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Author: Firebaugh, Glenn

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1.	Firebaugh, Glenn Warner, Cody Massoglia, Michael
1.	Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Hybrid Models for Causal Analysis In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 113-132 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Longitudinal data are becoming increasingly common in social science research. In this chapter, we discuss methods for exploiting the features of longitudinal data to study causal effects. The methods we discuss are broadly termed fixed effects and random effects models. We begin by discussing some of the advantages of fixed effects models over traditional regression approaches and then present a basic notation for the fixed effects model. This notation serves also as a baseline for introducing the random effects model, a common alternative to the fixed effects approach. After comparing fixed effects and random effects models – paying particular attention to their underlying assumptions – we describe hybrid models that combine attractive features of each. To provide a deeper understanding of these models, and to help researchers determine the most appropriate approach to use when analyzing longitudinal data, we provide three empirical examples. We also briefly discuss several extensions of fixed/random effects models. We conclude by suggesting additional literature that readers may find helpful.
	Bibliography Citation Firebaugh, Glenn, Cody Warner and Michael Massoglia. "Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Hybrid Models for Causal Analysis" In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 113-132

2.	Massoglia, Michael Firebaugh, Glenn Warner, Cody
2.	Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Attainment American Sociological Review 78,1 (February 2013): 142-165. Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/78/1/142.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Each year, more than 700,000 convicted offenders are released from prison and reenter neighborhoods across the country. Prior studies have found that minority ex-inmates tend to reside in more disadvantaged neighborhoods than do white ex-inmates. However, because these studies do not control for pre-prison neighborhood conditions, we do not know how much (if any) of this racial variation is due to arrest and incarceration, or if these observed findings simply reflect existing racial residential inequality. Using a nationally representative dataset that tracks individuals over time, we find that only whites live in significantly more disadvantaged neighborhoods after prison than prior to prison. Blacks and Hispanics do not, nor do all groups (whites, blacks, and Hispanics) as a whole live in worse neighborhoods after prison. We attribute this racial variation in the effect of incarceration to the high degree of racial neighborhood inequality in the United States: because white offenders generally come from much better neighborhoods, they have much more to lose from a prison spell. In addition to advancing our understanding of the social consequences of the expansion of the prison population, these findings demonstrate the importance of controlling for pre-prison characteristics when investigating the effects of incarceration on residential outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Massoglia, Michael, Glenn Firebaugh and Cody Warner. "Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Attainment." American Sociological Review 78,1 (February 2013): 142-165.

3.	Massoglia, Michael Firebaugh, Glenn Warner, Cody
3.	Where Do They Live Now? Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Disadvantage Presented: Washington DC, Population Assocation of America Meetings, March-April 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Incarceration/Jail; Mobility, Residential; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The expansion of the penal state has been one of the most dramatic developments in contemporary American Society. Current estimates suggest that one of every 100 American adults is now incarcerated, and each year more than 700,000 individuals are released from prison, numbers that represent a five-fold increase from just a few decades earlier. This dramatic expansion spurred a wealth of research which has focused on the detrimental impact incarceration has on a range of life course outcomes including employment, wages, health, and marital stability. Notably missing from this literature is a systematic examination of the potential impact that incarceration has on the communities to which ex-inmates return following their release from prison. Using nationally representative panel data, this study begins to fill this empirical gap by examining the relationship between incarceration and levels of neighborhood disadvantage. Controlling for neighborhood of origin, we find that upon release incarceration is associated with residence in more disadvantaged neighborhoods, especially for white ex-inmates. These findings have direct implications for understanding the social consequences of the expansion of the penal state as well as the patterns of residential mobility and disadvantage.
	Bibliography Citation Massoglia, Michael, Glenn Firebaugh and Cody Warner. "Where Do They Live Now? Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Disadvantage." Presented: Washington DC, Population Assocation of America Meetings, March-April 2011.

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