data to support it is presented from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Other common explanations of teenage motherhood are critiqued. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Labor Market Segmentation and Relative Black/White Teenage Birth Rates." Review of Black Political Economy 18,4 (Spring 1990): 37-53.
|
4220. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Returns to Education and Teenage Childbearing Working Paper, Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute, Radcliffe College and Economics Department, University of Vermont, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Radcliffe College Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Returns; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Teenage childbearing has received much recent attention, in great part because of its association with lower years of schooling, especially lower rates of high school completion. Based on wage regressions using data from the NLSY, it is argued that teenage motherhood is not therefore irrational: returns to education are lower for the women who become teenage mothers, and the difference is not due to the birth itself. Rather, the difference is most likely due to the quality of education or the rationing of primary sector jobs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Returns to Education and Teenage Childbearing." Working Paper, Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute, Radcliffe College and Economics Department, University of Vermont, 1989. |
4221. |
McCrate, Elaine |
Welfare and Women's Earnings Politics and Society 25,4 (December 1997): 417-442 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Control; Education; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Racial Differences; State Welfare; Wage Differentials; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The wage effects of welfare for black & white women workers, ages 21-34, with 12 or fewer years of education were examined, drawing on data from the 1989 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Analysis revealed that a difference of $100 in state welfare benefits was associated with a 3% difference in wages. The relationship between welfare & wages disappeared among women with more than a high school education once state effects were accounted for. The welfare-wage relationship is discussed from the perspective of market-mediated impacts of welfare on wages vs. the politically driven effect of wages on welfare, though no definitive conclusions were drawn due to unsuccessful attempts to control for endogeneity. Welfare as a mechanism to control the supply of low wage labor is discussed. 2 Tables, 1 Appendix. D. Generoli. Copyright: Sociological Abstracts. Full-text available though OCLC to institutional members of OCLC. Your library may be a member of OCLC: http://www.oclc.org/oclc/menu/eco.htm |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine. "Welfare and Women's Earnings." Politics and Society 25,4 (December 1997): 417-442.
|
4222. |
McCrate, Elaine Leete, Laura |
Black-White Wage Differences among Young Women, 1977-86 Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 33,2 (April 1994): 168-183. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1994.tb00334.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Economics of Discrimination; Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Educational Returns; Labor Market Demographics; Racial Differences; Rehabilitation; Wage Differentials; Wage Dynamics; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1977 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women and the 1986 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to explore reasons for the rise in the pay gap between black and white women in their twenties. Until 1977 wage disparities between black and white women had been declining, but between 1977 and 1986, the racial wage gap among young women increased by .074 log points. Demographic developments cannot explain the relative wage trend. Rather, black women appear to have lost ground because: their level of experience has declined relative to white women, despite the fact that their mean rate of pay rose substantially; and their rate of educational return has declined relative to the white rate, despite the fact that their mean level of education rose substantially. Changes in the relative level of work experience and in the rate of return to schooling were highlighted. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCrate, Elaine and Laura Leete. "Black-White Wage Differences among Young Women, 1977-86." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 33,2 (April 1994): 168-183.
|
4223. |
McCue, Kristin Reed, W. Robert |
New Evidence on Workers' Willingness to Pay for Job Attributes Southern Economic Journal 62,3 (January 1996): 627-652. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1060884 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Wages, Reservation This paper provides new evidence on the importance of nonwage job attributes. Using self-reported data from the NLS Youth Cohort, the authors calculate differences in reservation wages across six different job types. The results suggest that workers generally place a relatively large monetary value on nonpecuniary dimensions of work. Furthermore, the authors find evidence of substantial heterogeneity in workers' valuations. This has implications for a number of labor market phenomena, including length of job search, losses associated with job placement, and the interoccupational mobility of labor. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McCue, Kristin and W. Robert Reed. "New Evidence on Workers' Willingness to Pay for Job Attributes." Southern Economic Journal 62,3 (January 1996): 627-652.
|
4224. |
McDonald, Steve |
Network Effects across the Earnings Distribution: Payoffs to Visible and Invisible Job Finding Assistance Social Science Research 49 (January 2015): 299-313. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14001719 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Job Search; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Social Capital; Social Contacts/Social Network; Wages This study makes three critical contributions to the "Do Contacts Matter?" debate. First, the widely reported null relationship between informal job searching and wages is shown to be mostly the artifact of a coding error and sample selection restrictions. Second, previous analyses examined only active informal job searching without fully considering the benefits derived from unsolicited network assistance (the "invisible hand of social capital") -- thereby underestimating the network effect. Third, wage returns to networks are examined across the earnings distribution. Longitudinal data from the NLSY reveal significant wage returns for network-based job finding over formal job searching, especially for individuals who were informally recruited into their jobs (non-searchers). Fixed effects quantile regression analyses show that contacts generate wage premiums among middle and high wage jobs, but not low wage jobs. These findings challenge conventional wisdom on contact effects and advance understanding of how social networks affect wage attainment and inequality. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Steve. "Network Effects across the Earnings Distribution: Payoffs to Visible and Invisible Job Finding Assistance." Social Science Research 49 (January 2015): 299-313.
|
4225. |
McDonald, Steve |
Non-Searching for Jobs Patterns and Payoffs to Non-Searching Across the Work Career Ph.D. Disseration, Florida State University, June 2004. Also: http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06252004-150121/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Electronic Theses and Disserations (ETD) -- Florida State University Keyword(s): Job Search; Labor Market Outcomes; Re-employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While conventional wisdom suggests that that getting jobs is more about "who you know" than "what you know", the empirical evidence on job searching shows that people who rely on their personal contacts when searching for a job generally do not receive any benefits over people who use more formal job search methods. Since the most advantaged social groups are the least likely to use personal contacts when job searching, some have questioned the importance of social capital in determining job outcomes. Unfortunately, the recent critiques have only focused on active job searchers, ignoring the many workers who get their jobs without searching. Generally, these non-searchers change jobs after receiving unsolicited job information and offers through routine personal exchanges. As such, non-searchers constitute an important if overlooked segment of informal activity in the labor market. I analyze data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the patterns and payoffs to non-searching across the work career. I identify three main types of non-searching—entry-level, reentry-level, and elite—among employed workers both early in their work careers (age 17-25) and in the early prime of their careers (age 33-41). Entry-level non-searching occurs early in the career among people who are often students that are accessing their first few jobs. Reentry-level non-searching occurs later in the career primarily among women transitioning back into the workforce after taking time off to take care of family responsibilities. Elite non-searching occurs mainly among men in the prime of their careers who have the most work experience. Non-searchers vary substantially in their personal and job characteristics, with the bulk of the benefits to non-searching going to elite non-searchers. These elite non-searchers are recruited from some of the best jobs around and are more likely than active searchers to receive high wage managerial jobs with a great deal of authority and prestige. These findings re-assert the importance of social capital in determining labor market outcomes, suggesting that future research needs to account for non-searchers in order to assess the full extent of informal job matching and embeddedness in the labor market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Steve. Non-Searching for Jobs Patterns and Payoffs to Non-Searching Across the Work Career. Ph.D. Disseration, Florida State University, June 2004.. |
4226. |
McDonald, Steve |
Patterns of Informal Job Matching Across the Life Course: Entry-Level, Reentry-Level, and Elite Non-Searching Sociological Inquiry 75,3 (August 2005): 403-429. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=17428803 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Job Search; Life Course; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Steve. "Patterns of Informal Job Matching Across the Life Course: Entry-Level, Reentry-Level, and Elite Non-Searching." Sociological Inquiry 75,3 (August 2005): 403-429.
|
4227. |
McDonald, Steve |
What You Know or Who You Know? Occupation-Specific Work Experience and Job Matching Through Social Networks Social Science Research 40,6 (November 2011): 1664-1675. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X11001074 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Job Search; Social Capital; Work Experience While work experience is generally seen as an indicator of human capital, it may also reflect the accumulation of social capital. This study examines how work experience facilitates informal access to employment—that is, being matched with a new employer through an informal search or informal recruitment through the non-search process (without engaging in a job search). Results from fixed effects regression on panel data from the NLSY show that experience is related to informal entry into new jobs, though in a very specific way. The odds of being informally recruited into a new job improve as work experience in related occupations rises, but this relationship holds only among men. These findings highlight the social benefits of occupation-specific work experience that accrue to men but not to women, suggesting an alternative explanation for the gender disparity in wage returns to experience. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Steve. "What You Know or Who You Know? Occupation-Specific Work Experience and Job Matching Through Social Networks ." Social Science Research 40,6 (November 2011): 1664-1675.
|
4228. |
McDonald, Steve Benton, Richard A. Warner, David F. |
Dual Embeddedness: Informal Job Matching and Labor Market Institutions in the United States and Germany Social Forces 91,1 (September 2012): 75-97. Also: http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/1/75.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Employment; Firms; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Job Characteristics; Job Search Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on the embeddedness, varieties of capitalism and macrosociological life course perspectives, we examine how institutional arrangements affect network-based job finding behaviors in the United States and Germany. Analysis of cross-national survey data reveals that informal job matching is highly clustered among specific types of individuals and firms in the United States, whereas it is more ubiquitous in Germany. These differences are linked to (1. loosely regulated and hierarchical employment relations in the United States that facilitate network dominance in specific economic sectors and (2. coordinated market relations, tight employment regulations and extensive social insurance system in Germany that generate opportunities for informal matching but limit the influence of network behavior on employment characteristics. These findings illustrate how social institutions shape access to economic resources through network relations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Steve, Richard A. Benton and David F. Warner. "Dual Embeddedness: Informal Job Matching and Labor Market Institutions in the United States and Germany." Social Forces 91,1 (September 2012): 75-97.
|
4229. |
McDonald, Steve Elder, Glen H., Jr. |
When Does Social Capital Matter? Non-Searching for Jobs Across the Life Course Social Forces 85,1 (September 2006): 522-549. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3844427 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Job Search; Life Course; Social Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Non-searchers - people who get their jobs without engaging in a job search - are often excluded from investigations of the role of personal relationships in job finding processes. This practice fails to capture the scope of informal job matching activity and underestimates the effectiveness of social capital. Moreover, studies typically obtain average estimates of social capital effectiveness across broad age ranges, obscuring variation across the life course. Analysis of early career and mid-career job matching shows that non-searching is associated with significant advantages over formal job searching. However, these benefits accrue only during mid-career and primarily among highly experienced male non-searchers. The results highlight the need to examine life course variations in social capital effectiveness and the role of non-searching as an important informal mechanism in the maintenance of gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Steve and Glen H. Elder. "When Does Social Capital Matter? Non-Searching for Jobs Across the Life Course." Social Forces 85,1 (September 2006): 522-549.
|
4230. |
McEntarfer, Erika Lee |
Three Essays on Social Networks in Labor Markets Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, June, 2002. DAI-A 63/10, p. 3662, Apr 2003. Also: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11112002-150452/unrestricted/finaldiss_fin_fin.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Job Search; Labor Market Demographics; Migration Patterns; Mobility, Labor Market; Wage Growth; Wage Models This dissertation consists of three essays examining the important role of job connections, references, and word of mouth information in labor markets. The first essay examines the importance of job connections for internal migrants. In this chapter, I develop a theoretical model where labor market networks provide labor market information with less noise than information obtained in the formal market. This model predicts lower initial wages and greater wage growth after migration for migrants without contacts. I then use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth/1979 Cohort (1992 NLSY data) to examine whether migrants who used social connections when finding their first job assimilate faster in the new region. Consistent with the theoretical model, I find that migrants who did not use social connections take longer to assimilate in the new region. The second essay models how screening workers through social networks impacts labor mobility in markets with adverse selection. When there is asymmetric information in labor markets, worker mobility is constrained by adverse election in the market for experienced workers. However, if workers can acquire references through their social networks then they can move more easily between jobs. In this chapter I develop a simple labor market model in which workers can learn the productivity of other workers through social interaction. I show that networks increase wages and mobility of high-productivity experienced workers; however, networks discourage workers from accepting jobs outside their job-contact network, because of adverse selection. The third essay in this dissertation examines the importance of social networks in labor markets when work is produced jointly. Most employers cite engage in work together. In this essay, I explain why it might be rational for firms to hire through social networks even when worker skill is observed perfectly, if these workers are better able to do joint work with the firm |
|
Bibliography Citation
McEntarfer, Erika Lee. Three Essays on Social Networks in Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, June, 2002. DAI-A 63/10, p. 3662, Apr 2003.. |
4231. |
McFarlin, Isaac, Jr. |
Do School Teacher Parents Make a Difference? Economics of Education Review 26,5 (October 2007): 615-628. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775706001476 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Occupations, Female; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teachers/Faculty Two national probability samples are used to uncover whether children benefit from having school teacher parents. The inquiry is motivated by frequent commentaries by teachers that substandard student performance is associated with unhelpful parenting practices. If teachers believe that parents are crucial for determining child outcomes, then we may better learn of the potential for parenting to affect children's development by examining the environments teachers create for their own children. I find significant school teacher effects on children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes, after accounting for family SES, mothers' cognitive ability, occupational aspirations, college field of study, and her early preferences for family life. Once I control for self-selection into teaching and home environment quality, which parents create for children, I find that school teacher parents significantly make a difference in lowering the incidence of behavioral problems in male children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McFarlin, Isaac, Jr. "Do School Teacher Parents Make a Difference?" Economics of Education Review 26,5 (October 2007): 615-628.
|
4232. |
McGee, Andrew Dunstan |
Essays on the Role of Noncognitive Skills in Decision-Making Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2010. Also: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/McGee%20Andrew%20Dunstan.pdf?osu1275349192 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Disability; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Geographical Variation; High School Diploma; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Risk-Taking; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While "ability" has long featured prominently in economic models and empirical studies of labor markets, economists have only recently begun to consider how personality and attitudes--noncognitive factors--influence behavior both from a theoretical and empirical standpoint. This dissertation incorporates noncognitive factors into economic models of search and educational attainment and examines how these factors influence behavior using survey and experimental data. Chapter 1 considers how locus of control--the degree to which one believes one's actions influence outcomes--affects unemployed job search. Assuming that locus of control is a determinant of beliefs about the efficacy of search effort, the model predicts that "internal" individuals (who believe their actions determine outcomes) search more intensively and set higher reservation wages than their "external" counterparts (who believe their actions have little effect on outcomes). Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that, consistent with these predictions, "internal" job seekers search more intensively and set higher reservation wages than do their more "external" peers, but are no better at converting search effort into job offers and earn no more than their peers upon finding employment conditional on reservation wages. The findings also indicate that very "internal" individuals hold out for excessively high wages while very "external" individuals search too little. As a result, both groups spend more time unemployed than individuals with average loci of control. Chapter 2 tests the hypothesis that locus of control affects search behavior by influencing beliefs about the efficacy of search effort in a laboratory experiment in which subjects exert effort to generate offers. There are two experimental treatments: a limited information treatment in which subjects exert effort without knowledge of how their effort influences the generation of offers and a f ull information treatment in which subjects are informed of this relationship. I find that in the limited information treatment more "internal" subjects exert more effort and hold out for higher offers than more "external" subjects, but there is no such relationship in the full information treatment when uncertainty about the connection between effort and outcomes does not exist. In both treatments, however, I find that "externality" is positively related to the probability that an individual "quits" searching, suggesting that locus of control may play a key role in explaining "discouragement" among searchers Chapter 3 examines how learning disabled youth fare in high school relative to observationally equivalent peers in terms of cognitive and noncognitive skills. Learning disabled youth in my sample are six percentage points more likely to graduate from high school than peers with the same measured cognitive ability. This difference cannot be explained by differences in noncognitive skills, families, or school resources. Instead, I find that learning disabled students graduate from high school at higher rates because of high school graduation policies making it easier for learning disabled youth to obtain a high school diploma. The effects of these graduation policies are even more remarkable given that I find evidence after high school that learning disabled youth have less unmeasured human capital. [NOTE: This chapter is based on the Children of the NLSY79 and the NLSY79 Young Adult.] |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGee, Andrew Dunstan. Essays on the Role of Noncognitive Skills in Decision-Making. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2010.. |
4233. |
McGee, Andrew Dunstan |
How the Perception of Control Influences Unemployed Job Search Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 184-211. Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/68/1/184.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Control; Job Search; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The author considers how locus of control--the degree to which one believes one's actions influence outcome--is related to an unemployed person's job search. He finds evidence that "internal" job seekers (who believe their actions determine outcomes) set higher reservation wages than do their more "external" counterparts (who believe their actions have little effect on outcomes) and weak evidence that internal job seekers search more intensively. Consistent with the assumption that locus of control influences job search through an effect on beliefs about the return to search effort, internal job seekers are no better at converting search effort into job offers and earn no more than their peers upon finding employment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGee, Andrew Dunstan. "How the Perception of Control Influences Unemployed Job Search." Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 184-211.
|
4234. |
McGee, Andrew Dunstan |
Skills, Standards, and Disabilities: How Youth with Learning Disabilities Fare in High School and Beyond Economics of Education Review 30,1 (February 2011): 109-129. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775710001044 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Disability; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Geographical Variation; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Unemployment Rate, Regional Learning disabled youth in the Child and Young Adult samples of the NLSY79 are more likely to graduate from high school than peers with the same measured cognitive ability, a difference that cannot be explained by differences in noncognitive skills, families, or school resources. Instead, I find that learning disabled students graduate from high school at higher rates than youth with the same cognitive abilities because of high school graduation policies that make it easier for learning disabled youth to obtain a high school diploma. The effects of these graduation policies are even more remarkable given that I find evidence that learning disabled youth have less unmeasured human capital than observationally equivalent youth as after high school they are less likely to be employed or continue on to college and earn less than their observationally equivalent non-learning disabled peers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGee, Andrew Dunstan. "Skills, Standards, and Disabilities: How Youth with Learning Disabilities Fare in High School and Beyond." Economics of Education Review 30,1 (February 2011): 109-129.
|
4235. |
McGee, Andrew Dunstan |
Skills, Standards, and Disabilities: How Youth with Learning Disabilities Fare in High School and Beyond Working Paper, Department of Economics, Ohio State University, January 2010. Also: http://web.econ.ohio-state.edu/~amcgee/LDhsgradver7_JAN10.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Disability; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Geographical Variation; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the effects of having a learning disability on high school graduation and other post-secondary outcomes. Controlling for skills, personal and family characteristics, school resources and policies, and other factors, I find that youth with learning disabilities are more likely to graduate from high school than their observationally equivalent peers. To examine whether this success is the result of the additional attention and resources devoted to youth with learning disabilities or the lower standards to which they may be held, I study how these youth fare after high school. While I find evidence consistent with youth with learning disabilities acquiring additional skills as a result of the attention and resources devoted to them, my findings strongly suggest that they benefit from being held to lower standard standards in high school. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGee, Andrew Dunstan. "Skills, Standards, and Disabilities: How Youth with Learning Disabilities Fare in High School and Beyond." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Ohio State University, January 2010. |
4236. |
McGee, Andrew Dunstan McGee, Peter Pan, Jessica |
Performance Pay, Competitiveness, and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the United States Economics Letters 128 (March 2015): 35-38. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176515000142 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Performance pay; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap We show that women in the NLSY79 and NLSY97 are less likely than men to receive competitive compensation. The portion of the gender wage gap explained by compensation schemes is small in the NLSY79 but somewhat larger in the NLSY97. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGee, Andrew Dunstan, Peter McGee and Jessica Pan. "Performance Pay, Competitiveness, and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the United States." Economics Letters 128 (March 2015): 35-38.
|
4237. |
McGinnis, Sandra L. |
Child Well-Being in Cohabiting Homes: A Study of Outcomes and Processes Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York At Albany, 2004. DAI-A 64/12, p. 4644, June 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Cohabitation; Depression (see also CESD); Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Stepfamilies; Temperament Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79), 1992 through 1998, are used to assess the effects of living in a cohabiting home on the emotional, cognitive/scholastic, and behavioral outcomes of children ages 0-22. Children in cohabiting family structures are compared to those in other family structures (married biological families, single-mother families, and married stepfamilies). The effects of living in a biological cohabiting family (where two unmarried, biological parents are present), and living in a cohabiting stepfamily (where a biological parent and the parent's unmarried partner are present) are also compared. Hypotheses are tested about the processes by which cohabiting family structure affects child outcomes, with emphasis on the mediating effects of socioeconomic status, child's experience of family transitions, and quality of the home environment in terms of cognitive stimulation and emotional support. Although many differences appeared between children in cohabiting families and those in married families, most of these differences were explained by controls for socioeconomic and family characteristics. After controlling for these factors, children in biological cohabiting homes typically did not differ from children in biological married homes, and children in cohabiting stepfamilies did not typically differ from children in married stepfamilies. The overall finding is that living in a cohabiting household does not disadvantage children in terms of most outcomes, provided that the family's socioeconomic standing and various aspects of family functioning are comparable to those of other families. Cohabiting families do not appear to be inherently inferior to other families so far as providing for children's levels of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral well-being. Rather, these families are economically disadvantaged, have experienced more instability in the form of the mother's union transitions, and tend to provide less cognitive stimulation and emotional support to children than the traditional biological married family. The results seem to imply that the best way to encourage positive emotional, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes for children is to improve the socioeconomic status of families with children, and to improve the home environments of children by teaching and encouraging sound parenting skills. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGinnis, Sandra L. Child Well-Being in Cohabiting Homes: A Study of Outcomes and Processes. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York At Albany, 2004. DAI-A 64/12, p. 4644, June 2004. |
4238. |
McGinnis, Sandra L. |
Fathering in Reconstituted Families: The Effects of Maternal Cohabitation and Remarriage on Children's Relationships with Fathers and Father-Figures Presented: Boston, MA, Eastern Sociological Society Meetings, March 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Eastern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Structure; Fathers, Presence; Stepfamilies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few studies compare the effects of maternal cohabitation with the effects of maternal remarriage on children's relationships with their biological father and their residential father-figure (mother's partner or spouse) in mother-custody homes, and those studies which exist have important limitations. The results of some previous studies indicate that maternal marital or partner status may have effects on a child's relationship with the biological father, but these effects are not analyzed in depth. Very few studies have compared the child-stepfather relationship across both married and cohabiting stepfamilies. Given the potential importance of relationships with fathers and figures to child outcomes, the effects of maternal cohabitation and remarriage on these relationships merit deeper investigation. The current study examines the impact of maternal cohabitation and remarriage on children's father/father-figure relationships, using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Child cohort. Data will be taken from the 1998 survey year. Children of never-married, divorced, and separated mothers are included. Dependent variables differ by child's age, with greater use of child-report data for older children. The relationships between children and fathers under age ten will be assessed by mother report of child-father closeness and child involvement with father-figures. For children ages ten to fourteen, measures of father involvement, time with father, father closeness, stepfather involvement, time with stepfather, and stepfather closeness will be constructed directly from child reports. For children ages fifteen and up, dependent variables will be child reports of frequency of visitation and phone conversations with the nonresident father. The payment of child support will be examined for children of all ages using maternal reports. It is hypothesized that maternal cohabitation is associated with child relationships with the biological father both directly, and through a spurious selection effect. There is some evidence that nonresident fathers feel displaced when another potential father-figure enters the child's life. This effect is not expected, however, to be as strong for maternal cohabitation as it will be for maternal remarriage, as the child's relationship with the new father-figure is more tenuous in cohabitations than remarriages. Selection effects are also expected to be very different between maternal cohabitation and maternal remarriage. Cohabiting mothers are expected to be of a lower socioeconomic status on average than remarried mothers, and previous evidence indicates that maternal education is positively associated with father-child contact in disrupted families. Mother SES is also likely to be correlated with father SES, and father SES is also positively associated with father-child contact and payment of child support. In part because of the socioeconomic effect, it is also expected that children of never-married parents will be more heavily represented in cohabiting than in remarried households, and fathers are less likely to see and contribute to children if the children were not born in marriage....The study uses ordinary least-squares and logistic regression to examine these hypotheses, with special attention paid to separating spurious effects based on selection from direct effects caused by maternal marital/cohabitation status. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGinnis, Sandra L. "Fathering in Reconstituted Families: The Effects of Maternal Cohabitation and Remarriage on Children's Relationships with Fathers and Father-Figures." Presented: Boston, MA, Eastern Sociological Society Meetings, March 2002. |
4239. |
McGrath, Daniel Joseph |
Parent Involvement in Schools, the Intergenerational Transfer of Occupational and Economic Success, and the Grouping of Students: Lessons from Suburbia Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Attainment; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Schooling; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Parental; Wages, Men; Wages, Women This is a study of the influence of parent involvement in schools on children's later occupational and economic success, as well as on the grouping of children in tracks and programs in schools. I looked first at the relationship between community, school, and within-school characteristics that parents can influence and the transmission of socioeconomic success across generations. Using a sample of 3,828 respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I found the influence of family background on students' community, school, and within-school placements explained 9.0 percent of the variance in men's occupational success as 29-year-olds and 6.2 percent of the variance in women's occupational success. However, it explained only 2.4 percent of the variance in women's wages as 28-year-olds and 1.9 percent of the variance in men's wages. One body of parent involvement research had linked parent involvement to student achievement. My findings, however, suggested that parent invol vement had little relationship to later socioeconomic outcomes. A second body of parent involvement research suggested social class-based differences in parent involvement in children's track and program placements. These differences might impact the distribution of children in tracks and programs. In the study's second part, I looked at parent involvement in the placement of students in tracks and programs within schools. Using field notes from a year's participant-observation at a suburban school district, I found that involved, elite parents often sought to separate their children from lower status children through promoting ability tracking and requesting that their children be placed in special programs and in the highest ability tracks. This had substantial impacts on the size and composition of some tracks and programs. Third, I looked at a set of contextual factors that helped explain parents' involvement in the grouping of students. These contextual factors include d the so cioeconomic class and race/ethnicity of both local educators and mothers; parents' and educators' differing needs concerning schools; children's changing grade and school levels; and the schools' attitudes toward parent involvement. The contextual factors tended to encourage parent involvement focused on the placement of their own individual students in tracks and programs parents thought advantageous. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McGrath, Daniel Joseph. Parent Involvement in Schools, the Intergenerational Transfer of Occupational and Economic Success, and the Grouping of Students: Lessons from Suburbia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1997. |
4240. |
McHenry, Peter |
Does Low Wealth Constrain Long-Distance Migration? Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 79-119. Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/68/1/79.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Assets; Debt/Borrowing; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility, Residential; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Some families may have too little wealth (or liquidity) to finance a long-distance move, which may involve transportation costs and foregone earnings. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the author assesses whether wealth holdings directly influence migration decisions in the United States. The analysis focuses on long-distance migration and shows consistently that migration is common among households with little or negative net worth and that greater wealth does not increase the likelihood of migration. In addition, differential wealth holdings do not explain why minority groups and the less-educated are relatively unlikely to undertake long-distance moves. The author also finds little evidence that wealth holdings influence a person’s migration response to local labor demand shocks. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McHenry, Peter. "Does Low Wealth Constrain Long-Distance Migration?" Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 79-119.
|
4241. |
McHenry, Peter |
Does Low Wealth Constrain Long-Distance Migration? Evidence from the NLSY79 Cohort Working Paper Number 119. Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, March 2012. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/cwm/wpaper/119.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The College of William and Mary Keyword(s): Labor Market Outcomes; Migration; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although long-distance migration can be very beneficial, some families may have too little wealth (or liquidity) to finance a move, which may involve direct transportation costs and foregone earnings. I use individual-level longitudinal data (NLSY79) to assess whether wealth holdings directly influence migration decisions in the U.S. I focus on long-distance migration between labor markets, which imposes high migration costs but offers potentially better labor market outcomes. Contrary to a liquidity constraint story, I find consistently that plenty of people with low and even negative wealth move, and that they are even more likely to move than people with higher wealth holdings. The lack of a positive relationship between wealth and cross-labor market migration remains in alternative subsets of respondents, controlling for many household characteristics, in very flexible nonlinear models, and when using inheritance income as an instrument for wealth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McHenry, Peter. "Does Low Wealth Constrain Long-Distance Migration? Evidence from the NLSY79 Cohort." Working Paper Number 119. Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, March 2012. |
4242. |
McKane, Rachel G. |
Young Adult Drinking and Depression: Consequences of Poverty, Maternal Depression, and Childhood Behavioral Problems Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Children, Behavioral Development; Depression (see also CESD); Mothers, Health; Parental Influences; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationships among childhood poverty, maternal depressive symptoms, internalizing and externalizing childhood behavioral problems, and depressive symptoms and alcohol use in young adulthood. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample and path analysis, the model presented in this paper finds that both childhood poverty and maternal depressive symptoms are associated with negative behavioral outcomes in childhood and young adulthood. This model also examines mediating effects of maternal depressive symptoms, and both externalizing and internalizing childhood behavioral problems. The findings indicate that the relationship between childhood poverty and young adult depressive symptoms is mediated by maternal depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the model also indicates that the relationship between childhood poverty and young adult alcohol use is mediated by both maternal depressive symptoms and externalizing behavioral problems. These findings support the family stress model, which signifies the role financial strain can play in creating poor parental mental health, which in turn creates deleterious behavioral outcomes for children. This research presented in this study suggests that the family stress model can be expanded to include negative outcomes in young adulthood. It is clear that a comprehensive understanding of the implications of economic instability on the life course cannot exclude mental health. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKane, Rachel G. "Young Adult Drinking and Depression: Consequences of Poverty, Maternal Depression, and Childhood Behavioral Problems." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
4243. |
McKeever, Matthew Wolfinger, Nicholas H. |
Over the Long Haul: The Persistent Economic Consequences of Single Motherhood In: Economic Stress and the Family: Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research, Volume 6. S. Blair, ed. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2012: pp. 1-39 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Human Capital; Income; Motherhood; Parents, Single; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: This chapter examines change over time in income, human capital, and socio-demographic attributes for married, divorced, and never-married mothers. Methodology/approach: The chapter consists of descriptive analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth’s 1979 cohort. Respondents were followed from 1979 to 2006. Findings: The economic consequences of single motherhood are persistent. Women who have once been divorced or never-married mothers remain poorer through middle age, no matter how their family structure subsequently changes. Social implications: A critical feature of the modern economic and demographic landscape is the intersection of individual and family characteristics. Many divorced and, especially, never-married mothers experience profound disadvantage even before they become mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKeever, Matthew and Nicholas H. Wolfinger. "Over the Long Haul: The Persistent Economic Consequences of Single Motherhood" In: Economic Stress and the Family: Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research, Volume 6. S. Blair, ed. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2012: pp. 1-39
|
4244. |
McKeever, Matthew Wolfinger, Nicholas H. |
Steady-State Inequality? Single Motherhood and Income Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Structure; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A curious and unhappy feature of family demography is the stubborn persistence of poverty in mother-headed families. Between 1980 and 2017, the income gap between single-mother families and married-mother families barely changed. We explore the income dynamics of single motherhood using data from the NLSY79, focusing on different types of single-mother households. While differences remain using standard statistical models, fixed-effect models show that the unmeasured differences between divorced- and never-married mother-headed families are crucial for understanding income disparities. Controlling for these differences suggests that variation in income by family structure has more to do with the number of earners in a household than the characteristics of those workers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKeever, Matthew and Nicholas H. Wolfinger. "Steady-State Inequality? Single Motherhood and Income." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
4245. |
McKinney, Robin Earl |
Ecological Factors and Their Relationship to Maternal Reports of Behavioral Problems in African American Adolescents Child Study Journal 32,1 (2002): 53-72. Also: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-93657297.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Faculty of Applied and Professional Studies (SUNY College - Buffalo) Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Black Youth; Family Income; Home Environment; Marital Status; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigated the effect of marital status on maternal reports of behavioral problems in African American adolescents. The data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, collected in 1992, were used for the analyses. Three hundred and eighty African American mothers with children were involved. Of the 380 mothers, 135 were never married, 118 married, and 127 were separated/divorced. The adolescent sample consisted of 216 females and 243 males between the ages of 13 and 17. A similar sample was selected from the 1998 data for comparison. Maternal marital status did not have a significant relationship with maternal reports of behavioral problems. However, maternal marital status had a strong relationship with family income, number of children, neighborhood conditions, home environment, and parent/adolescent relationships. Mothers from married families lived in better neighborhoods, had larger families, more income, positive home environments. Married mothers in poverty had greater maternal reports of behavioral problems than mothers from never married or separated/divorced families in 1992. However, in 1998, married mothers reported fewer behavioral problems than never married and separated/divorced mothers. This may be related to improved economic conditions in many African American families from 1992 to 1998. As income improved, there was an overall decline in maternal reports of behavioral problems. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Copyright: 2002 EBSCO. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKinney, Robin Earl. "Ecological Factors and Their Relationship to Maternal Reports of Behavioral Problems in African American Adolescents." Child Study Journal 32,1 (2002): 53-72.
|
4246. |
McKinney, Robin Earl |
Relationship of Family Structure and Context to Reports of Behavior Problems and Academic Performance in African-American Adolescents Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Black Youth; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Family Income; Family Size; Family Structure; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Self-Reporting This study investigated the effect of maternal marital status on maternal and adolescent reports of behavioral problems and academic performance in African American adolescents. The data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, collected in 1992, were used for the analyses. Three hundred and eighty, African American mothers with children 13-17 were involved. Of the 380 mothers, 135 were never married, 118 married, and 127 were separated/divorced. The adolescent sample consisted of 216 females and 243 males between the ages of 13 and 17. Maternal marital status did not have a significant relationship with maternal reports of behavioral problems, adolescent self reports of behavioral problems, and academic performance. However, maternal marital status had a strong relationship with family income, number of children, neighborhood conditions, home environment, and parent/adolescent relationships. These variables had a stronger relationship to maternal reports of behavioral problems, adolescent self reports of behavioral problems, and academic performance. Children from married families lived in better neighborhoods, had larger families, more income, positive home environments and greater academic performance than children from never married or separated/divorced families. Poverty, more importantly than maternal marital status, influenced maternal and adolescent reports of behavioral problems and academic performance. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKinney, Robin Earl. Relationship of Family Structure and Context to Reports of Behavior Problems and Academic Performance in African-American Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1996. |
4247. |
McKinnish, Terra G. |
Sexually Integrated Workplaces and Divorce: Another Form of On-the-Job Search Journal of Human Resources 42,2 (Spring 2007): 331-352. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/XLII/2/331.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Census of Population; Discrimination, Sex; Divorce; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Working Conditions As women have entered the work force and occupational sex segregation has declined, workers experience increased contact with the opposite sex on the job. The sex mix a worker encounters on the job should affect the cost of search for alternative mates and therefore the probability of divorce. This paper uses 1990 Census data to calculate the sex mix by industry-occupation cell. These results are then used to predict divorce among ever-married respondents in the 1990 Census and the NLSY79. The results indicate that those who work with a larger fraction of workers of the opposite sex are more likely to be divorced. (Abstract by the author.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKinnish, Terra G. "Sexually Integrated Workplaces and Divorce: Another Form of On-the-Job Search ." Journal of Human Resources 42,2 (Spring 2007): 331-352.
|
4248. |
McKinnish, Terra Mansour, Hani |
Within-Couple Age Differences and Sorting on Earnings Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. Also:http://paa2011.princeton.edu/iphone/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=111067 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Economics of Gender; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the relationship between within couple age differences and earnings using samples of married couples from the 1970-2000 Decennial Censuses. We find that among married men average earnings decrease with age difference from partner in either direction. Among women the earnings pattern is the exact inverse. Among women earnings increase with age difference in either direction. Our interpretation is that individuals in differently aged couples tend to be negatively selected, but that women respond to such pairings with increased labor market effort. We find some support for our hypothesis in that the higher earnings of women in differently aged couples are not the result of being in higher earning occupations. Additional analysis with the NLSY shows that men and women in differently aged couples on average have lower AFQT scores. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McKinnish, Terra and Hani Mansour. "Within-Couple Age Differences and Sorting on Earnings." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011. Also:http://paa2011.princeton.edu/iphone/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=111067. |
4249. |
McLanahan, Sara S. |
Father Absence and the Welfare of Children Working Paper, MacArthur Research Networks, Network on the Family and the Economy, [N.D.]. Also: http://apps.olin.wustl.edu/macarthur/working%20papers/wp-mclanahan2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MacArthur Foundation Keyword(s): Childbearing; Children, Well-Being; College Enrollment; Divorce; Family Formation; Family Studies; Fathers, Absence; High School and Beyond (HSB); Marital Disruption; Marital Instability; National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction Increases in divorce and out-of-wedlock childbearing have dramatically altered the family life of American children. Whereas in the early 1960s, nearly 90 percent of all children lived with both of their biological parents until they reached adulthood, today less than half of children grow up with both natural parents. Nearly a third are born to unmarried parents, the majority of whom never live together, and another third are born to married parents who divorce before their child reaches adulthood. To further complicate matters, a substantial number of children are exposed to multiple marital disruptions and multiple father figures. These changes have created tremendous uncertainty in children's lives and have led to considerable speculation among policy makers and the public more generally about the consequences of father absence. Some analysts argue that growing up with a single mother is the primary cause of many of the country's most serious social problems, including poverty, high school dropout, teen pregnancy, and delinquency (Popenoe, 1988, 1996; Whitehead, 1993; Blankenhorn, 1995). Others argue that poverty and economic insecurity are the real culprits, causing both father absence and adolescent behavioral problems (Skolnick, 1991; Stacy, 1993). Still others claim that the problems associated with family disruption are rooted in marital discord that begins long before the parents separate or divorce. To bring empirical evidence to bear on this debate, my colleagues and I have been analyzing several large, nationally representative surveys that contain information on children's family structure growing up as well as their educational attainment and social adjustment in young adulthood. In this chapter, I summarize the major findings from this work as it pertains to the following questions: Are children raised apart from their biological fathers worse off than children raised by both parents? How large are the differences and which groups of children are most affected? What factors account for the lower achievement of children in one-parent families? What factors are associated with resilience? And finally, Do differences in children's wellbeing predate family disruption or are they are a consequence of father absence? Our investigation has been going on for over 10 years now and covers more than 10 data sets. The most important of these are the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the High School and Beyond Study (HSB), and the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). All of these surveys are large enough to allow us to distinguish among different types of single parent families, including families headed by never-married mothers as well as families headed by divorced or separated mothers and remarried mothers. These surveys also allow us to compare differences between boys and girls raised in one- and two-parent families as well as differences between children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds and different social classes. To summarize briefly, we find that children who grow up apart from their biological fathers do less well, on average, than children who grow up with both natural parents. They are less likely to finish high school and attend college, less likely to find and keep a steady job, and more likely to become teen mothers. The differences are not huge. Indeed, most children who grow up with a single parent do quite well. Nor are they large enough to support the claim that father absence is the major cause of our country's most serious social problems. However, the differences between children in one- and two-parent families are not so small as to be inconsequential, and there is fairly good evidence that father absence per se is responsible for at least some of them. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLanahan, Sara S. "Father Absence and the Welfare of Children." Working Paper, MacArthur Research Networks, Network on the Family and the Economy, [N.D.]. |
4250. |
McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin |
Single Mothers, the Underclass, and Social Policy Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 501 (January 1989): 92-104. Also: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/501/1/92.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Household Composition; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Mothers; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Transfers, Parental; Underclass; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper focuses on the question of whether mother-only families are part of an emerging urban underclass, defined as a population exhibiting weak labor force attachment and residential isolation in neighborhoods with high concentrations of poverty and unemployment. Analysis of national longitudinal survey data (NLSY, PSID) indicates that only a small minority of single mothers fit the description of an underclass--less than 5 percent--but a small and growing minority of black, never-married mothers meet all three criteria. It is argued that welfare programs are necessary, but that too heavy a reliance on welfare can facilitate the growth of an underclass. In contrast, universal programs such as child support assurance, child care, health care, children's allowances, and full employment would discourage such a trend and promote economic independence among single mothers. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLanahan, Sara S. and Irwin Garfinkel. "Single Mothers, the Underclass, and Social Policy." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 501 (January 1989): 92-104.
