Search Results
ignoring parameter: Working Paper, University of Washington, 1990
ignoring parameter: client.norc.org
ignoring parameter: jole
ignoring parameter: soleweb
ignoring parameter: 9238.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.jstor.org
ignoring parameter: stable
ignoring parameter: 3270652
ignoring parameter: www.nber.org
ignoring parameter: papers
ignoring parameter: w16619.pdf
ignoring parameter: econ.ucdenver.edu
ignoring parameter: mansour
ignoring parameter: BC09.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.econ.yale.edu
ignoring parameter: growth_pdf
ignoring parameter: cdp841.pdf
ignoring parameter: www.rand.org
ignoring parameter: pubs
ignoring parameter: monographs
ignoring parameter: 2009
ignoring parameter: RAND_MG773.pdf
ignoring parameter: Pathways to the Future - Preliminary Report: Youth and the Labor Market - 1979
ignoring parameter: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989.
6501. |
Woock, Christopher |
Do Unions Protect Injured Workers from Earnings Losses? MPRA Paper No. 16856, Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRE), 19 August 2009. Also: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16856/2/MPRA_paper_16856.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Keyword(s): Disability; Disabled Workers; Family Income; Income Level; Unions; Wage Dynamics; Wage Levels; Worker's Compensation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Also presented at the 2009 Eastern Economic Association meetings. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 I employ a longitudinal framework to examine the impact of union membership on the earnings losses following a workplace injury, and explore some possible avenues through which unions can mitigate earnings losses. The annual earnings results suggest that those injured workers who were not under union contract the year of injury suffer large and persistent losses in the years following injury. In contrast, union workers who suffer an injury do not suffer significant post-injury earnings losses. Probit estimates suggest that following injury union workers are less likely to change occupations or be fired from their job, but no more likely to be accommodated for their injury. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woock, Christopher. "Do Unions Protect Injured Workers from Earnings Losses?." MPRA Paper No. 16856, Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRE), 19 August 2009. |
6502. |
Woock, Christopher |
The Earnings Losses of Injured Men: Reported and Unreported Injuries MPRA Paper No. 14688, Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRE), December 2007. Also: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14688/1/MPRA_paper_14688.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Keyword(s): Benefits; Disability; Disabled Workers; Earnings; Injuries; Worker's Compensation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using individual reports of workplace injuries, I estimate the effect of injuries on the labor market earnings of men. Injured workers suffer large and persistent annual earnings losses, an average of $2,200 per year following injury. Moreover, data restrictions on previous studies resulted in earnings losses 1.2 to 3 times larger than those found when all injured workers are compared to uninjured workers. Largest losses occur when a work limiting disability follows injury, with average losses from $4,000 to $8,000. The findings suggest a more nuanced picture than previously presented, and suggest focusing on injuries resulting in a disability |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woock, Christopher. "The Earnings Losses of Injured Men: Reported and Unreported Injuries." MPRA Paper No. 14688, Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRE), December 2007. |
6503. |
Woock, Christopher |
The Earnings Losses of Injured Men: Reported and Unreported Injuries Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 48,4 (October 2009):610–628. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1485821 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Disability; Disability; Disabled Workers; Earnings; Injuries, Workplace; Unions This paper revisits the earnings losses following a workplace injury, accounting for injured workers who did not apply for workers' compensation and a comparison group of uninjured workers. Selection of the injured group and the comparison group is important. Excluding those who do not apply for benefits overstates the earnings losses, while using less severely injured workers as a comparison group underestimates the earnings losses. Additionally, differentiating whether the injury resulted in a work-limiting disability highlights that it is not the injury event, but rather the subsequent disabilities that drive the earnings losses. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woock, Christopher. "The Earnings Losses of Injured Men: Reported and Unreported Injuries." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 48,4 (October 2009):610–628. A.