|
4251. |
McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Zhao, Hongxin Johnson, Waldo Rich, Lauren M. Turner, Mark Waller, Maureen Wilson, Melvin |
Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Family Studies; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we utilize mothers' reports in the NLSY to examine the level and stability of children's involvement with unwed fathers during the first few years after birth. We find surprisingly high levels of involvement and stability of fathers' involvement among these children. Our findings raise a whole host of questions about the characteristics and capabilities of the unwed fathers and the nature of the relationships between the unwed parents that cannot be addressed with the NLSY data. In the second part of the paper we describe a new longitudinal study of unwed parents - Fragile Families - and present a brief description of some of the findings from two pilot studies in Philadelphia and Chicago and from initial data collection in Oakland. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLanahan, Sara S., Irwin Garfinkel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Hongxin Zhao, Waldo Johnson, Lauren M. Rich, Mark Turner, Maureen Waller and Melvin Wilson. "Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 1998. |
4252. |
McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin Mincy, Ronald B. |
Fragile Families, Welfare Reform, and Marriage Web Brief #10, The Brookings Institute, Washington DC, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Marital Stability; Marriage; Welfare Marriage will be an important issue in the upcoming debate over the reauthorization of welfare reform. According to recent studies, both children and adults benefit from marriage. Still, one of three children in the U.S. is born to unmarried parents. At the time of birth, most unmarried parents are committed to each other and to their child and have high hopes of marriage and a future together. But these parents face numerous barriers to creating and maintaining a stable family life, including low education and job skills, lack of jobs, and poor relationship skills. Helping these parents achieve their goal of stability will require new ideas and new policies such as providing services that start at birth; treating the parents as a couple rather than as individuals; offering services that promote communication and increase employability; reducing marriage penalties; and making child support enforcement more reasonable for low-income fathers. While some of these ideas have been tried in the past, others have never been fully implemented, and none has been offered as a single, comprehensive package. Because Congress is unlikely to enact a full package of services, the federal government should consider funding state-run demonstrations to ascertain the benefits and costs of the proposed reforms. NLSY 79 data is used to establish that about half of unmarried parents who are cohabiting at birth are still living together after six years. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLanahan, Sara S., Irwin Garfinkel and Ronald B. Mincy. "Fragile Families, Welfare Reform, and Marriage." Web Brief #10, The Brookings Institute, Washington DC, 2001. |
4253. |
McLanahan, Sara S. Sandefur, Gary D. |
Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Childbearing; Children; Children, Home Environment; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Control; Economic Well-Being; Family Environment; Family Structure; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Parents, Single; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. ...We base our conclusions on evidence taken from four nationally representative data sets, including three longitudinal surveys and a fourth survey with retrospective data on children's living arrangements growing up. (Each of these data sets, including the major variables, is described in detail in Appendix A.) We examine a wide variety of child outcomes, including high school grades and graduation, college attendance and graduation, early childbearing and marriage, and early labor force attachment. While this set of outcomes does not cover all aspects of well-being, we believe it is a good indicator of a child's chances of economic success in adulthood, defined as being able to support oneself at a standard of living above the poverty line and being able to maintain a steady income throughout the year and from one year to the next. While economic independence and security are not the only measures of success, in a market-oriented economy such as ours they are fundamental. Without some degree of economic independence, a person is unlikely to achieve high self-esteem or a sense of control over her life (psychological success). Nor is she likely to command the respect of her peers (social success). Financial dependence and insecurity also make it harder to achieve family stability and community cohesion, other indicators of social success... |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLanahan, Sara S. and Gary D. Sandefur. Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1994. |
4254. |
McLaughlin, Diane K. Lichter, Daniel T. |
Poverty and the Marital Behavior of Young Women Journal of Marriage and Family 59,3 (August 1997): 582-594. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353947 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Employment; Marriage; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare; Women Marriage provides one route out of poverty and long-term reliance on welfare, yet little is known about the factors that encourage or impede marriage among poor, young women. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine first marriage transitions for poor young women and young women who are not poor. We find that the latter are more likely to marry than poor women, but poor women who have jobs are more likely to marry than those who do not have jobs. Poor Black women have the same probability of marriage as poor White women, after controlling for differences in economic independence, mate availability, and family culture and living arrangements. The receipt of welfare was not associated with marriage propensity for either poor women or women who are not poor. Lower mate availability and higher average welfare payments in a local area depressed the probability of marriage among poor women but had no influence on the probability of marriage among women who are not poor. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Diane K. and Daniel T. Lichter. "Poverty and the Marital Behavior of Young Women." Journal of Marriage and Family 59,3 (August 1997): 582-594.
|
4255. |
McLaughlin, Diane K. Lichter, Daniel T. Johnston, Gail M. |
Some Women Marry Young: Transitions to First Marriage in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas Journal of Marriage and Family 55,4 (November 1993): 827-838. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352765 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Demography; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Rural/Urban Differences We examine the extent to which the timing of first marriage differs for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan young women. Individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are matched to local marriage market conditions to estimate discrete time hazard models of transitions to first marriage. Young nonmetropolitan women marry at a younger age than metropolitan women, a difference only partially explained by variations in the attributes of the young women, their families, and the local marriage market. The effects of receipt of public assistance and local mate availability on the transition to first marriage differ for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan young women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Diane K., Daniel T. Lichter and Gail M. Johnston. "Some Women Marry Young: Transitions to First Marriage in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas." Journal of Marriage and Family 55,4 (November 1993): 827-838.
|
4256. |
McLaughlin, Steven D. Billy, John O. G. Johnson, Terry R. Melber, Barbara D. |
Cosmopolitan Report on the Changing Life Course of American Women: Parts I & II Cosmopolitan Magazine, 1986: pg. Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Cosmopolitan Magazine Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Childbearing; Demography; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first of these reports discusses the basic demographic trends in education, marriage, childbearing, and labor force participation experienced by American women. While observing that important changes are occurring within each of the areas listed above, the authors note that, with the exception of the unprecedented increase of women in the labor force, most of the trends can be seen within the perspective of a return to historic trends established in the first half of the century. What appears new is the rise of women as 'primary individuals' who will experience a life course characterized by longer periods of independence and self-sufficiency (e.g., extended education, delayed marriage, postponed childbearing, etc.). The second report examines the linkages between attitude and behavior change and concludes that a major attitude transition has been completed and that, as a result, American women are entering a period of demographic and attitudinal stability. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., John O. G. Billy, Terry R. Johnson and Barbara D. Melber. "Cosmopolitan Report on the Changing Life Course of American Women: Parts I & II." Cosmopolitan Magazine, 1986: pg. |
4257. |
McLaughlin, Steven D. Grady, William R. Billy, John O. G. Lansdale, Nancy S. |
The Effects of the Sequencing of Marriage and First Birth During Adolescence Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 12-18. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135194 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whether or not they marry, black adolescent mothers are more likely than whites to attend school following the birth of their first child. Marrying to legitimate a birth reduces the likelihood that a teenager will return to school after childbearing; this impact of marriage is much stronger among black than among white teenagers. The timing of marriage appears to affect school enrollment among white teenagers through its impact on living arrangements. However, the negative impact of marriage on educational achievement does not seem to be a consequence of earlier differences in educational expectations among the teenagers. The timing of marriage and the likelihood of separation from their husbands in later years if they marry before the birth is also discussed in terms of black and white mothers. Intervals between first birth and second for those who marry either before or during the pregnancy or after birth are examined in terms of the two races. In addition, low-birth-weights for the various marital situations are examined. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, John O. G. Billy and Nancy S. Lansdale. "The Effects of the Sequencing of Marriage and First Birth During Adolescence." Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 12-18.
|
4258. |
McLaughlin, Steven D. Grady, William R. Billy, John O. G. Winges, Linda D. |
The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Office of Adolescent Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Breastfeeding; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Stability; Marital Status; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences Teenage parenthood has been linked to reduced education, marital instability, rapid subsequent childbearing, and health problems for the child. This research compares individuals who had a first live birth before age 20 for three marital status groups: those who married before becoming pregnant, those who married during the pregnancy and those who did not marry before the birth. The four outcomes considered are: education acquired after the birth, marital disruption, the timing of the second child, and the health of the infant. Black adolescent mothers are more likely to attend school after the birth than white adolescent mothers. Marriage before birth, either before pregnancy or while pregnant, reduces the probability of attaining more education after birth, and this negative impact of marriage is much stronger for blacks. Remaining unmarried at the birth increases the likelihood of the white teenager being with her family which, in turn, increases the likelihood of additional education. The timing of marriage and the likelihood of separation from their husbands in later years if they marry before the birth is also discussed in terms of black and white mothers. Intervals between first birth and second for those who marry either before or during the pregnancy or after birth are examined in terms of the two races. Baby birthweight and breastfeeding characteristics are examined. Birth outcomes and marriage timing are discussed in terms of the effects of marital status at first birth and how they vary by race. Because the proportion of all adolescent births that occur before marriage is increasing, these results have important implications for policy planners and program administrators. Additional data comes from Cycle 3 of the National Survey of Faculty Growth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, John O. G. Billy and Linda D. Winges. "The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy." Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Office of Adolescent Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, 1984. |
4259. |
McLaughlin, Steven D. Grady, William R. Herting, Jerald R. Florey, Francesca A. |
The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: Education, Income and Subsequent Fertility Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, 1986 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Wantedness; Well-Being This report extends an earlier analysis of the consequences of adolescent childbearing (McLaughlin, et. al., 1985). It examines three primary issues: (1) how family and public sector support affected the completion of education; (2) how the economic well-being of teenage mothers is affected by the timing of marriage; and (3) the effect of marriage timing on the spacing and wantedness of the third birth. Using data from the 1979-1982 NLSY, this analysis found that while less than half of all adolescent mothers who became pregnant before completing high school were able to achieve a diploma within two years after the birth, those who remarried in the household of their parents after the birth were more likely to obtain their diploma than adolescent mothers who established separate living arrangements. Secondly, almost 40% of all white adolescent mothers and over two-thirds of all black adolescent mothers were in poverty one year after the birth. When the poverty status of those who marry prior to the birth is compared to the status of those not marrying before the birth, there appears to be an economic gain associated with marriage. However after controlling for the other factors affecting economic well- being, there is no remaining effect of marriage but the effects of living arrangements remain large and significant. Finally, marital status at first birth was found to significantly affect the timing of the third birth only among black women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, Jerald R. Herting and Francesca A. Florey. "The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: Education, Income and Subsequent Fertility." Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, 1986. |
4260. |
McLennan, Michele Averett, Susan L. |
Black and White Women: Differences in College Attendance Does the Rate of Return Matter? Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we focus our attention on the college attendance decisions of women by race and specifically whether they respond to the rate of return. Our results suggest that both black and white women increase the probability of college attendance if they are faced with higher rates of return. We provide further evidence that early childbearing reduces the probability of attending college for both white and black women, even after controlling for family and individual background characteristics. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLennan, Michele and Susan L. Averett. "Black and White Women: Differences in College Attendance Does the Rate of Return Matter?" Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001. |
4261. |
McLeod, Jane D. Edwards, Kevan |
Contextual Determinants of Children's Responses to Poverty Social Forces 73, 4 (June 1995): 1487-1516. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580456 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Poverty; Family Characteristics; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; Hispanics; Neighborhood Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Residence; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evaluates the independent and joint contributions of family poverty and residential characteristics to children's mental health, using data from the 1988 Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 3,277 children). Findings reveal that family poverty and residential characteristics independently predict children's mental health. Family poverty also interacts with some residential characteristics when predicting mental health, although the interactions vary substantially by race/ethnicity: e.g., poor Hispanic children living with same- race peers are in better mental health than poor Hispanic children who are culturally isolated, but the same interaction is not observed in other groups. In general, the effects of poverty and residential characteristics are stronger for Hispanics and American Indians than they are for blacks and whites. 4 Tables, 1 Appendix, 94 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights r eserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLeod, Jane D. and Kevan Edwards. "Contextual Determinants of Children's Responses to Poverty." Social Forces 73, 4 (June 1995): 1487-1516.
|
4262. |
McLeod, Jane D. Kruttschnitt, Candace Dornfeld, Maude |
Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites Social Forces 73,2 (December 1994): 575-604. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579822 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Single; Poverty; Punishment, Corporal; Racial Differences; Scale Construction; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evaluated race differences in the processes that link poverty and single parenthood to antisocial behavior, drawing on conceptual models that link structural conditions to children's well-being through the mediating influences of parental distress and unsupportive parenting. On the basis of data from the 1988 Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, it was found that the total effects of poverty and single parenthood on parenting practices, and of parenting practices on antisocial behavior, do not differ significantly by race. However, the processes that create those effects do vary by race. Parenting practices and antisocial behavior are reciprocally related for Whites, but parenting practices do not significantly predict antisocial behavior for Blacks. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved): |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLeod, Jane D., Candace Kruttschnitt and Maude Dornfeld. "Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites." Social Forces 73,2 (December 1994): 575-604.
|
4263. |
McLeod, Jane D. Kruttschnitt, Candace Dornfeld, Maude |
Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites Working Paper, Minneapolis, MN: Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Deviance; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Marital Status; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the fact that black children are disproportionately likely to live in poverty and with single mothers, evidence about the effects of those experiences on antisocial behavior is based largely on samples of white children. We draw on conceptual models which link structural conditions to children's well-being through the mediating influences of parental distress and unsupportive parenting, to evaluate race differences in the processes which link poverty and single parenthood to antisocial behavior. Based on data from the 1988 Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the effects of poverty and single-parenthood on parenting, and of parenting on antisocial behavior, do not differ significantly by race. Furthermore, variations in parenting account for some, but not all, of the effects of structural condition on antisocial behavior in both groups. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLeod, Jane D., Candace Kruttschnitt and Maude Dornfeld. "Does Parenting Explain the Effects of Structural Conditions on Children's Antisocial Behavior? A Comparison of Blacks and Whites." Working Paper, Minneapolis, MN: Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, 1993. |
4264. |
McLeod, Jane D. Shanahan, Michael J. |
Poverty, Parenting, and Children's Mental Health American Sociological Review 58,3 (June 1993): 351-366. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095905 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Temperament; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parenthood; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1986 Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, explores the relationships among current poverty, length of time in poverty, maternal parenting behavior, and children's mental health for 1,733 children of 1,344 mothers. Studies of children's poverty need to focus on family processes. (SLD) |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLeod, Jane D. and Michael J. Shanahan. "Poverty, Parenting, and Children's Mental Health." American Sociological Review 58,3 (June 1993): 351-366.
|
4265. |
McLeod, Jane D. Shanahan, Michael J. |
Trajectories of Poverty and Children's Mental Health Journal of Health and Social Behavior 37,3 (September 1996): 207-220. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137292 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Family History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between family poverty history & children's mental health trajectories was examined through analysis of data from 907 children from the 1986-1990 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. Analysis revealed that poverty histories in 1986 or prior were related to higher levels of depression in 1986 & that higher levels of depression persisted for a five-year period. Poverty histories subsequent to 1986 were not associated with depression trajectories. The number of years that children were poor between 1986 & 1990 correlated significantly with changes in children's antisocial behavior during those years. Children who were poor in each of these years had higher increases in antisocial behavior than transiently poor or nonpoor children. The accelerating behavioral disadvantages of persistent childhood poverty are discussed. 5 Tables, 2 Appendixes, 51 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLeod, Jane D. and Michael J. Shanahan. "Trajectories of Poverty and Children's Mental Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 37,3 (September 1996): 207-220.
|
4266. |
McLeod, Ramon G. |
New Evidence That Quayle Was Right, Young Offenders Tell What Went Wrong at Home San Francisco Chronicle, December 9, 1994, News; Pg. A1 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: San Francisco Chronicle Keyword(s): Crime; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Fathers and Children; Parental Influences; Parents, Single Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on links between growing up in a single parent home and incidents of crime. NLSY 79 data is cited to compare the risks of dropping out of high school, idleness, and teen pregnancy for children raised in single versus dual parent households. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McLeod, Ramon G. "New Evidence That Quayle Was Right, Young Offenders Tell What Went Wrong at Home." San Francisco Chronicle, December 9, 1994, News; Pg. A1. |
4267. |
McNamee, Catherine |
The Latino Remarriage Conundrum : Explaining the Divergence in Latino and White Marital Transitions in Remarriage Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 2012. Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Influences; Hispanics; Marital History/Transitions; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences; Religion; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the Latino remarriage conundrum: Latinos have first marriage and divorce rates similar to whites but notably lower remarriage rates than whites. What explains this divergence in race, ethnicity and nativity (R-E-N) differences for remarriage? The question is particularly intriguing because the R-E-N patterns for first marriage and divorce are often explained as a consequence of Latinos having a cultural orientation that promotes pronuptial values. Despite having socioeconomic disadvantage compared to whites, this view suggests that Latinos marry and divorce at rates similar to whites because of their strong cultural attachment to marriage. The conundrum is how could pronuptial values fully account for Latino-white patterns in marriage and divorce but not for remarriage? To investigate the Latino remarriage conundrum, I utilized a mixed method approach using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2010 (NLSY79), the National Survey of Family Growth 2006-2010 (NSFG) surveys and 23 in-depth interviews with recently divorced white and Latina women. I examined a variety of economic, cultural, and social factors to explore why remarriage patterns differ from marriage and divorce among R-E-N groups. Findings suggest that religious affiliation, parental reactions to post-divorce dating, and socioeconomic preferences for remarriage influence white-Latino remarriage differences. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McNamee, Catherine. The Latino Remarriage Conundrum : Explaining the Divergence in Latino and White Marital Transitions in Remarriage. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 2012.. |
4268. |
McNamee, Catherine |
White and Latino Remarriage Differences in the United States: A Case for Moving beyond the Catholic Assumption Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanic Studies; Religious Influences; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the United States, Latinos and non-Hispanic Whites have similar first marriage and divorce rates, but Latinos remarry at lower rates than Whites. Although Latinos are disproportionately more Catholic than Whites and Latinos remarry less than Whites, assuming that religion is driving the remarriage difference could be a religious congruence fallacy, which occurs when religion is assumed to be the driving influence behind a behaviour actually shaped by other forces. The present study utilizes the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and discrete-time event history analysis to examine the influence of religious affiliation and attendance on ethnic remarriage differences. The findings suggest that Catholicism does not account for the lower rates of remarriage of Latinos compared to Whites. Taking into account religious affiliation had minimal to no effects on the odd ratios of 119 Latinos compared to Whites; furthermore, the odds remained significantly lower for Latinos compared to Whites, suggesting that Catholicism cannot explain White-Latino remarriage differences. These findings provide strong evidence for dispelling the previously untested but frequently assumed Catholic influence on ethnic differences in remarriage and emphasizes caution toward attaching religion to Latino family behaviour in the U.S. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McNamee, Catherine. "White and Latino Remarriage Differences in the United States: A Case for Moving beyond the Catholic Assumption." Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015. |
4269. |
McNamee, Catherine Amato, Paul R. |
Nonresident Father Involvement with Children and Divorced Women’s Likelihood of Remarriage Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Support; Divorce; Fathers, Absence; Remarriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although remarriage is a relatively common transition, we know little about how nonresident fathers affect divorced mothers’ entry into remarriage. Using the 1979-2010 rounds of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, we examined the likelihood of remarriage for divorced mothers (n=882) by nonresident father contact with children and payment of child support. The findings suggest that maternal remarriage is positively associated with nonresident father contact but not related to receiving child support. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McNamee, Catherine and Paul R. Amato. "Nonresident Father Involvement with Children and Divorced Women’s Likelihood of Remarriage." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
4270. |
McNamee, Catherine Amato, Paul R. King, Valarie |
Nonresident Father Involvement with Children and Divorced Women's Likelihood of Remarriage Journal of Marriage and Family 76,4 (August 2014): 862-874. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12118/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Support; Divorce; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Mothers; Remarriage Although remarriage is a relatively common transition, little is known about how nonresident fathers affect divorced mothers' entry into remarriage. Using the 1979–2010 rounds of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, the authors examined the likelihood of remarriage for divorced mothers (N = 882) by nonresident father contact with children and payment of child support. The findings suggest that maternal remarriage is positively associated with nonresident father contact but not related to receiving child support. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McNamee, Catherine, Paul R. Amato and Valarie King. "Nonresident Father Involvement with Children and Divorced Women's Likelihood of Remarriage." Journal of Marriage and Family 76,4 (August 2014): 862-874.
|
4271. |
McTigue, Kathleen M. Garrett, Joanne M. Popkin, Barry M. |
The Natural History of the Development of Obesity in a Cohort of Young US Adults Between 1981 and 1998 Annals of Internal Medicine 136,12 (18 June 2002): 857-864. Also: http://www.annals.org/content/136/12/857.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American College of Physicians - American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Ethnic Groups; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Hispanics; Minorities; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Obesity; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: understanding the natural history of obesity in a population may be a critical step toward developing effective interventions. Objective: To assess the development of body mass and examine the role of race or ethnicity, sex, and birth year in obesity onset in young U.S. adults. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a national sample with oversampling of minority ethnic groups. Participants: 9179 persons. Measurements: Body mass index (BMI) calculated from 12 self-reported height and weight samples recorded between 1981 and 1998. Logistic regression identified predictors of obesity at age 35 to 37 years. Cox proportional hazards models compared the incidence of obesity by ethnicity and birth year. Results: Overall, 26% of men and 28% of women were obese (BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m(2)) by age 35 to 37 years. Race or ethnicity and baseline BMI were significant predictors of obesity. Obesity onset was 2.1 (95% Cl, 1.6 to 2.7) times faster for black women and 1.5 (Cl, 1.1 to 2.0) times faster for Hispanic women than for white women. The pattern for men differed: Overall, obesity developed most rapidly in Hispanic men, but relative rates of obesity onset for white men compared with black men varied according to age. The rate of obesity onset increased 26% to 28% over an 8-year span in birth year. Conclusions: Marked ethnic-based differences were found in rates of weight accumulation in young U.S. adults, with later birth cohorts experiencing earlier onset of obesity. To alter the course of obesity in the United States, interventions should target young adults, especially those of minority ethnic groups. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McTigue, Kathleen M., Joanne M. Garrett and Barry M. Popkin. "The Natural History of the Development of Obesity in a Cohort of Young US Adults Between 1981 and 1998 ." Annals of Internal Medicine 136,12 (18 June 2002): 857-864.
|
4272. |
McWilliams, Christine Ann |
Age-related Differences in Contraceptive Use Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Population Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Contraception; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Methods: Analyses of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) 2011-2015 examined differences by age, and interactions between age and age at first birth, in proportions using 1) tubal ligation, IUDs, and methods that do not require a healthcare provider (HCP), among all contraceptors and 2) contraceptive non-use among all respondents at risk of unintended pregnancy. Logistic regressions with natural cubic spline expansion were employed. Analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) were used to assess risk of tubal ligation uptake by age using complementary log-log regression. Results: Tubal ligation use increases with age cross-sectionally and the increase is larger in those with younger first births. IUD use has a nonlinear relationship with age and differs between age at first birth groups, and methods that do not require a HCP have a nonlinear relationship with age but proportions generally decrease as age increases. This trend reverses when restricting to reversible contraception methods only. Non-use diverges by age at first birth group among respondents over 40. Tubal ligation risk increases substantially after age 40. |
|
Bibliography Citation
McWilliams, Christine Ann. Age-related Differences in Contraceptive Use. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Population Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2019. |
4273. |
Mears, Daniel P. Cochran, Joshua C. |
What Is the Effect of IQ on Offending? Criminal Justice and Behavior 40,11 (November 2013): 1280-1300. Also: http://cjb.sagepub.com/content/40/11/1280.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Crime; I.Q.; Propensity Scores; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The aim of this study is to advance scholarship on the IQ–offending relationship by examining the functional form of this relationship and whether confounding introduced by socioeconomic status (SES) and other factors can be adequately addressed. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed using generalized propensity score and propensity score matching analyses. The results suggest that the relationship is curvilinear, such that lower and higher levels of IQ are associated with lower levels of offending. They also indicate that the distribution of confounders, especially SES, may limit the ability of statistical approaches to arrive at unbiased estimates of IQ effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mears, Daniel P. and Joshua C. Cochran. "What Is the Effect of IQ on Offending?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 40,11 (November 2013): 1280-1300.
|
4274. |
Meder, Martin Erik |
Individual Demographic Transitions and Financial Hardship Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Income; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many changes in divorce policy have been grounded in the concern that divorce may cause financial hardship, especially among divorced women. Indeed, there is a well-documented correlation between financial hardships and divorce, but the direction of causality remains unclear: it is easy to imagine that divorce causes hardship, that hardship raises the risk of divorce, or that other factors may produce both outcomes. In the second paper, I specify a model that nests all three possibilities and can be estimated using standard limited dependent variable and simultaneous equation methods. Using instruments that have been used in prior work, I estimate the model on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. After controlling for both selection and simultaneity, the structural estimates imply a clear causal structure: I find no evidence that hardship causes divorce, but the event of divorce decreases the income/needs ratio in divorced women's households by approximately 0.32 standard deviations. However, further evidence indicates that the causal effect of the divorce itself is partially obscured by a negative association between hardship and the risk of divorce, which appears to owe to anticipatory responses in women's labor supply. Accounting for those anticipatory responses also reveals a negative structural error correlation between divorce and the income/needs ratio, suggesting some unobserved factors may produce both divorce and hardship. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meder, Martin Erik. Individual Demographic Transitions and Financial Hardship. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2018. |
4275. |
Medical News Today |
Children's Early Academic and Attention Skills Best Predict Later School Success, According to Analysis of Large-Scale Studies Medical News Today, November 13, 2007: Psychology / Psychiatry News. Also: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/88582.php Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: MediLexicon International Ltd. Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Scale Construction; School Entry/Readiness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "Children entering kindergarten with elementary math and reading skills are the most likely to do well in school later, even if they have various social and emotional problems, say researchers who examined data from six studies of close to 36,000 preschoolers. Children's attention-related skills also mattered, the researchers found." |
|
Bibliography Citation
Medical News Today. "Children's Early Academic and Attention Skills Best Predict Later School Success, According to Analysis of Large-Scale Studies." Medical News Today, November 13, 2007: Psychology / Psychiatry News. |
4276. |
Meeus, Wim Vollebergh, Wilma Branje, Susan Crocetti, Elisabetta Ormel, Johan van de Schoot, Rens Crone, Eveline A. Becht, Andrik |
On Imbalance of Impulse Control and Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Risk: An Intra-individual Developmental Test of the Dual Systems and Maturational Imbalance Models Journal of Youth and Adolescence published online (20 March 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01419-x. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-021-01419-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Risk-Taking; Self-Control/Self-Regulation; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Heterogeneity in development of imbalance between impulse control and sensation seeking has not been studied until now. The present study scrutinized this heterogeneity and the link between imbalance and adolescent risk. Seven-wave data of 7,558 youth (50.71% males; age range from 12/13 until 24/25) were used. Three developmental trajectories were identified. The first trajectory, "sensation seeking to balanced sensation seeking", included participants with a higher level of sensation seeking than impulse control across all ages. The second trajectory, "moderate dominant control", included participants showing moderate and increasing impulse control relative to sensation seeking across all ages. The third trajectory, "strong late dominant control", included participants showing the highest level of impulse control which was about as strong as sensation seeking from early to middle adolescence and became substantially stronger from late adolescence to early adulthood. Although the systematic increase of impulse control in all subgroups is in line with both models, neither of these combined trajectories of control and sensation seeking was predicted by the Dual Systems Model or the Maturational Imbalance Model. Consistent with both models the "sensation seeking to balanced sensation seeking" trajectory showed the highest level of substance use. It can be concluded that, even though both theories adequately predict the link between imbalance and risk, neither the Dual Systems Model nor the Maturational Imbalance Model correctly predict the heterogeneity in development of imbalance between impulse control and sensation seeking. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meeus, Wim, Wilma Vollebergh, Susan Branje, Elisabetta Crocetti, Johan Ormel, Rens van de Schoot, Eveline A. Crone and Andrik Becht. "On Imbalance of Impulse Control and Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Risk: An Intra-individual Developmental Test of the Dual Systems and Maturational Imbalance Models." Journal of Youth and Adolescence published online (20 March 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01419-x.
|
4277. |
Mehay, Stephen L. Hirsch, Barry T. |
The Postmilitary Earnings of Female Veterans Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35,2 (April 1996): 197-217. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1996.tb00402.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Military Personnel; Military Service; Racial Differences; Transfers, Skill; Veterans; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An investigation is conducted of the civilian labor market performance of women veterans. Using standard data sets and a special survey of reservists, female veterans are found to have better earnings endowments than non-veterans. Although female veterans have higher unadjusted earnings than non-veterans, a wage disadvantage is found for white but not non-white veterans following control for measured and unmeasured skills. Low returns to military service may result from historically limited military opportunities for women and difficulty in transferring skills to civilian jobs. (ABI/Inform) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mehay, Stephen L. and Barry T. Hirsch. "The Postmilitary Earnings of Female Veterans." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35,2 (April 1996): 197-217.
|
4278. |
Mehay, Stephen L. Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo |
Effectiveness of Workplace Drug Prevention Policies: Does 'Zero Tolerance' Work? NBER Working Paper No. 7383, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1999. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w7383.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Drug Use; Military Service; Punishment, Criminal; Substance Use Workplace drug testing programs are becoming increasingly more common although there is little research demonstrating that they have any effect on drug use by employees. This paper analyzes the deterrence effect of a particularly aggressive workplace drug-testing policy implemented by the military in 1981. The military's policy incorporates random drug testing of current employees and zero tolerance. Using data from various years of the Department of Defense's Worldwide Survey of Health Related Behaviors and the NHSDA, we find illicit drug prevalence rates among military personnel are significantly lower than civilian rates in years after the implementation of the program but not before, suggesting a sizeable deterrence effect. These basic findings are replicated with data from the NLSY. The NLSY are also used to explore sensitivity of the deterrence effect to the probability of detection and severity of punishment, which varied across military branches during the first few years of the program's implementation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mehay, Stephen L. and Rosalie Liccardo Pacula. "Effectiveness of Workplace Drug Prevention Policies: Does 'Zero Tolerance' Work?" NBER Working Paper No. 7383, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1999. |
4279. |
Mehmet-Radji, Ozlem |
Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children Child: Care, Health & Development 30,5 (September 2004): 559-561. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=14228391 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Television Viewing Cross-sectional research has suggested that television viewing may be associated with decreased attention spans in children. However, longitudinal data of early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems have been lacking. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that early television exposure (at ages 1 and 3) is associated with attentional problems at age 7. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a representative longitudinal data set. Our main outcome was the hyperactivity subscale of the Behavioural Problems Index determined on all participants at age 7. Children who were > 1.2 standard deviations above the mean were classified as having attentional problems. Our main predictor was hours of television watched daily at ages 1 and 3 years. Data were available for 1278 children at age 1 and 1345 children at age 3. Ten percent of children had attentional problems at age 7. In a logistic regression model, hours of television viewing per day at both ages 1 and 3 were associated with attentional problems at age 7 [1.09 (1.03--1.15) and 1.09 (1.02--1.16), respectively]. Early television exposure is associated with attentional problems at age 7. Efforts to limit television viewing in early childhood may be warranted, and additional research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mehmet-Radji, Ozlem. "Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children." Child: Care, Health & Development 30,5 (September 2004): 559-561.
|
4280. |
Meier, Ronald L. |
Participation in Secondary Vocational Education and its Relationship to College Enrollment and Major Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeast Missouri State University, 1988 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Education, Secondary; High School Completion/Graduates; Vocational Education This study investigated information from the NLSY for the years 1979 through 1982. Specifically, data regarding participation in secondary vocational education courses, high school completion, college enrollment, and college major were analyzed via Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival distribution and log linear models to ascertain the nature of relationships among the amount and kind of participation in secondary vocational education, whether the student enrolled in college and, if they did, what their college major was. Findings showed that students who develop concentrations in an area of secondary vocational education were less likely to enroll in college over time. Of those students who do enroll in college, level of participation was related to college major. After compressing further across levels of participation, patterns of enrollment were not significantly different. However, patterns of college majors varied significantly with type of secondary vocational education participation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meier, Ronald L. Participation in Secondary Vocational Education and its Relationship to College Enrollment and Major. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeast Missouri State University, 1988. |
4281. |
Meier, Ronald L. |
Participation in Secondary Vocational Education and its Relationship to College Enrollment and Major Journal of Industrial Teacher Education 28,2 (Winter 1991): 47-60 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Association of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Education, Secondary; High School Completion/Graduates; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analysis of a sample of 4,905 high school graduates (from the NLSY) found that 62 percent took some secondary vocational education (SVE); 65 percent of those in college had some SVE, but 55 percent averaged less than 1 credit; students with a concentration in SVE were slightly less likely to enroll in college; and SVE service area was related to college major. [ERIC EJ432129] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meier, Ronald L. "Participation in Secondary Vocational Education and its Relationship to College Enrollment and Major." Journal of Industrial Teacher Education 28,2 (Winter 1991): 47-60.
|
4282. |
Meisenberg, Gerhard |
Intellectual Growth during Late Adolescence: Effects of Sex and Race Mankind Quarterly 50,1-2 (Fall-Winter 2009): 138-184. Also: http://www.mankindquarterly.org/fall_winter2009_meisenberg.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Council for Social and Economic Studies Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Gender Differences; I.Q.; Intelligence; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Group differences in intelligence depend on the age at which the cognitive test is administered. Using data from the NLSY79 in the United States, this study analyzes scores on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). The rise in scores on ASVAB subtests, IQ and g is essentially linear from age 15 to 23. The rise is greater for males than females, a difference that is statistically significant (p<.01) for g in the white but not the black group. The rate of age-dependent score increases is considerably greater in Whites than Blacks (p<.001). Possible causes of these age trends are investigated. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meisenberg, Gerhard. "Intellectual Growth during Late Adolescence: Effects of Sex and Race." Mankind Quarterly 50,1-2 (Fall-Winter 2009): 138-184.
|
4283. |
Meisenberg, Gerhard |
Sex Differences in Intelligence: Developmental Origin Yes, Jensen Effect No Mankind Quarterly 58,1 (2017): 101-108. Also: https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2017.58.1.8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Mankind Quarterly Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Gender Differences; Intelligence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Richard Lynn's developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence is evaluated using the administration of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery in the NLSY79. Score increases between age 15 and age 23 are found to be greater in males than in females, supporting an essential element of the theory. On the other hand, neither the sex differences themselves nor their developmental changes are related in any consistent way to the g loadings of the subtests. Therefore sex differences should not be conceptualized as differences in "general" intelligence (g). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meisenberg, Gerhard. "Sex Differences in Intelligence: Developmental Origin Yes, Jensen Effect No." Mankind Quarterly 58,1 (2017): 101-108.
|
4284. |
Meisenberg, Gerhard |
The Reproduction of Intelligence Intelligence 38,2 (March-April 2010): 220-230. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028961000005X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Education; Fertility; Gender Attitudes/Roles; I.Q.; Intelligence; Racial Differences; Religion Although a negative relationship between fertility and education has been described consistently in most countries of the world, less is known about the relationship between intelligence and reproductive outcomes. Also the paths through which intelligence influences reproductive outcomes are uncertain. The present study uses the NLSY79 to analyze the relationship of intelligence measured in 1980 with the number of children reported in 2004, when the respondents were between 39 and 47 years old. Intelligence is negatively related to the number of children, with partial correlations (age controlled) of −.156, −.069, −.235 and −.028 for White females, White males, Black females and Black males, respectively. This effect is related mainly to the g-factor. It is mediated in part by education and income, and to a lesser extent by the more “liberal” gender attitudes of more intelligent people. In the absence of migration and with constant environment, genetic selection would reduce the average IQ of the US population by about .8 points per generation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meisenberg, Gerhard. "The Reproduction of Intelligence." Intelligence 38,2 (March-April 2010): 220-230.
|
4285. |
Meisenberg, Gerhard Kaul, Anubhav |
Effects of Sex, Race, Ethnicity and Marital Status on the Relationship between Intelligence and Fertility Mankind Quarterly 1,3 (Spring 2010): 151-187. Also: http://www.mankindquarterly.org/samples/Meisenberg.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Council for Social and Economic Studies Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Fertility; Gender Differences; Intelligence; Marital Status; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A negative relationship between intelligence and fertility in the United States has been described repeatedly, but little is known about the mechanisms that are responsible for this effect. Using data from the NLSY79, we investigate this issue separately for Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. The major findings are: (1) Differential fertility would reduce the average IQ of the American population by up to 1.2 points per generation in the absence of migration and environmental changes; (2) About 0.4 points of the effect is caused by selection within racial and ethnic groups, and the rest is caused by between-group selection; (3) Differential fertility by intelligence is greatest in Hispanics and smallest in non-Hispanic Whites; (4) The fertility-reducing effect of intelligence is greater in females than males; (5) The IQ-fertility relationship is far stronger for unmarried than married people, especially females; (5) High intelligence does not reduce the desire for children; (6) High intelligence does not reduce the likelihood of marriage; (7) Education is the principal mediator of the IQ effect for married women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meisenberg, Gerhard and Anubhav Kaul. "Effects of Sex, Race, Ethnicity and Marital Status on the Relationship between Intelligence and Fertility." Mankind Quarterly 1,3 (Spring 2010): 151-187.