|
6504. |
Wood, Alex M. Taylor, Peter J. Joseph, Stephen |
Does the CES-D Measure a Continuum from Depression to Happiness? Comparing Substantive and Artifactual Models Psychiatry Research 177,1-2 (15 May 2010):120-123. Also: http://www.psy-journal.com/article/S0165-1781(10)00049-1/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Scale Construction; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) is one of the five most frequently used measures of depressive experiences. Previous research has suggested that the scale may consist of two separate factors of happiness and depression, respectively. However, recent methodological research has demonstrated that standard factor analysis cannot be used in this situation to demonstrate such factors are substantive. The substantive factor structure of the CES-D was therefore tested with two samples of younger (N = 8857; age range 27–35) and older (N = 6125; age range 64–65) people. Using a recent correction to CFA, we demonstrate that a two factor structure arises through purely artifactual reasons, and that the CES-D actually has only one substantive factor, providing evidence for a single continuum ranging from happiness to depression. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wood, Alex M., Peter J. Taylor and Stephen Joseph. "Does the CES-D Measure a Continuum from Depression to Happiness? Comparing Substantive and Artifactual Models ." Psychiatry Research 177,1-2 (15 May 2010):120-123.
|
6505. |
Woodley, Michael A. Fernandes, Heitor B.F. Kanazawa, Satoshi Dutton, Edward |
Sinistrality Is Associated with (slightly) lower General Intelligence: A Data Synthesis and Consideration of Secular Trend Data in Handedness HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology 69,3 (May 2018): 118-126. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018442X18300246 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Handedness; I.Q.; Intelligence; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) The relationship between the general factor of intelligence (g) and handedness is investigated using a combined sample of 23511 respondents from three large databases: the NLSY'79 (US), NLSY'97 (US) and NCDS (UK). Dextrals -- those who use their right hands -- were found to be 1.22 IQ points higher than sinistrals (left handers) after controling for sex and age and correcting for sources of measurement error. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woodley, Michael A., Heitor B.F. Fernandes, Satoshi Kanazawa and Edward Dutton. "Sinistrality Is Associated with (slightly) lower General Intelligence: A Data Synthesis and Consideration of Secular Trend Data in Handedness." HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology 69,3 (May 2018): 118-126.
|
6506. |
Woodley, Michael A. Figueredo, Aurelio José Brown, Sacha D. Ross, Kari C. |
Four Successful Tests of the Cognitive Differentiation-Integration Effort hypothesis Intelligence 41,6 (November-December 2013): 832-842. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028961300007X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Intelligence Highlights: CD-IE predicts ability differentiation by life history speed (level of K). CD-IE, unlike SLODR should be independent of level of g. CPEM is used in investigating four datasets for the effect. The effect is detected in student, population and ethnic differences data. CD-IE shares substantive phenomenology with the Lynn-Flynn effect. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woodley, Michael A., Aurelio José Figueredo, Sacha D. Brown and Kari C. Ross. "Four Successful Tests of the Cognitive Differentiation-Integration Effort hypothesis." Intelligence 41,6 (November-December 2013): 832-842.
|
6507. |
Woodley, Michael A. Meisenberg, Gerhard |
A Jensen Effect on Dysgenic Fertility: An Analysis Involving the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Personality and Individual Differences 55,3 (July 2013): 279-282. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912002607 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Fertility; Gender Differences; Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Statistical Analysis In this study we attempt to determine whether dysgenic fertility is associated with the Jensen effect. This is investigated with respect to a US population representative sample of 8110 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for whom there exists complete data on IQ and fertility. In addition to the general sample, the sample was also broken out by race and sex so as to examine whether or not the Jensen effect manifested amongst different sub-populations. The method of correlated vectors revealed significant Jensen effects in five of the seven samples, and in all cases the effect was in a direction indicating that subtests with higher g-loadings were associated with larger dysgenic fertility gradients. The magnitude of the difference between Spearman’s ρ and Pearson’s r was non-significant in all cases, suggesting that biasing factors were minimally influencing the result. This finding suggests that dysgenesis occurs on the ‘genetic g’ at the heart of the Jensen effect nexus, unlike the Flynn effect, which is ‘hollow’ with respect to g. Finally, the finding is discussed in the context of two converging lines of evidence indicating that genotypic IQ or ‘genetic g’ really has been declining over the last century. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woodley, Michael A. and Gerhard Meisenberg. "A Jensen Effect on Dysgenic Fertility: An Analysis Involving the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Personality and Individual Differences 55,3 (July 2013): 279-282.
|
6508. |
Woodley, Michael A. Reeve, Charlie L. Kanazawa, Satoshi Meisenberg, Gerhard Fernandes, Heitor B.F. Cabeza de Baca, Tomas |
Contemporary Phenotypic Selection on Intelligence is (mostly) Directional: An Analysis of Three, Population Representative Samples Intelligence 59 (November-December 2016): 109-114. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616300915 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Britain, British; Fertility; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Project Talent; Racial Differences Three large and nationally representative datasets (NCDS, N = 5225, NLSY79, N = 7598 and Project Talent, N = 76,150) are here examined in order to determine if models incorporating negative quadratic effects of IQ on fertility (which would indicate the presence of stabilizing phenotypic selection) improve model fit, relative to ones that only consider linear effects (which indicate directional phenotypic selection). Also considered were possible interactions among these terms and sex and race. For two datasets (NCDS and NLSY79) the best fitting models did not include quadratic terms, however significant sex*IQ and race*IQ interactions were found respectively. Only in Project Talent did the inclusion of a quadratic effect (along with IQ*sex and IQ2* sex interactions) yield the best-fitting model. In this instance a small magnitude, significant negative quadratic term was found in addition to a larger magnitude linear term. Post hoc power analysis revealed that power was lacking in the two smaller samples (NCDS and NLSY′79) to detect the quadratic term, however the best fitting and most parsimonious models selected for these datasets did not include the quadratic term. The quadratic terms were furthermore several times smaller in magnitude than the linear terms in all models incorporating both terms. This indicates that stabilizing phenotypic selection is likely only very weakly present in these datasets. The dominance of linear effects across samples therefore suggests that phenotypic selection on IQ in these datasets is principally directional, although the magnitude of selection is relatively small, with IQ explaining at most 1% of the variance in fertility. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woodley, Michael A., Charlie L. Reeve, Satoshi Kanazawa, Gerhard Meisenberg, Heitor B.F. Fernandes and Tomas Cabeza de Baca. "Contemporary Phenotypic Selection on Intelligence is (mostly) Directional: An Analysis of Three, Population Representative Samples." Intelligence 59 (November-December 2016): 109-114.
|
6509. |
Woodley, Michael A. Sanger, Justus Meisenberg, Gerhard |
No Relationship between Abortion Numbers and Maternal Cognitive Ability Personality and Individual Differences 104 (January 2017): 489-492. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886916309631 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Abortion; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) The relationship between maternal cognitive ability (as indicated by g and highest attained educational level) and self-reported numbers of abortions at near-completed fertility is investigated in two, population representative samples of the US: (i) a sample of 1386 women, sourced from NLSY79 (aged 39-47), and (ii) a sample of 842 women (aged 38-45), sourced from NSFG'11-13. No linear relationships between either of the cognitive ability measures and abortion numbers were found, nor were quadratic effects present in these data. Income had an independent negative effect on abortion numbers in the NSFG'11-13 sample, whereas age was a positive independent predictor in the NLSY79 sample. The essentially zero-magnitude association between maternal cognitive ability and abortion numbers may have resulted from the wide scale destigmatization of elective abortion as a birth-control technique in the US following the 1973 US Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade. Despite this, self-reported abortion numbers data typically underrepresent the true numbers of abortions hence these findings must be considered tentative especially if underreporting is unsystematic with respect to any of the predictors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woodley, Michael A., Justus Sanger and Gerhard Meisenberg. "No Relationship between Abortion Numbers and Maternal Cognitive Ability." Personality and Individual Differences 104 (January 2017): 489-492.