|
4286. |
Mellott, Leanna Marie |
Association Between Maternal Relationship Transitions and Child Behavioral Outcomes: An Examination of Selection Effects and the Mediating Impact of Parenting Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2010. Also: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/docview/816083360/12CE04D9C465E94B388/1?accountid=9783 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Cohabitation; Divorce; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Families in the United States are becoming increasingly diverse and complex, with the potential to have significant impacts on children. One of the most notable changes in recent decades has been the dramatic increase in cohabitation rates. However, the existing research on the effects of transitions into and out of cohabitation on child outcomes is limited. Most of the existing research is cross-sectional (Nelson, Clark, and Acs 2001; Brown 2004), focuses on the number of maternal relationship transitions experienced by children, rather than the type (Hao and Xie 2007; Manning and Lamb 2003), or uses retrospective data on the amount of time children spend in various family structures (Dunifon and Kowaleski-Jones 2002; Fomby and Cherlin 2007; Hao and Xie 2002). The exception is Brown (2006), who compares the effects of various maternal relationship transition types. However, Brown's research is limited to adolescents and her data do not allow for race-specific analyses. I extend this research using data from the 1986-2004 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Children of the NLSY79. I compare the effects of experiencing various maternal union entrances and exits and stable maternal unions on child behavior problems, as measured by the Behavior Problems Index. The data allow for an examination of the effects of transitions experienced by children between the ages of 4-5 and 6-7, 6-7 and 8-9, 8-9 and 10-11, and 10-11 and 12-13. In addition to age-specific analyses, I also include interactions by child sex and race/ethnicity and consider the role played by the relatedness of the mother's spouse or partner to the child. I consider the possibility that there is a spurious association between maternal relationships and child behavior, such that children with behavior problems may exhibit such problems before any maternal relationship transition occurs. Finally, I examine the mediating role played by parenting after the transition, as measured by the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment-Short Form (HOME-SF). I find few significant effects associated with maternal relationship entrance. The most consistent effect for relationship exit is seen in the detrimental impact of divorce on child behavior problems relative to remaining in a stable married mother family. For younger children, much of this effect operates through behavior problems that existed prior to the divorce. Divorce is particularly harmful for pre-adolescents aged 10-11 and has a significant impact even when controlling for background characteristics and post-divorce parenting. The most consistent effects are seen in the effects of stable maternal union types. Remaining in a stable single mother or cohabiting mother family compared to remaining in a stable married mother family is associated with a higher level of behavior problems, though there is no significant difference in the effect of remaining in a stable single mother family relative to remaining in a cohabiting mother family. I find few significant effects by child sex or race/ethnicity, though there is some evidence that non-traditional family types are more detrimental for non-Black, non-Hispanic children than for their Black or Hispanic counterparts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mellott, Leanna Marie. Association Between Maternal Relationship Transitions and Child Behavioral Outcomes: An Examination of Selection Effects and the Mediating Impact of Parenting. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2010.. |
4287. |
Mellott, Leanna Marie Qian, Zhenchao Lichter, Daniel T. |
Like Mother, Like Daughter? The Intergenerational Transmission of Union Formation Patterns Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Sociological Association Meetings, August 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers and Daughters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research showed that young adult women whose mothers reported cohabitation were 57 percent more likely than other women to report cohabitation themselves. In addition, daughters of cohabiting mothers tended to cohabit at earlier ages than others. Data for the study came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a nationally representative survey of people nationwide conducted by Ohio State's Center for Human Resource Research. Men and women aged 14 to 22 in 1979 were interviewed annually from 1979 to 1994, and once every two years from 1996 forward. The NLSY also interviewed these participants' children. This study included data on women in the NLSY who had children who were at least 18 years old by 2000. There were 2,426 of these young adults in this study. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mellott, Leanna Marie, Zhenchao Qian and Daniel T. Lichter. "Like Mother, Like Daughter? The Intergenerational Transmission of Union Formation Patterns." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Sociological Association Meetings, August 2005. |
4288. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Daily Grind: Work Stressors, Family Patterns, and Intergenerational Outcomes In: Stress and Mental Health: Contemporary Issues and Future Prospects. W. Avison and I. Gotlib eds. New York, NY: Plenum, 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Constraints; Family Size; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Stress; Well-Being; Working Conditions Perhaps the most dramatic change in stress research in the last decade has been the enlarged understanding of what constitutes stressful circumstances. Much early stress research focused on discrete stressful events that had a clear onset. These events were sometimes clearly beyond the control of the individual and sometimes partially attributable to individual characteristics or actions. All of these events could be located in time; a researcher could compare well-being before and after their occurrence, and chart the duration of their effects. However, some of the most stressful conditions that humans face are not captured in this conceptualization. These are what have come to be referred to as chronic stressors, the demands and constraints that are an ineluctable part of social and economic arrangements. Primary are the relatively stable conditions associated with normatively expected adult occupational and family roles that individuals face in the boardroom, behind the word processor, or on the assembly line, and must consider their repercussions on everyday family interaction. Conversely, the search must include the recurring emotional and instrumental tasks that adults face as spouses and as parents, and must consider their effects on the individual well-being of all members of the family. Tracing the intergenerational repercussions of structured occupational arrangements is an important developing area of study. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Daily Grind: Work Stressors, Family Patterns, and Intergenerational Outcomes" In: Stress and Mental Health: Contemporary Issues and Future Prospects. W. Avison and I. Gotlib eds. New York, NY: Plenum, 1994
|
4289. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Explaining Work and Family Linkages in Dual-Earner Families: Effects of Parents' Occupational Conditions on Children's Outcomes Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Dual-Career Families; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Influence; Parental Influences; Work Attachment; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions Theoretical arguments and empirical findings regarding the impact of variations in occupational conditions on children's intellectual and emotional development are examined based on data from the NLSY 1979-1988 and from interviews conducted in 1986 and 1988 with the children (ages 3-6 in 1986) of 521 employed mothers with employed spouses. Among the findings are: (1) the more complex the mother's employment, the more nurturant and stimulating the child's home environment, even controlling for father's characteristics, though higher educational level of fathers also has significant effects; (2) mother's higher pay and more moderate working hours are associated with higher child verbal facility, though this can be negatively affected by father's longer working hours; and (3) greater maternal occupational involvement and occupational conditions demanding little physical activity predict higher child behavior problems, with the same true for fathers' low occupational physical activity. These findings support the argument that even with an employed mother present, fathers' occupational and educational experiences have significant direct effects on home environments and child outcomes. Conversely, maternal occupational experience has independent impacts, even with paternal occupational effects controlled. Ongoing analyses are investigating interactive effects of both parents' occupational experiences on family relations and child outcomes. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Explaining Work and Family Linkages in Dual-Earner Families: Effects of Parents' Occupational Conditions on Children's Outcomes." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991. |
4290. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Family Relationships as Sources of Stress and Support: Making the Connection Between Work and Family Experiences. In: Socioeconomic Conditions, Stress and Mental Disorders: Toward a New Synthesis of Research and Public Policy. A. Maney and J. Ramos eds. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Office of Prevention, 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is little doubt that the quality of family relationships contributes to individual well being, and much research has investigated this linkage between relationship quality and individual outcomes. Studies of family influences on children repeatedly find that what parents do with and for their children-- the materials they provide, the attention and warmth they display, and the investments of time and energy they make in their children-- are reflected in better outcomes (see for example, Belsky, 1984; Bradley & Caldwell, 1977, 1979; Crouter, Perry-Jenkins, Huston, & Crawford, 1989; Moore & Snyder, 1991; Parcel & Menaghan, 1994a; Patterson & Bank, 1989; Patterson, DeBaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989). Similarly, it is clear that disappointing, distant, and conflict-ridden relationships between spouses exact a powerful emotional toll on both spouses and children (Menaghan, 1983; Seltzer, 1994). How do we account for the high frequency of troubled family relationships? Do family members' difficulties in sustaining positive interactions simply reflect the inherent difficulties of family life and individual personal shortcomings? Although these factors are important, I argue that it is important to look beyond the family itself and to pay attention to potential sources of problematic interaction between spouses and between parents and children that may reside in durable social and economic arrangements and cultural understandings that are embedded in larger social contexts. Over the last 7 years, I have been especially interested in understanding better how the larger social context-- particularly parental experiences in occupational life--. shapes family life and children's outcomes. Key findings are reviewed, and their implications for prevention and intervention strategies on behalf of individual and family well being are explored. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Family Relationships as Sources of Stress and Support: Making the Connection Between Work and Family Experiences." In: Socioeconomic Conditions, Stress and Mental Disorders: Toward a New Synthesis of Research and Public Policy. A. Maney and J. Ramos eds. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Office of Prevention, 2002
|
4291. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Intergenerational Consequences of Social Stressors: Effects of Occupational and Family Conditions on Young Mothers and Their Children In: Stress and Adversity Over the Life Course: Trajectories and Turning Points. I. H. Gotlib and B. Wheaton, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. EXCERPT: Here, I focus on how variation in much more ordinary but persistent social variables - particularly parental occupational circumstances - are likely to have effects on both parents' and children's life chances. Barring major societal dislocations or reorganizations, individuals' occupational and economic locations within a society tend to be relatively stable. Changes in one's occupation tend to be relatively circumscribed: I may move from being a waitress to a cashier, or from being an elementary to a high-school teacher, but it is not likely that I will move from one to the other of these two groups unless I suspend employment and seek additional education or training. Thus, the cumulating consequences of unremarkable variations in occupational conditions can be powerful forces for continuity in individual lives... |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Intergenerational Consequences of Social Stressors: Effects of Occupational and Family Conditions on Young Mothers and Their Children" In: Stress and Adversity Over the Life Course: Trajectories and Turning Points. I. H. Gotlib and B. Wheaton, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997
|
4292. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Jobs, Marriage, and Children: How His and Her Jobs Affect Child Well-Being Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although employment of both parents in married-couple families is now common in the U.S., men and women continue to face gender-differentiated work and family expectations. This study focuses on similarities and differences in how mothers' and fathers' work conditions affect family and child outcomes. Using the Child-Mother data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I examine a synthetic cohort of 2,865 families with two employed parents and an early school-age child. I focus on work complexity, hourly earnings, and usual work hours, and hypothesize that each parent's greater work complexity and higher earnings will be associated with higher marital quality, better home environments, and better child-well-being, with father effects stronger. Full-time work schedules are expected to be more positive than both very low hours and extensive overtime. Consistent with gendered expectations regarding optimal work-family balancing, however, mothers' extensive overtime, but fathers' less-than-full-time hours, will be especially problematic. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Jobs, Marriage, and Children: How His and Her Jobs Affect Child Well-Being." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004. |
4293. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Long Reach of the Job: Effects of Parents' Occupational Conditions on Family Patterns and Children's Well-Being Working Paper, Columbus OH: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Environment; Fathers, Influence; Occupational Investment; Occupational Prestige; Occupational Status; Simultaneity; Wives, Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An examination of the impact of workplace stressors-particularly the extent of self-direction and control, wages, and job hours on workers' intimate marital relationships, parenting activities, and their children's emotional well-being. Data are from women in the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort born 1958-1965, who were interviewed each year 1979-1988, and information collected in 1988 about their children. Estimated are additive and nonadditive multivariate models predicting outcomes as a function of occupational and family circumstances, both parents' background and educational statuses, and initial maternal resources. Occupational effects vary depending on the resources parents bring to the situation, the total employment configuration of the family, and the overall family environment. Mothers' employment and wages appear to compensate for husbands' occupational difficulties and shortfalls, but have less positive effects when husbands are heavily involved in and relatively successful at their own occupational efforts. Conversely, fathers' extensive time investments in complex occupations have more positive effects when their wives are not employed. These findings suggest that both parents' occupational conditions need to be considered simultaneously to achieve an adequate understanding of their effects. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Long Reach of the Job: Effects of Parents' Occupational Conditions on Family Patterns and Children's Well-Being." Working Paper, Columbus OH: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1995. |
4294. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Social Stressors in Childhood and Adolescence In: A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems. A.V. Horwitz and T.L. Scheid, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mehaghan argues that the major mental health concerns in children and adolescents are linked to behavioral problems and various high-risk behaviors. She defines and examines two dimensions of such problems: externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Social stressors linked to family composition, occupation, and various economic factors are realted to the development of behavior problems. Large family size, unstable family composition, difficult working conditions, and inadequate incomes have negative impacts on parenting abilities and also exacerbate developmental problems in children. Individual characteristics of parents and children also shape the development and course of behavior problems, the socialization experience of children and the quality of interaction between parents and children. Further research is needed to determine the causal linkages between social stressors, parent and child characteristics, and the quality of child-parent interactions as well as to develop effective interventions for reducing the number of children with behavioral problems. What types of stressors seem most critical to the development of childhood mental health problems? What types of interventions (see Chapter 5) would have the most impact on children's mental health? |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Social Stressors in Childhood and Adolescence" In: A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems. A.V. Horwitz and T.L. Scheid, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999
|
4295. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
The Impact of Occupational and Economic Pressures on Young Mothers' Self-Esteem: Evidence from the NLSY Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meetings of the Society for the Sociological Study of Social Problems, 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sociological Abstracts Keyword(s): Family Resources; Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the role that early esteem plays in shaping current circumstances, and the extent to which social circumstances alter self-esteem over time. Data are from the NLSY 1979-1987 and the 1986 Child-Mother Supplement. Controlling for characteristics of the mothers' families of origin and their own early cognitive skills, six years later, mothers with initially low levels of self-esteem had completed fewer years of education, although they had not begun childbearing at a earlier age nor had more children to care for. Early self-esteem also shaped later marital and occupational circumstances: by 1986, women with lower self-esteem were employed in less complex, more poorly paid jobs. As a result, these mothers were experiencing economic insecurity and less satisfying occupational conditions. These conditions shaped later self-esteem: more poorly paid and less complex work, low spousal earnings, and larger family size all contributed to deterioration in self-esteem relative to initial levels. Stated positively, initial levels of esteem increased the likelihood that women would attain more advantaged social positions, and those positions in turn further bolstered mothers' self-confidence. While the personal resources that mothers bring to young adulthood help to propel them onto a trajectory that produces widening differences in young adulthood, such selection effects are relatively weak. The later occupational and family conditions young women experience play a significant role in bolstering or undermining prior levels of self-esteem. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "The Impact of Occupational and Economic Pressures on Young Mothers' Self-Esteem: Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meetings of the Society for the Sociological Study of Social Problems, 1990. |
4296. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. |
Work Experiences and Family Interaction Processes: The Long Reach of the Job? Annual Review of Sociology 17 (August 1991): 419-444. Also: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.002223 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Annual Reviews Keyword(s): General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment Until recently little theoretical or empirical attention has focused on the ways in which socially structured experiences in the workplace affect the interactions that occur within families. This review considers the many levels at which family interaction is currently being studied, presents arguments regarding expected relationships between aspects of workplace experiences and spousal and parent-child interaction, and summarizes the relatively small body of empirical research that links occupation and family interaction. It emphasizes the extent to which emotional consequences of work mediate the effect of workplace conditions on family interaction. The chapter reviews evidence suggesting that a variety of workplace conditions--restriction of opportunity to exercise self-direction, work overload, poor quality of interpersonal relations on the job, low opportunity for cooperative problem solving, job insecurities, job loss, and low earnings--have emotional repercussions that have negative implications for family interaction. It argues that future research can illuminate social influences on family interaction by more fully incorporating observational methods to investigate both workplace and family processes and by more systematically and explicitly bringing the larger occupational and economic context into the emerging analyses of the microstructure of family interaction. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. "Work Experiences and Family Interaction Processes: The Long Reach of the Job?" Annual Review of Sociology 17 (August 1991): 419-444.
|
4297. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Mott, Frank L. |
Nicotine Exposure before Birth and Children's Behavior Problems in Middle Childhood: Toward Understanding the Linkage Working Paper, Department of Sociology and Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Deviance; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 Using linked child-mother data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) we examine the association between maternal smoking behavior during pregnancy and children's later levels of externalizing behavior problems at ages ten and eleven. We examine to what extent this association may reflect common correlates with associated maternal resources, skills, and characteristics, be a result of associated differences in the quality of current work and family circumstances, or reflect other indicators of poorer maternal attitudes and behaviors. We also evaluate whether part of this relationship is mediated through associated child physical health, especially respiratory, problems. We consider parallel arguments for effects of current maternal smoking, and also evaluate the potential mediational role of family home environments. Only a small part of this relationship appears to be mediated through associated child physical health problems, while there is some suggestion that smoking during pregnancy may reflect associated maternal life difficulties as well as more compromised family home environments. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Elizabeth C. Cooksey and Frank L. Mott. "Nicotine Exposure before Birth and Children's Behavior Problems in Middle Childhood: Toward Understanding the Linkage." Working Paper, Department of Sociology and Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1998. |
4298. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Jekielek, Susan Marie Mott, Frank L. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Work and Family Circumstances and Child Trajectories: When (and for What) Does AFDC Receipt Matter? Presented: Chicago, IL, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Pre-Conference on Family Process and Child Development in Low Income Families, May 7-8, 1998. Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wp/WPprofile.cfm?ID=39.0 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Circumstances, Changes in; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper focuses on children's progress through middle childhood over a four year period, beginning with a synthetic cohort of children aged 6-7 and following them to ages 10-11. We have been particularly concerned with changes over time, seeking to link changing parental work and family circumstances with changes in the quality of parent-child interaction and with children's increases or decreases in behavior problems. In this preliminary set of analyses, we can take advantage of the longitudinal NLSY child data, and control for the initial level of child outcomes at the beginning of the study period. Thus, our main focus is on how temporal patterns of AFDC receipt are linked to changes in the quality of children's home environments, their reading skills, and their behavior. We ask three major questions. First, for the large sample of children aged 10 to 11 whom we have been following from ages 6-7, what are the patterns of AFDC receipt from year 1 through year 5? We describe those patterns, and correlate variations in AFDC receipt with the measures of maternal resources, work and family patterns over the same period. Second, are these patterns linked to three indicators of child outcomes: the quality of home environments, the child's reading ability, and the child's propensity to oppositional action (a subset of behavior problems), under varying controls? Third, following Greg Duncan's lead, we develop typologies that simultaneously consider AFDC receipt, family composition, mother's education, and mother's employment history. What are the frequencies of those types, and what are the linkages between these groups and the three child outcomes under varying sets of controls? |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Susan Marie Jekielek, Frank L. Mott and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Work and Family Circumstances and Child Trajectories: When (and for What) Does AFDC Receipt Matter?" Presented: Chicago, IL, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Pre-Conference on Family Process and Child Development in Low Income Families, May 7-8, 1998. |
4299. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Impact of Social Stressors on Academic and Social Difficulties in Early Adolescence: Evidence from the NLSY Mothers and Children Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Fathers, Absence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Frank L. Mott. "Impact of Social Stressors on Academic and Social Difficulties in Early Adolescence: Evidence from the NLSY Mothers and Children." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
4300. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
Parental Investment and Early Adolescent Behavior Problems: Evidence from NLSY Mothers and Children Presented: Indianapolis, IN, Symposium on Social Capital and Child Development at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meetings, April 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Development; Family Structure; Family Studies; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In describing social capital as a critical element in the formation of human capital, James Coleman calls attention to features of relationships between actors that help these relationships to serve as resources for individuals and groups. While Coleman emphasizes social capital in neighborhoods and community patterns, family relations themselves may be more or less organized to support family members' goals and actions. Coleman (1988) argues that such family social capital-as embodied in relations that are stable and dependable, marked by high frequency of interaction, and characterized by homogeneity of values and norms--is a resource enabling individuals to accomplish goals. In particular, parental efforts to develop positive bonds with their children--via support for cognitive development, warm interaction, and joint participation in activities--and to foster shared norms--via explicit discussion of parental expectations and inclusion of the child in rulemaking--should d ecrease their children's vulnerability to behavior problems and deviance. But such family social capital is not equally distributed among families. Given the importance of parent-child relationships for children's outcomes, we argue that it is critical to understand the social determinants of family interaction patterns, as well as to investigate how variations in the quality and character of relations among parents and children help to shape the behavioral choices that adolescent children make. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Frank L. Mott. "Parental Investment and Early Adolescent Behavior Problems: Evidence from NLSY Mothers and Children." Presented: Indianapolis, IN, Symposium on Social Capital and Child Development at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meetings, April 1995. |
4301. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Kowaleski-Jones, Lori Mott, Frank L. |
The Intergenerational Costs of Parental Social Stressors: Academic & Social Difficulties in Early Adolescence for Children of Young Mothers Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38,1 (March 1997): 72-86. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2955362 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Development; Family Environment; Family Influences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Adolescent; Occupational Prestige; Parental Influences; Social Environment; Social Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social stressors embedded in parents' occupational and family roles have been shown to have effects on family interaction and the cognitive and emotional development of young children. Here we consider whether these patterns also hold for children in early adolescence. We study 1158 10-14-year-old children born to the early childbearers among the female respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort. We find that both poor quality of parental employment and low quality of mothers' relationships with their partners have adverse effects on the cognitive stimulation and maternal warmth children receive; living in informal unions is also associated with poorer parent-child interaction. These family interaction patterns in turn both buffer the effects of stressful family conditions and shape academic and behavior outcomes directly. Some work and family conditions interact in their effects: in particular, single mothering has less adverse effects on cognitive stimulation and behavior problems when mothers are employed in occupations providing higher complexity.The effects of current conditions are diminished but seldom eliminated when we control for possible selection effects by utilizing data from earlier waves to control for earlier levels of child problems. These findings suggest that current parental social stressors continue to have consequences for both academic and behavioral outcomes during early adolescence. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Lori Kowaleski-Jones and Frank L. Mott. "The Intergenerational Costs of Parental Social Stressors: Academic & Social Difficulties in Early Adolescence for Children of Young Mothers." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38,1 (March 1997): 72-86.
|
4302. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Mott, Frank L. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. |
Work, Family Patterns, and Child Well Being: Tracing Consequences over Time Presented: Toronto, Canada, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Bullying/Victimization; Children, Well-Being; Family Characteristics; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Influences; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Health, Mental/Psychological; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Behavior; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Our overall research objective is to describe and explain the development, maintenance, and change in children's behavior problems during middle childhood, and subsequently to examine the implications of these patterns for early adolescent behavior. We focus on two major categories of problems: a) externalizing behavior that is troubling to others, especially aggressive and antisocial behavior; and b) internalizing behavior marked by withdrawal from interaction and depressed mood. In the research we report today, we focus exclusively on the former dimension, and study what we term "oppositional action"-outward acts of behavior that often have an antisocial element to them and reflect under-control of aggressive impulses, for example, bullying others, having trouble getting along with peers and teachers, and being restless, impulsive, and short-tempered. We analyze levels of oppositional action at ages ten and eleven, and changes in levels since ages six and seven, linking both level and change to maternal and child characteristics, current work and family circumstances, and changes in those circumstances over time (see conceptural model?). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Frank L. Mott and Elizabeth C. Cooksey. "Work, Family Patterns, and Child Well Being: Tracing Consequences over Time." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1997. |
4303. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Mott, Frank L. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Long Reach of the Job: Effects of Mothers' Work Experiences on Oppositional Action in Early Adolescence Working Paper, Department of Sociology and Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Employment; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Fathers, Absence; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also: Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1998 While research has examined how maternal work and family patterns affect pre-school and younger children, we are less well informed about effects in early adolescence, and in particular, how changes in parents' work and family circumstances over time may alter their children's risks for behavior problems. in this analysis, we focus on one aspect of behavior problems, propensities to oppositional action, and study its trajectory from middle childhood (ages 6-7) to early adolescence (ages 10-11), linking this trajectory to maternal employment patterns over the same time period. We study these trajectories for a national sample of 1,917 children aged 10-11 drawn from the Child-Mother data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. This is a synthetic cohort constructed by pooling children aged 10-11 in 1990, 1992, and 1994. We focus on three features of maternal employment: the extensiveness of employment, as tapped by the proportion of weeks worked over the last four years; the st ability of employment, as tapped by the number of starts and stops in employment over that period; and the quality of employment, as tapped by the substantive complexity and opportunities for self-direction of the mother's occupation. We include statistical controls for maternal and child characteristics, as well as for family compositional patterns and spouse employment characteristics. We find that the key contrasts are between mothers with no employment at any point, those with intermittent employment, and those with continuous employment. Children of those never employed are most prone to oppositional behavior problems, while those whose mothers were continuously employed are least prone, even after stringent controls for associated human and social capital, family compositional patterns, and quality of employment. Our data also suggest that low to no maternal employment has more negative effects on children not living stably with their fathers over the past four years. The quality of employment is associated with more stable employment patterns, and we find no independent effect of employment quality on early adolescent outcomes once we take stability and extensiveness into account. Earlier levels of oppositional action (at ages 6-7) are strongly correlated with levels four years later (bivariate r += . 60); multivariate beta = +.52), but earlier levels are not consistently or significantly associated with employment patterns over the four year period, and controlling for those earlier levels does not substantially alter effects of maternal employment patterns previously observed. Thus, these negative impacts of stable non-employment and very low levels of employment persist even when earlier levels of behavior problems are controlled, suggesting that they represent increases over time, not simply persistence of higher levels established at earlier time points. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Frank L. Mott, Elizabeth C. Cooksey and Susan Marie Jekielek. "Long Reach of the Job: Effects of Mothers' Work Experiences on Oppositional Action in Early Adolescence." Working Paper, Department of Sociology and Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1998. |
4304. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Mott, Frank L. Cooksey, Elizabeth C. Jekielek, Susan Marie |
Work and Family Patterns: Effects Across Generations Presented: East Lansing, MI, Social Capital Conference, April 1998. Also: http://www.ssc.msu.edu/~internat/soccap/Abstracts.htm#menaghan Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Family Structure; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent research suggests that childhood and adolescent rates of behavior problems have been rising in the US over the past two decades. At the same time, family composition and parental, especially maternal, employment patterns have also been shifting. While research has focused on how maternal work and family patterns affect pre-school and younger children, we are less well informed about effects in early adolescence, and in particular, how stability and change in parents' work and family circumstances over time may alter their children's risks for behavior problems. In this analysis, we focus on one aspect of behavior problems, propensities to oppositional action, and study its trajectory from middle childhood (ages 6-7) to early adolescence (ages 10-11), linking this trajectory to maternal employment and family composition patterns over the same time period. We study these trajectories for a national sample of 1,917 children aged 10-11 drawn from the Child-Mother data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. This is a synthetic cohort constructed by pooling children aged 10-11 in 1990, 1992, and 1994. All multivariate models include controls for cohort membership to capture effects of unmeasured secular changes which may affect the cohorts differently. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Frank L. Mott, Elizabeth C. Cooksey and Susan Marie Jekielek. "Work and Family Patterns: Effects Across Generations." Presented: East Lansing, MI, Social Capital Conference, April 1998. |
4305. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Mott, Frank L. Jekielek, Susan Marie Kowaleski-Jones, Lori |
Children's Behavior Problems: Effects of Current Conditions and Maternal Resources Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Fathers, Presence; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Explores how work & family circumstances shape young children's emotional well-being & behavior, & the extent to which parental resources buffer against adverse effects, using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth for a synthetic cohort of 2,343 children ages 6-7, who were born 1979 & 1986. Results suggest 3 aspects of current work & family circumstances are associated with lower levels of children's behavior problems: (1) the presence of the child's father in the family, (2) the mother being employed, & (3) among employed mothers, the mother working in an occupation that offers greater complexity. Maternal resources also matter: mothers with higher self-esteem, lower levels of youthful deviance, & who had avoided smoking during pregnancy had children with lower levels of behavior problems. These resources had directed effects on behavior problems when current work & family circumstances were controlled, & indirect effects through their impact s on curr ent work & family circumstances. Mothers' cognitive resources had no direct effects, but higher education helped to buffer the effects of presence/absence of the child's father. Higher cognitive resources were also associated with better current work & family circumstances. It is concluded that mothers' resources & their current work & family circumstances affect children's well-being; these effects persist despite stringent controls & are predominantly additive in form. From a policy perspective, these results suggest that improvements in current work & family circumstances can enhance children's well-being, even for children whose mothers have poorer emotional & cognitive resources. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Frank L. Mott, Susan Marie Jekielek and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "Children's Behavior Problems: Effects of Current Conditions and Maternal Resources." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996. |
4306. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Determining Children's Home Environments: The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Current Occupational and Family Conditions Working Paper, Columbus: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Determining Children's Home Environments: The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Current Occupational and Family Conditions." Working Paper, Columbus: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1991. |
4307. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Determining Children's Home Environments: The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Current Occupational and Family Conditions Journal of Marriage and Family 53,2 (May 1991): 417-431. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352909 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Influences; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Mothers; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem This paper examines determinants of the home environments that employed mothers provide for their young children and investigates the impact of current employment experiences, current family conditions, and maternal and child characteristics in shaping children's home environments. Using data from the NLSY 1986 Mother-Child Supplement, the authors study 795 employed mothers with a child aged three through six years old. As work socialization theories suggest, it was found that the occupational complexity of mother's work positively affects the home environments mothers provide for their children. In addition, larger family size produces less optimal child environments. The personal resources that mothers bring to their child-rearing--self esteem, locus of control, educational attainment, and age--also have significant effects on children's home environments. Given the importance of home environment for child cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, these findings suggest pathways by which maternal resources and current occupational and family environments have intergenerational repercussions. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Determining Children's Home Environments: The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Current Occupational and Family Conditions." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,2 (May 1991): 417-431.
|
4308. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Measuring Temperament in a Large Cross Sectional Survey: Reliability and Validity for Children of the NLS Youth Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1988. Also: http://www.nlsinfo.org/usersvc/Child-Young-Adult/MenaghanParcelTemperament1988.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Temperament; Data Quality/Consistency; General Assessment; Memory for Location; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Shyness; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the measurement properties of the set of items used to assess the construct of temperament for the children of NLSY mothers in 1986. After briefly describing the nature of the NLSY itself and origins of the survey of children, the authors describe the scaling procedures used to construct measures from the items, report these measures' reliabilities, and describe initial evidence suggesting validity. Three sets of age-specific measures are developed: activity and predictability for infants under a year; positive affect and fearfulness-fussiness for infants under age two; and compliance, shyness, and demanding dependence for children age two through six. As previous research of other maternal ratings of child temperament have shown, these scales are generally correlated as expected with other constructs, including interviewer ratings of the child's interaction; and they are also related to maternal characteristics. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding the advantages of using these measures for study of certain research questions central to the field of child development, as well as limitations inherent in the resource. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Measuring Temperament in a Large Cross Sectional Survey: Reliability and Validity for Children of the NLS Youth." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 1988. |
4309. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Social Sources of Change in Children's Home Environments: The Effects of Parental Occupational Experiences and Family Conditions Journal of Marriage and Family 57,1 (February 1995): 69-84. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353817 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Family Background and Culture; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Job Status; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Dissolution; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Parental Influences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem This study investigates change in children's home environments as a function of change in parental occupational and family conditions. It uses data from the 1986 and 1988 mother-child supplements to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) on 1,403 mothers with children aged 3 through 6 in 1986 to estimate multivariate regression equations predicting changes in home environments as a function of intervening occupational and family changes. All analyses control for parents' background and education, maternal ethnicity, child gender, and child health. The birth of additional children, marital termination, and mother remaining unmarried have generally negative effects on children's home environments. The effect of mothers' beginning employment varies depending on the occupational complexity of her employment: Beginning a job that is low in complexity is associated with worsening home environments. The generally negative effect of remaining unmarried also varies depending on mothers' employment status and the quality of employment, being more positive for mothers employed at higher wages and more negative for mothers who remain without employment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Social Sources of Change in Children's Home Environments: The Effects of Parental Occupational Experiences and Family Conditions." Journal of Marriage and Family 57,1 (February 1995): 69-84.
|
4310. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Social Sources of Stability and Change in Children's Home Environments: Effects of Parental Occupational Experiences and Family Conditions Presented: Santa Monica, CA, Economic and Demographic Aspects of Intergenerational Relations, The RAND Corporation, 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Development; Child Health; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family Background and Culture; Family Influences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Parental Influences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem This paper extends research on determinants of children's home environments by evaluating effects of the occupational conditions that mothers and fathers experience on the home environments they provide and examining stability and change in home environments as a function of stability and change in occupational and family conditions. It utilizes the 1986 and 1988 mother-child supplements to the NLSY, selects the 781 married mothers with children aged three-to-six in 1986, and estimates multivariate regression of 1986 and 1988 child home environments, and change over time, as a function of earlier occupational and family conditions, parents' background and education, initial maternal resources, and intervening occupational and family changes. The findings document strong effects of parental cognitive and psychological resources on children's home environments. They also underscore the importance of both parents' occupational experiences, and of occupational and family change s on parents' abilities to provide adequate home environments. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Social Sources of Stability and Change in Children's Home Environments: Effects of Parental Occupational Experiences and Family Conditions." Presented: Santa Monica, CA, Economic and Demographic Aspects of Intergenerational Relations, The RAND Corporation, 1992. |
4311. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Stability and Change in Children's Home Environments: The Effects of Parental Occupational Experiences and Family Conditions Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Maternal Employment; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the effects of mothers' and fathers' occupational conditions on children's home environments, and of change in occupational and family conditions on change in home environments. The study used the 1986 and 1988 supplements to the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. Subjects were 781 married mothers with children aged 3 through 6 years in 1986. For mothers in dual-earner families, home environment was affected by mothers': (1) self-esteem and sense of mastery; (2) age (for older mothers); (3) work at a complex occupation; (4) marriage to a highly educated spouse; (5) having fewer children. Improvements over time in children's home environment were affected by spouse's occupational characteristics and age (for spouses who were younger). Declines in home environments occurred when additional children were born or the marriage ended. For mothers in male-earner families who were not employed in 1986, predictors of home environments were similar to those for mothers in families with two earners, with the exception that mothers' cognitive resources and spouses' wage level also had positive effects. Improvements in home environment in this group were also responsive to spouse's working conditions and changes in family circumstances. A list of references is included. ED337292 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Stability and Change in Children's Home Environments: The Effects of Parental Occupational Experiences and Family Conditions." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
4312. |
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Parcel, Toby L. |
Transitions in Work and Family Arrangements: Mother's Employment Conditions, Children's Experiences, and Child Outcomes In: Parent-Child Relations Across the Lifespan. K. Pillemer and K. McCartney, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Wage Levels; Well-Being; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menaghan, Elizabeth G. and Toby L. Parcel. "Transitions in Work and Family Arrangements: Mother's Employment Conditions, Children's Experiences, and Child Outcomes" In: Parent-Child Relations Across the Lifespan. K. Pillemer and K. McCartney, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991
|
4313. |
Menard, Jessica Knezevic, Bojana Miller, Scott R. Edelstein, Daniel Thompson, Kristi Miller, Carlin J. |
Intergenerational Transmission of Antisocial Behavior and Age at Primiparity Journal of Child and Family Studies 24,3 (March 2015): 798-808. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-013-9890-3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Bullying/Victimization; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study developed a model linking maternal and offspring antisocial behavior, with particular emphasis on whether this link is especially strong in teenage mother-child dyads. Data were taken from a longitudinal government dataset; structural equation modeling and invariance testing was used to test the hypotheses. Good model fit indicated that maternal and offspring antisociality are linked, and antisocial behavior persists across childhood, but that these relationships are not dependent on the mother's age at primiparity. These results suggest that although maternal behavior predicts offspring antisociality, being the child of a teenage mother is not an independent risk factor for the development of antisociality. Given that mothers in general tend to transmit their antisocial behavior patterns, intervention for antisocial behavior patterns in females before or during adolescence should contribute to a significant lessening of not only their own behavior problems, but also the incidence of antisocial behavior in their future offspring. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Menard, Jessica, Bojana Knezevic, Scott R. Miller, Daniel Edelstein, Kristi Thompson and Carlin J. Miller. "Intergenerational Transmission of Antisocial Behavior and Age at Primiparity." Journal of Child and Family Studies 24,3 (March 2015): 798-808.
|
4314. |
Mendez, Fabio |
Training Opportunities in Monopsonistic Labour Markets Applied Economics 51,43 (2019): 4757-5768. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2019.1602707 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Labor Market Demographics; Monopsony Employers; Training This paper studies the empirical relationship between the extent of monopsonistic power observed in occupational labour markets and the training opportunities available to workers in those markets; using data from the American National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979. The results reveal a positive and significant association between monopsony power and training availability. The estimated association is found to be stronger for individuals with a college degree, with longer tenure in their jobs, and higher wages. These results are consistent across several econometric specifications that control for time, occupation, and individual fixed effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mendez, Fabio. "Training Opportunities in Monopsonistic Labour Markets." Applied Economics 51,43 (2019): 4757-5768. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2019.1602707.
|
4315. |
Mendez, Fabio Sepulveda, Facundo |
A Comparative Study of Training in the Private and Public Sectors: Evidence from the United Kingdom and the United States Contemporary Economic Policy 34,1 (January 2016): 107-118. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/coep.12120/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Training; Training, Employee; Wage Effects Formal training programs are one of the main channels through which workers become more productive and experience wage growth. So far, however, most of the results on the effects of employer-provided training come from studying the training received by private sector workers only. We extend the literature by identifying and comparing the effects of private-employer-provided and public-employer-provided training in the United States and the United Kingdom. We address this question using two independent data sets from the British Household Panels Surveys and the American National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mendez, Fabio and Facundo Sepulveda. "A Comparative Study of Training in the Private and Public Sectors: Evidence from the United Kingdom and the United States." Contemporary Economic Policy 34,1 (January 2016): 107-118.
|
4316. |
Mendez, Fabio Sepulveda, Facundo |
Monopsony Power in Occupational Labor Markets Journal of Labor Research 40 (2019): 387-411. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-019-09289-w Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Labor Market Demographics; Monopsony Employers; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We collect data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and create comparable measures of monopsonistic power for up to 46 occupational labor markets in the USA, starting in 1979 and ending in 2000. Our results suggest most occupational labor markets during that period were characterized by substantial amounts of monopsonistic, wage-setting power. Furthermore, after controlling for individual, time, and industry fixed effects, our results show a negative and significant correlation between the extent of monopsony power that characterizes a market and both, the wages and fringe benefits received by workers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mendez, Fabio and Facundo Sepulveda. "Monopsony Power in Occupational Labor Markets." Journal of Labor Research 40 (2019): 387-411.
|
4317. |
Mendez, Fabio Sepulveda, Facundo |
The Cyclicality of Skill Acquisition: Evidence from Panel Data American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4,3 (July 2012): 128-152. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/mac.4.3.128 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Education; Employment; Skill Formation; Skills; Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents new empirical evidence regarding the cyclicality of skill acquisition activities. The paper studies both training and schooling episodes at the individual level using quarterly data from the NLSY79 for a period of 19 years. We find that aggregate schooling is strongly countercyclical, while aggregate training is acyclical. Several training categories, however, behave procyclically. The results also indicate that firm-financed training is procyclical, while training financed through other means is countercyclical; and that the cyclicality of skill acquisition investments depends significantly on the educational level and the employment status of the individual. (JEL E24, E32, I20, J24) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mendez, Fabio and Facundo Sepulveda. "The Cyclicality of Skill Acquisition: Evidence from Panel Data ." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4,3 (July 2012): 128-152.
|
4318. |
Mendola, Daria Sironi, Maria Aassve, Arnstein |
A Cohort Perspective of Youth Poverty in the United States Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The aim of this paper is to study the degree of poverty persistence of American young adults and its evolution. Using data from NLSY79 and NLSY97, respectively, we compared two cohorts followed along eight years (in the 1980s and in the 2000s) to assess which socio-economic characteristics preserve them to fall in chronic poverty or determine the duration and severity of this detrimental experience. (Note: Also presented in Budapest, Hungary, European Population Conference, June 2014) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mendola, Daria, Maria Sironi and Arnstein Aassve. "A Cohort Perspective of Youth Poverty in the United States." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
4319. |
Meng, Fanning |
Economic Forecasting with Many Predictors Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2017. Also: http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4483/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Tennessee, Knoxville Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Education, Adult; Educational Returns; Modeling; Wage Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The third chapter analyzes the wage effects of college enrollment for returning adults based on the NLSY79 data. To improve the estimation efficiency, we apply the double-selection model among time-varying features and individual fixed effects. The empirical results on hourly wage predictions show evidences towards the superiority of double-selection model over a fixed-effect model. Based on the double-selection model, we find significant and positive returns on years of college enrollment for the returning adults. On average, one more year's college enrollment can increase hourly wage of returning adults by $1.12, an estimate that is about 7.7% higher than that from the fixed-effect model. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meng, Fanning. Economic Forecasting with Many Predictors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2017.. |
4320. |
Mensch, Barbara S. Kandel, Denise B. |
Do Job Conditions Influence the Use of Drugs? Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29,2 (June 1988): 169-184. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137056 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Drug Use; Job Satisfaction; Occupations; Self-Reporting; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between job conditions and use of four classes of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana and cocaine, are investigated using data from the NLSY, a nationally representative survey of the labor force experience of young adults aged 19-27 in 1984. Indirect measures of job characteristics, based on Census-based classifications developed by Karasek, et al.,1987 and the DOT (Miller et al., 1980) were supplemented by limited self-reported measures. No clear epidemiological patterns emerge regarding the distribution of drug use either in general or on the job across occupations and industries. Similarly, specific job dimensions, whether assessed from job titles or from the respondents themselves, showed very low correlations with recency/frequency measures of drug use. Individual factors indexing lack of commitment to social institutions, such as having dropped out of school, participation in delinquent activities and not being married are much stronger predictors of drug use than specific job conditions. This study concludes that substance use by workers is not due as much to conditions of the work place as to attributes of the work force. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mensch, Barbara S. and Denise B. Kandel. "Do Job Conditions Influence the Use of Drugs?" Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29,2 (June 1988): 169-184.
|
4321. |
Mensch, Barbara S. Kandel, Denise B. |
Dropping Out of High School and Drug Involvement Sociology of Education 61,2 (April 1988): 95-113. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2112267 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Drug Use; Event History; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between dropping out of high school and substance use is explored using the NLSY, a national longitudinal sample of young Americans aged 19-27 in 1984. Cross-sectional data indicate that high school dropouts are more involved with cigarettes and illicit drugs than graduates, and those who go on to obtain a GED are the most intensely involved. Event history analysis indicates that, controlling for other important risk factors, prior use of cigarettes, marijuana and other illicit drugs increases the propensity of dropping out and that the earlier the initiation into drugs, the greater the probability of premature school leaving. Preventing or at least delaying initiation of drug use will reduce the incidence of dropping out in our nation's high schools. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mensch, Barbara S. and Denise B. Kandel. "Dropping Out of High School and Drug Involvement." Sociology of Education 61,2 (April 1988): 95-113.
|
4322. |
Mensch, Barbara S. Kandel, Denise B. |
Drug Use as a Risk Factor for Premarital Teen Pregnancy and Abortion in a National Sample of Young White Women Working Paper, New York: School of Public Health, Columbia University, January 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Columbia University Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Deviance; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Religion; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Substance Use; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mensch, Barbara S. and Denise B. Kandel. "Drug Use as a Risk Factor for Premarital Teen Pregnancy and Abortion in a National Sample of Young White Women." Working Paper, New York: School of Public Health, Columbia University, January 1992. |
4323. |
Mensch, Barbara S. Kandel, Denise B. |
Drug Use as a Risk Factor for Premarital Teen Pregnancy and Abortion in a National Sample of Young White Women Demography 29,3 (August 1992): 409-429. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/2166r53270u1987u/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Contraception; Deviance; Drug Use; Event History; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Religion; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Substance Use; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationship between adolescent drug use and premarital teen pregnancy and abortion as a pregnancy outcome among sexually active women is investigated in a sample of white women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Event history analysis is used to explore whether prior drug use has a unique effect on premarital teen pregnancy. with controls for personality, lifestyle, and biological factors. Logistic regression is used to estimate whether drug use affects the decision to terminate a premarital teen pregnancy. The results show that the risk of premarital teen pregnancy is nearly four times as high for those who have used illicit drugs other than marijuana as for those with no history of any prior substance involvement. Furthermore, illicit drug use increases the likelihood of an abortion by a factor of 5. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mensch, Barbara S. and Denise B. Kandel. "Drug Use as a Risk Factor for Premarital Teen Pregnancy and Abortion in a National Sample of Young White Women." Demography 29,3 (August 1992): 409-429.
|
4324. |
Mensch, Barbara S. Kandel, Denise B. |
Underreporting of Substance Use in a National Longitudinal Youth Cohort: Individual and Interviewer Effects Public Opinion Quarterly 52,1 (Spring 1988): 100-124. Also: http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/1/100.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Drug Use; Longitudinal Surveys; Self-Reporting; Substance Use; Underreporting The quality of drug data in the 1984 wave of the NLSY is explored. Comparisons with other national surveys indicate that underreporting of use of illicit drugs other than marijuana appears to have taken place, and that light users of these drugs are under-represented among the self-acknowledged users. Comparison with marijuana use reported four years earlier indicates that experimental marijuana users are much less likely than extensive users to acknowledge involvement. Even after controlling for frequency of use, underreporting is more common among terminal high school dropouts and minorities. Not only individual characteristics but field conditions also contribute to underreporting. Familiarity with the interviewer, as measured by number of prior interviewing contacts, depresses drug use reporting. The authors speculate that interviewer familiarity increases salience of normative standards and that participants respond not only in terms of their past familiarity but also their subjective expectations regarding the probability of a future encounter with the interviewer. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mensch, Barbara S. and Denise B. Kandel. "Underreporting of Substance Use in a National Longitudinal Youth Cohort: Individual and Interviewer Effects." Public Opinion Quarterly 52,1 (Spring 1988): 100-124.
|
4325. |
Mensch, Barbara S. Rosenbaum, Emily Kandel, Denise B. |
Drug Use as a Risk Factor for Premarital Pregnancy in a National Sample of Young Women Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Contraception; Deviance; Drug Use; Hispanics; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Religion; Self-Esteem; Self-Reporting; Sexual Activity; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores the relationship between adolescent drug use and premarital teen pregnancy with data from the 1979-1985 waves of the NLSY. Event history analysis is used to specify the effect of prior drug use on premarital teen pregnancy with controls for seemingly shared personality, lifestyle, and biological factors. Among white young women illicit drug use is the second most important predictor. The risk of premarital teen pregnancy is nearly four times higher for those who have used illicit drugs other than marijuana compared to those with no history of any prior substance involvement. Illicit drug use has no effect on premarital pregnancy for blacks and Hispanics. Alternative explanations may account for the ethnic differences. One possibility is that premarital pregnancy is more normative for nonwhites and therefore less likely to be determined by prior deviant activities. Another possibility is that greater unreliability of self-reports by blacks and Hispanics may alter the observed effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mensch, Barbara S., Emily Rosenbaum and Denise B. Kandel. "Drug Use as a Risk Factor for Premarital Pregnancy in a National Sample of Young Women." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990. |
4326. |
Meredith, Kelly M. |
Is AFI All in the Family? A Multi-Level Family Study of Age of First Intercourse Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, 2013. Also: https://shareok.org/handle/11244/7913 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Family Influences; Home Environment; Intelligence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Multilevel; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The importance of the timing of first intercourse in one's life history, and its significance in relation to a number of fertility and social outcomes, has been established in a number of studies. Studies have attempted to untangle the factors that contribute to its timing, and only some of these studies explore the possibility of selection influences on this outcome. This study uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) samples and multilevel survival models to evaluate predictors of age at first intercourse (AFI) at both the family and individual level. The family structure among the NLSY samples enables the use of a children of siblings type design so that we may also investigate the possible influence of selection effects. Intelligence and educational goals are often implicated as factors motivating adolescents and young adults to delay AFI. Extended family, maternal, and child intelligence variables are the predictor variables of focus in this study. Other variables include maternal AFI, measures of the home environment, and family income, as these variables also relate to the evaluation of educational goals. Gender and race are also included as control variables. None of the intelligence variables were found to be significant predictors of AFI, though interesting trends emerged. Maternal AFI was consistently a significant predictor across models, but was later identified as non-significant relative to average AFI at the maternal family level. Possible explanations for these findings are offered. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meredith, Kelly M. Is AFI All in the Family? A Multi-Level Family Study of Age of First Intercourse. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, 2013.. |
4327. |
Meredith, Neil R. |
Religion and Labor: An Examination of Religious Service Attendance and Unemployment Using Count Data Methods Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 451-471. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/eej.2015.54 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Religion; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I use count data estimation with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) cohort and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to evaluate the relationship between unemployment and the frequency of religious service attendance for individuals of working age. Empirical results for unemployed men and unemployed women in the NLSY79 show that religious service attendance is 22 percent lower and 72 percent higher, respectively, relative to employed men and employed women, respectively. Results for individuals in the HRS indicate that unemployed men and unemployed women attend religious services 18 percent less and 16 percent more frequently, respectively, relative to employed counterparts. There are no additional significant correlations for time spent unemployed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meredith, Neil R. "Religion and Labor: An Examination of Religious Service Attendance and Unemployment Using Count Data Methods." Eastern Economic Journal 43,3 (June 2017): 451-471.
|
4328. |
Meredith, Neil R. |
Religious Service Attendance and Labour Force Status: Evidence from Survey Data Using Count Data Methods Applied Economics 46,34 (December 2014): 4242-4255. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2014.955253#.VEVtt2N2Rlc Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Religion I undertake count data estimation with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and the Health and Retirement Study to evaluate the relationship between time spent out of the labour force and the frequency of religious service attendance for individuals of working age. I also examine whether being out of the labour force is correlated with the frequency of religious service attendance. Results using Poisson fixed-effect and negative binomial estimation suggest that men under age 50 appear to attend religious services less frequently when out of the labour force. I ascribe this finding to younger men's religious service attendance being related to having work or the pursuit of work. Men between ages 50 and 65 attend religious services less frequently when out of the labour force, which I attribute to serious health problems in later age forcing labour market exiting and reduced frequency of religious service attendance. Women between ages 50 and 65 attend religious services more frequently when out of the labour force, which I ascribe to having more time to pursue religious activity in addition to women's established proclivity to religious commitment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meredith, Neil R. "Religious Service Attendance and Labour Force Status: Evidence from Survey Data Using Count Data Methods." Applied Economics 46,34 (December 2014): 4242-4255.
|
4329. |
Mernitz, Sara E. |
A Cohort Comparison of Trends in First Cohabitation Duration in the United States Demographic Research 38 (27 June 2018): 2073-2086. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26457100 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study investigates US first cohabitation duration between young adults born in the 1950s and young adults born in the 1980s and how socioeconomic resources contribute to cohabitation duration by cohort. Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, I employ life table estimates and competing-risks Cox proportional hazard models to study how cohabitation during and transitions out of cohabitation have changed over time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. "A Cohort Comparison of Trends in First Cohabitation Duration in the United States ." Demographic Research 38 (27 June 2018): 2073-2086.
|
4330. |
Mernitz, Sara E. |
Long-term Cohabitation: Prevalence, Predictors, and Mental Health Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Health, Mental/Psychological; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation study enhances scholarship on cohabitation by examining long-term cohabitation during a critical period in the life course, young adulthood, a time when these early relationships may alter young adults' future relationship and union trajectories. Further, a critical developmental task during these years is establishing intimacy within romantic unions, suggesting that cohabitation during this period is more important than at any other developmental stage. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine the prevalence of long-term cohabitation over time, identify variables contributing to transitions out of cohabitation and long-term cohabitation, and the mental health implications of young adult long-term cohabitation. These data are well-suited for this study as all are nationally-representative longitudinal studies containing high-quality cohabitation data. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. Long-term Cohabitation: Prevalence, Predictors, and Mental Health Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2016. |
4331. |
Mertens, Donna M. |
Vocational Education and the High-Risk Student Journal of Vocational Education Research 11,2 (Spring 1986): 1-15. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ339705&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ339705 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Vocational Education Research Association Keyword(s): Dropouts; High School; High School Transcripts; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Vocational Education A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. An analysis of the New Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience concluded that, all else being equal, vocational education students are no more likely to drop out of school than their peers. Strategies do exist that increase the retentive effects of vocational education programs. (Author/CH) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mertens, Donna M. "Vocational Education and the High-Risk Student." Journal of Vocational Education Research 11,2 (Spring 1986): 1-15.
|
4332. |
Mertens, Donna M. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
Labor Market Experiences of Handicapped Youth Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED228445.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Disability; Employment; High School Transcripts; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Schooling; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. A study explored the feasibility of using the New Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Behavior (NLS Youth) database to examine the effects of vocational education on handicapped individuals. During the study, researchers examined the labor market experiences of 73 handicapped youths who manifested a self-reported limiting health condition, showed four or more credits labeled Educable Mentally Retarded on their high school transcripts, and participated in individualized education programs (IEPs). While such a small sample prevented any firm conclusion on the earnings of handicapped persons, the evidence that is available suggests that handicapped vocational graduates had a higher rate of labor force participation, a higher employment rate, and a lower unemployment rate than did their handicapped nonvocational peers. Based on the study, the NLS Youth database appears to be less than ideal for studying the benefits of vocational education for handicapped persons. In order to study this issue at a national level, a new survey or additional questions on future NLS Youth surveys are needed to investigate handicapped individuals' labor market experiences. Appended to the report are an annotated bibliography and an orientation plan to use the NLS database to examine the labor market experiences of handicapped youth. (MN) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mertens, Donna M. and Patricia Ann Seitz. "Labor Market Experiences of Handicapped Youth." Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
4333. |
Mertens, Donna M. Seitz, Patricia Ann |
Orientation Plan to Use the NLS Youth Data Base to Examine the Labor Market Experiences of Handicapped Youth Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Disability; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Research Methodology; Schooling; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Handicapped individuals earn less money and have more difficulty getting jobs than their nonhandicapped peers. Vocational education is one potential way to improve the labor market experiences of handicapped youth. This paper explored the feasibility of using the Youth Cohort to examine the effects of vocational education for handicapped people. The orientation plan presented in this paper provides potential users with the following information: (1) A description of the data base, the sampling characteristics, the types of variables available, and the supplementary data sources (e. g. IEP and transcript data). (2) Technical information and resources needed to access the data. (3) Documentation of the Individual Education Programs (IEP) data and a discussion of the limitations of the data for verification of handicapped persons in the sample. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mertens, Donna M. and Patricia Ann Seitz. "Orientation Plan to Use the NLS Youth Data Base to Examine the Labor Market Experiences of Handicapped Youth." Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
4334. |
Mertens, Donna M. Seitz, Patricia Ann Cox, Sterling |
Vocational Education and the High School Dropout Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED228397.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Children; Dropouts; High School; Job Satisfaction; Marriage; Occupational Aspirations; Unemployment; Vocational Education; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Dropping out of high school has important implications for individuals, as well as for society as a whole. Individuals who do not complete high school are likely to have a more negative labor market experience than graduates, especially in terms of unemployment. The societal impact includes foregone tax dollars, and possible increased welfare and prison expenses. Vocational education represents a potential strategy for increasing the relevancy of education for dropout-prone youth, and thus a means of encouraging them to complete their high school education. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mertens, Donna M., Patricia Ann Seitz and Sterling Cox. "Vocational Education and the High School Dropout." Report, U.S. Department of Education, Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982. |
4335. |
Meyer, Christine Siegwarth Mukerjee, Swati |
Black Teen Childbearing: Reexamining the Segmented Labor Market Hypothesis Review of Black Political Economy 27,4 (Spring 2000): 27-42. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k0cuv1efb22eynnw/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Black Family; Childbearing, Adolescent; Labor Market Segmentation; Mothers, Race; Racial Differences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examines relationship between racial difference in proportion of women who become teenage mothers and differences in labor options and choices; data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY); US. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, Christine Siegwarth and Swati Mukerjee. "Black Teen Childbearing: Reexamining the Segmented Labor Market Hypothesis." Review of Black Political Economy 27,4 (Spring 2000): 27-42.
|
4336. |
Meyer, Christine Siegwarth Mukerjee, Swati |
Investigating Dual Labor Market Theory for Women Eastern Economic Journal 33,3 (Summer 2007): 301-316. Also: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/eej/journal/v33/n3/abs/eej200727a.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market, Secondary; Skills; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Theory; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a switching model with unknown regimes, this paper demonstrates that the women's labor market is significantly better described by two wage setting mechanisms than by one. Though the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that women may be rationed into the sector with low wages, the sectors do not entirely conform to traditional notions of dual labor markets and to results from the men's labor market. Both sectors have different patterns of rewards to human capital formation which explains the different patterns of labor force attachment in the two sectors, |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, Christine Siegwarth and Swati Mukerjee. "Investigating Dual Labor Market Theory for Women." Eastern Economic Journal 33,3 (Summer 2007): 301-316.
|
4337. |
Meyer, Daniel R. Cancian, Maria |
Economic Well-Being Following an Exit from Aid to Families with Dependent Children Journal of Marriage and Family 60,2 (May 1998): 479-492. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353863 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economic Well-Being; Employment; Marital Status; Poverty; Welfare; Well-Being; Women Much previous research has focused on how long families receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) before leaving the program and whether and when they return to the program following an exit. Few quantitative studies have looked at broader indicators of the economic well-being of those who have exited AFDC. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to trace poverty status and welfare use in the 5 years following an exit from AFDC. We find substantial diversity in economic well-being. Women who were working when they exited from AFDC do better, and, to a lesser extent, so do those who were married or had a partner when they exited. Higher levels of success are achieved by women with higher earning potential, including those with higher education and those with fewer children or older children. Although same women achieve modest levels of economic success, 41% remain poor even 5 years after an exit from AFDC. Our results highlight the distinction between leaving welfare and leaving poverty and suggest that welfare reforms targeted at reducing caseloads may do relatively little to enhance broader measures of economic success. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, Daniel R. and Maria Cancian. "Economic Well-Being Following an Exit from Aid to Families with Dependent Children." Journal of Marriage and Family 60,2 (May 1998): 479-492.
|
4338. |
Meyer, Daniel R. Cancian, Maria |
Life After Welfare: A Recent Study Looks at the Economic Well-Being of Women and Children Following An Exit from AFDC Public Welfare 56 (1996): 25-29. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp110196.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Welfare Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Poverty; Transfers, Financial; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Much previous research has focused on the length of welfare spells and returns to welfare following an exit. Few quantitative studies have looked at broader indicators of the economic well-being of those who have exited AFDC. In this paper we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NSLY) to trace welfare use, poverty status, and primary sources of income in the five years following an exit from welfare. We find that while there is a trend toward improved economic status over time, 40 percent of women remain poor five years after exit. Women with more advantaged family backgrounds, those with fewer children, or with more education at exit are more likely to consistently escape poverty. Median income increases over the first five years from about $10,500 to about $15,000 (1992 dollars). Own earnings are the most prevalent income source, followed by spouse's earnings, and mean-tested transfers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, Daniel R. and Maria Cancian. "Life After Welfare: A Recent Study Looks at the Economic Well-Being of Women and Children Following An Exit from AFDC." Public Welfare 56 (1996): 25-29.
|
4339. |
Meyer, Daniel R. Cancian, Maria |
Life After Welfare: The Economic Well-Being of Women and Children Following An Exit From AFDC Discussion Paper No. 1101-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Well-Being; Earnings; Economic Well-Being; Family Background and Culture; Poverty; Transfers, Financial; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Much previous research has focused on the length of welfare spells and returns to welfare following an exit. Few quantitative studies have looked at broader indicators of the economic well-being of those who have exited AFDC. In this paper we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NSLY) to trace welfare use, poverty status, and primary sources of income in the years following an exit from welfare. We find that while there is a trend toward improved economic status over time, 40 percent of women remain poor five years after exit. Women with more advantaged family backgrounds, those with fewer children, or with more education at exit are more likely to consistently escape poverty. Median income increases over the first five years from about $10,500 to about $15,000 (1992 dollars). Own earnings are the most prevalent income source, followed by spouse's earnings, and mean-tested transfers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, Daniel R. and Maria Cancian. "Life After Welfare: The Economic Well-Being of Women and Children Following An Exit From AFDC." Discussion Paper No. 1101-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. |
4340. |
Meyer, Daniel R. Cancian, Maria |
Ten Years Later: Economic Well-Being among Those Who Left Welfare Journal of Applied Social Sciences 25,1 (Fall-Winter 2000-01): 13-30 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Economic Well-Being; Income Level; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979 through 1996, we describe the economic well-being of young single mothers who exited from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) welfare program and examine outcomes over the ten years following their exit. We find some women achieve moderate levels of economic success: for example, one-quarter of the exiters were never poor or poor in only one of the first ten years post-welfare. Moreover, many results point to improvements in economic status over time. On the other hand, a substantial number of these women and their families remain economically vulnerable, with poverty rates particularly high when one examines only a woman's own income. Another troubling sign is that income growth and the decline in poverty are concentrated in the early years, with less improvement in economic status in the later years. Our results highlight that leaving welfare is not synonymous with leaving poverty. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, Daniel R. and Maria Cancian. "Ten Years Later: Economic Well-Being among Those Who Left Welfare." Journal of Applied Social Sciences 25,1 (Fall-Winter 2000-01): 13-30.
|
4341. |
Meyer, John D. Mutambudzi, Miriam |
Association of Occupational Trajectories With Alcohol Use Disorders in a Longitudinal National Survey Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56,7 (July 2014): 700-707. Also: https://journals.lww.com/joem/Fulltext/2014/07000/Association_of_Occupational_Trajectories_With.4.aspx Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupational Status; Occupations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: We investigated longitudinal associations between occupation and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) across early- to mid-adult life. Methods: Longitudinal trajectories of work substantive complexity were constructed by growth mixture modeling of occupational data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and O*NET work variables. The association between work trajectories and AUDs was modeled adjusting for education. Results: Lower work trajectories were associated with higher AUD prevalence and incidence. Incident AUDs were associated with a subsequent decline in work trajectory class for both high and low initial classes, more strongly in women despite lower overall AUD incidence. Conclusions: Low work trajectory is associated with increased AUD prevalence. Development of an AUD may presage risk of decline in work substantive complexity. These findings suggest reinforcing relations between the development of AUD and occupational course at midlife. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Meyer, John D. and Miriam Mutambudzi. "Association of Occupational Trajectories With Alcohol Use Disorders in a Longitudinal National Survey." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56,7 (July 2014): 700-707.
|
4342. |
Michael, Robert T. |
National Evidence on the Influence of Mothers' Employment on Children's Development Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Family Income; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data on 1,222 three-to-five-year-old children from the NLSY, this study examines the home environment (Caldwell & Bradley, 1984) as a mechanism for differential effects of mothers' employment. Multiple regression analyses revealed that mothers' employment had a negative impact on boys' PPVT score (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) in middle income but not in low income families. However, when the HOME score was added to the model, maternal employment effects were negative for boys in both income groups. Within low income, but not middle income families, maternal employment was related to higher HOME scores. Thus, absence of mother per se seems to be detrimental to all boys, but in low income families, this adverse effect is offset by added cognitive stimulation (HOME score) that mothers' earnings make possible. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. "National Evidence on the Influence of Mothers' Employment on Children's Development." Presented: Seattle, WA, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 1991. |
4343. |
Michael, Robert T. |
Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Dating; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Family Influences; Family Studies; Geographical Variation; Income; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers Jacket: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a survey of more than 9,000 12-16 yr olds, this book explores the choices adolescents make about their lives and their futures. It focuses on the key role the family plays as teenagers navigate the transition from childhood to adulthood. This book analyzes a range of adolescent behaviors and issues that affect teenagers' lives, from dating and sexual behavior, drug and alcohol use, and physical and mental well-being, to their career goals and expectations for the future. It is argued that the findings strengthen one's understanding of how an array of family characteristics (single parenthood, income, educational level, race, and geographic location) influence teens' lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. |
4344. |
Michael, Robert T. Tuma, Nancy Brandon |
Entry into Marriage and Parenthood by Young Adults Demography 22,4 (November 1985): 515-544. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7m4gt2035165549w/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the marital and fertility patterns of young men and women (age 14-21) using the first year data from the NLSY. The paper's substantive focuses are the influences of family background on early (teenage) entry into marriage and parenthood and the extent to which measured family characteristics can explain the large differences among whites, Hispanics and blacks. The paper's methodological focus is the comparison of results when a data set is analyzed as either a conventional cross-section file using a linear probability (OLS regression) or logistic (maximum likelihood) model or as a continuous time, event-history file using a partial likelihood model. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. and Nancy Brandon Tuma. "Entry into Marriage and Parenthood by Young Adults." Demography 22,4 (November 1985): 515-544.
|
4345. |
Michael, Robert T. Tuma, Nancy Brandon |
Youth Employment: Does Life Begin at 16? Journal of Labor Economics 2,4 (October 1984): 464-476. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2534809 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Racial Differences; Teenagers Theoretical economic models, official labor force statistics, and most empirical studies of young workers disregard employment experience of students under age 16. Evidence from several sources, however, suggests that students ages 14 and 15 acquire substantial employment experience. Moreover, that experience is vastly different for black and white youths. Several policy-related issues, including causes of black-white differences in adult earnings, may deserve to be interpreted differently in the light of differentials in early employment experience. This employment experience of 14- and 15-year-olds in general and its racial pattern in particular should not continue to be ignored. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. and Nancy Brandon Tuma. "Youth Employment: Does Life Begin at 16?" Journal of Labor Economics 2,4 (October 1984): 464-476.
|
4346. |
Michalopoulos, Charles |
Interdependent Preferences, Habit Formation, and the Growth in Women's Employment Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Attitudes; Employment; Wives, Work; Women; Women's Roles; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates whether changing preferences explain part of the growth in women's employment since 1968. In a theoretical model, preferences change either through habit formation or interdependent preferences. In the estimation of this model, measures of attitudes toward women working are used to capture differences in preferences across individuals or time. Under favorable circumstances, the use of attitudinal measures alleviates identification problems found in previous estimates of models of habit formation and interdependent preferences. These attitudinal measures are found to be significant predictors of work decisions. In addition, the results support both interdependent preferences and habit formation is found. Approximately forty percent of the change in measured attitudes is attributed to habit formation or interdependent preferences. Changes in the attitude measures, in turn, account for about 15 percent of the growth in hours worked. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michalopoulos, Charles. "Interdependent Preferences, Habit Formation, and the Growth in Women's Employment." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1991. |
4347. |
Michelacci, Claudio Quadrini, Vincenzo |
Financial Markets and Wages NBER Working Paper No. 11050, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2005. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11050.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Family Size; Modeling; Skilled Workers; Wage Equations; Wage Levels We study a labor market equilibrium model in which firms sign optimal long-term contracts with workers. Firms that are financially constrained offer an increasing wage profile: They pay lower wages today in exchange of higher wages once they become unconstrained and operate at a larger scale. In equilibrium, constrained firms are on average smaller and pay lower wages. In this way the model generates a positive relation between firm size and wages. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) we show that the key dynamic properties of the model are supported by the data. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michelacci, Claudio and Vincenzo Quadrini. "Financial Markets and Wages." NBER Working Paper No. 11050, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2005. |
4348. |
Michelacci, Claudio Quadrini, Vincenzo |
Financial Markets and Wages Review of Economic Studies 76,2 (April 2009): 795-827. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00524.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Finland, Finnish; Firm Size; Firms; Rural/Urban Differences; Wage Growth; Wage Models We study a labour market equilibrium model in which firms sign optimal long-term contracts with workers. Firms that are financially constrained offer an increasing wage profile: they pay lower wages today in exchange for higher future wages once they become unconstrained. Because constrained firms grow faster, the model predicts a positive correlation between the growth of wages and the growth of the firm. Under some conditions, the model also generates a positive relation between firm size and wages. Using matched employer-employee data from Finland and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the U.S., we show that the key dynamic properties of the model are supported by the data. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Michelacci, Claudio and Vincenzo Quadrini. "Financial Markets and Wages." Review of Economic Studies 76,2 (April 2009): 795-827.
|
4349. |
Middleton, Mark Gerald |
Community Social Status Effects on Migration Outcomes M.A.Thesis, Department of Sociology, West Virginia University, 2009. Also: http://gradworks.umi.com/14/71/1471540.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Migration Patterns; Mobility, Social; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the geocoded version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), this study examines patterns of internal migration in the United States by investigating individual residential mobility between low socioeconomic and high socioeconomic counties. Specifically, through the use of data between the years of 1979 and 2002, this study asks three questions. First, if the sending community is socioeconomically different than the receiving community where the migrant lives during middle age, does this show upward, downward or lateral status movement? Second, do migrants tend to move from less desirable communities to communities with higher socioeconomic standards of living? Third, what is the relationship between education and upward mobility, as the individual education levels increases is there movement to communities with higher socioeconomic standards of living? This analysis examines migration outcomes for individuals who in 1979 were between the ages of 14 and 21 and 23 years later where between the ages of 37 and 45 years of age in 2002, the latter period represents when individuals are entering middle age. Life cycle events, such as education, entry into the labor force and the start of marriage and childbearing tend to be complete at this stage of life cycle and migration is less frequent. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Middleton, Mark Gerald. Community Social Status Effects on Migration Outcomes. M.A.Thesis, Department of Sociology, West Virginia University, 2009.. |
4350. |
Miech, Richard A. Chilcoat, Howard |
Maternal Education and Adolescent Drug Use: A Longitudinal Analysis of Causation and Selection Over a Generation Social Science and Medicine 60,4 (February 2005): 725-735. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953604002928 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Drug Use; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Substance Use Current evidence indicates that in the USA illegal drug use among adolescents between the 1980s and 1990s became significantly more prevalent in families with lower maternal education in comparison to families with higher maternal education. In this study, we examine whether this inter-generational change results from either (a) a changing influence of socioeconomic status on drug use, as predicted by the inter-generational social 'causation' hypothesis, or (b) a negative influence of drug use on socioeconomic status, as predicted by the inter-generational social 'selection/drift' hypothesis. The analyses are based on the US National Longitudinal Study of 1979, which includes information on drug use for both a nationally representative sample of respondents aged 19–27 in 1984, as well as drug use information for the children of these respondents, who were aged 18–27 in 1998. The results indicate that inter-generation change in cocaine and marijuana use resulted almost entirely from social causation. These findings support illegal drug use as a good candidate for analyses in the 'fundamental cause' tradition that seek to understand the social factors that concentrate poor health and health behaviors in the lower social strata over historical time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miech, Richard A. and Howard Chilcoat. "Maternal Education and Adolescent Drug Use: A Longitudinal Analysis of Causation and Selection Over a Generation." Social Science and Medicine 60,4 (February 2005): 725-735.
|
4351. |
Miech, Richard A. Chilcoat, Howard |
The Formation of a Socioeconomic Disparity: A Case Study of Cocaine and Marijuana Use in the 1990s American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32,6,Supplement (June 2007): S171-S176. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379707001092 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health Factors; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Use Background: Around the year 1990, the reputation of cocaine use changed from glamorous to undesirable, and at the same time, a socioeconomic disparity in cocaine use emerged. This study examined (1) whether the socioeconomic disparity was created by differential incidence, differential cessation, or both, (2) whether a socioeconomic disparity also developed in marijuana use, and (3) whether disparities formed across race, Hispanic ethnicity, and/or gender. Methods: The analyses center on 6544 respondents aged 14–21 in 1979 in the National Longitudinal Survey of 1979 that provided information on past-year use of powder cocaine and marijuana use before and after 1990—specifically, in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, and 1998. Results: Both differential incidence and differential cessation across education contributed to the formation of the socioeconomic disparity in cocaine use, although differential cessation played a more influential role in this cohort. A socioeconomic disparity in marijuana use also came about around the same time. No emerging disparities by race, Hispanic ethnicity, or gender were observed. Conclusions: This case study suggests that the redefinition of a health behavior as unhealthy will result in a socioeconomic disparity in the behavior across socioeconomic strata as a result of both differential incidence and cessation, but disparities will not necessarily form by race, ethnicity, or gender. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier] Copyright of American Journal of Preventive Medicine is the property of Elsevier Science Inc. NY/Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (C opyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miech, Richard A. and Howard Chilcoat. "The Formation of a Socioeconomic Disparity: A Case Study of Cocaine and Marijuana Use in the 1990s." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32,6,Supplement (June 2007): S171-S176.
|
4352. |
Miech, Richard A. Eaton, William Liang, Kung-Yee |
Occupational Stratification over the Life Course Work and Occupations 30,4 (November 2003): 440-474. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/30/4/440.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Demography; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanics; Life Course; Minorities; Minority Groups; Occupational Status; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses growth curve analysis to examine whether disparities in the occupational standing of White men relative to women and minorities grew larger or smaller with advancing age during the 1980s and 1990s. The analyses are based on The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-Up. Results indicate that disparities in occupational standing stayed constant over the life course across all demographic groups except for African Americans, whose gap in occupational status relative to Whites and Hispanics grew significantly larger with advancing age. Implications of these findings for theories of occupational inequality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miech, Richard A., William Eaton and Kung-Yee Liang. "Occupational Stratification over the Life Course." Work and Occupations 30,4 (November 2003): 440-474.
|
4353. |
Mijares, John C. |
Early Drug Use and Quits and Discharges Among Adolescent Males The Journal of Socio-Economics 26,4 (July-August 1997): 439-458. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535797900068 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Economics of Gender; Layoffs; Quits; Teenagers The frequencies of quits and discharges of male workers were examined to determine whether their early usage of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine affects labor market stability and whether it is time-extensive or goods-intensive. Analysis was based on the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1982-1989. Results showed that early usage of all substances causes job market instability. Moreover, use of alcohol and marijuana was found to be time-intensive. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mijares, John C. "Early Drug Use and Quits and Discharges Among Adolescent Males." The Journal of Socio-Economics 26,4 (July-August 1997): 439-458.
|
4354. |
Miles, Jeremy N. V. Weden, Margaret M. |
Is the Intergenerational Transmission of Smoking From Mother to Child Mediated by Children’s Behavior Problems? Nicotine and Tobacco Research 14,9 (September 2012): 1012-1018. Also: http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/02/07/ntr.ntr328.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Modeling, Logit; Mothers, Behavior; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Introduction: A previous paper used latent class analysis to assign individuals to 1 of 4 adolescent/young adult smoking trajectory classes and then established an association between maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy and these classes. In this paper, we examine one possible pathway for this relationship: that maternal smoking during pregnancy may set off a behavioral trajectory which increases the likelihood of problem behaviors generally, of which smoking is one manifestation. Methods: We used the Behavior Problems Index measure from age 8 through age 12 as a potential mediator. We used a path analysis modeling approach within a multinomial logistic regression (using Mplus) to estimate direct and indirect effects (via behavioral problems) between maternal smoking pattern and child trajectory class. Results: We found small but statistically significant indirect effects via behavioral problems from maternal smoking to child smoking trajectory for membership in all 3 smoking classes, relative to the nonsmoking trajectory, indicating partial mediation. Mediated effects were associated with maternal smoking after pregnancy, no statistically significant mediated effects were found for smoking before or during pregnancy. Conclusions: The results provided no evidence that the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on child smoking trajectory are mediated by problem behavior. Effects from smoking after birth to child smoking trajectory appear to be partially mediated by problem behavior, supporting a behavioral rather than physiological effect of smoking during pregnancy but not ruling out more complex physiological pathways. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miles, Jeremy N. V. and Margaret M. Weden. "Is the Intergenerational Transmission of Smoking From Mother to Child Mediated by Children’s Behavior Problems?" Nicotine and Tobacco Research 14,9 (September 2012): 1012-1018.
|
4355. |
Milesi, Carolina |
Different Paths, Different Destinations: A Life Course Perspective on Educational Transitions Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2008. DAI-A 69/05, Nov 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Event History; Heterogeneity; High School Curriculum; Life Course; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. "Non-traditional" educational trajectories are increasingly common among American students. This dissertation assesses the implications of this phenomenon for inequality in educational attainment. A proper analysis of educational trajectories requires consideration of qualitatively different types of destinations within educational transitions, of the timing at which different transitions occur, and of the sequence of events within educational levels. By ignoring these issues, the standard sociological conceptualization of educational attainment--the educational transitions model--offers an insufficient account of inequality in educational attainment. To examine "traditional" and "non-traditional" pathways through post-secondary education, this study relies on extensive data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2002. An underutilized application of event history methods, namely multi-state hazard models, is used to analyze the influence that type, timing, and sequence have on post-secondary degree attainment. The inclusion of time-varying covariates allows the proper identification of effects of socioeconomic background (SES) throughout educational trajectories. The study finds that the "traditional" pathway to earn a bachelor's degree is only fulfilled by about a third of students. This has consequences for attainment because following a "non-traditional" pathway reduces students' chances to complete a bachelor's degree. Cognitive skills and high school academic preparation are positively associated with post-secondary enrollment and degree attainment. In contrast, non-cognitive attributes and cumulative health are only associated with post-secondary enrollment. The pattern of SES effects across educational transitions is consistent with findings of declining SES effects documented in the literature. Findings also reveal that SES effects are stronger in the educational trajectory associated with four-year colleges as compared with the trajectory for two-year colleges. Further analysis that accounts for individual-specific unobserved heterogeneity yields smaller SES effects for transitions associated with college entry (entry in two- or four-year college). Since SES effects remain the same in the transitions associated with degree completion, the overall pattern of decline in SES effects is less pronounced in these results. Further research is needed to investigate what possible unobserved factors may affect the different rates at which students progress through school. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina. Different Paths, Different Destinations: A Life Course Perspective on Educational Transitions. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2008. DAI-A 69/05, Nov 2008. |
4356. |
Milesi, Carolina |
Do All Roads Lead to Rome? Effect of Educational Trajectories on Educational Transitions. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28,1 (March 2010): 23-44. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562410000028 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Education; Educational Attainment; School Progress; Schooling, Post-secondary; Socioeconomic Background "Non - traditional" educational trajectories are increasingly common among American students. This study assesses the implications of this phenomenon for inequality in educational attainment. A proper account of educational trajectories requires simultaneous consideration of qualitatively different types of destinations within educational transitions, of the timing at which different transitions occur, and of the sequence of events within educational levels. To examine "traditional" and "non - traditional" pathways through post - secondary education, this study relies on detailed educational histories from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 - 2002. Findings reveal that deviations from a traditional trajectory are widespread, are more frequent among students who enrolled in less selective colleges, and also among socioeconomically and academically disadvantaged students. Results show that following a "non - traditional" pathway reduces students' chances to enroll in college and to complete a post - secondary degree. In the case of bachelor's degree completion, most of the observed gap among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds is accounted for the different trajectories students follow. This study demonstrates that a fine - grained analysis of students' trajectories improves our understanding of the persistent socioeconomic disparities in educational attainment. (c) 2010 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Research in Social Stratification & Mobility is the property of JAI Press, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of t he copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina. "Do All Roads Lead to Rome? Effect of Educational Trajectories on Educational Transitions." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 28,1 (March 2010): 23-44.
|
4357. |
Milesi, Carolina |
Inequality in Post-Secondary Educational Attainment among Traditional and Non-Traditional High School Graduates Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=72112 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Graduates; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study analyzes the impact different high school credentials have on inequality of educational attainment. I compare the post-secondary degree attainment of students who graduate from high school through a "traditional" high school diploma with those who graduate by means of a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. Using detailed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2002, I found that whether students complete any post-secondary degree is affected by the type of high school credential they attain, the timing at which the transitions out of secondary education and into post-secondary education occur, and the sequence of events within educational levels – even after taking into account differences in socioeconomic background, cognitive skills, and non-cognitive skills. This research demonstrates that a framework that takes into account the type, timing, and sequence of educational experiences within students' careers offers a more complete understanding of inequality in educational attainment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina. "Inequality in Post-Secondary Educational Attainment among Traditional and Non-Traditional High School Graduates." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
4358. |
Milesi, Carolina |
Pathways to College across Two Youth Cohorts Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Education; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study compares the educational trajectories of students from two different cohorts born approximately 20 years apart. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this paper examines whether and how postsecondary educational trajectories have changed for students who mainly attended college in the 1980's versus those who mostly attended college in 2000's. This project describes how the process of college enrollment, college persistence, and college completion have changed throughout this period and assesses whether, as a result of these different trajectories, socioeconomic inequality has increased, decreased or remained the same. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina. "Pathways to College across Two Youth Cohorts." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
4359. |
Milesi, Carolina |
Social Classes, Inequalities and Health Disparities: The Intervening Role of Early Health Status Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Child Health; Economic Well-Being; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mortality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The persistence of adult health and mortality inequalities and the equally stubborn reproduction of social class inequalities are two salient regularities in modern societies that puzzle researchers in completely different and unconnected research domains. Using a new strand of labor economics emphasizing the existence of non-conventional skills and relying on research findings about the effects of early childhood health and conditions on adult health and economic successes, this paper poses attempts to (a) partially account for intergenerational transmission of inequalities and (b) partially confirm the plausibility and importance of health selection (selection of Type II) as an explanation for current adult health and mortality differentials. We use estimates from NLSY and ECLS as well as from extant economics literature to assemble approximate estimates for the contribution of early child conditions to intergenerational transmission of inequalities, and suggest extensions of the same procedure to account for adult health and mortality inequalities. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina. "Social Classes, Inequalities and Health Disparities: The Intervening Role of Early Health Status." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. |
4360. |
Miller-Tutzauer, Carol Leonard, Kenneth E. Windle, Michael T. |
Marriage and Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Study of "Maturing Out" Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52,5 (September 1991): 434-440. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Marriage_and_Alcohol_Use_A_Longitudinal_Study_of_Maturing_Out/1737.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Marital Status; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigated whether a change in marital status (specifically, from being single to being married) leads to an alteration of alcohol consumption patterns, using data derived from the NLSY. Four marital transition groups from a total of 10,594 subjects (aged 18-28 years) were constructed based on marital status across a 3-yr period: stably single, married year 3, married year 2, and stably married. In each of the 3 years, information was collected concerning the subjects' alcohol consumption in the 30 days prior to being interviewed. Repeated measures analyses of alcohol-use patterns across time as a function of marital-transition group indicated that the subjects began moderating their alcohol consumption prior to their actual transition to married status, with the trend continuing into the 1st year of marriage. [PsycINFO] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller-Tutzauer, Carol, Kenneth E. Leonard and Michael T. Windle. "Marriage and Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Study of "Maturing Out"." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52,5 (September 1991): 434-440.
|
4361. |
Miller, Amalia Rebecca |
Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation Working Paper, Economics Department, University of Virginia, October 24, 2008. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, University of Virginia Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Contraception; Fertility; Human Capital; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper exploits biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables to estimate the effect of motherhood delay on the cognitive ability of the next generation. Using detailed panel data on women in the NLSY79 and their first-born children aged 5 to 14, we find a year of delay leads to significant increases in math and reading scores: a 7 year delay produces gains on par with the black-white score difference. These results reveal a potential weakness of pro-natalist policies promoting early motherhood. While such policies may increase total period fertility rates, they will be less effective at increasing total human capital. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Amalia Rebecca. "Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation." Working Paper, Economics Department, University of Virginia, October 24, 2008.. |
4362. |
Miller, Amalia Rebecca |
Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation American Economic Review 99,2 (May 2009): 154–158. Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.99.2.154 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Contraception; Fertility; Human Capital; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of motherhood delay on the cognitive ability of first children. Maternal age at first birth represents a potential determinant of early human capital formation that reflects choices that respond to financial incentives, cultural norms, and policy environment. The key measures of cognitive ability are Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) scores. Test scores have long been predictors of individual educational attainment and earnings, and their importance has only increased (Richard Murnane, John Willet, and Frank Levy 1995). At the national level, test performance in mathematics and science is strongly related to economic growth, and may matter more than years of completed schooling (Eric Hanushek and Dennis Kimko 2000). Using data on first-born children age 5 to 14 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) Children survey, this paper finds delayed motherhood leads to significant increases in PIAT test scores. The relationship is robust to the inclusion of various controls for observable elements of maternal human capital, and the use of instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of motherhood timing. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Amalia Rebecca. "Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation." American Economic Review 99,2 (May 2009): 154–158. A.
|
4363. |
Miller, Amalia Rebecca |
Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation Presented: San Francisco, CA, Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association, January 3-5, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Contraception; Fertility; Human Capital; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper exploits biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables to estimate the effect of motherhood delay on the cognitive ability of the next generation. Using detailed panel data on women in the NLSY79 and their first-born children aged 5 to 14, we find a year of delay leads to significant increases in math and reading scores: a 7 year delay produces gains on par with the black-white score difference. These results reveal a potential weakness of pro-natalist policies promoting early motherhood. While such policies may increase total period fertility rates, they will be less effective at increasing total human capital. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Amalia Rebecca. "Motherhood Delay and the Human Capital of the Next Generation." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association, January 3-5, 2009. |
4364. |
Miller, Amalia Rebecca |
The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path Job Market Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford CA, July 2005. Also: http://www.uic.edu/classes/psych/psych242/Articles/Miller,%20Motherhood%20timing%20-%20income,%202005.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Stanford University Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Fertility; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [First draft January 2003] This paper estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using national panel data from the NLSY79, and biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables for the age at which a woman bears her first child. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in career earnings, a smaller increase in wage rates, and an increase in career hours worked. The postponement wage premium is largest for college-educated women, and those in professional, managerial, and clerical occupations. Family leave laws do not significantly influence the premium. Conversely, using measured aptitude level as an instrumental variable for expected future earnings, we show that higher expected career earnings lead mothers to postpone childbearing. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Amalia Rebecca. "The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path." Job Market Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford CA, July 2005. |
4365. |
Miller, Amalia Rebecca |
The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path Journal of Population Economics 24,3 (July 2011): 1071-1100. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/wt07u085wt87134r/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Earnings; First Birth; Human Capital; Motherhood; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using biological fertility shocks to instrument for age at first birth. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in earnings of 9% per year of delay, an increase in wages of 3%, and an increase in work hours of 6%. Supporting a human capital story, the advantage is largest for college-educated women and those in professional and managerial occupations. Panel estimation reveals both fixed wage penalties and lower returns to experience for mothers, suggesting that a “mommy track” is the source of the timing effect. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Amalia Rebecca. "The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path." Journal of Population Economics 24,3 (July 2011): 1071-1100.
|
4366. |
Miller, Amalia Rebecca |
Three Essays in Empirical Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2004. DAI-A 65/09, p. 3487, Mar 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Fertility; Labor Economics; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Occupations, Female; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using national panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, and biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables for the age at which a woman bears her first child. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in career earnings, a smaller increase in wage rates, and an increase in career hours worked. The postponement wage premium is largest for college-educated women, and those in professional and managerial occupations. Conversely, using measured aptitude level as an instrumental variable for expected future earnings, we show that higher expected career earnings lead women to postpone childbearing. The second essay measures the impact of midwifery-promoting public policy on maternity care in the United States, using national Vital Statistics data on births spanning 1989–1999. State laws mandating insurance coverage of midwifery services are associated with an 11- to 17-percentage rise in midwife-attended births. The laws did not increase rates of unassisted vaginal deliveries or lead to consistent effects on maternal mortality or APGAR scores. They did, however, lead to a statistically significant drop in neonatal deaths of about 18/100,000 births. Divergence between OLS and natural experiment estimates suggests that women select into provider groups based on unobserved preferences and health. The third essay considers the effects of the 1992 antitrust case |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Amalia Rebecca. Three Essays in Empirical Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2004. DAI-A 65/09, p. 3487, Mar 2005. |
4367. |
Miller, Cheryl M. Bouchet, Stacey |
The Use of Marriage as an Anti-Poverty Measure: Assessing Racial Differences in Effects on Income Presented: Washington, DC, Institute for Women's Policy Research Seventh International Women's Policy Research Conference, "Women Working to Make a Difference", June 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Women's Policy Research Keyword(s): Hispanics; Income; Marital Status; Marriage; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Marriage promotion has taken a prominent position on the public policy agenda as a solution for economic hardship and "undesirable" social behavior. The most extensive legislation that promotes marriage as a way to combat poverty is the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Given the higher rate of single parenthood, and the dramatically greater poverty rates of blacks and Hispanics, compared to white non-Hispanics, arguably, women of color are a primary focus of marriage promotion efforts. This paper empirically examines the impact of marriage on income for women of color. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1998, this paper frames and tests two primary research questions: (1) Are there race/ethnicity differences in the economic benefits of marriage?, and (2) are there human capital variables that have a similar impact on the income status of poor women? Using multiple linear regression analysis, we find that the impact of marriage on income is significantly lower for black and Hispanic women than for white women. We also find educational attainment has as much of an impact on income gains for women of color as marriage, but less so for women who have been in poverty. These findings support arguments against using a 'cookie cutter' approach, like marriage, to lifting poor women out of poverty, especially at the expense of human capital investment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Cheryl M. and Stacey Bouchet. "The Use of Marriage as an Anti-Poverty Measure: Assessing Racial Differences in Effects on Income." Presented: Washington, DC, Institute for Women's Policy Research Seventh International Women's Policy Research Conference, "Women Working to Make a Difference", June 2003. |
4368. |
Miller, Claire Cain |
The Costs of Motherhood Are Rising, and Catching Women Off Guard New York Times, August 17, 2018. Also: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/upshot/motherhood-rising-costs-surprise.html Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Child Care; College Education; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. College-educated women in particular underestimate the demands of parenthood and the difficulties of combining working and parenting, new research shows. [Media article based on Kuziemko, Ilyana, Jessica Pan, Jenny Shen and Ebonya Washington. "The Mommy Effect: Do Women Anticipate the Employment Effects of Motherhood?" NBER Working Paper No. 24740, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Claire Cain. "The Costs of Motherhood Are Rising, and Catching Women Off Guard." New York Times, August 17, 2018. |
4369. |
Miller, Claire Cain |
The Motherhood Penalty vs. the Fatherhood Bonus New York Times, September 6, 2014. Also: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/upshot/a-child-helps-your-career-if-youre-a-man.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York Times Keyword(s): Discrimination; Fatherhood; Gender Differences; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. One of the worst career moves a woman can make is to have children. Mothers are less likely to be hired for jobs, to be perceived as competent at work or to be paid as much as their male colleagues with the same qualifications.For men, meanwhile, having a child is good for their careers. They are more likely to be hired than childless men, and tend to be paid more after they have children. These differences persist even after controlling for factors like the hours people work, the types of jobs they choose and the salaries of their spouses. So the disparity is not because mothers actually become less productive employees and fathers work harder when they become parents -- but because employers expect them to. [News media article based on Budig, Michelle Jean. "The Fatherhood Bonus and The Motherhood Penalty: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay." Report, Third Way, Washington DC, 2014] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Claire Cain. "The Motherhood Penalty vs. the Fatherhood Bonus." New York Times, September 6, 2014. |
4370. |
Miller, Daniel P. |
Maternal Work and Child Overweight and Obesity: The Importance of Timing Journal of Family and Economic Issues 32,2 (June 2011): 204-218. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-010-9244-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous studies have found that increased work by mothers results in an increased likelihood that children are obese. Building upon this work, this study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement to investigate whether the timing of maternal work matters to this relationship. Fixed effects models found that maternal work at ages 9–11 and 12–14 was related to an increased rate of overweight during the same periods, while work at ages 6–8 resulted in a decreased rate of obesity in the same period and later at ages 9–11, a novel finding. Subgroup analyses found that effects were confined to families who were relatively low income and to children who grew up with single mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Daniel P. "Maternal Work and Child Overweight and Obesity: The Importance of Timing." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 32,2 (June 2011): 204-218.
|
4371. |
Miller, Edward M. |
Race, Socioeconomic Variables, and Intelligence: A Review and Extension of the Bell Curve Mankind Quarterly 35,3, (Spring 1995): 267-291 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Mankind Quarterly Keyword(s): Genetics; I.Q.; Income Level; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Poverty; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A review essay on a book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: The Free Press, 1994. Drawing on data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Herrnstein and Murray contend that intelligence is more important than socioeconomic status (SES) in affecting social variables, e.g., income, poverty, crime, and illegitimacy. Herrnstein and Murray also explore the intellectual difference between the races, arguing that IQ tests are not racially biased, blacks have lower IQ scores than whites, and those of low intelligence end up with low SES. Herrnstein and Murray conclude that the US is increasingly divided into a cognitive elite and a mass of ordinary citizens. It is argued that, although they use somewhat dated sources, Herrnstein and Murray offer a superior discussion of the role of intelligence in modern society and racial differences in IQ scores. Here, discussion also includes some recent scientific work that links racial difference in intelligence to genetics. 2 Figures, 46 References. S. Davies (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Edward M. "Race, Socioeconomic Variables, and Intelligence: A Review and Extension of the Bell Curve." Mankind Quarterly 35,3, (Spring 1995): 267-291.
|
4372. |
Miller, Jane E. |
Poverty Patterns and Cognitive Development in the NLSY Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Child Development; Children; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data on children born to women in the NLSY are used to analyze relations between seven types of childhood poverty patterns (based on the number, duration and frequency of poverty spells observed between 1981 and 1991) and scores on the Peabody Individual Achievement Tests (PIAT) in math and reading at ages 5-9 years. Total number of years in poverty appears to matter more than number of spells or income variance: Children who were poor for most of their childhood, whether in one uninterrupted spell or several spells, had lower scores than children who had never been poor. These differences remain even when mother's educational attainment, age at first birth, marital history and other factors that are correlated with both poverty and child development are controlled. Children who experienced one or more short spells of poverty generally did no worse than those who had never been poor. Poverty status in the child's year of birth is strongly associated with cognitive test scores, and explains most of the association between childhood poverty histories and those outcomes. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. "Poverty Patterns and Cognitive Development in the NLSY." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996. |
4373. |
Miller, Jane E. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Long-Term Poverty, Children's Nutritional Status and Growth in the U.S. Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Children; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate relations among poverty nutritional status and growth of children under age five in the U.S. Long-term (10-year) poverty measures are shown to be more strongly related than short-term measures to the prevalence of "stunting" (low height-for-age) and "wasting" (low weight-for-height). Children from chronically poor families are about 40 percent more likely to be stunted and about 45 percent more likely to be wasted than children from middle income families. Both small size at birth and slower growth after birth appear to contribute to the poor nutritional status of low income children. In our sample, over 10 percent of infants born to chronically poor women are low birthweight compared to only 4.5 percent of infants born to middle-income women. Low-income children also exhibit slower rates of growth in both height and weight. We also estimate multivariate models in order to shed light on the mechanisms whereby long term poverty leads to poor nutritional status among young children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. and Sanders D. Korenman. "Long-Term Poverty, Children's Nutritional Status and Growth in the U.S." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1993. |
4374. |
Miller, Jane E. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Poverty and Children's Nutritional Status in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 140,3 (1 August 1994): 233-243. Also: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/140/3/233.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Family Structure; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income Level; Marital Status; Minorities; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Height; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale); Weight This study describes deficits in nutritional status among poor children in the United States using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for children born between 1979 and 1988. The prevalence of low height-for-age (stunting) and low weight-for-height (wasting) is higher among children in persistently poor families. Differentials appear greater according to long-term rather than short-term income; hence, single-year income measures do not adequately capture the effects of persistent poverty on children's nutritional status. Differences in nutritional status between poor and nonpoor children remain large even when controls for other characteristics associated with poverty, such as low maternal educational attainment, single-parent family structure, young maternal age,low maternal academic ability, and minority racial identification, are included. The excess risks of stunting and wasting among poor children are not reduced appreciably when size of the infant at birth or mother's height and weight are controlled. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. and Sanders D. Korenman. "Poverty and Children's Nutritional Status in the United States." American Journal of Epidemiology 140,3 (1 August 1994): 233-243.
|
4375. |
Miller, Jane E. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Poverty Dynamics and Cognitive Development Among Young Children Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Preschool; Cognitive Development; Disadvantaged, Economically; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Mothers, Education; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Social Influences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use prospectively collected information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-198 to estimate the relation between timing of poverty and several measures of children's cognitive development, including tests of picture vocabulary, reading, mathematics, and motor and social development. Deficits are greatest among children who were poor between birth and age three; deficit are also notable for the prenatally poor. Differentials according to poverty status remain sizeable even in models that also control for other correlates of poverty, including low mother's educational attainment, young age at first birth and single parent family structure. There is evidence that deficit associated with poverty are persistent, cumulative, and interactive across age intervals. Aspects of the home environment measured by the HOME score is a significant mediator between economic deprivation and cognitive development. Maternal academic aptitude is also associated with both poverty and developmental scores. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. and Sanders D. Korenman. "Poverty Dynamics and Cognitive Development Among Young Children." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
4376. |
Miller, Jane E. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Poverty Dynamics and Cognitive Development Among Young Children Working Paper, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick NJ, August 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers Univeristy Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Development; Marital Status; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth revealed a strong correlation between economic deprivation in the home environment and measures of child cognitive development. Over 25% of the children born to survey participants in 1978-88 were born into households below the poverty level; moreover, 7-15% of those in households currently characterized as non-poor were poor at some point in the child's early life. Poverty between birth and age two years was associated with the most pronounced deficits in areas such as picture vocabulary, reading, mathematics, and motor and social development. Math scores for children currently age five years and over were lower among children who had been poor the first three years of life, suggesting the persistence of the effects of early deprivation. Most severely handicapped were children who had lived in poverty from birth through the year of assessment, and deficits associated with being poor in more than one age interval exceeded the sum of being poor in each of those intervals. Although controls for maternal educational attainment, age at first birth, family structure, race, gender, and birth order did not change this trend, selected characteristics of the home environment (e.g., mother-child interaction, cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and disciplinary methods) mediated the relationship between poverty and child development. These findings underscore the importance of social policy reform that targets children in low-income families as well as early childhood stimulation programs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. and Sanders D. Korenman. "Poverty Dynamics and Cognitive Development Among Young Children." Working Paper, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick NJ, August 1994. |
4377. |
Miller, Jane E. Korenman, Sanders D. |
Poverty, Nutritional Status, Growth and Cognitive Development of Children in the United States Working Paper No. 93-5, Princeton NJ: Office of Population Research, Princeton University, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Childhood Education, Early; Children, Academic Development; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Health, Mental/Psychological; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Height; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale); Weight; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper describes deficits in nutritional status, physical growth, and cognitive development among poor children in the United States. Data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which has collected measures of family income each year from 1978 to 1990, and measures of height, weight, and cognitive development of children in 1986, 1988, and 1990. The results suggest that, first, there are substantial nutritional and developmental costs to children in chronically poor families; second, single-year income measures do not adequately capture the effects of chronic poverty on child nutritional status and cognitive development; and third, the adverse effects of chronic poverty are large even when we control for other characteristics associated with poverty such as low educational attainment of mothers, family structure, young maternal age, low academic ability of mother, minority racial identification, and when we control for weight and height of the mother and size of the infant at birth. Both long-term poverty and poor nutritional status are associated with impaired cognitive and socioemotional development in early childhood. Further research is needed before definitive, causal statements can be made. Nonetheless, we find evidence that, compared to children from higher-income families, poor children are at heightened risk of wasting, stunting and cognitive impairment, and experience reduced rates of physical growth in early childhood. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. and Sanders D. Korenman. "Poverty, Nutritional Status, Growth and Cognitive Development of Children in the United States." Working Paper No. 93-5, Princeton NJ: Office of Population Research, Princeton University, 1993. |
4378. |
Miller, Jane E. Sjaastad, John E. |
Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Child Development; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cognitive Development; Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Education; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Parents, Single; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We describe deficits in cognitive and socioemotional development in early childhood that arc associated with long-term poverty among children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-1991. Children who are poor over many years are substantially developmentally disadvantaged compared to those who are not. Developmental deficit associated with long-term poverty are roughly twice as large as those associated with poverty in the year of assessment. These deficits are not accounted for by characteristics associated with poverty such as low maternal education, single parent family structure, young age of the mother at first birth, large family size, smoking or alcohol during pregnancy, minority racial identification, or by deficits in nutritional status or poor health at birth. The HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) assessment score and maternal AFQT score and account for a large part of the cognitive deficit, although sizable deficits remain after controlling for both factors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Jane E. and John E. Sjaastad. "Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
4379. |
Miller, Portia Betancur, Laura Whitfield, Kendra Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Examining Income Dynamics and Externalizing and Internalizing Trajectories through a Developmental Psychopathology Lens: A Nationally Representative Study Development and Psychopathology 33,1 (2021): 1-17. Also: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419001494 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research has documented elevations in levels of internalizing and externalizing behaviors among children in lower income families in comparison to more advantaged peers. However, most studies focus on behavior problems at a single point in time or within a short developmental period. Associations between income dynamics and developmental trajectories of behavior problems over time are less understood. To address this, the current study uses data from the National Longitudinal [Survey] of Youth (N = 7,476; 50.8% male) to examine how income dynamics (annual income and income volatility) across three distinct developmental periods from early childhood to early adolescence relate to trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems. Group-based mixture modeling revealed a five-group trajectory model for externalizing behavior and a four-group trajectory model for internalizing behavior. Higher cumulative annual income predicted greater likelihood of belonging to the low-stable group compared to the other, more problematic groups for both externalizing and internalizing trajectories. In addition, income losses predicted higher risk of membership in any group other than the low-stable group for internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental period-specific income dynamics, though not as consistent as cumulative dynamics, also predicted trajectory group membership. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Portia, Laura Betancur, Kendra Whitfield and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. "Examining Income Dynamics and Externalizing and Internalizing Trajectories through a Developmental Psychopathology Lens: A Nationally Representative Study." Development and Psychopathology 33,1 (2021): 1-17.
|
4380. |
Miller, Portia Podvysotska, Tamara Betancur, Laura Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7,3 Wealth Inequality and Child Development: Implications for Policy and Practice (August 2021): 154-174. Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.07 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Wealth Wealth inequality is at a historic high in the United States. Yet little is known about the implications of wealth on children's development because research has focused mainly on the role of wealth in shaping outcomes in adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 8,095), we examine how family wealth relates to achievement and behavior problems during early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Further, we explore whether links between wealth and children's development vary by level of income and income volatility. Results show that wealth, controlling for income level and volatility, is uniquely related to both academic and behavioral development in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Moreover, evidence suggests that wealth plays a buffering role when it comes to protecting children's development from the deleterious effects of low family income, especially as children grow older. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Portia, Tamara Podvysotska, Laura Betancur and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. "Wealth and Child Development: Differences in Associations by Family Income and Developmental Stage." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7,3 Wealth Inequality and Child Development: Implications for Policy and Practice (August 2021): 154-174.
|
4381. |
Miller, Portia Whitfield, Kendra Betancur, Laura Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth |
Income Dynamics and Behavior Problems in Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and the Transition to Adolescence Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 77 (November-December 2021): 101345. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397321001088 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Family Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks Income inequality and volatility have reached historically high levels in the U.S. Despite prior research documenting income disparities in externalizing and internalizing problems, studies have not delineated how aspects of income dynamics (i.e., annual income level versus income volatility) are linked to externalizing and internalizing across childhood. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its child supplement (N = 8942) to examine associations between income dynamics and externalizing and internalizing in early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence. Annual income had negative associations with both externalizing and internalizing. Income losses related to higher externalizing and internalizing throughout development. Considering timing-specific income dynamics, both early childhood income and contemporaneous income negatively predicted behavioral functioning, while only contemporaneous income loss related to increased symptoms. Results illustrate that early childhood income is key to behavioral development, but income dynamics throughout childhood also relate to behavioral functioning. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Portia, Kendra Whitfield, Laura Betancur and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. "Income Dynamics and Behavior Problems in Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, and the Transition to Adolescence." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 77 (November-December 2021): 101345.
|
4382. |
Miller, Warren B. Bard, David E. Pasta, David J. Rodgers, Joseph Lee |
Biodemographic Modeling of the Links Between Fertility Motivation and Fertility Outcomes in the NLSY79 Demography 47,2 (May 2010): 393-414. Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/demography/v047/47.2.miller.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Genetics; LISREL; Modeling; Modeling, Multilevel Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In spite of long-held beliefs that traits related to reproductive success tend to become fixed by evolution with little or no genetic variation, there is now considerable evidence that the natural variation of fertility within populations is genetically influenced and that a portion of that influence is related to the motivational precursors to fertility. We conduct a two-stage analysis to examine these inferences in a time-ordered multivariate context. First, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979, and LISREL analysis, we develop a structural equation model in which five hypothesized motivational precursors to fertility, measured in 1979-1982, predict both a child-timing and a child-number outcome, measured in 2002. Second, having chosen two time-ordered sequences of six variables from the SEM to represent our phenotypic models, we use Mx to conduct both univariate and multivariate behavioral genetic analyses with the selected variables. Our results indicate that one or more genes acting within a gene network have additive effects that operate through childnumber desires to affect both the timing of the next child born and the final number of children born, that one or more genes acting through a separate network may have additive effects operating through gender role attitudes to produce downstream effects on the two fertility outcomes, and that no genetic variance is associated with either child-timing intentions or educational intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Warren B., David E. Bard, David J. Pasta and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Biodemographic Modeling of the Links Between Fertility Motivation and Fertility Outcomes in the NLSY79." Demography 47,2 (May 2010): 393-414.
|
4383. |
Miller, Warren B. Rodgers, Joseph Lee Pasta, David J. |
The Fertility Motivations of Youth Predict Later Fertility Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data Biodemography and Social Biology 56,1 (January 2010): 1-23. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19485561003709131 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Modeling We examine how the motivational sequence that leads to childbearing predicts fertility outcomes across reproductive careers. Using a motivational traits-desires-intentions theoretical framework, we test a structural equation model using prospective male and female data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Specifically, we take motivational data collected during the 1979-1982 period, when the youths were in their teens and early twenties, to predict the timing of the next child born after 1982 and the total number of children born by 2002. Separate models were estimated for males and females but with equality constraints imposed unless relaxing these constraints improved the overall model fit. The results indicate substantial explanatory power of fertility motivations for both short-term and long-term fertility outcomes. They also reveal the effects of both gender role attitude and educational intentions on these outcomes. Although some gender differences in model pathways occurred, the primary hypothesized pathways were essentially the same across the genders. Two validity sub-studies support the soundness of the results. A third sub-study comparing the male and female models across the sample split on the basis of previous childbearing revealed a number of pattern differences within the four gender-by-previous childbearing groups. Several of the more robust of these pattern differences offer interesting insights and support the validity and usefulness of our theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Miller, Warren B., Joseph Lee Rodgers and David J. Pasta. "The Fertility Motivations of Youth Predict Later Fertility Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data." Biodemography and Social Biology 56,1 (January 2010): 1-23.
|
4384. |
Millman, Joel |
Moving Up: Challenges to the American Dream; Slow Train: Promotion Track Fades for Those Starting at Bottom; Decline of In-House Training, Rise of Outsourcing Leave More Stuck in Menial Jobs; Lessons From N.Y.'s Subways Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition, (June 5, 2005): A1. Also: http://online.wsj.com/wsjgate?subURI=%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2CSB111802315797151471%2Demail%2C00%2Ehtml&nonsubURI=%2Farticle%5Femail%2F0%2C%2CSB111802315797151471%2DIBjgYNklaF4n5unaoCGcauHm4%2C00%2Ehtml Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Dow Jones, Inc. Keyword(s): Wage Levels; Wages; Wages, Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mentions research by Annette Bernhardt that used NLS data to examine salary levels of low-wage workers over time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Millman, Joel. "Moving Up: Challenges to the American Dream; Slow Train: Promotion Track Fades for Those Starting at Bottom; Decline of In-House Training, Rise of Outsourcing Leave More Stuck in Menial Jobs; Lessons From N.Y.'s Subways." Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition, (June 5, 2005): A1. |
4385. |
Mills, Bradford F. |
Unemployment Duration in Non-Metropolitan Labor Markets Growth and Change 32,2 (Spring 2001): 174-192. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0017-4815.00155 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Economics, Regional; Employment; Geocoded Data; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Non-metropolitan areas of the U.S have experienced significant structural economic changes in recent decades. These changes have raised concerns that some non-metropolitan workers may face significant costs to employment displacements associated with economic adjustments. This paper explores the roles that linkages to metropolitan labor markets, area labor market conditions, and individual attributes play in determining the rates of exit from unemployment to employment among non-metropolitan area residents. Adjacency to a metropolitan area is found to significantly increase transition rates from unemployment to employment among displaced non-metropolitan workers, but local economic conditions are found to have relatively weak or insignificant effects on transition rates. Also, lack of post-high school education and minority status both significantly reduce rates of exit from unemployment in non-metropolitan areas following employment displacement. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mills, Bradford F. "Unemployment Duration in Non-Metropolitan Labor Markets." Growth and Change 32,2 (Spring 2001): 174-192.
|
4386. |
Mills, Jeffrey A. Zandvakili, Sourushe |
Statistical Inference via Bootstrapping for Measures of Inequality Journal of Applied Econometrics 12,2 (March-April 1997): 133-150. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1255%28199703%2912:2%3C133::AID-JAE433%3E3.0.CO;2-H/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Income; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The use of bootstrap methods to compute interval estimates is considered and hypothesis tests for decomposable measures of economic inequality are performed. Two applications of this approach, using the Gini coefficient and Theil's (1967) entropy measures of inequality, are provided. The first application employs pre- and post-tax aggregate state income data, constructed from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. It is found that although casual observation of the inequality measures suggests that the post-tax distribution of income is less equal among states than pre-tax income, none of these observed differences are statistically significant at the 10% level. The second application uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to study youth inequality. It is found that youth inequality decreases as the cohort ages, but between age-group inequality has increased in the latter half of the 1980s. The results suggest that: 1. statistical inference is essential even when large samples are available, and 2. the bootstrap procedure appears to perform well in this setting. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mills, Jeffrey A. and Sourushe Zandvakili. "Statistical Inference via Bootstrapping for Measures of Inequality." Journal of Applied Econometrics 12,2 (March-April 1997): 133-150.
|
4387. |
Milosch, Jennifer |
Economic Shocks and Household Decisions Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Divorce; Gender Differences; Husbands; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Unemployment; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the first chapter, I explore the effects of unpredicted changes in permanent income of each spouse on the probability of divorce for the couple. I find that if the husband experiences a negative income shock, the probability of divorce increases. If the wife experiences a negative income shock, this effect on divorce is only true if she had a switch into unemployment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Milosch, Jennifer. Economic Shocks and Household Decisions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2014. |
4388. |
Mimura, Yoko |
Poverty Dynamics Among Young Adults in Rural and Urban United States Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, 2001. DAI, 63, no. 01B (2001): p. 221 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Human Capital; Modeling; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration; Simultaneity The five objectives of this study were to examine whether individuals with characteristics associated with lower poverty exit rates were more likely to be in poverty upon becoming young adults, to assess the impact of left-censoring on poverty exit rate estimation, to examine if rural residency was associated with lower poverty exit rates than urban residency, to determine if time-varying variables associated with exit from and reentry into poverty were symmetric, and to assess the relationship between rural-to-urban migration and timing of exit from poverty, all among young adults (age 25 to 36). Discrete-time logistic regression was utilized, and the data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort. When demographic, human capital, and labor market factors were compared, young adults who were in poverty at the beginning of the observation period (age 25) were different from those who experienced poverty later during the observation period. The poverty exit rate estimates using the data with poverty duration information only from age 25 were different from those using the data with poverty duration information from pre-young adulthood (for those who were in poverty at age 25). Young adults living in rural areas had lower poverty exit rates than those living in urban areas; however, when other factors (described above) were controlled for, this difference disappeared. Using a two-way transit model that simultaneously assesses poverty exit and reentry rates, it was found that having had a health problem in a given year was associated with lower poverty exit rates and lower poverty reentry rates in that year. Lastly, poverty spells that involved rural-to-urban migration had lower exit rates than those that were experienced only in rural areas. In addition, after relocating to an urban area, the longer young adults remained in poverty, the less likely they were to exit from poverty. Public policy implications are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mimura, Yoko. Poverty Dynamics Among Young Adults in Rural and Urban United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, 2001. DAI, 63, no. 01B (2001): p. 221. |
4389. |
Mimura, Yoko |
Retirement Savings among Immigrant Women in Child-rearing Years Presented: Savannah, GA, Eastern Family Economics and Resource Management Association Conference, February-March 2008. Also: http://mrupured.myweb.uga.edu/conf/retirement_savings_mimura.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Eastern Family Economics and Resource Management (EFERMA) Keyword(s): Immigrants; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Literature on immigrants and retirement savings suggests that foreign-born individuals have more relaxed attitudes toward financial preparation in old age than the native-born population (Fontes & Gutter, 2006). This study will examine if immigrant women in child-rearing years save less for retirement than native-born American women and whether variations in retirement saving among immigrant women can be explained by perceived variations in life expectancy in their native countries. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mimura, Yoko. "Retirement Savings among Immigrant Women in Child-rearing Years." Presented: Savannah, GA, Eastern Family Economics and Resource Management Association Conference, February-March 2008. |
4390. |
Mimura, Yoko |
Variations in Retirement Account Holdings among Women: Native and Immigrants in the U.S. International Journal of Business and Finance Research 7,5 (April 2013): 11-22. Also: http://www.theibfr.com/ARCHIVE/IJBFR-V7N5-2013.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Business and Finance Research, LLC. (IBFR) Keyword(s): Immigrants; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigated how immigrant status and life expectancy in the country of origin relate to variations in retirement savings among working age women in the U.S. Specifically, utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort data, this study compared native-born Americans, naturalized citizens, and female, non-U.S. citizens in regards to retirement-specific accounts. Overall, naturalized U.S. citizens had higher odds of saving for retirement than non-U.S. citizens; however, after controlling for socio-economic backgrounds, the difference was not significant. Variations in female life expectancies provided weak support to correlate with saving for retirement among female immigrants. Rather, variations in the demographic characteristics of these women explained the differences in the odds of having savings in a U.S. retirement account. The findings gave support for immigrants' economic assimilations corresponding with delayed cultural assimilations and implications for financial service professionals who work with immigrant clients. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mimura, Yoko. "Variations in Retirement Account Holdings among Women: Native and Immigrants in the U.S. ." International Journal of Business and Finance Research 7,5 (April 2013): 11-22.
|
4391. |
Mimura, Yoko Mauldin, Teresa A. |
American Young Adults' Rural-to-Urban Migration and Timing of Exits from Poverty Spells Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Exits; Family Characteristics; Gender; Human Capital; Marital Status; Migration; Poverty; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the timing of exit from poverty among rural young adults who migrated to urban areas in the United States, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, with a focus on gender and marital status. Poverty spells that involved relocation to urban areas lasted longer than those that did not. Poverty exit rates upon relocating to urban areas declined each year the young adults remained in poverty, but the impact of remaining in urban areas on reduced poverty exit rates diminished when family characteristics, human capital, and labor market factors were controlled. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mimura, Yoko and Teresa A. Mauldin. "American Young Adults' Rural-to-Urban Migration and Timing of Exits from Poverty Spells." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2001. |
4392. |
Mimura, Yoko Mauldin, Teresa A. |
American Young Adults' Rural-to-Urban Migration and Timing of Exits from Poverty Spells Journal of Family and Economic Issues 26,1 (Spring 2005): 55-76. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p727j01518241693/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Exits; Family Characteristics; Gender; Human Capital; Marital Status; Poverty; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Migration Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examined the timing of exit from poverty among rural young adults who migrated to urban areas in the United States, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, with a focus on gender and marital status. Poverty spells that involved relocation to urban areas lasted longer than those that did not. Poverty exit rates upon relocation to urban areas declined each year the young adults remained in poverty, but the impact remaining in urban areas had on reduced poverty exit rates diminished when family characteristics, human capital, and labor market factors were controlled. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mimura, Yoko and Teresa A. Mauldin. "American Young Adults' Rural-to-Urban Migration and Timing of Exits from Poverty Spells." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 26,1 (Spring 2005): 55-76.
|
4393. |
Mimura, Yoko Mauldin, Teresa A. |
Duration in Poverty among Young Adults in Rural America Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Characteristics; Fathers; Household Composition; Human Capital; Marital Status; Poverty; Rural Areas; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper focuses on understanding the poverty dynamics among young adults in rural areas, based on a hypothesis that human capital formation opportunities and subsequent economic well-being are different for rural and urban residents. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 cohort data and survival analysis, we examined rural young adults aged at least 23 for their exit from poverty spell as a function of duration of the spell, family background characteristics, human capital, labor market factors, and other socio-demographic variables. The sample included individuals who experienced a poverty spell and have lived in rural areas at least once between 1981 and 1993. Older cohorts were more likely to have exited from a poverty spell. General literacy rate at age 14, having a father who was born in a foreign country, and higher education of father increased the likelihood that a respondent exited from a poverty spell. Moving to either a rural or urban area, living in the north-central region as opposed to the South, not being employed, and having more children of one |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mimura, Yoko and Teresa A. Mauldin. "Duration in Poverty among Young Adults in Rural America." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000. |
4394. |
Min, Hyunjoo |
Occupational Sex Segregation, Maternity and Job Transitions among Women Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Exits; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Occupations, Female Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Some studies of occupational sex segregation argue that women choose female-typed occupations because they entail lower costs associated with time out of the labor force due to childbearing. This paper evaluates this proposition by examining the effects of occupational sex-type on job exits and re-entrances, with a special focus on interaction effects between sex-type and maternity. We draw on data from 18 waves of the NLSY, estimating continuous-time event historical models. Preliminary results suggest that women in mixed-sex occupations are least likely to make a job exit around the birth of a child. Women in female-dominated jobs are less likely to leave for a birth, but if they do leave, they are the least likely to return to work. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Min, Hyunjoo. "Occupational Sex Segregation, Maternity and Job Transitions among Women." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |
4395. |
Minca, Elisabeta |
Becoming an Adult in America: What Does It Mean and How It Has Changed in the Past 20 Years? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University, 2011. Also: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:11162/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Brown University Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Life Course; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a life course perspective, I examine changes that occurred in the past two decades in the process of becoming an adult by comparing two cohorts of U.S. adolescents, one born in the 1960s and the other born in the early 1980s. The study uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. I use hierarchical latent class models that examine pathways to adulthood for the two cohorts in a holistic fashion, taking into account the relationships between various roles teenagers and young adults occupy simultaneously, as well as how they unfold over the life course. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Minca, Elisabeta. Becoming an Adult in America: What Does It Mean and How It Has Changed in the Past 20 Years? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University, 2011.. |
4396. |
Mink, Michael Wang, Jong-Yi Bennett, Kevin J. Moore, Charity G. Powell, M. Paige Probst, Janice C. |
Early Alcohol Use, Rural Residence, and Adult Employment Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 69,2 (March 2008): 266-274. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Early_Alcohol_Use_Rural_Residence_and_Adult_Employment/2226.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Employment; Rural Areas; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Rural residence was once perceived as protective regarding youthful alcohol use and its effects. Our study examined whether the relationship between alcohol use in youth and early adulthood and subsequent employment outcomes differed for rural and urban youth. Method: Data from a 20-year panel survey, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, were used to address the association between alcohol use between the ages of 17 and 26 and employment outcomes during adulthood. Early drinking experiences and misuse symptoms were used as drinking behavior measures. Rural was defined as living outside any Metropolitan Statistical Area. Employment outcomes were defined using employment status and employment quality. Analyses were weighted to reflect the stratified sample design (N = 8,399). Results: Drinking behaviors did not differ by residence. In bivariate analysis, alcohol use measures during youth were consistently associated with working more than 40 hours per week and earning irregular compensation. For three of seven employment quality measures examined, interactions between residence and alcohol use were observed in multivariable analysis. Rural youth were more likely to suffer adverse employment consequences. Conclusions: Rural residence does not appear to provide protection from the effects of drinking during youth on adulthood employment and was associated with adverse outcomes. Further research is needed to ascertain whether such differences stem from different availability of services or other characteristics of the rural environment. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 69: 266-274, 2008). Copyright of Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs is the property of Alcohol Research Documentation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mink, Michael, Jong-Yi Wang, Kevin J. Bennett, Charity G. Moore, M. Paige Powell and Janice C. Probst. "Early Alcohol Use, Rural Residence, and Adult Employment." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 69,2 (March 2008): 266-274.
|
4397. |
Mink, Michael Wang, Jong-Yi Bennett, Kevin J. Moore, Charity G. Powell, M. Paige Probst, Janice C. |
Early Alcohol Use, Rural Residence, and Adulthood Employment Report 7, South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, October 2005. Also: http://rhr.sph.sc.edu/report/%283-6%29%20Early%20Alcohol%20Use,%20Rural%20Residence,%20and%20Adulthood%20Employment.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: South Carolina Rural Health Research Center Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Employment, Youth; Risk-Taking; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Executive Summary Study Purpose Early onset of alcohol consumption may increase the risk of physical disease and psychological disorders. The relationship between alcohol consumption during youth/early adulthood and subsequent employment is not fully known. With fewer opportunities for corrective intervention, the consequences of abusive drinking during youth or young adulthood may be greater for rural residents. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether alcohol use in youth and early adulthood was more likely to result in adverse employment outcomes among youth living in rural areas than urban youth. The study draws information regarding youth alcohol use patterns and adult employment from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – 1979, which has been following a panel of young persons recruited in 1979 for more than 20 years. Rural was defined as living outside any Metropolitan Statistical Area. In the analysis, residence was defined as the area where the person resided in 1982-1984, when the drinking behaviors occurred. Recommendations Urban and rural youth share pressures from multiple sources to engage in risky behaviors. Present findings, regarding behaviors from twenty years ago, parallel analysis of more recent data concerning teen exposure to violence and drug abuse, which was found to be as high or higher in rural areas when compared to urban and suburban settings (Mink, Moore, Johnson, Probst, 2005). Reducing youth drinking and thus its potential effects on long-term employment status requires multiple simultaneous approaches. Programs geared towards youth that address drinking or drug prevention, enforcement of appropriate behavior and, when necessary, recovery from alcohol or drug problems must be available to rural as well as urban youth. Future Research The apparent tendency for rural youth to exhibit higher alcohol dependence symptoms needs to be explored more fully. Factors such as environment, availability of alcohol, activity and leisure activities, income, and social influences may all affect rural youth differently than urban youth, leading to a higher rate of alcohol dependence. Further analysis needs to be done on the link between early onset of drinking and quality of employment among rural residents. Other factors, such as educational opportunities, employment opportunities, and economic infrastructure need to be taken into account. Even though this analysis did not find a significant link between early onset of drinking and income, the stability of income may be important. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mink, Michael, Jong-Yi Wang, Kevin J. Bennett, Charity G. Moore, M. Paige Powell and Janice C. Probst. "Early Alcohol Use, Rural Residence, and Adulthood Employment." Report 7, South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, October 2005. |
4398. |
Minor, Travis |
An Investigation into the Effect of Type I and Type II Diabetes Duration on Employment and Wages Economics and Human Biology 11,4 (December 2013): 534-544. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X13000397 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Employment; Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wage Rates; Wages Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the current study examines the effect of type I and type II diabetes on employment status and wages. The results suggest that both the probability of employment and wages are negatively related to the number of years since the initial diagnosis of diabetes. Moreover, the effect of diabetes duration on the probability of employment appears to be nonlinear, peaking around 16 years for females and 10 years for males. A similar negative effect on wages is found only in male diabetics. Finally, the results suggest that failure to distinguish between type I and type II diabetics may lead to some counterintuitive results. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Minor, Travis. "An Investigation into the Effect of Type I and Type II Diabetes Duration on Employment and Wages." Economics and Human Biology 11,4 (December 2013): 534-544.
|
4399. |
Minority Markets Alert |
Pavement Pounding Patterns. Work and Family: Jobs Held and Weeks Worked by Young Adults, NLS Report 827 Minority Markets Alert, November 1992: pg. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: EPM Communications, Inc. Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Hispanics; Job Search; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As is demonstrated in [the article's] tables, at each age, Whites average more jobs than Hispanics, and Hispanics more than blacks. But by age 29, the difference between White and Hispanic job rates become almost nonexistant. This pattern differs somewhat among female workers. Similar to their male counterparts, Whites average more jobs than Hispanic and Black women of all ages. Yet by age 24, Blacks and Hispanic women average the same number of jobs; and, after age 24, Black women surpass Hispanic women in the number of jobs held. Data also indicate that men and women are fairly similar in total weeks worked at early ages. This trend shifts as younger workers age; by age 29, men have on average about 90 more weeks of work experience than do women. Number of jobs held since age 18, 1978 to 1990 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Minority Markets Alert. "Pavement Pounding Patterns. Work and Family: Jobs Held and Weeks Worked by Young Adults, NLS Report 827." Minority Markets Alert, November 1992: pg. |
4400. |
Mireles, Amanda |
Reciprocal Spheres: Educational Advantage and the Marriage Wage Premium Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Husbands; Marriage; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Women have made significant gains in education over a time period in which men's educational gains have stagnated. This means that, while in the past most married men had more education than their wives, today, in an increasing number of couples, wives have more education than their husbands. Research shows that such counter-normative gender contexts differentially impact men's and women's behaviors at home and in the workplace. In this paper, I focus on wives' educational advantage as a newly documented form of interpersonal advantage in marriage with potential to shape variation in the marriage wage premium. Using data from the NLSY79 and fixed effects models, I assess how wives' educational advantage affects the marriage wage premium among a cohort where wives' education had begun to exceed husbands' education. This paper offers new evidence that the educational progress women have made in recent decades benefits the men with which they partner. [Also presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mireles, Amanda. "Reciprocal Spheres: Educational Advantage and the Marriage Wage Premium." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
4401. |
Mishel, Lawrence Roy, Joydeep |
Accurately Assessing High School Graduation Rates Phi Delta Kappan 88,4 (December 2006): 287-292 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Phi Delta Kappa International Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Studies; Gender; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article focuses on high school graduation rates in the United States. The authors argue that there is not a dropout crisis, and that conventional wisdom about graduation rates is based on flawed analyses of allegedly inadequate data. The authors claim that graduation rates have actually increased, especially among minority students. Their methods of collecting data and determining their results are discussed. The NELS results are confirmed by two other large-scale longitudinal surveys, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (often referred to as NLSY97 and NLSY79) conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. They show that, for persons aged 20 to 22 in 2002 (including those in prison), the overall graduation rate is the same as in NELS: 82% overall, 75% for blacks, and 76% for Hispanics. These data also show an improvement in graduation rates for every race and gender group since 1984, except for black men, whose rates have remained steady. The improvements are particularly large and significant for Hispanics, both males and females. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Accurately Assessing High School Graduation Rates." Phi Delta Kappan 88,4 (December 2006): 287-292.
|
4402. |
Mishel, Lawrence Roy, Joydeep |
Comparing Alternative Measures of High School Completion In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy, ed. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006. Also: http://www.epi.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/rethinking_hs_grad_rates-FULL_TEXT.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Economic Policy Institute Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [Section VIII] presents a direct comparison of nationwide high school completion by race/ethnicity in each of the three data sources discussed in the previous sections (school enrollment/diploma data, longitudinal surveys of students, and household surveys). The first focus is on those aged 25 to 29 in 2000 in CPS household surveys, which we can then match to our estimates from the decennial census. We use a common breakdown of race/ethnicity into non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics and correct for higher incarceration among black men and the presence of recent immigrants among Hispanics. We also present separate estimates of high school completion by regular diploma and by GED. This yields an apples-to-apples comparison of the graduation rates (regular diploma or all completions, including GEDs) from various data sources, corrected for the biases that we have documented above. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Comparing Alternative Measures of High School Completion" In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy, ed. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
|
4403. |
Mishel, Lawrence Roy, Joydeep |
National Longitudinal Data In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006. Also: http://www.epi.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/rethinking_hs_grad_rates-FULL_TEXT.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Economic Policy Institute Keyword(s): Census of Population; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Section II summarizes the information on graduation rates from the different longitudinal studies undertaken in the recent past by the Department of Education (DOE), as well as the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The rates of high school completion in these studies, which track individual students over time and sometimes include transcript verification of completion, are significantly higher than those estimated in recent studies. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "National Longitudinal Data" In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
|
4404. |
Mishel, Lawrence Roy, Joydeep |
Questions and Answers on Measurement of High School Graduation Rates and Trends Washington: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006. Also: http://www.epinet.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/questions_and_answers_on_graduation_rates.pdf Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Economic Policy Institute Keyword(s): Census of Population; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Question and answers regarding the authors' book, Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Includes a discussion of NLS data sources. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Questions and Answers on Measurement of High School Graduation Rates and Trends." Washington: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006. |
4405. |
Mishel, Lawrence Roy, Joydeep |
Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2006. Also: http://www.epi.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/rethinking_hs_grad_rates-FULL_TEXT.pdf Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Economic Policy Institute Keyword(s): Census of Population; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Table of contents INTRODUCTION I. Motivation: The debate II. National longitudinal data III. Graduation rates using school enrollment and diploma data IV. Census Bureau Household Survey data V. Using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series from the 2000 census to assess high school completion and potential biases in the CPS VI. Historical trends VII. The General Education Development (GED) test issue VIII. Comparing alternative measures of high school completion CONCLUSION APPENDIX A: National longitudinal studies APPENDIX B: Case studies based on longitudinal data from Florida, Chicago, and New York City APPENDIX C: Methodology of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) data analysis Endnotes References |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2006.. |
4406. |
Mishel, Lawrence Roy, Joydeep |
Where Our High-School Dropout Crisis Really Is Education Digest 72,6 (February 2007): 12-21. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ769468&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ769468 Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Prakken Publications, Inc. Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Gender; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article reports on the disparity of information regarding high school dropout rates in the U.S. Jay Greene of the Manhattan Institute and Christopher Swanson formerly of the Urban Institute report high rates nationwide. The U.S. Census and other highly credible surveys report an improvement in graduation rates. The examination and analysis of collected data from varied sources, including the Labor Force Surveys and the Current Population Survey, are the critical requirements for evaluating dropout research. The NELS results are confirmed by two other large-scale longitudinal surveys, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (often referred to as NLSY97 and NLSY79) conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. They show that, for persons aged 20 to 22 in 2002 (including those in prison), the overall graduation rate is the same as in NELS: 82% overall, 75% for blacks, and 76% for Hispanics. These data also show an improvement in graduation rates for every race and gender group since 1984, except for black men, whose rates have remained steady. The improvements are particularly large and significant for Hispanics, both males and females. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Where Our High-School Dropout Crisis Really Is." Education Digest 72,6 (February 2007): 12-21.
|
4407. |
Missun, Ronald Edward |
Returns To Basic Skills For Young Adults In The United States Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Head Start; Job Training; Tests and Testing; Variables, Independent - Covariate The premise of this thesis is that early acquisition of basic skills may affect several variables which are often controls in wage regressions. Such variables include occupational status, the receipt of job training, and perhaps most importantly higher educational attainment. If this is the case, studies which simply include measures of skill as additional independent variables in wage regressions may report downward biased estimates on the returns to these skills. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I have taken a sample of respondents who were currently enrolled in high school and under the age of 19 when they were administered the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) in 1980. The ASVAB contains four tests measuring basic skills in English and mathematics which are used to form composite English and math scores that are standardized and adjusted for age. These variables are used to predict future educational attainment and early labor market outcomes. Chapter 4 reports results from OLS and logistic regressions that establish the relationship between family background, early development of basic skills, and future education attainment. Employing regressions based on the first difference of sibling characteristics, omitted variable bias caused by strong correlation with unobserved family background characteristics is purged from the returns to basic skills. The results show the estimated returns to English and math proficiency decline dramatically when omitted variable bias is removed. However, both English and mathematics skills remain important determinants of college entrance rates among high school graduates. Labor market returns to basic skills are explored in chapter 5. In general, math proficiency is highly valued in the labor market for men and women. Since the early acquisition of basic skills leads to higher levels of educational attainment and basic skills appear to be important determinants of labor ma rket earnings for high school and college graduates, this study has policy implications for programs (such as Head Start) which promote the enhancement of fundamental English and math skills early in life. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Missun, Ronald Edward. Returns To Basic Skills For Young Adults In The United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997. |
4408. |
Mitchell, Katherine Stamps |
Pathways of Children’s Long-term Living Arrangements: A Latent Class Analysis Social Science Research 42,5 (September 2013): 1284-1296. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X13000847 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Expectations/Intentions; Family Environment; Family Structure; Household Composition; Marital History/Transitions; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Single; Religious Influences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Stepfamilies This study employed latent class analysis to create children’s family structure trajectories from birth through adolescence using merged mother and child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 1870). Input variables distinguished between biological fathers and stepfathers as well as mother’s marriages and cohabitations. The best-fitting model revealed five latent trajectories of children’s long-term family structure: continuously married biological parents (55%), long-term single mothers (18%), married biological parents who divorce (12%), a highly unstable trajectory distinguished by gaining at least one stepfather (11%), and cohabiting biological parents who either marry or break up (4%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that mother’s education, race, teen birth status, and family of origin characteristics were important predictors of the long-term family trajectories in which their children grew up. These findings suggest that latent class analysis is a valuable statistical tool for understanding children’s complete family structure experiences. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Katherine Stamps. "Pathways of Children’s Long-term Living Arrangements: A Latent Class Analysis." Social Science Research 42,5 (September 2013): 1284-1296.
|
4409. |
Mitchell, Katherine Stamps Dorius, Cassandra J. Hernandez, Daphne C. |
Family Instability and Adolescents’ Dating and Sexual Initiation Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Dating; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Menarche/First Menstruation; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws on the family instability hypothesis to investigate whether and how long-term family structure experiences predict the onset of romantic relationships in adolescence. Using merged mother and child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and NLSY79 Child and Young Adults (CNLSY), we explore the association between family instability and adolescents’ dating and sexual initiation. Results indicate that family instability does not appear to be associated with the onset of dating. Family instability is an important predictor of early sexual initiation for both male and female adolescents, however. The effect of family instability on early sex appears to be slightly stronger for male and Black adolescents compared to female and non-Black, non-Hispanic adolescents. We also investigate several possible moderators of the relationship between family instability and sexual initiation, including self-esteem, depression, and menarche (for females). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Katherine Stamps, Cassandra J. Dorius and Daphne C. Hernandez. "Family Instability and Adolescents’ Dating and Sexual Initiation." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
4410. |
Mitra, Aparna |
Access to Supervisory Jobs and the Gender Wage Gap among Professionals Journal of Economic Issues 37,4 (December 2003): 1023-1044. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=0674110&db=ecn Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination, Age; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Education; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Marital Status; Modeling, Logit; Occupational Choice; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1998), this paper analyzes the allocation of supervisory positions and earnings of men and women in professional jobs. The results show that women are less likely than men to hold supervisory positions even after controlling for detailed worker and job characteristics. Professional women earn marginally higher wages associated with supervisory duties, and significant gender wage gap exists among all supervisors. However, among supervisors who hold authority positions, women earn substantially higher wages and the gender wage gap is significantly reduced. Human capital variables explain very little of the gender wage differential among supervisors. Additionally, employment in large firms enhances the earnings of male supervisors but has no impact on women's career and earnings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. "Access to Supervisory Jobs and the Gender Wage Gap among Professionals." Journal of Economic Issues 37,4 (December 2003): 1023-1044.
|
4411. |
Mitra, Aparna |
Cognitive Skills and Black-White Wages in the United States Labor Market Journal of Socio-Economics 29,4 (2000): 389-401. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535700000822 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Racial Differences; Unions; Wage Gap; Wages Data on 2,370 adults, ages 23-30, from the 1998 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to analyze the effects of cognitive skills on the wages of whites and African Americans in white-and blue-collar occupations. The results show that cognitive skills, net of education, are important predictors of wages across all occupations. Mathematics skills, in particular, contribute to significant wage premiums for workers in white- and blue-collar occupations, with the exception of blacks in blue-collar professions, where English skills lead to significant wage premiums. While the incorporation of cognitive skills narrows the black-white wage gap considerably, the effects of skills on the wages of blacks and whites are far from uniform. Despite using detailed controls for the quality of education, an extra year of schooling yields the highest wage premium for whites in all occupations. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 18 References. Adapted from the source document. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. "Cognitive Skills and Black-White Wages in the United States Labor Market." Journal of Socio-Economics 29,4 (2000): 389-401.
|
4412. |
Mitra, Aparna |
Effects of Firm and Industry Structures on Black/White Wage Inequality in the United States Economy, 1988 Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Cognitive Ability; Ethnic Studies; Firms; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Modeling, Logit; Private Sector; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Wage Differentials This study attempts to analyze black/white wage differentials by incorporating human capital attributes as well as firm and job characteristics, with emphasis on the latter. The focus of the study is to analyze the effects of allocation in the different segments of the labor market on wages, as well as the importance of cognitive skills and education in the allocation process. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988), ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and logit models are used to estimate a recursive model that partitions out the total wage differentials into direct and indirect components. The analysis focuses on 2,370 full-time private sector employees. The results show that (1) although there is no significant racial gap in education as measured by years of schooling, blacks are entering the labor market with considerable handicaps in the form of lower test scores, (2) cognitive skills, net of education, is important in the allocation process, (3) blacks are disproportionately employed in large firms and establishments, and (4) even though blacks are employed in the high wage sector of the labor market, significant wage differentials exist, net of human capital attributes and job placement. The results suggest that efforts to improve the cognitive achievements of blacks should be at the forefront of policy making and policy makers need to be aware of the differences in the quality of education received by blacks and whites. The results of the allocation process show that affirmative action is helping blacks in finding employment in the high wage sector and that the existing wage differential would have been magnified if blacks were not provided with opportunities to be employed in large firms and establishments. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. Effects of Firm and Industry Structures on Black/White Wage Inequality in the United States Economy, 1988. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1995. |
4413. |
Mitra, Aparna |
Effects of Physical Attributes on the Wages of Males And Females Applied Economics Letters 8,11 (November 2001): 731-735. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504850110047605 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Occupational Status; Physical Characteristics; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Weight Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1993), this study analyses the effects of physical attributes, namely, height and weight, on the wages of males and females in professional and blue-collar occupations. A parallel theme of analysis is whether physical attributes have any impact on the wages of workers with high mathematics and computational skills. The results of this study show that among professionals and blue-collar workers, physical attributes significantly affect the wages of women and have no impact on the wages of men. Taller women enjoy wage premiums, while overweight women experience significant wage penalties. Another important finding is that among women with above average quantitative skills, the effects of physical attributes on wages are insignificant. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. "Effects of Physical Attributes on the Wages of Males And Females ." Applied Economics Letters 8,11 (November 2001): 731-735.
|
4414. |
Mitra, Aparna |
Mathematics Skill and Male/Female Wages Journal of Socio-Economics 31,5 (2002): 443-456. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535702001300 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY; 1993), this paper analyzes the extent of wage differentials between men and women and the impact of mathematics and verbal skills on the wages of men and women across different levels of education and occupations. The results show that mathematics skills lead to significant wage premiums across all groups of workers. Separate analyses by gender show that women with superior mathematics skill experience wage gains that are comparable to or higher than the wage premiums enjoyed by men. Although women earn significantly lower wages than men do across all levels of education and occupational categories, the gender wage gap is not significant among professional men and women with above-average mathematics skills. One way of reducing the gender wage gap would be to encourage girls to invest more in high school mathematics courses in order to improve their quantitative skills. [Copyright 2002 Elsevier.] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. "Mathematics Skill and Male/Female Wages." Journal of Socio-Economics 31,5 (2002): 443-456.
|
4415. |
Mitra, Aparna |
Structural Characteristics of Firms and Industries and Black and White Wage Inequality in the U.S. Economy: 1998 Atlantic Economic Journal 27,2 (June 1999): 179-192. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/2q4063763n41tuu9/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The effects of firm and job characteristics on the wages of blacks and whites are analyzed using data from the 1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The focus is on 2,370 full-time private sector employees. Results show that, first, blacks are disproportionately employed in large establishments despite their lower cognitive achievements. Second, blacks do not enjoy significant wage premiums associated with supervisory positions. Third, although the wage gap between blacks and whites is reduced considerably, controlling for education and cognitive skills, the gap increases significantly when structural abilities are included in the wage regressions despite the large wage premiums associated with employment in large establishments. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. "Structural Characteristics of Firms and Industries and Black and White Wage Inequality in the U.S. Economy: 1998." Atlantic Economic Journal 27,2 (June 1999): 179-192.
|
4416. |
Mitra, Aparna |
The Allocation of Blacks in Large Firms and Establishments and Black-White Wage Inequality in the U.S. Economy Sociological Inquiry 69,3 (August 1999): 382-403. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1999.tb00877.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas Press Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Aparna. "The Allocation of Blacks in Large Firms and Establishments and Black-White Wage Inequality in the U.S. Economy." Sociological Inquiry 69,3 (August 1999): 382-403.
|
4417. |
Mitra, Robin |
A Latent Class Model to Multiply Impute Missing Treatment Indicators in Observational Studies When Inferences of the Treatment Effect Are Made Using Propensity Score Matching Biometrical Journal published online (23 November 2022): DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202100284. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bimj.202100284 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Missing Data/Imputation; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analysts often estimate treatment effects in observational studies using propensity score matching techniques. When there are missing covariate values, analysts can multiply impute the missing data to create m completed data sets. Analysts can then estimate propensity scores on each of the completed data sets, and use these to estimate treatment effects. However, there has been relatively little attention on developing imputation models to deal with the additional problem of missing treatment indicators, perhaps due to the consequences of generating implausible imputations. However, simply ignoring the missing treatment values, akin to a complete case analysis, could also lead to problems when estimating treatment effects. We propose a latent class model to multiply impute missing treatment indicators. We illustrate its performance through simulations and with data taken from a study on determinants of children's cognitive development. This approach is seen to obtain treatment effect estimates closer to the true treatment effect than when employing conventional imputation procedures as well as compared to a complete case analysis. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mitra, Robin. "A Latent Class Model to Multiply Impute Missing Treatment Indicators in Observational Studies When Inferences of the Treatment Effect Are Made Using Propensity Score Matching." Biometrical Journal published online (23 November 2022): DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202100284.
|
4418. |
Mizell, C. André |
African American Men's Personal Sense of Mastery: The Consequences of the Adolescent Environment, Self-Concept, and Adult Achievement Journal of Black Psychology 25,2 (May 1999): 210-230 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Black Studies; Earnings; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Life Course; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, collected annually from 1979-1992, the objective of this study was to examine which factors over the life course contribute to African American males' personal sense of mastery. For the analysis on adult mastery, Ss were 892 African American males (aged 14-18 yrs in 1979 and 27-31 yrs in 1992). The Pearlin Mastery Scale was employed for the analysis. Independent variables were divided into adolescent background (poverty, parental education, religious attendance, region of origin), adolescent self-concept (self-esteem, educational aspirations), and adult achievement (educational attainment, earnings). Although adolescent poverty does not appear to hamper the adult mastery of African American men, results show that consequential adolescent variables are parental educational attainment, region of origin, self-esteem, and educational aspirations. The analysis also suggests that current adult achievement is also a significant determinant of adult mastery in African American males. Findings indicate that, despite the absence of economic and interpersonal resources in adolescence, African American males may be able to compensate for such deprivation through individual achievement--which directly affects personal mastery. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André. "African American Men's Personal Sense of Mastery: The Consequences of the Adolescent Environment, Self-Concept, and Adult Achievement." Journal of Black Psychology 25,2 (May 1999): 210-230.
|
4419. |
Mizell, C. André |
Earnings’ Potential: The Consequences of Family Background, Adolescent Self-Concept, and Adult Labor Force Factors Journal of African American Studies 4,3 (1999): 89-118 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Black Studies; Earnings; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Background and Culture; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Racial Differences; Regions; Religious Influences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The objective of this research is to understand the life course processes that shape the earnings' potential of African American men. This research longitudinally investigates the effects of family background, adolescent self-concept and adult labor force conditions over a fourteen-year period. Findings indicate that such adolescent influences as poverty status and living in female-headed households are not significantly detrimental to the adult earnings of African American men. Further, while adolescent self esteem and aspirations are central to the earnings' potential of both black and white men, African American males may compensate for lower esteem and aspirations through adult achievement. And, finally, labor force participation, educational attainment and occupational status are important adult factors in predicting earnings for both African American and white men. However, African American men receive a benefit to earnings from labor force participation above and beyond that of their white male counterparts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André. "Earnings’ Potential: The Consequences of Family Background, Adolescent Self-Concept, and Adult Labor Force Factors." Journal of African American Studies 4,3 (1999): 89-118.
|
4420. |
Mizell, C. André |
Life Course Influences on African American Men's Depression: Adolescent Parental Composition, Self-Concept, and Adult Earnings Journal of Black Studies 29,4 (March 1999): 467-490. Also: http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/29/4/467.full.pdf+html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Black Studies; Family Structure; Health, Mental/Psychological; Life Course; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examined how family structure, parental achievement, adolescent self-esteem, adult socioeconomic attainment, and adult self-concept contribute to adult depression in African American males. Data were used from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-1992). At the time of the initial interview, the age range was 14-18 yrs. Data obtained from 892 African American and 1,454 White males were used in a series of cumulative regression equations to explain the effects of adolescent and adult factors on adult depression and in a comparative analysis comparing the outcomes of Blacks to Whites. Results show that a female-headed household did not produce significantly higher levels of depression in Black males. Parental education was a significant negative predictor of depression; however, African American males with higher earnings and higher mastery were less at risk for depression. Having the status of "White male" was a protective factor against depression. An appendix of the items comprising depression, self-esteem, and mastery is provided. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André. "Life Course Influences on African American Men's Depression: Adolescent Parental Composition, Self-Concept, and Adult Earnings." Journal of Black Studies 29,4 (March 1999): 467-490.
|
4421. |
Mizell, C. André |
Racial and Gender Variations in the Process Shaping Earnings' Potential: The Consequences of Poverty in Early Adulthood Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 27,2 (June 2000): 113-138. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/27-2.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Income; Job Tenure; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Status; Poverty; Racial Differences; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigates the effects of poverty in early adulthood on future earnings. While social scientists are beginning to amass a considerable literature on the effects of poverty on outcomes for children, few have investigated the damage that impoverishment may do in early adulthood when individuals are in the midst of completing education and planning careers. The findings in this study indicate that poverty does dampen earnings' potential. However, individual characteristics (e.g., aspirations, esteem and ability) and structural location (e.g., educational attainment, occupational status and job tenure) may assuage the otherwise negative effects of poverty. Other findings reveal that the process shaping earnings is very similar for white males compared to racial minorities and women. One exception is the impact of weekly hours worked on earnings. White males receive a benefit to earnings from weekly hours worked above and beyond that of White women, African American men, African American women and Mexican American women. Additionally, white men's earnings remain higher than African Americans, Mexican Americans and white women because of higher occupational attainment and longer job tenure. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André. "Racial and Gender Variations in the Process Shaping Earnings' Potential: The Consequences of Poverty in Early Adulthood." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 27,2 (June 2000): 113-138.
|
4422. |
Mizell, C. André |
Rising Above Poverty: The Consequences of Poverty Status and Individual Characteristics on Earnings JCPR Working Paper 106, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, July 2000. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/wopjopovw/106.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Status; Poverty; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigates the effects of poverty in early adulthood on future earnings. While social scientists are beginning to amass a considerable literature on the effects of poverty on outcomes for children, few have investigated the damage that impoverishment may do in early adulthood when individuals are in the midst of completing education and planning careers. The findings in this study indicate that poverty does dampen earnings' potential. However, individual characteristics (e.g., aspirations, esteem and ability) and structural location (e.g., educational attainment, occupational status and job tenure) may assuage the otherwise negative effects of poverty. Other findings reveal that the process shaping earnings is very similar for white males compared to racial minorities and women. One exception is the impact of weekly hours worked on earnings. White males receive a benefit to earnings from weekly hours worked above and beyond that of White women, African American men, African American women and Mexican American women. Additionally, white men's earnings remain higher than African Americans, Mexican Americans and white women because of higher occupational attainment and longer job tenure. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André. "Rising Above Poverty: The Consequences of Poverty Status and Individual Characteristics on Earnings." JCPR Working Paper 106, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, July 2000. |
4423. |
Mizell, C. André |
Structural and Social Psychological Influences on the Adolescent Self-Concept, Adult Achievement and Adult Mental Health of African-American Males Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Black Studies; Ethnic Studies; Family Structure; Family Studies; Health, Mental/Psychological; Inner-City; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Occupational Attainment; Parental Influences; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Poverty; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Variables, Independent - Covariate This study investigates the impact of structural and social psychological factors on the adolescent self-concept, adult achievement and adult mental health of African American males. Three primary questions are asked: (1) What are the sources of African American male achievement? (2) Do structural (e.g., family composition and region of origin) and social psychological (e.g., self-esteem and aspirations) factors affect outcomes differently for those who begin in poverty compared to their non-poor counterparts, and (3) Do the benefits of material success for adult mental health differ depending on the African American male's adolescent poverty status? This is a longitudinal study, spanning fourteen years (1979-1992). The primary sample consists of 1,304 African-American male respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Regression models are estimated to predict adolescent aspirations, adolescent self-esteem, adult educational attainment, adult earnings, adult mastery and adult depression. The independent variables used in this investigation include the traditional structural variables such as poverty status, parental educational and occupational achievement, family structure and region of origin, as well as social psychological variables such as self-esteem, educational aspirations and mastery. As expected, the traditional structural variables are predictive of outcomes, but social psychological variables (esteem and aspirations) measured in adolescence also have significant effects even after controlling for the structural variables. For those who are impoverished in adolescence, the negative effects of poverty are exacerbated by larger family sizes, central city residence, and low parental educational attainment, but poverty status does not interact with socio-economic outcomes in affecting adult mental health. Finally, a subsample of 2,252 NLSY same cohort White males are added to the sample to test for differences by ethnicity. Most effects are constant across race; some exceptions are the greater benefits that accrue to Whites from some background variables, and the greater mental health benefits from earnings that accrue to African-Americans. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André. Structural and Social Psychological Influences on the Adolescent Self-Concept, Adult Achievement and Adult Mental Health of African-American Males. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1997. |
4424. |
Mizell, C. André Steelman, Lala Carr |
All My Children: The Consequences of Sibling Group Characteristics on the Marital Happiness of Young Mothers Journal of Family Issues 21, 7 (October 2000): 858-887. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/21/7/858.abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Brothers; Family Size; Family Structure; Fathers, Involvement; Gender Differences; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Siblings; Sisters Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this research, we investigate how children shape maternal marital happiness. The findings reveal that the otherwise negative effects of sibship size are altered by the gender composition of the sibling group. Having sons tends to reduce the negative impact of sibling group size. Solving for main effects in the interactions that include sibship size by the gender composition of the sibling group, we find that having all sons affords the most beneficial consequences for marital happiness. The daughter-only groups have nonsignificant effects, and the mixed-gender sibships have the most deleterious influence on maternal marital happiness. Within a subsample of mixed-gender sibships only, we further find that mothers who have more boys than girls are more likely to report higher marital gratification. Generally speaking, our research demonstrates the need to examine both main and interaction effects of family structure on marital happiness. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mizell, C. André and Lala Carr Steelman. "All My Children: The Consequences of Sibling Group Characteristics on the Marital Happiness of Young Mothers." Journal of Family Issues 21, 7 (October 2000): 858-887.
|
4425. |
Moffitt, Robert A. |
Effect of Welfare on Marriage and Fertility: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know? Discussion Paper No. 1153-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, December 1997. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp115397.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Demography; Fertility; Longitudinal Data Sets; Marriage; Methods/Methodology; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The recent literature on the effects of welfare on marriage and fertility includes studies employing a wide variety of methodologies and data sets and covering different time periods. A majority of the studies show that welfare has a significantly negative effect on marriage or positive effect on fertility rather than none at all, and thus the current consensus is that the welfare system probably has some effect on these demographic outcomes. Considerable uncertainty surrounds this consensus because a sizable minority of the studies find no effect at all, because the magnitudes of the estimated effects vary widely, and because puzzling and unexplained differences exist across the studies by race and methodological approach. At present, and with the information provided in the studies, the source of these disparities cannot be determined. While a neutral weighing of the evidence still leads to the conclusion that the welfare system affects marriage and fertility, research needs to be conducted to resolve the conflicting findings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moffitt, Robert A. "Effect of Welfare on Marriage and Fertility: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?" Discussion Paper No. 1153-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, December 1997. |
4426. |
Moffitt, Robert A. |
Experience-Based Measures of Heterogeneity in the Welfare Caseload In: Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309076234/html/R1.html#pagetop Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Job Skills; Welfare This chapter examines data on the women on the welfare rolls and test whether their labor market skills differ in these ways. Tests for whether total-time-on is correlated with labor market skills are conducted, as well as whether the number of spells and their length is related to labor market skill on top of the total time-on. The characteristics of long-termers, short-termers, and cyclers are examined to determine if their labor market skills are ordered in the ranking suggested by the simple theory just described, or not. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey over the 1979-96 period, covering monthly AFDC participation experiences, are used for the analysis. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moffitt, Robert A. "Experience-Based Measures of Heterogeneity in the Welfare Caseload" In: Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
|
4427. |
Moffitt, Robert A. Reville, Robert T. Winkler, Anne E. |
Beyond Single Mothers: Cohabitation, Marriage, and the U.S. Welfare System Discussion Paper No. 1068-95, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, July 1995. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/pubs/dp106895.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Household Composition; Marital Status; Marriage; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Single; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the extent and implications of cohabitation and marriage among U.S. welfare recipients. An analysis of four data sets (the CPS, NSFH, PSID, and NLSY) shows significant numbers of cohabitors among recipients of AFDC. An even more surprising finding is the large number of married women on AFDC. We also report the results of a telephone survey of state AFDC agencies conducted to determine state rules governing cohabitation and marriage. The survey results indicate that, in a number of respects, cohabitation is encouraged by the AFDC rules. Finally, we conduct a brief analysis of the impact of AFDC rules on cohabitation, marriage, and headship, and find weak evidence in support of incentives to cohabit. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moffitt, Robert A., Robert T. Reville and Anne E. Winkler. "Beyond Single Mothers: Cohabitation, Marriage, and the U.S. Welfare System." Discussion Paper No. 1068-95, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, July 1995. |
4428. |
Moffitt, Robert A. Reville, Robert T. Winkler, Anne E. |
Beyond Single Mothers: Cohabitation and Marriage in the AFDC Program Demography 35,3 (August 1998): 259-278. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x517133085778732/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Household Composition; Marital Status; Marriage; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parents, Single; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the extent and implications of cohabitation and marriage among U.S. welfare recipients. An analysis of four data sets (the Current Population Survey, the National Survey of Families and Households, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the National longitudinal Survey of Youth) shows significant cant numbers of cohabitors among recipients of AFDC. An even more surprising finding is the large number of married women on welfare. We also report the results of a telephone survey of state AFDC agencies conducted to determine state rules governing cohabitation and marriage. The survey results indicate that, in a number of respects, AFDC rules encourage cohabitation. Finally, we conduct an analysis of the impact of AFDC rules on cohabitation, marriage, and single motherhood and find weak evidence in support of incentives to cohabit. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moffitt, Robert A., Robert T. Reville and Anne E. Winkler. "Beyond Single Mothers: Cohabitation and Marriage in the AFDC Program." Demography 35,3 (August 1998): 259-278.
|
4429. |
Moffitt, Robert A. Ver Ploeg, Michele L. |
Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309072743/html/R1.html#pagetop Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare With the passing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, the United States embarked on a major social experiment with its social welfare and safety net programs for the poor. The most far-reaching reform of the cash welfare system for single mothers since 1935, PRWORA replaced the federal entitlement program for low-income families and children (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, AFDC) with a state-administered block grant program, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Determining the consequences of this experiment is of great importance. Has welfare reform "worked?" What were the effects of the reforms on families and individuals? What reforms worked for whom and why? In looking toward the development of new policies to aid low-income families, which elements of the new welfare system need to be changed and which left as is? For these fundamental questions to be answered adequately, two issues need to be addressed. First, how should one go about answering these questions -- what methods should be used and what types of studies should be conducted in order to determine the effects of welfare reform? Second, what types of data are needed to measure the effects of welfare reform? Are federal and state data sources currently available sufficient to carry out needed evaluations, and, if not, what investments in that infrastructure are needed? |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moffitt, Robert A. and Michele L. Ver Ploeg. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.. |
4430. |
Mogstad, Magne Torgovitsky, Alexander Walters, Christopher R. |
The Causal Interpretation of Two-Stage Least Squares with Multiple Instrumental Variables American Economic Review 111,11 (November 2021): 3663-3698. Also: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20190221 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Enrollment; Colleges; Earnings; Geocoded Data; Modeling, Instrumental Variables Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical researchers often combine multiple instrumental variables (IVs) for a single treatment using two-stage least squares (2SLS). When treatment effects are heterogeneous, a common justification for including multiple IVs is that the 2SLS estimand can be given a causal interpretation as a positively weighted average of local average treatment effects (LATEs). This justification requires the well-known monotonicity condition. However, we show that with more than one instrument, this condition can only be satisfied if choice behavior is effectively homogeneous. Based on this finding, we consider the use of multiple IVs under a weaker, partial monotonicity condition. We characterize empirically verifiable sufficient and necessary conditions for the 2SLS estimand to be a positively weighted average of LATEs under partial monotonicity. We apply these results to an empirical analysis of the returns to college with multiple instruments. We show that the standard monotonicity condition is at odds with the data. Nevertheless, our empirical checks reveal that the 2SLS estimate retains a causal interpretation as a positively weighted average of the effects of college attendance among complier groups. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mogstad, Magne, Alexander Torgovitsky and Christopher R. Walters. "The Causal Interpretation of Two-Stage Least Squares with Multiple Instrumental Variables." American Economic Review 111,11 (November 2021): 3663-3698.
|
4431. |
Mohanty, Madhu S. |
Effect of Church Attendance during Youth on Future Psychological Capital Endowments: the US Evidence Education Economics published online (7 July 2021): DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2021.1951172. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2021.1951172 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Earnings; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism); Propensity Scores; Psychological Effects; Religious Influences; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using US data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and following propensity score matching analysis, the study demonstrates that church attendance during youth has significant positive effects on an individual's psychological capital endowments in the form of self-esteem, positive attitude and self-satisfaction during adulthood. Since a higher level of psychological capital is associated with better economic performance, the study further demonstrates that church attendance during earlier years of life affects an individual's future earnings indirectly through its direct effects on his/her psychological capital endowments. The study offers an important policy proposal and recommends further research for its validation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu S. "Effect of Church Attendance during Youth on Future Psychological Capital Endowments: the US Evidence." Education Economics published online (7 July 2021): DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2021.1951172.
|
4432. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Determination of Participation Decision, Hiring Decision, and Wages in A Double Selection Framework: Male-Female Wage Differentials in the U.S. Labor Market Revisited Contemporary Economic Policy 19,2 (April 2001): 197-212. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00061.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Sample Selection; Wage Differentials; Wage Equations The magnitude of the male-female wage differential is known to be highly sensitive to the specification of the wage equations used. An important source of misspecification is the failure to correct the sample selection bias that results from estimating the wage equation obtained through 2 sequential decisions: the worker's decision to participate in the labor market and the employer's decision to hire. Following a double selection approach and using a sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examines the determinants of not only the wage equation but also the worker's participation and the employer's hiring decisions in both male and female samples. The study further demonstrates that the unexplained male-female wage differential remains underestimated when the roles of both selection decisions are ignored in the estimation of wage equations. Copyright Western Economic Association Apr 2001. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Determination of Participation Decision, Hiring Decision, and Wages in A Double Selection Framework: Male-Female Wage Differentials in the U.S. Labor Market Revisited." Contemporary Economic Policy 19,2 (April 2001): 197-212.
|
4433. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Does Positive Attitude Matter Only for Older Workers? Evidence from Simultaneous Estimation of Job Satisfaction, Wage and Positive Attitude in the United States Journal of Happiness Studies 19,8 (December 2018): 2373-2404. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-017-9930-6 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Attitudes; Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Job Satisfaction; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism); Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study tests two hypotheses. First, it claims that the worker's job satisfaction is related not only to the objective variable wage rate, but also to the psychological variable positive attitude, and that all three variables are simultaneously related. Second, the study predicts that the psychological variable positive attitude as a covariate of job satisfaction matters more for matured adults who are already settled in their desired jobs than younger workers who may still be in search of their preferred employment. Using data on matured adults and younger adults from the United States and following a two-stage procedure the current study estimates job satisfaction, wage and positive attitude equations in a simultaneous equations framework. The study confirms the presence of this simultaneous relationship, and demonstrates that the job satisfaction of matured adults in fact is related to both objective (wage) and subjective (attitude) factors. For younger workers, however, wage, and not positive attitude, emerges as a significant covariate of their job satisfaction. Since positive attitude plays a significant role in the determination of their wages, it is related to their job satisfaction only indirectly through higher wages. Positive attitude thus benefits both older and younger workers thorough different channels. The study further presents interesting results on the covariates of wage and positive attitude which remain disguised when the simultaneous relationship among these three variables is ignored. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Does Positive Attitude Matter Only for Older Workers? Evidence from Simultaneous Estimation of Job Satisfaction, Wage and Positive Attitude in the United States." Journal of Happiness Studies 19,8 (December 2018): 2373-2404.
|
4434. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Effect of Religious Attendance on the Middle-aged Worker's Wage in the United States: A Possible Causal Connection Applied Economics published online (26 April 2023): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2023.2203450. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2023.2203450 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Religious Influences; Wages The current study explores the possibility of a causal connection between a worker's religious attendance and wage. Numerous studies in the literature have already demonstrated a positive correlation between these two variables. For effective policy applications, however, it is necessary to find out whether there exists a causal connection between them. The study uses the US data and tests the hypothesis that religious attendance of middle-aged workers has a positive causal effect on their wages. Following an instrumental variable approach, the current study tests this hypothesis and demonstrates that religious attendance is very much likely to have a causal effect on middle-aged workers' earnings. This has important policy implications and thus deserves further attention from researchers and policymakers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Effect of Religious Attendance on the Middle-aged Worker's Wage in the United States: A Possible Causal Connection." Applied Economics published online (26 April 2023): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2023.2203450.
|
4435. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Effects of Job Satisfaction on the Worker's Wage and Weekly Hours: A Simultaneous Equations Approach Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 79 (April 2019): 27-42. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214804318300831 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule The current study examines the effects of job satisfaction on the worker's weekly wage and hours. Under the assumption that these three variables may be simultaneously related, the study estimates wage, weekly hours and job satisfaction equations in a simultaneous equations framework by a two-stage procedure. Using three separate samples from the NLSY79, the study demonstrates that, regardless of the age of the worker, weekly wage is positively related to job satisfaction. The relation between weekly hours and job satisfaction, however, is not uniform among workers of all age-groups. Hours are related to job satisfaction positively when workers are younger or when they are mature adults and negatively when they are middle-age adults. Interestingly, weekly wage and weekly hours are found to be statistically insignificant in most job satisfaction equations, whereas job satisfaction emerges as a significant covariate in both wage and hours equations. This recursive relationship among these three variables indicates that job satisfaction may in fact influence wage and weekly hours in a causal sense. Since computationally tractable formulas for the corrected asymptotic variance-covariance matrices of the proposed two-stage estimators are not available in the literature, the study derives them for the benefit of econometrics practitioners. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Effects of Job Satisfaction on the Worker's Wage and Weekly Hours: A Simultaneous Equations Approach." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 79 (April 2019): 27-42.
|
4436. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Effects of Positive Attitude and Optimism on Employment: Evidence from the US Data Journal of Socio-Economics 39,2 (April 2010): 258-270. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535710000041 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Employment; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Probit; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism); Psychological Effects Using samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and following a bivariate probit approach, the current study estimates the worker's employment probability equations in both cross-sectional and panel data frameworks. The study demonstrates that the employment of the worker, which depends on both the worker's labor market participation decision and the employer's hiring decision, is determined partly by the positive and optimistic attitude of the worker. The effects of these attitude variables on both decisions are even larger than the effects of standard human capital variables. The study further demonstrates that the attitude variables affect employment probabilities of men and women differently because their effects on participation and hiring decisions are different. [Copyright © Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Socio-Economics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Effects of Positive Attitude and Optimism on Employment: Evidence from the US Data." Journal of Socio-Economics 39,2 (April 2010): 258-270.
|
4437. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Effects of Positive Attitude and Optimism on Wage and Employment: A Double Selection Approach Journal of Socio-Economics 41,3 (June 2012): 304-316. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535712000078 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Attitudes; Employment; Labor Force Participation; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism); Wage Rates Using two samples from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a longitudinal data set from the United States, and following a double selection approach, the current study estimates the worker's employment and wage equations simultaneously with positive attitude and optimism as additional explanatory variables. Modeling employment as a bivariate decision process, the study examines different factors that influence the worker's labor market participation decision, the employer's hiring decision and the wage rate. The study finds the evidence that the worker's positive attitude and optimism affect the worker's employment probability from different angles: the former through the participation decision and the latter through the hiring decision. Following an alternative approach, this study also provides strong support to the earlier finding that positive attitude affects the worker's wage positively. Interestingly, the effects of attitude variables on the worker's wage are found to be quite comparable in magnitude to the wage effects of the traditional human capital variables. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Effects of Positive Attitude and Optimism on Wage and Employment: A Double Selection Approach." Journal of Socio-Economics 41,3 (June 2012): 304-316.
|
4438. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Effects of Positive Attitude on Happiness and Wage: Evidence from the US Data Journal of Economic Psychology 30,6 (December 2009): 884-897. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016748700900097X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Earnings; Endogeneity; Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Human Capital; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism); Wage Levels; Well-Being; Work Attitudes Using samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), a longitudinal data set from the United States, this study demonstrates that the worker's positive attitude affects his/her wage not only directly, but also indirectly through its effects on happiness. Assuming endogeneity of the positive attitude variable and estimating happiness and attitude equations simultaneously by a two-step procedure, the study further finds the evidence that happiness also affects the worker's earnings both directly and indirectly. These findings suggest that any attempt to raise workers' earnings potentials should focus not only on the development of their human capital endowments, but also on improvement of their attitudes. [Copyright Elsevier] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Effects of Positive Attitude on Happiness and Wage: Evidence from the US Data." Journal of Economic Psychology 30,6 (December 2009): 884-897.
|
4439. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Relationship between Positive Attitude and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from the US Data Eastern Economic Journal 42,3 (June 2016): 349-372. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/eej.2014.76 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Attitudes; Job Satisfaction; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a longitudinal data set from the United States, and following different cross-sectional and panel data estimation procedures, the study demonstrates that the worker's job satisfaction is related positively to his/her positive attitude. This conclusion remains valid regardless of whether the worker's wage income is treated as an exogenous variable or as an endogenous variable. The study thus claims that the worker’s satisfaction at workplace is related to not only the external job-related factors, but also his/her inner psychological attitude. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Relationship between Positive Attitude and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from the US Data." Eastern Economic Journal 42,3 (June 2016): 349-372.
|
4440. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
Role of Psychological Variables in the Determination of the Worker's Wage: Further Evidence from the United States Australian Economic Papers 58,1 (March 2019): 54-77. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8454.12140 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Positive Affect (see Happiness/Optimism); Psychological Effects; Wage Determination Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The current study examines the roles of three psychological variables, job satisfaction, positive attitude and self‐satisfaction, in the determination of the worker's wage. Using two samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths, 1979 (NLSY79), the study for the first time models a possible simultaneous relationship among these four variables and estimates these equations by an appropriate two‐stage procedure. Our results indicate that the worker's wage is positively related to these psychological variables. This finding has important policy implications and thus it calls for future research in this direction. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "Role of Psychological Variables in the Determination of the Worker's Wage: Further Evidence from the United States." Australian Economic Papers 58,1 (March 2019): 54-77.
|
4441. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan |
What Determines Happiness? Income or Attitude: Evidence from the U.S. Longitudinal Data Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics 7,2 (June 2014): 80-102. Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.searchResults&id=629D6E8D-F7EE-3F6E-E295-C53651D262E7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Attitudes; Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Income Using the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a longitudinal data set from the United States, this study demonstrates that the covariates of happiness differ to some extent between matured adults and young-adults and that the relationship of personal happiness with positive attitude is stronger than that with any other covariate of happiness known in the literature including income. These results remain robust to changes in estimation techniques in response to varying assumptions on the attitude variable. Assuming endogeneity of the attitude variable, the study estimates happiness and positive attitude equations simultaneously by a two-stage procedure and obtains interesting new results. These results indicate that positive attitude is not only a covariate of happiness, but also a determinant of happiness, especially in the sample of matured adults. To increase the personal happiness therefore the study recommends policies designed to help individuals not only increase their incomes, but also improve their attitudes. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2014 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan. "What Determines Happiness? Income or Attitude: Evidence from the U.S. Longitudinal Data." Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics 7,2 (June 2014): 80-102.
|
4442. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan Finney, Miles M. |
Evidence on the Effect of Young Adults' Wages on their College Attendance Decisions Applied Economics Letters 4,12 (December 1997): 733-735. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/758528717 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Employment, Youth; Wages, Youth Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this note demonstrates that the college attendance decision of employed young adults depends partly on their wage. We further find that the wage quadratically impacts the decision to attend college. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan and Miles M. Finney. "Evidence on the Effect of Young Adults' Wages on their College Attendance Decisions." Applied Economics Letters 4,12 (December 1997): 733-735.
|
4443. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan Ullah, Aman |
Direct and Indirect Effects of Happiness on Wage: A Simultaneous Equations Approach Journal of Socio-Economics 41,2 (April 2012): 143-152. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535711001569 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Income Level; Schooling; Wage Equations Using data from the United States National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and following a two-stage method, the current study estimates wage, schooling and happiness equations simultaneously and demonstrates that happiness affects the worker's wage not only directly, but also indirectly through its direct effect on years of schooling. The simultaneous relation between happiness and schooling demonstrated in this study further suggests that schooling also affects wage both directly and indirectly through happiness. The study supports the argument presented in several earlier studies that higher income does not necessarily guarantee higher levels of happiness. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan and Aman Ullah. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Happiness on Wage: A Simultaneous Equations Approach." Journal of Socio-Economics 41,2 (April 2012): 143-152.
|
4444. |
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan Ullah, Aman |
Why Does Growing up in an Intact Family during Childhood Lead to Higher Earnings during Adulthood in the United States? American Journal of Economics and Sociology 71,3 (July 2012): 662-695. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00828.x/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc. Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Families, Two-Parent; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism) With a view to finding an explanation of the observed differences in adult annual earnings between workers raised in intact (INTACT) and non-intact families in the US labor market, this study tests two hypotheses. First, workers growing up in intact families during childhood earn more during their adulthood because they acquire more years of schooling, which in turn affect their wages positively. Second, intact family background acts as an instrument for numerous factors that contribute to workers' happiness during adulthood. Since happier workers, with other characteristics held constant, are known to have higher earnings, workers raised in intact families during childhood by leading a relatively happier life during their adulthood earn more than their otherwise identical non-intact counterparts. Both these hypotheses find strong support from the US data. The evidence of simultaneous relationships between wage and happiness and between happiness and schooling confirms that the true effect of INTACT on wage may be much larger than what is envisaged by a simple one-step process. Regardless of whether this relationship is due to causation or correlation, the study simply demonstrates that the US evidence of higher earnings associated with workers raised in intact families may be attributed partly to their higher levels of schooling and happier lives. By demonstrating a significant positive relationship between the stability of parental family structure during childhood and earnings during adulthood, the current study highlights the importance of responsible parenthood as a means of improving the child's future economic performance. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mohanty, Madhu Sudan and Aman Ullah. "Why Does Growing up in an Intact Family during Childhood Lead to Higher Earnings during Adulthood in the United States?" American Journal of Economics and Sociology 71,3 (July 2012): 662-695.
|
4445. |
Moilanen, Kristin L. |
Predictors of Alcohol Use Are Different for Youth Attending and Not Attending College Presented: Baltimore, MD, Society for Research on Adolescence Biennial Meeting, March 2004. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; College Education; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background & Study Goals Much of what is known about alcohol use in late adolescence has come from studies with college student samples. As a result, less is known about alcohol use by youth who do not attend college. In order to address this gap, this study addresses two questions: 1 – Are there differences between college and non-college youth in frequency, quantity and age of initiation of drinking? 2 – Are the same psychological characteristics associated with frequency and quantity of alcohol use in college and non-college youth? Method Data for this poster came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). A cohort of 619 youth ages 19-25 at the 2002 wave of data collection and their mothers were selected for analyses (see Table 1 for sample characteristics). Based on theory and prior research, several youth and maternal factors believed to be associated with alcohol use were selected from several waves of the NLSY (see Table 2). Youth were classified as "college students" (ever having attended college) or "non-students" (never having attended college) based on their replies to several questions in the young adult survey (1998, 2000 and 2002 waves). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moilanen, Kristin L. "Predictors of Alcohol Use Are Different for Youth Attending and Not Attending College." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Society for Research on Adolescence Biennial Meeting, March 2004. |
4446. |
Moilanen, Kristin L. Shen, Yuh-Ling |
Mastery in Middle Adolescence: The Contributions of Socioeconomic Status, Maternal Mastery and Supportive-Involved Mothering Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43, 2 (February 2014): 298-310. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-013-9951-3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Chores (see Housework); Discipline; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Self-Perception; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mastery, or the feeling of power or control over one’s life, is a vital yet understudied covariate of wellbeing in adolescence and adulthood. The goal of the current study was to explore the effects of demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES)), maternal mastery, and supportive-involved mothering on children’s mastery at ages 16–17 years. 855 teens (47.6% female) and their mothers provided study data as part of the 1992 and 1998 waves of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY-79; 24.1% Hispanic, 36.6% Black). Hybrid path models indicated that only maternal parenting during middle childhood was linked directly to levels of children’s mastery in middle adolescence; a small portion of the association between parenting and adolescent mastery was attributable to SES. The discussion centers on significance of these findings for future research and theory development. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moilanen, Kristin L. and Yuh-Ling Shen. "Mastery in Middle Adolescence: The Contributions of Socioeconomic Status, Maternal Mastery and Supportive-Involved Mothering." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43, 2 (February 2014): 298-310.
|
4447. |
Mok, Wallace Siddique, Zahra |
Racial Differences in Fringe Benefits and Compensation Discussion Paper No. 4435, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Domestic Violence; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Racial Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines differences in two important components of non-wage compensation, employer provided health insurance and pensions, across African Americans and the whites in the United States. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we study the recent trends in the recipiency of this non-wage compensation across race groups. Our results show that African American men on average are significantly less likely to receive employer provided health insurance and pension than whites in the last decade. We also find that the inclusion of racial differences in ability as measured by the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) score reduces the unexplained racial gap in fringe benefit offers, highlighting the importance of human capital variables in fringe benefit recipiency. Finally, we re-examine racial inequality in the labor market by examining within-group inequality in compensation over the last decade and also the role of ability in between-group inequality in compensation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mok, Wallace and Zahra Siddique. "Racial Differences in Fringe Benefits and Compensation." Discussion Paper No. 4435, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), September 2009. |
4448. |
Molinari, Francesca |
Missing Treatments Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 28,1 (January 2010): 82-95. Also: http://pubs.amstat.org/doi/abs/10.1198/jbes.2009.07161 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Drug Use; Employment; Nonresponse; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone This article analyzes the problem of identifying a treatment effect with imperfect observability of the treatment received by the population. Imperfect observability may be due to item/survey nonresponse or to noncompliance with randomly assigned treatments. I derive sharp worst-case bounds that are a function of the available prior information on the distribution of missing treatments. Under the assumption of monotone treatment response, I show that prior information on the distribution of missing treatments is not necessary to get sharp informative bounds. I illustrate the results with an empirical analysis of drug use and employment using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Business & Economic Statistics is the property of American Statistical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Molinari, Francesca. "Missing Treatments." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 28,1 (January 2010): 82-95.
|
4449. |
Molloy, Raven Smith, Christopher L. Wozniak, Abigail |
Changing Stability in U.S. Employment Relationships Journal of Human Resources 59,1 (January 2024) 35-69. Also: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0821-11843 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Employment; Employment History; Employment Tenure; Employment, Stable/Continuous; Working Patterns We examine how the distribution of employment tenure has changed over time. The fraction of workers with short tenure (less than one year) has fallen since the mid-1990s, a trend associated with fewer workers cycling among briefly held jobs and an increase in perceived job security among short-tenure workers. Meanwhile, the fraction of men with long tenure (20 years or more) has declined markedly, partly due to the secular shift away from the manufacturing sector and the decline in unionization, as well as an increase in mid-career separations during the 1970s and 1980s that reduced the likelihood of reaching long tenure. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Molloy, Raven, Christopher L. Smith and Abigail Wozniak. "Changing Stability in U.S. Employment Relationships." Journal of Human Resources 59,1 (January 2024) 35-69.
|
4450. |
Molloy, Raven Smith, Christopher L. Wozniak, Abigail |
Declining Migration within the U.S.: The Role of the Labor Market NBER Working Paper No. 20065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2014. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20065 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Geocoded Data; Job Turnover; Migration; Occupations; Transition, Job to Job; Wage Growth Interstate migration has decreased steadily since the 1980s. We show that this trend is not primarily related to demographic and socioeconomic factors, but instead appears to be connected to a concurrent secular decline in labor market transitions. We explore a number of reasons for the declines in geographic and labor market transitions, and find the strongest support for explanations related to a decrease in the net benefit to changing employers. Our preferred interpretation is that the distribution of relevant outside offers has shifted in a way that has made labor market transitions, and thus geographic transitions, less desirable to workers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Molloy, Raven, Christopher L. Smith and Abigail Wozniak. "Declining Migration within the U.S.: The Role of the Labor Market." NBER Working Paper No. 20065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2014. |
4451. |
Molloy, Raven Smith, Christopher L. Wozniak, Abigail |
Declining Migration Within the US: The Role of the Labor Market Discussion Paper No. 2013-27, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C., April 2013. Also: http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2013/201327/201327pap.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men Publisher: Federal Reserve Board Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Migration; Occupations; Wage Growth We examine explanations for the secular decline in interstate migration since the 1980s. After showing that demographic and socioeconomic factors can account for little of this decrease, we present evidence suggesting that it is related to a downward trend in labor market transitions—i.e. a decline in the fraction of workers moving from job to job, changing industry, and changing occupation—that occurred over the same period. We explore a number of reasons why these flows have diminished over time, including changes in the distribution of job opportunities across space, polarization in the labor market, concerns of dual-career households, and a strengthening of internal labor markets. We find little empirical support for all but the last of these hypotheses. Specifically, using data from three cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys spanning the 1970s to the 2000s, we find that wage gains associated with employer transitions have fallen, possibly signaling a growing role for internal labor markets in determining wages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Molloy, Raven, Christopher L. Smith and Abigail Wozniak. "Declining Migration Within the US: The Role of the Labor Market." Discussion Paper No. 2013-27, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C., April 2013. |
4452. |
Molnar, R. Adam Osborne, Lara |
Constructing Marital and Enrollment Histories from the NLSY79 Technical Report No. 567, Departments of Statistics, The University of Chicago, June 2006. Also: http://galton.uchicago.edu/techreports/tr567.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Education; Marriage; School Progress Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper describes the process of building complete histories on marital events and school enrollment from data contained within the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – 1979 cohort. The NLSY surveys ask respondents with missing interviews to provide retrospective data on a variety of variables, but as of yet no one has used the available data to backfill the data and construct more complete event histories. Thus, this paper includes descriptions of the constructor programs, created variables, limitations, and information on where to find the completed set. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Molnar, R. Adam and Lara Osborne. "Constructing Marital and Enrollment Histories from the NLSY79." Technical Report No. 567, Departments of Statistics, The University of Chicago, June 2006. |
4453. |
Moloney, Katherine L. South, Scott J. |
Ethnic Density and Obesity: Evidence from Fixed-effects Models Health and Place 31 (January 2015): 199-207. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829214001853 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Height; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Racial Differences; Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA); Weight We use data from the 1980 to 2004 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort to examine the association between the ethnic density of metropolitan areas and obesity among U.S. blacks and Latinos. Although minority groups' obesity rates tend to be higher in metropolitan areas containing many co-ethnics, controlling for other areal characteristics and unobserved time-constant confounders via fixed-effects models dramatically alters this association. In the fixed-effects models, higher levels of co-ethnic density are inversely associated with black males' obesity risk and unrelated to the obesity risk of black females, Latinas, and Latino males. For most groups, marrying and having children increases the risk of obesity. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moloney, Katherine L. and Scott J. South. "Ethnic Density and Obesity: Evidence from Fixed-effects Models." Health and Place 31 (January 2015): 199-207.
|
4454. |
Monaghan, David B. |
Adult Participation in Undergraduate Education: Trends, Patterns, and Attainment over the Life Course Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adult students – defined as students aged 25 or older – now make up a substantial portion of the undergraduate population, but very little research has been carried out on this population. I first present a statistical profile of which contrasts adult undergraduates with traditionally-aged students in terms of demographic composition, socioeconomic status, high school academic preparation, and college behavior. I find that most adult undergraduates began postsecondary education during ‘traditional’ ages, which suggests that adult students represent for the most part delayed completers rather than new enrollees. I go on to assess trends in age-specific postsecondary enrollment over the past four decades. Finally, using the NLSY79, I examine the contribution of adult educational upgrading to cohort educational attainment, and determine whether adult attainment narrows or exacerbates educational disparities which emerged earlier in life. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, David B. "Adult Participation in Undergraduate Education: Trends, Patterns, and Attainment over the Life Course." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
4455. |
Monaghan, David B. |
Adult Undergraduates and Bachelor's Degree Attainment: How Common Is Completion? And Who Completes? Presented: Washington DC, American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting, April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): College Degree; Education, Adult; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adults are a large and increasing proportion of the undergraduate population, but completion among older students has been given little attention. In this paper, I leverage data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in order to inquire into the rates and correlates of college completion among those who enroll at non-traditional ages. I find that roughly 40% of adult college-goers complete a bachelor's degree. The probability of degree completion varies by socioeconomic background, measured cognitive ability, and early degree expectations. Most striking, however, is a substantial gender effect: women are substantially more likely to complete a bachelor's degree at older ages, controlling for academic ability, work experience, earlier post-secondary attendance, and early work and childbearing history. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, David B. "Adult Undergraduates and Bachelor's Degree Attainment: How Common Is Completion? And Who Completes?" Presented: Washington DC, American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting, April 2016. |
4456. |
Monaghan, David B. |
Does College Enrollment and Bachelor's Completion by Mothers Impact Children's Educational Outcomes? Sociology of Education 90,1 (January 2017): 3-24. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0038040716681054 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Degree; College Enrollment; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Today, many undergraduates are themselves raising children. But does college-going by parents improve their offspring's educational attainment? I address this question using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 and linked Children and Young Adults Survey. I first model postnatal college enrollment and bachelor's completion by mothers and use predicted probabilities to minimize selection bias through inverse probability of treatment weighting. I then estimate the impact of maternal college enrollment and attainment on offspring's likelihood of graduating from high school, enrolling in college, and completing a four-year degree. I find sizeable effects of maternal college completion on all outcomes, but the impact of maternal enrollment without completion is considerably muted. I review implications for sociological research and policies to assist nontraditional students. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, David B. "Does College Enrollment and Bachelor's Completion by Mothers Impact Children's Educational Outcomes?" Sociology of Education 90,1 (January 2017): 3-24.
|
4457. |
Monaghan, David B. |
Surviving the Gauntlet: Adult Undergraduates in American Higher Education Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, City University of New York, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In modern American higher education, people ages twenty-five and older account for nearly forty percent of all undergraduates. Though neglected by scholars, these students and their experiences are both important in their own right and can help shed light on the broader world of non-elite postsecondary education. In this dissertation, I combine qualitative and quantitative methods to address central questions relating to college-going among adults. I draw on data from a nationally-representative longitudinal study (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort) and from in-depth interviews with thirty-six adult undergraduates in order to explore factors that lead students to drop out of college and to enroll at older ages. I utilize sequence analysis techniques to investigate the impact of non-standard college-going patterns on other aspects of the transition to adulthood, event history analysis to identify the proximal and distal correlates of adult enrollment, and both fixed-effects and marginal structural models to estimate the impacts of college participation and completion in adult years on wages and benefits. My study indicates that a substantial portion of adults are motivated to attend college because of insecurity or poor conditions in the non-baccalaureate labor market, but that adults who do enroll tend to benefit by doing so, and that women in particular benefit substantially from completing a bachelor's degree past age twenty five. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, David B. Surviving the Gauntlet: Adult Undergraduates in American Higher Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, City University of New York, 2015. |
4458. |
Monaghan, David B. |
The Effect of Maternal Educational Upgrading on Children's Well-Being and Academic Achievement Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, I will draw on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY-79 and NLSY-79 Children and Young Adults) to determine the impacts of maternal educational upgrading on children's cognitive scores, academic progress, and other outcomes. I will make use of fixed-effects and marginal structural models in order to investigate these time-varying effects. Finally, I will investigate whether any positive impacts appear to be the direct result of educational attainment itself or, rather, to be an indirect of educational upgrading acting through improved household incomes or maternal marital status. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, David B. "The Effect of Maternal Educational Upgrading on Children's Well-Being and Academic Achievement." Presented: Miami FL, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 12-14, 2015. |
4459. |
Monaghan, David B. |
The Impact of Non-traditional College-going on Entry into Marriage and Divorce Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Divorce; Education, Adult; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Modeling, Marginal Structural Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Today, participation in higher education has expanded well beyond the 18-23 year age range; nearly 40% of all undergraduates are at least 25 years of age. However, most scholarship on the relationship between education and marriage implicitly assumes that individuals obtain all of their education in their youth, in one spell, and prior to attaining other major adult statuses. As a result, we know little about how college-going at older ages impacts one's transitions into and out of marriage. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I ask how college enrollment and bachelor’s completion at older ages impacts 1) entry into marriage for those unmarried at 25, and 2) dissolution of existing unions. Because time-varying confounders are endogenous with the independent variables of interest, I employ marginal structural models to estimate the independent impacts of educational variables. There does not appear to be any impact of college enrollment or completion on entry into marriage. Completing college seems to protect against divorce, but only for males. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, David B. "The Impact of Non-traditional College-going on Entry into Marriage and Divorce." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
4460. |
Monaghan, Rory |
Medical Marijuana Legalization and Life Course Marijuana Usage Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Drug Use; Geocoded Data; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent public health research has shown over the past 15-20 years, adult marijuana usage has increased, particularly in MML states. Though this trend has been empirically observed, adult marijuana use research has been relegated to repeated cross sectional analysis, never addressing how marijuana usage plays out over the life-course in MML and non-MML states. The increasing prevalence of marijuana use among adults could be a result of both persistence of use by earlier users or later onset users. Traditional tenants of the criminal life-course would suggest that most individuals desist from criminal behavior by adulthood, but marijuana usage in MML states is becoming less "criminal," therefore suggesting marijuana use could persist for early users. Moreover, the more institutionally and socially accepting attitudes of marijuana in MML states present an opportunity to use marijuana for both persisting users and new users. In this research I will analyze patterns of individual marijuana usage over time in an attempt to explain the increasing usage rate of marijuana in MML states. I will use the NLSY79 and estimate growth curve models to capture individual marijuana use over time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monaghan, Rory. "Medical Marijuana Legalization and Life Course Marijuana Usage." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019. |
4461. |
Mondal, Shamim Shahnowaz |
Employer Discrimination and Racial Differences in Wages and Turnover Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), February 10, 2022. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4016664 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Job Search; Male Sample; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I document the systematic differences in labor market experiences between US black and white male workers. I develop a dynamic (search-matching-bargaining) model of taste-based employer discrimination with on-the-job search by workers. Using data from NLSY79, I find that the extent of discrimination is significantly lower than what has been estimated elsewhere, although they vary slightly across specifications used. Discrimination accounts for between 5 percent to 12 percent of differences in mean wages between races, depending on the controls used. Differences in exogenous job-termination rates between races play an important role in generating wage differentials. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mondal, Shamim Shahnowaz. "Employer Discrimination and Racial Differences in Wages and Turnover." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), February 10, 2022. |
4462. |
Mondal, Shamim Shahnowaz |
Essays on Racial Discrimination and Turnover in the Labor Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Rochester, October 2007. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Demography; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Workers, differentiated by easily observable characteristics like race and gender, experience different outcomes in the labor market. As has been well known to social scientists, significant differences in earnings exist among people who are otherwise similar (according to readily available measures of productivity) but differ across observable characteristics that are seemingly uncorrelated with productive ability of an individual. This has led to the question of whether certain demographic groups are treated unfairly compared to others. In this dissertation, I study the differences between the two major demographic groups in the US, viz., blacks and whites. In Chapter 2, I develop a dynamic (search-matching-bargaining) model of employer discrimination with on-the-job search by workers. Workers are either black or white, and employers differ by whether they discriminate against black workers or not. I analyze the impact of taste-based employer discrimination on wages and job-to-job turnover for both races. I use data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) to find model parameters that matches some carefully chosen moments from the data. Two variables of particular interest are the extent of disutility suffered by prejudiced employers from employing minority workers, and the proportion of such employers in the market. I find that the extent of discrimination is significantly lower than what has been found elsewhere, although they vary slightly across specifications used. Discrimination accounts for between 6% to 8% of differences in mean wages vi between races, depending on the controls used. Also, differences in exogenous job-termination rates play an important role in generating wage differentials. In Chapter 3, the assumption of an exogenous job-separation rate to unemployment is relaxed. In each period, workers experience productivity shocks that changes the match quality in the current, match. Consequently, some matches are rendered unpr ofitable, and hence the worker chooses to be unemployed. While discrimination is still a minor contributor to wage differences, it's impact is more profound on job-to-unemployment transition rates, whereas productivity differences are a much bigger contributor to wage differences as well as significant contributor to job-to-unemployment movements. The magnitude of the productivity shocks needed to generate differences observed in the data are not much different between blacks and whites. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mondal, Shamim Shahnowaz. Essays on Racial Discrimination and Turnover in the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Rochester, October 2007.. |
4463. |
Monk, Sue |
Working Mums Need Not Feel Guilty Courier-Mail, March 2, 1999, News; Pg. 3 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Nationwide News Pty Limited Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Ability; Employment; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on Elizabeth Harvey's study of the relationship between maternal employment and childhood development. The study, which utilized NLSY79 and Children of the NLSY79 data, found that maternal employment did not significantly harm child development. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monk, Sue. "Working Mums Need Not Feel Guilty." Courier-Mail, March 2, 1999, News; Pg. 3. |
4464. |
Monks, James |
The Returns to Individual and College Characteristics: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Economics of Education Review 19,3 (June 2000): 279-289. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775799000230 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Graduates; Colleges; Earnings; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Private Schools; Racial Differences There is growing interest in the heterogeneity of earnings among college graduates. This study examines earnings differentials across both individual and institutional characteristics. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, it can be seen that graduates from highly or most selective colleges and universities earn significantly more than graduates from less selective institutions. Additionally, graduates from graduate degree granting and research universities, and private universities earn more than their counterparts from liberal arts colleges and public institutions. There is, however, variation across racial and gender groups in the returns to individual and college characteristics. These findings are important in an educational environment where the (market) value of a liberal arts education is under scrutiny, and where the higher costs of private versus public colleges and universities are being questioned. Copyright: 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monks, James. "The Returns to Individual and College Characteristics: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Economics of Education Review 19,3 (June 2000): 279-289.
|
4465. |
Monks, James Pizer, Steven Daniel |
Trends in Voluntary and Involuntary Job Turnover Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 37,4 (October 1998): 440-459. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0019-8676.00098/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Job Turnover; Labor Turnover; Layoffs Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There has been some controversy recently about whether and how much job security has been declining in the United States. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Surveys to show that young men became more likely to change jobs over the period from 1971 to 1990. For whites, this increase is mostly attributable to an increase in the probability of involuntary job change. For nonwhites, the probability of voluntary and involuntary job change both increased. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Monks, James and Steven Daniel Pizer. "Trends in Voluntary and Involuntary Job Turnover." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 37,4 (October 1998): 440-459.
|
4466. |
Montague, Bill |
Workers on the Edge USA Today, February 21, 1996, Money; Pg. 1B Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: USA Today Keyword(s): Benefits; Job Training; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Turnover Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article reports on the effects of the changing labor market, in which previous assumptions about job tenure and benefits may no longer be applicable. NLSY79 data is cited. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Montague, Bill. "Workers on the Edge." USA Today, February 21, 1996, Money; Pg. 1B. |
4467. |
Montmarquette, Claude Cannings, Kathy Mahseredjian, Sophie |
How Do Young People Choose College Majors? Economics of Education Review 21,6 (December 2002): 543-557. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775701000541 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Probit; Racial Differences Previous studies on the determinants of the choice of college major have assumed a constant probability of success across majors or a constant earnings stream across majors. Our model disregards these two restrictive assumptions in computing an idiosyncratic expected earnings variable to explain the probability that a student will choose a specific major among four choices of concentrations. The construction of an expected earnings variable requires information on the student's perceived probability of success, the predicted earnings of graduates in all majors and the student's expected earnings if he (she) fails to complete a college program. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we evaluate the chances of success in all majors for all the individuals in the sample. Second, the individuals' predicted earnings of graduates in all majors are obtained using Rumberger and Thomas's [Econ. Educ. Rev. 12 (1993) 1] regression estimates from a 1987 Survey of Recent College Graduates. Third, we obtain idiosyncratic estimates of earnings alternative of not attending college or by dropping out with a condition derived from our college major decision-making model applied to our sample of college students. Finally, with a mixed multinomial logit and probit models and an heteroscedastic extreme value model, we explain the individuals' choice of a major. The results of the paper show that the expected earnings variable is essential in the choice of a college major. There are, however, significant differences in the impact of expected earnings by gender and race. [Copyright 2002 Elsevier] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Montmarquette, Claude, Kathy Cannings and Sophie Mahseredjian. "How Do Young People Choose College Majors?" Economics of Education Review 21,6 (December 2002): 543-557.
|
4468. |
Moon, Elizabeth A. Mott, Frank L. |
Poverty, Welfare, and Family Structure: Consequences for Children's Cognitive Development Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, March 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Development; Cognitive Development; Family Structure; Human Capital; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Racial Studies; Regions; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moon, Elizabeth A. and Frank L. Mott. "Poverty, Welfare, and Family Structure: Consequences for Children's Cognitive Development." Presented: Washington, DC, Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, March 1997. |
4469. |
Moore, Carol S. |
Information in the Labor Market: Empirical Studies of Incentive Pay, Work Hours, and Earnings Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Industrial Relations; Labor Economics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Choice; Occupational Status; Skilled Workers; Work Hours/Schedule This dissertation tests models of information in the labor market using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). "Do Monitoring Costs Explain Positive Returns to Tenure? Evidence from Incentive Pay Earners," assesses the role of monitoring costs in internal labor markets using NLSY data on method of pay. Several models predict that employers deter shirking by combining positive wage-tenure profiles with the threat of dismissal when monitoring costs are high. Because incentive pay bases a worker's pay explicitly on individual performance, incentive pay jobs have relatively low costs of monitoring worker performance. A fixed effects model is estimated by following wages for up to six years on the job. Contrary to the predictions of the monitoring costs model, incentive pay wages grow faster on the job than do time-rate wages. "Information, Incentive Pay, and Labor Market Discrimination," documents racial and gender differences in method of pay and in incentive pay wages. Results are considered in light of statistical and customer discrimination models. The scope for statistical discrimination is smaller where incentive pay is offered, so that skilled women and minorities may exhibit especially high returns to incentive pay in production jobs. Customer discrimination suggests that women and minorities experience depressed returns to incentive pay in customer-oriented service and sales jobs in which they are not traditionally represented. Models of occupational choice, method of pay, and earnings across and within occupations are estimated. Racial and gender wage gaps are found to be no smaller under incentive pay than under time rate systems in production jobs. However, evidence of customer discrimination is found for women and blacks in customer-oriented service jobs, and for Hispanics in sales jobs. "Economies of Agglomeration and Productivity: The Role of Starting Time," tests for economies of agglomeration by estimating the relationship between wages and work start time. A model is developed in which the concentration of start times around the peak exerts two mutually offsetting effects on productivity: economies of agglomeration and diminishing returns to labor. The empirical results imply that economies of agglomeration dominate diminishing returns across occupations and for managers and professionals. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Carol S. Information in the Labor Market: Empirical Studies of Incentive Pay, Work Hours, and Earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1994. |
4470. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Driscoll, Anne K. |
Low-Wage Maternal Employment and Outcomes for Children a Study The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1, (Spring 1997). Also: http://www.futureofchildren.org/pubs-info2825/pubs-info_show.htm?doc_id=72223 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton - Brookings Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Wage Levels; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the importance of anticipating how children may be affected by policies that move mothers off welfare and into employment, as the article by Zaslow and Emig in this journal issue points out, few research studies have addressed this critical policy question. To help fill that gap, this article presents the results of a new study using national survey data to examine child outcomes among families that had previously received welfare. About half the families studied had mothers who remained at home, the others were working at varying wage levels. The findings reported here echo themes discussed in the two preceding articles. Maternal employment does not appear to undermine children's social or cognitive development from ages 5 to 14, and it may yield advantages. Children whose mothers earned more than $5.00 per hour, particularly, had ,somewhat better outcomes than others. The authors emphasize, however, that background characteristics specific to the mothers who chose employment contributed to these positive outcomes. The authors add that it would be risky to apply these generalizations based on these findings to families forced into employment by welfare reform. Copyright 1997 by Center for the Future of Children. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. All rights reserved. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Anne K. Driscoll. "Low-Wage Maternal Employment and Outcomes for Children a Study." The Future of Children: Welfare to Work 7,1, (Spring 1997).
|
4471. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Glei, Dana A. Driscoll, Anne K. Zaslow, Martha J. |
Poverty and Welfare Patterns: Implications for Children Welfare and Poverty Paper 2000-07, Washington DC: Child Trends, Inc., 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Welfare To provide early insight into the possible implications of welfare reform for children, patterns of welfare receipt and poverty among a sample of ten and eleven year-olds are examined in detail across a four-year time period. Children's math and reading skills and behavior problems are analyzed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement. Results indicate that early childhood experiences and maternal characteristics are powerful determinants of children's outcomes. Net of these selection factors, children who experienced stable albeit disadvantaged economic conditions did not have worse outcomes than those who were never poor. Children whose families' economic fortunes improved were not at higher risk for poor outcomes. However, children in families whose financial circumstances declined were more at risk for behavioral problems and scored lower on reading tests than never poor children, as did children whose situations fluctuated. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Dana A. Glei, Anne K. Driscoll and Martha J. Zaslow. "Poverty and Welfare Patterns: Implications for Children." Welfare and Poverty Paper 2000-07, Washington DC: Child Trends, Inc., 2000. |
4472. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Mariner, Carrie L. Halle, Tamara G. |
Scaling Back Survey Scales: How Short is too Short? Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, Health and Retirement Study, Institute for Social Research, Conference on Data Quality Issues in Longitudinal Surveys, October 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan Keyword(s): Attrition; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Data Quality/Consistency; Family Environment; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Marital Conflict; Marital Instability; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Research Methodology; Scale Construction; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Evolving research and theory indicate that the factors that affect child development are varied, and arise from multiple domains, including the family, the neighborhood, the school, and the peer group, in addition to genetic and physiological factors (Bronfenbrenner, 1977, 1979, 1986, 1989; Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994). Even within a single domain -- the family-numerous processes have been posited and suggested to affect children's development in very different ways, some positive and some negative. For example, Day, Gavazzi, and Acock (1997) recommend multiple measures of family process constructs for inclusion in surveys, ranging from the intensity and frequency of marital conflict, to the use and creation of rituals. Similarly, Thornton (1998), summarizing the work of the NICHD Family and Child Well-being Research Network, lists dozens of candidate constructs for inclusion in studies of children and families. Collecting information on the varied factors that might potentially affe ct children's development places extraordinary data collection demands on a study. The respondent burden can become quite high, as data collection efforts can take an hour or more or even several hours. Repeated visits may be necessary at a single data collection point. Moreover, given a general consensus that longitudinal data are necessary in order to begin to address causal processes, there is a need to engage in these lengthy data collection efforts year after year. Thus, in addition to concerns about respondent burden, concerns must be addressed about the cumulative implications of very lengthy data collection studies on attrition, break-offs and respondent cooperation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Carrie L. Mariner and Tamara G. Halle. "Scaling Back Survey Scales: How Short is too Short?" Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, Health and Retirement Study, Institute for Social Research, Conference on Data Quality Issues in Longitudinal Surveys, October 1998. |
4473. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Meyers, David E. Morrison, Donna Ruane Nord, Christine Winquis |
Teenage Childbearing and Poverty Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", National Institutes of Health, May 18-19, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; Hispanics; Poverty An association between teenage parenthood and subsequent poverty has been noted for several decades. However, because early childbearing is more common among women from disadvantaged backgrounds, whether teenage childbearing increases the probability of poverty over and above the risk due to background factors has not been clear. In this paper, the effect of the timing of the first birth on the ratio of family income to the poverty threshold for the family is examined using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. All women are age 27 when studied. Direct effects are not hypothesized; rather the effect of age at first birth is expected to be mediated by intervening variables including educational attainment, age at first marriage, family size, women's work experience and earnings, and the earnings of other members of the household. Structural equation models are estimated, taking into account background variables that affect both selection into early childbearing and the outcome variables in the model, and employing a variant of Amemiya's principle to deal with problems of censoring and selectivity. Results indicate that age at first birth has a substantial effect on the ratio of family income to the poverty threshold at age 27 among blacks, Hispanics, and whites, though the effect is particularly large among blacks and Hispanics. Age at first birth is found to have a significant direct effect on highest grade completed and number of children among all three race/ethnicity groups. In addition, age at first birth has a significant direct effect on age at first marriage among whites. These variables in turn affect family income and thus poverty. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, David E. Meyers, Donna Ruane Morrison and Christine Winquis Nord. "Teenage Childbearing and Poverty." Presented: Bethesda, MD, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", National Institutes of Health, May 18-19, 1992. |
4474. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Morrison, Donna Ruane Greene, Angela Dungee |
Effects on Children Born to Adolescent Mothers In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 145-173 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; Child Health; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Welfare To assess the effects of early childbearing on the children themselves, the authors of this chapter look at four types of outcomes: the quality of the home environment provided to the child; the child's cognitive development and educational attainment; physical and psychological well-being; and behavior problems and substance abuse. They consider these potential impacts for the children when young as well as when adolescents. And they examine whether firstborns fare differently from their siblings. Their major finding are in the areas of home environment and cognitive and educational development. When the mother's background characteristics are controlled, the quality of the home environment (including both emotional support and cognitive stimulation) is over 4 points lower (on a normal scale where the mean is set at 100) for the offspring of young teen mothers than for children whose mothers were 20 to 21 at their birth. The children of young teen mothers also score lower in mathematics and reading recognition (4 points) and in reading comprehension (3 points) in the period up to age 14. These differences carry over into adolescence in the form of greater likelihood of repeating a grade and being rated unfavorably by teachers in high school. Birth order is not important. These deficits are found for subsequent children as well as the firstborn children of young teen mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Donna Ruane Morrison and Angela Dungee Greene. "Effects on Children Born to Adolescent Mothers" In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 145-173
|
4475. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Myers, David E. Morrison, Donna Ruane Edmonston, B. |
Age at First Childbirth and Later Poverty Journal of Research on Adolescence 3,4 (1993): 393-422 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing, Adolescent; Earnings; Ethnic Groups; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; Family Size; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Poverty; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, David E. Myers, Donna Ruane Morrison and B. Edmonston. "Age at First Childbirth and Later Poverty." Journal of Research on Adolescence 3,4 (1993): 393-422.
|
4476. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Nord, Christine Winquis Peterson, James Lloyd |
Nonvoluntary Sexual Activity Among Adolescents Family Planning Perspectives 21,3 (May-June 1989): 110-114. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135660 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Poverty; Sexual Activity; Underreporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1987 round of the National Survey of Children indicate that seven percent of Americans aged 18-22 have experienced at least one episode of nonvoluntary sexual intercourse. Women were more likely than men to report having had such an experience, with just under half of all nonvoluntary experiences among women occurring before the age of 14. Multiple classification analysis reveals that white women who had lived apart from their parents before age 16, those who had been brought up in poverty, those who had a physical, emotional or mental limitation when they were young, those whose parents had been heavy drinkers, those whose parents had used illegal drugs and those whose parents had smoked cigarettes when they themselves were teenagers were at significantly greater risk for experiencing sexual abuse. Six percent of young white women with no risk factors, nine percent of those with one, 26 percent of those with two, and 68 percent of those with three or more had been sexually abused before or during adolescence. The analyses are based on data from the third wave of the National Survey of Children (NSC) conducted in 1987, Cycle III of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) carried out in 1982, and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Force Behavior of Youth (NLSY) for the years 1983-1985. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Christine Winquis Nord and James Lloyd Peterson. "Nonvoluntary Sexual Activity Among Adolescents." Family Planning Perspectives 21,3 (May-June 1989): 110-114.
|
4477. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Snyder, Nancy O. |
Cognitive Attainment Among Firstborn Children of Adolescent Mothers American Sociological Review 56,5 (October 1991): 612-624. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096083 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Bias Decomposition; Birthweight; Child Development; Childbearing; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; General Assessment; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The consequences of early childbearing for the intellectual achievement of young children are examined. Earlier studies have suggested that mothers who were early childbearers and those who are high school dropouts have children who fare worse than the children of older mothers and those who were progressing normally in school. Data on the children born to women in the NLSY, together with week-by-week school enrollment data for each mother, allowed the examination of this hypothesis. Separate analysis of black, Hispanic, and non-minority children were made. Children's cognitive abilities were most strongly predicted by the mother's cognitive test score. Mother's age at first birth and school enrollment status at conception proved to be less important predictors of the child's cognitive score compared to the powerful prediction made by her Armed Forces Qualifying Test score. While environmental factors were relatively weak predictors, measures of the stimulating nature of the child's home increased the predictive power in regression sets. It must be concluded that there is strong selectivity into school failure and teenage parenthood and that the low parental ability as measured here is clearly evident in the next generation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Nancy O. Snyder. "Cognitive Attainment Among Firstborn Children of Adolescent Mothers." American Sociological Review 56,5 (October 1991): 612-624.
|
4478. |
Moore, Kristin Anderson Snyder, Nancy O. |
Cognitive Development among the Children of Adolescent Mothers Working Paper, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Bias Decomposition; Birthweight; Child Development; Childbearing; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Hispanics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Teenagers The consequences of early childbearing for the intellectual achievement of young children are examined. Earlier studies have suggested that mothers who were early childbearers and those who are high-school dropouts have children who fare worse than the children of older mothers and those who were progressing normally in school. Data on the children born to women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, together with week-by-week school enrollment data for each mother, allowed the examination of this hypothesis. Separate analyses of black, Hispanic, and non-minority children were made. Children's cognitive abilities were most strongly predicted by the mother's cognitive test score. Mother's age at first birth and school enrollment status at conception proved to be less important predictors of the child's cognitive score compared to the powerful prediction made by her Armed Forces Qualifying Test score. While environmental factors were relatively weak predictors, measures of the stimulating nature of the child's home increased the predictive power in regression sets. It must be concluded that there is strong selectivity into school failure and teenage parenthood; and that the low parental ability as measured here is clearly evident in the next generation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Nancy O. Snyder. "Cognitive Development among the Children of Adolescent Mothers." Working Paper, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, 1991. |
4479. |
Moore, Michael J. Cook, Philip J. |
Habit and Heterogeneity in the Youthful Demand for Alcohol NBER Working Paper No. 5152, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1995. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w5152 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Addiction; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Heterogeneity Observed patterns of youthful drinking indicate substantial persistence. This paper analyzes how much of that persistence reflects the actual development of a habit, and how much is due to unobserved aspects of the individual and the environment. The role of restrictions on alcohol availability, both in the current period and in adolescence, is also explored. We find that much of the observed persistence represents habit formation, and not unobserved characteristics. Consequently, restrictions on availability, particularly at an early age, alter subsequent patterns of alcohol consumption and abuse. This paper is available in PDF (1408 K) format: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W5152.pdf |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Michael J. and Philip J. Cook. "Habit and Heterogeneity in the Youthful Demand for Alcohol." NBER Working Paper No. 5152, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1995. |
4480. |
Moore, Miranda Annette |
Exploring Fertility Expectations Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, SUNY-Stony Brook Keyword(s): Divorce; Fertility; Insurance, Health; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Women; Women's Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The past few decades have seen an incredible increase in the use of panel data to answer micro level questions in a variety of settings. This new longitudinal data has allowed economists to empirically explore many theoretical economic models. One area that has not been as extensively explored is the economics of fertility expectations. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to explore the fertility expectations of a cohort of women who were 14 to 21 years old in 1979. We begin by investigating the impact of changes in the woman's socioeconomic status on the probability that she changes her fertility expectations. While the majority of our predictions are supported by our analysis, divorcing or separating from a spouse yield contradictory results. We also found counterintuitive impacts of losing self health insurance purchased through any source other than a current employer and losing health insurance for a child. We continue by analyzing which factors influence fertility expectation. We find that the majority of the observable variables representing a woman's background characteristics and her current socioeconomic status (marital status and education) have significant effect on her fertility expectations, both in statistical significance and magnitude. Additionally these effects are largely consistent with generally held beliefs. Next we test whether women are operating under a model of pure rationality or a model of rationality with learning. We fail to accept that the model the NLSY79 women use to form their fertility expectations is consistent with the rational expectations (RE) hypothesis. Our results provide support for the theory that women form their fertility expectations under a model of rationality with learning. Although our results are mostly consistent with our predictions, experiencing a change in the source of your own or your child's health insurance yields contradictory results. Understanding how women form and change their fertility expectations is important for many aspects of economics. Demographers who use fertility expectations to make future population predictions and economists who model a woman's simultaneous or sequential decisions of how many children to have and the quantity of market labor to supply will benefit from a better understanding of the fertility expectations of women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Miranda Annette. Exploring Fertility Expectations. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2010. |
4481. |
Moore, Quinn Schmidt, Lucie |
Do Maternal Investments in Human Capital Affect Children's Academic Achievement? Working Paper, Department of Economics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, May 2004. Also: http://www.williams.edu/Economics/wp/schmidtmoore_schmidt.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Williams College Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children of educated mothers fare better on a variety of educational outcomes. However, little research has been done on the effects of human capital nvestments undertaken by mothers with children at home. Such investments have a theoretically ambiguous effect on child outcomes, since human capital investment reduces time spent with children but may have positive spillover effects on child investment. Using child-and sibling-fixed effects models to deal with unobserved heterogeneity, we find that cumulative maternal schooling undertaken during a child's lifetime has significant positive effects on child outcomes, and that negative time allocation effects are minimal. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Quinn and Lucie Schmidt. "Do Maternal Investments in Human Capital Affect Children's Academic Achievement?" Working Paper, Department of Economics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, May 2004. |
4482. |
Moore, Quinn Schmidt, Lucie |
Do Maternal Investments in Human Capital Affect Their Children's Educational Outcomes? Presented: San Antonio, TX, Southern Economic Association Meetings, 2003. Also: http://www.williams.edu/Economics/wp/schmidtmoore_schmidt.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Children of educated mothers fare better on a variety of educational outcomes. However, little research has been done on the effects of human capital investments undertaken by mothers with children at home. Such investments have a theoretically ambiguous effect on child outcomes, since human capital investment reduces time spent with children but may have positive spillover effects on child investment. Using childand sibling-fixed effects models to deal with unobserved heterogeneity, we find that cumulative maternal schooling undertaken during a child's lifetime has significant positive effects on child outcomes, and that negative time allocation effects are minimal. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Quinn and Lucie Schmidt. "Do Maternal Investments in Human Capital Affect Their Children's Educational Outcomes?" Presented: San Antonio, TX, Southern Economic Association Meetings, 2003. |
4483. |
Moore, Quinn Schmidt, Lucie |
Do the Human Capital Investments of Young Mothers Affect Their Children's Educational Outcomes? Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2002. Also: http://www.williams.edu/Economics/wp/schmidtmoore_schmidt.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing literature finds that highly educated mothers tend to have children with superior educational outcomes. However, little work has been done on the effects of human capital investments undertaken by women while they are mothering small children. A simple model of household time allocation would suggest that time spent on human capital investment would reduce time spent with children, and thus negatively impact the child outcomes. Alternatively, maternal time in education and training activities may have positive spillover effects on investment in children, including role model effects and improved ability to help with homework. This paper examines the relationship between human capital investments of young mothers and their children's educational outcomes using data from the Children of the NLSY. Preliminary results suggest that the positive spillover effects on child outcomes dominate the negative effects of time trade-offs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Quinn and Lucie Schmidt. "Do the Human Capital Investments of Young Mothers Affect Their Children's Educational Outcomes?" Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2002. |
4484. |
Moore, Quinn Shierholz, Heidi S. |
Externalities of Imprisonment: Does Maternal Incarceration Affect Child Outcomes? Presented: Toronto, ON, 2006 Meetings of The Canadian Law and Economics Association, September 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Incarceration; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. As a result of deliberate policy decisions over the last three decades to increase the probability and lengths of prison sentences, the incarceration rate for state and federal prisoners has grown by 340% since 1980. Incarceration rates have risen even faster for women -- 560% percent over the same time period. These dramatic increases raise some conspicuous policy questions about the effects -- beyond the intended effects of punishment, incapacitation, and deterrence -- of imprisonment on prisoners, their families and their communities. The economic literature on the externalities of imprisonment has focused primarily on the effects of involvement in the criminal justice system on later employment and earnings. Much less is known about the effects of parental incarceration on children's outcomes, though the little available evidence suggests that the effect is large and detrimental. Developing a more complete understanding of the independent effect of parental incarceration on child outcomes is crucial to informing policy decisions, particularly in light of the recent dramatic increase in the use of imprisonment. In this paper, we examine the effects of maternal imprisonment on children's educational outcomes using data from the Children of the NLSY. These data include a rich set of variables related to both the mother and the child, including maternal criminal history and a set of standardized child cognitive assessments. We employ both child and sibling fixed effects specifications to address the presence of unobservable characteristics that may be correlated with both maternal imprisonment and child outcomes. These fixed effects estimates attempt to identify the independent effect of maternal imprisonment on child outcomes -- independent, that is, from the effects of the nonrandom selection into the population of kids whose moms are in prison. Preliminary results show that both reading scores and behavioral problems worsen significantly for every year of maternal imprisonment. Math scores also worsen though the effect is not significant. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Quinn and Heidi S. Shierholz. "Externalities of Imprisonment: Does Maternal Incarceration Affect Child Outcomes?" Presented: Toronto, ON, 2006 Meetings of The Canadian Law and Economics Association, September 2006. |
4485. |
Moore, Ravaris L. |
Identifying the Effects of Parental Absence on the Probabilities of Graduation and Arrests Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Arrests; High School Completion/Graduates; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the NLSY97 to investigate the effects of parental absence on high school graduation rates and young adult arrest probabilities. Respondents are segmented into five household structures reflecting the number of biological parents with whom they reside, and reason for parental absence. Differences in outcomes are characterized by group. A simple structural model then transforms group level differences into separate effects of parental absence, parental death, and unobserved factors correlated with endogenous parental absence. Preliminary findings suggest that parental absence is responsible for the vast majority of observed difference in graduation rates. Parental death also has a sizable effect. Circumstances have a very small effect. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first work that attempts to separate the effects of parental absence from unobserved effects of factors that correlated with parental absence. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Ravaris L. "Identifying the Effects of Parental Absence on the Probabilities of Graduation and Arrests." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
4486. |
Moore, Richard Quinn |
Essays in Labor and Family Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2005. DAI-A 67/07, Jan 2007. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Michigan Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The papers in this dissertation deal broadly with issues related to inequality, human capital formation, and family economics. The first paper investigates the role of selection bias in the change in the black-white log wage gap among women. The second paper looks at the effect on child academic achievement of maternal human capital investment undertaken during the child's lifetime. The third paper is a cohort-based investigation of the gender wage gap over the past two decades. The first chapter seeks to estimate changes in selection bias in the observed wages of black and white women over time. Results suggest that while the selection-corrected wage gap is larger than the observed gap throughout the period under study, selection bias became much less important in recent years. Moreover, my results indicate that focusing on the measured wage gap leads to misleading conclusions with regard to the relative economic progress of black women. The pattern of potential wage gaps suggests that the racial gap in economic opportunity among women was never as small as it appeared, and changed less over time than suggested by observed estimates. The second chapter investigates the role that maternal schooling undertaken during a child's lifetime plays in child cognitive development. Little research has focused on the effects of human capital investments undertaken by women while they are mothering children. A theoretical model is developed that shows that such maternal schooling has an ambiguous effect on child cognitive development. Empirical results suggest that maternal schooling undertaken during the first year of the child's life has large negative significant effects on child cognitive development, but that schooling in later years has positive significant effects on child cognitive development. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model that shows that under certain conditions, mothers who value their own consumption and the final level of their children's development will choose to go to school during their child's lifetime. This decision has a theoretically ambiguous effect on child cognitive development. Time spent on human capital investment reduces time spent with children, and thus negatively impacts child outcomes. However, maternal education may have positive spillover effects on investment in children, including role model effects and improved ability to help with homework. Using data from the Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine empirically the theoretically ambiguous effect of a mother undertaking schooling on her children's academic outcomes. We also compare the effects of maternal schooling to effects of maternal labor force participation. Using both child-fixed effects and sibling-fixed effects models to address unobserved heterogeneity, we find that cumulative maternal schooling has significant positive effects on child outcomes, and that negative time allocation effects are minimal. These results increase further the expected rate of return on continued schooling among women with children and suggest that proposals to have education classified as a work-related activity for purposes of welfare eligibility could have positive effects on the academic achievement of children in welfare-dependent families. The final chapter uses cohort analysis to investigate the stagnation of the gender wage gap during the 1990s. We find that understanding cohort dynamics is crucial to understanding changes in the wage gap. In particular, changes in point in lifecycle cohort replacement explain much of the increases in women's wages related to changes in observed characteristics and to changes in selection into employment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Richard Quinn. Essays in Labor and Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 2005. DAI-A 67/07, Jan 2007.. |
4487. |
Mooyaart, Jarl Liefbroer, Aart C. Billari, Francesco |
Becoming Overweight and Obese in Early Adulthood: The Role of Career and Family Trajectories Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Formation; Obesity; Transition, Adulthood; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the extent to which family and career trajectories during the transition to adulthood (age 17 to 25) influence the risk of becoming overweight or obese in early adulthood (age 28). We separate analyses by gender and control race, parental SES and family structure. We use data from NLSY97 (N=4700) to first identify typical trajectories using sequence analysis, and subsequently investigate whether career or family trajectories are associated with becoming overweight or obese in early adulthood. Results indicate that for women mainly career trajectories, for men family pathways matter in terms of the risk for overweight and obesity. Family background shows little effect with the exception of race. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mooyaart, Jarl, Aart C. Liefbroer and Francesco Billari. "Becoming Overweight and Obese in Early Adulthood: The Role of Career and Family Trajectories." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
4488. |
Mora, Marie T. Davila, Alberto Boudreau, James |
Social Networks and Black-White Differentials in Public Employment Agency Usage among Mature Job Seekers The Annals of Regional Science 56,2 (March 2016): 433-448. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00168-016-0746-9 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Job Search; Racial Differences; Social Contacts/Social Network; Unemployment Rate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We conceptually and empirically analyze how local labor market weakness impacts the usage of public employment agencies (PEAs) between Blacks and Whites in the USA. Employing restricted-use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, our empirical results indicate that Blacks have higher PEA-usage rates than Whites, likely caused by their higher unemployment rates. However, Whites in regions with relatively weak professional networks tended to tap into PEAs more than otherwise similar Blacks, reducing the Black-White differential in PEA usage. These findings fit with the conceptual prediction that Whites endure a disproportionate negative impact when tighter labor markets (and thus fewer referrals) exist. They also raise the question about whether current anti-labor-market discrimination policies account for potential job-referral differentials between Black and Whites. To the extent that employers favor employee recommendations from members of a particular racial/ethnic group, then perhaps policy targeting discrimination in the workplace should consider how job openings are initially advertised and subsequently filled. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Mora, Marie T., Alberto Davila and James Boudreau. "Social Networks and Black-White Differentials in Public Employment Agency Usage among Mature Job Seekers." The Annals of Regional Science 56,2 (March 2016): 433-448.
|
4489. |
Morash, Merry Rucker, Lila |
An Exploratory Study of the Connection of Mother's Age at Childbearing to Her Children's Delinquency in Four Data Sets Crime and Delinquency 35,1 (January 1989): 45-93. Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/35/1/45.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Crime and Delinquency Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Delinquency/Gang Activity; First Birth; Longitudinal Data Sets Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the relationship between early childbearing and delinquent outcomes for the child. Using data from the London Longitudinal Survey, the Philadelphia Cohort Study, the NLSY, and the National Survey of Children, it was found that: (1) although there is a relationship between mother's age at first child's birth and delinquency, it is conditioned by the presence of a father or stepfather; and (2) the connection between mother's age and father's presence while not strong was persistent across both U.S. and British samples and across racial/ethnic group samples. Policy implications are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morash, Merry and Lila Rucker. "An Exploratory Study of the Connection of Mother's Age at Childbearing to Her Children's Delinquency in Four Data Sets." Crime and Delinquency 35,1 (January 1989): 45-93.
|
4490. |
Moreau, E. E. |
Forecasting High-Tech ASVAB Scores M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Labor Force Participation; Manpower Research; Military Recruitment; Military Service; Modeling; Program Participation/Evaluation; Urban and Regional Planning; Urbanization/Urban Living Development of model for estimation of a high-tech market population is essential for determining an efficient allocation of recruiting resources. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), regression equations are used to estimate the probability that a 17 to 21 year old, high school graduate will score high enough on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) to be classified into a high-tech rating. This probability is modeled as a function of sociodemographic variables including gender, race/ethnicity, parent's education, poverty status, income, residence in an urban area, and receipt of welfare payments. Best fit equations are developed in order to facilitate calculations of nationwide, county-level, high-tech market distributions. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moreau, E. E. Forecasting High-Tech ASVAB Scores. M.A. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School - Monterey CA, 1992. |
4491. |
Moretti, Enrico |
Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence From Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data NBER Working Paper No. 9108, National Bureau of Economic Research, University of California - Los Angeles, August 2002. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8605.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Census of Population; College Graduates; Education; Modeling; Wage Rates Economists have speculated for at least a century that the social return to education may exceed the private return. In this paper, I estimate spillovers from college education by comparing wages for otherwise similar individuals who work in cities with different shares of college graduates in the labor force. OLS estimates show a large positive relationship between the share of college graduates in a city and individual wages, over and above the private return to education. A key issue in this comparison is the presence of unobservable individual characteristics, such as ability, that may raise wages and be correlated with college share. I use a confidential version of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate a model of non-random selection of workers among cities. By observing the same individual over time, I can control for differences in unobserved ability across individuals and differences in the return to skills across cities. I then investigate the hypothesis that the correlation between college share and wages is due to unobservable city-specific shocks that may raise wages and attract more highly educated workers to different cities. To control for this source of potential bias, I turn to Census data and use two instrumental variables: the lagged city demographic structure and the presence of a land-grant college. The results from Census data are remarkably consistent with those based on the NLSY sample. A percentage point increase in the supply of college graduates raises high school drop-outs' wages by 1.9%, high school graduates' wages by 1.6%, and college graduates wages by 0.4%. The effect is larger for less educated groups, as predicted by a conventional demand and supply model. But even for college graduates, an increase in the supply of college graduates increases wages, as predicted by a model that includes conventional demand and supply factors as well as spillovers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moretti, Enrico. "Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence From Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data." NBER Working Paper No. 9108, National Bureau of Economic Research, University of California - Los Angeles, August 2002. |
4492. |
Moretti, Enrico |
Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-sectional Data Journal of Econometrics 121,1-2 (July-August 2004): 175-212. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407603002653 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Census of Population; College Graduates; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Education; Geocoded Data; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Wage Rates Economists have speculated for at least a century that the social return to education may exceed the private return. In this paper, I estimate spillovers from college education by comparing wages for otherwise similar individuals who work in cities with different shares of college graduates in the labor force. A key issue in this comparison is the presence of unobservable characteristics of individuals and cities that may raise wages and be correlated with college share. I use longitudinal data to estimate a model of non-random selection of workers among cities. I account for unobservable city-specific demand shocks by using two instrumental variables: the (lagged) city demographic structure and the presence of a land-grant college. I find that a percentage point increase in the supply of college graduates raises high school drop-outs’ wages by 1.9%, high school graduates’ wages by 1.6%, and college graduates wages by 0.4%. The effect is larger for less educated groups, as predicted by a conventional demand and supply model. But even for college graduates, an increase in the supply of college graduates increases wages, as predicted by a model that includes conventional demand and supply factors as well as spillovers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moretti, Enrico. "Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-sectional Data." Journal of Econometrics 121,1-2 (July-August 2004): 175-212.
|
4493. |
Moretti, Enrico |
Social Return to Education Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2000. DAI, 62, no. 01A (2000): p. 274 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Census of Population; College Graduates; Educational Returns; Endogeneity; High School Dropouts; Technology/Technological Changes; Wage Equations The main goal of this dissertation is to estimate the social return to education. Understanding the magnitude of this return is key to assessing the efficiency of public investment in education. In the first part, I estimate externalities from education by comparing wages for otherwise similar individuals who work in cities with different shares of college graduates in the labor force. A key issue in this comparison is the presence of unobservable factors that may raise wages and be correlated with the share of educated workers. To control for the potential endogeneity of education across cities, I use a combination of longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and repeated cross-sectional data from the Census. The results from the NLSY sample are remarkably consistent with those based on Census data. A percentage point increase in the supply of college graduates raises high-school drop-outs' wages by 1.9%, high-school graduates' wages by 1.6%, the wages of college graduates by 0.4%. The effect is larger for less educated groups, as predicted by a conventional demand and supply model. But even for college graduates, an increase in the supply of college graduates increases wages, as predicted by a model that includes both conventional demand and supply factors and externalities. In the second part of the dissertation, I create and employ a unique worker-firm matched dataset to investigate the effect of human capital externalities on productivity and technological change in manufacturing firms. The dataset is obtained by combining the Census of Manufacturers and the Census of Population. I start by documenting a positive correlation between the productivity of manufacturing establishments in a given city and the average level of education outside the establishment in the same city. I find little evidence that omitted variables play a major role. I investigate whether in cities with a better-educated labor force plants tend to be equi pped with better technology. I find that in plants that are situated in cities with higher average education, both investment in computers and the fraction of new machinery to the total stock of machinery are larger, after controlling for a plant's characteristics. Furthermore, within a given city, investment in computers in a particular plant is positively associated with the number of workers who use computers outside the plant. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Moretti, Enrico. Social Return to Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Berkeley, 2000. DAI, 62, no. 01A (2000): p. 274. |
4494. |
Morgan, Erica M. |
Heir and the Spare: Impact of Birth Order on Risk Attitudes, Discount Rates, and Behaviors Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Alcohol Use; Birth Order; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Risk-Taking; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter one gives an introduction to the literature on whether birth order has a significant impact on both cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. Conceptual models of why birth order might matter are presented from the fields of economics, sociology, and psychology. The second chapter uses data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to determine the impact of birth order on initiation into the activities of smoking, marijuana usage, sexual intercourse, and drinking. Significant birth order effects are found for the last born of two and three child families across all four activities. A subset of the data is used to see whether an older sibling's participation in the activity has a significant effect on the hazard of the younger sibling's initiation. Chapter three uses experimental data to determine if there are any differences between subjects of different birth orders in terms of: laboratory elicited measures of risk aversion, participation rates in the four activities described above, and age at first initiation into the activities. Significant differences are found between oldest and non-oldest subjects in terms of risk preferences. Birth order had an insignificant impact on most of the field behaviors studied in this sample and no strong correlation is found between laboratory elicited measures of risk aversion and risky field behaviors. Chapter four examines to what extent risk perceptions and risk preferences differ between subjects of different birth orders across contexts using the Domain Specific Risk vi Taking Scale (2006). No significant differences were found between non-oldest and oldest children in terms of risk perception or willingness to take risk across domains. No consistent relationship is found between the Holt and Laury measure of risk aversion and the willingness to take risks measured in the DOSPERT. The fifth chapter estimates differences in temporal preferences between subjects of different birth orders. Older children are found to be more patient compared to non-oldest children when using a new approach to estimate discount rates under conditions of risk neutrality. Significant differences are found between discount rates elicited in traditional ways compared to those elicited with the new method. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, Erica M. Heir and the Spare: Impact of Birth Order on Risk Attitudes, Discount Rates, and Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2009. |
4495. |
Morgan, S. Philip Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie |
Life Course Dynamics of Unintended and Mistimed Pregnancies Among American Women Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 12, 2005. Also: http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/2/0/9/8/pages20988/p20988-1.php Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Fertility; Life Course; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study relies on longitudinal, prospective assessments of fertility intentions and behaviors of 1957 to 1961 birth cohorts of U.S. women to evaluate the correspondence between pregnancies explicitly reported as unwanted or mistimed, and those associated with changing intentions. We first assess the contribution of unwanted and mistimed pregnancies to the observed fertility of these cohorts of women, and then examine the dynamic contribution of life course factors to changing intentions. We build on a framework developed by Bongaarts (2001) in selecting the life course factors that merit attention in this regard. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative survey which prospectively follows the parallel evolution of fertility intentions and reproductive histories. To ensure that the analyses reach the near end of the respondents' reproductive years, the sample is restricted to 2,720 women 40 years or older in 2002 (vital registration statistics indicate that only 1-2% of the U.S. TFR is due to women above 40). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, S. Philip and Amélie Quesnel-Vallée. "Life Course Dynamics of Unintended and Mistimed Pregnancies Among American Women." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 12, 2005. |
4496. |
Morgan, S. Philip Rackin, Heather |
Comparing Prospective and Retrospective Measures of Unwanted Fertility Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility; Motherhood; Mothers; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Wantedness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to compare levels and correlates of prospective and retrospective measurements of unwanted fertility. Specifically, we contrast traditional retrospective measures with a new strategy that uses prospective intention measures that were asked 17 times over a three decade period. For instance, if a respondent reports in two consecutive surveys that she intends no more children, then we code a birth prior to the next survey as “prospectively unwanted”. Our preliminary results show that this prospective measure of unwanted fertility identifies 14.7% of all births to this cohort as unwanted. Traditional retrospective reports identify only 9.7% of births as unwanted. Planned analyses will compare the correlates of unwanted births using these two approaches as well as correlates of factors that predict when a birth will be differentially coded using these two approaches. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, S. Philip and Heather Rackin. "Comparing Prospective and Retrospective Measures of Unwanted Fertility." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010. |
4497. |
Morgan, S. Philip Rackin, Heather |
Revisiting "Missing the Target": Correspondence of Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the U.S. Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Rate; Expectations/Intentions; Family Size; Fertility; Life Course; Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Most young men and women intend to have children; two children is highly normative and the modal response. Fertility levels well below replacement result because these intentions are not met – a common occurrence in many countries. Using U.S. data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79), we examine the co-variation in actual fertility and fertility intentions over a three-decade period. We build on Quesnel-Vallée and Morgan (2003) who used these same data. Specifically, the younger half of the sample has now reached the end of their reproductive years, and we can explore fully the correspondence between intended and realized family size (for women and men in the 1957 to 1964 birth cohorts). We begin to examine causes for the lack of correspondence in intent and behavior by examining the effect of blended families. Blended families change fertility intentions and realizations, contingent upon where previous children reside and other factors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, S. Philip and Heather Rackin. "Revisiting "Missing the Target": Correspondence of Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the U.S." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009. |
4498. |
Morgan, S. Philip Rackin, Heather |
The Correspondence Between Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the United States Population and Development Review 36,1 (March 2010): 91-118. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00319.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Council Keyword(s): Birth Rate; Expectations/Intentions; Family Size; Fertility; Life Course; Marital Status Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we describe the correspondence between intended family size and observed fertility for US men and women in the 1957-64 birth cohorts. Mean fertility intentions calculated from reports given in the mid-20s modestly overstate completed fertility. But discrepancies between stated intent and actual fertility are common--the stated intent at age 24 (for both women and men) is more likely to miss than to match completed fertility. We focus on factors that predict which women and men will have fewer or more children than intended. Consistent with life-course arguments, those unmarried, childless, or (for women) still in school at approximately age 24 were most likely to underachieve their intended parity (i.e., had fewer children than intended at age 24). We discuss how such discrepancies between intentions and behavior may cumulate to produce sizable cross-group fertility differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Population & Development Review is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, S. Philip and Heather Rackin. "The Correspondence Between Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the United States." Population and Development Review 36,1 (March 2010): 91-118.
|
4499. |
Morgan, S. Philip Rybinska, Anna |
Fertility Delay and Childlessness in the NLSY-79 Cohort Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provided valuable insights into the process of fertility delay and childlessness for a cohort of American women that recently finished their reproductive careers. We construct lifelines characterizing women’s childless expectations and fertility behavior over the life course as well as analyze the relationship between socio-economic factors and expected childlessness. One fourth of women in this cohort ever-reported a childless expectation. Two patterns capture the majority of childless women’s lifelines: those who repeatedly postponed childbearing and then adopted a childless expectation at older ages and those who expressed ambivalence about parenthood at various ages and never had children. These results show the pitfalls of assigning voluntary and involuntary childlessness to the reproductive experience of childless women. Childless expectations are strong predictors of permanent childlessness, regardless of the age when respondents verbalize them. Socio-economic factors are not strong predictors of expected childlessness. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, S. Philip and Anna Rybinska. "Fertility Delay and Childlessness in the NLSY-79 Cohort." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
4500. |
Morgan, Stephen L. |
The Causal Effect of Family Income on College Entry and College Completion: A Feasible Semiparametric Approach for Isolating the Margin Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. Also: http://paa2002.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=60927 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Education; College Enrollment; Family Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Through an analysis of NLSY data, this paper examines whether or not family income shortfalls have long-run deprivation effects and/or short-run credit constraint effects on college entry and college completion patterns. Based on the logic of propensity score analysis, the favorite status attainment variable of educational expectations is used to develop a latent variable model of the propensity to enter and complete college. Using this estimated single dimension as a ranking of individuals, the conditional association between family income and educational transition rates is then analyzed for different strata of that population, some of which can be narrowly represented as students on the margin of college entry. This approach enables an inside-out approach to modeling the causal effect for those students most likely to be subject to the influence of short-run fluctuations in available credit. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Morgan, Stephen L. "The Causal Effect of Family Income on College Entry and College Completion: A Feasible Semiparametric Approach for Isolating the Margin." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2002. |