|
6510. |
Woods, Lakeesha N. Emery, Robert E. |
The Cohabitation Effect on Divorce: Causation or Selection? Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 37,3/4 (April 22, 2003): 101-122. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J087v37n03_06 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Divorce; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Religious Influences The rate of cohabitation in the United States continues to increase. Some research suggests that cohabitation leads to, or causes, relationship instability, as it is well established that people who cohabit prior to marriage are more likely to divorce. Alternative research implicates selection rather than causal effects of cohabitation because background characteristics of cohabitors explain much of the relationship between cohabitation and divorce. The current prospective study tests the selection hypothesis using data from the 1979-1998 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Cohabitation accounted for little variance in divorce rates after controlling for the cultural factors of ethnicity and religion and the personal attribute of delinquency. The impact of delinquency, ethnicity, and religiosity are discussed in the context of acquiring a greater understanding of risk factors of divorce. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Woods, Lakeesha N. and Robert E. Emery. "The Cohabitation Effect on Divorce: Causation or Selection?" Journal of Divorce and Remarriage 37,3/4 (April 22, 2003): 101-122.
|
6511. |
Workman Gloege, Lisa |
An Analysis of Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination in Wages in Firms Unlikely to Comply with Equal Employment Opportunity Legislation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame, 2008. Also: http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04182008-130815/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO); Firm Size; Legislation; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the possibility that statistical discrimination in wages may be more likely in firms that are not subject to antidiscrimination legislation. Federal antidiscrimination regulations differ by size and type of firm, resulting in lower costs to discrimination in firms not subject to the laws or less likely to be prosecuted under them. Less intensive screening practices in these firms may also increase the benefit to statistical discrimination in wages. Utilizing employer-reported results of equal employment opportunity law compliance from the Multi-City Telephone Employer Survey, I predict the likelihood that an individual in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY) was employed by a firm that considers equal employment opportunity legislation in their hiring. Using observations from NLSY years 1986-2000 and an empirical test for employer learning and statistical discrimination developed by Altonji and Pierret (1997), I examine statistical discrimination in wages by education and race for male employees in firms that are not likely to actively comply with antidiscrimination legislation. I find that statistical discrimination by education is evident for black males but not for white males, suggesting that information for black males in the labor market is inferior. Statistical discrimination by education is then shown to be more pronounced for black males employed by firms that are unlikely to actively comply with equal employment opportunity legislation. An investigation of statistical discrimination by race in these firms is inconclusive in both a public learning framework and an asymmetric learning model. These results show that a complete analysis of statistical discrimination must consider differences in the incentive firms have to discriminate. While there is not clear evidence of statistical discrimination by race, the results do illustrate that productivity information for black males in firms that are unlikely to comply with antidiscrimination legislation is inferior to the information these firms have about white males. Equal employment opportunity laws may correct a market failure of underinvestment in information by firms, suggesting that policies to enhance the information available to firms not subject to these laws may be beneficial. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Workman Gloege, Lisa. An Analysis of Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination in Wages in Firms Unlikely to Comply with Equal Employment Opportunity Legislation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame, 2008.. |
6512. |
Worts, Diana |
Cumulative Disadvantage, Employment-Marriage, and Health Inequalities among American and British Mothers Advances in Life Course Research 25 (September 2015): 49-66. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260815000295# Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit; Mothers; Mothers, Health; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British) This paper illuminates processes of cumulative disadvantage and the generation of health inequalities among mothers. It asks whether adverse circumstances early in the life course cumulate as health-harming biographical patterns across the prime working and family caregiving years. It also explores whether broader institutional contexts may moderate the cumulative effects of micro-level processes. An analysis of data from the British National Child Development Study and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveals several expected social inequalities in health. In addition, the study uncovers new evidence of cumulative disadvantage: Adversities in early life selected women into long-term employment and marriage biographies that then intensified existing health disparities in mid-life. The analysis also shows that this accumulation of disadvantage was more prominent in the US than in Britain. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Worts, Diana. "Cumulative Disadvantage, Employment-Marriage, and Health Inequalities among American and British Mothers." Advances in Life Course Research 25 (September 2015): 49-66.
|
6513. |
Worts, Diana Sacker, Amanda McMunn, Anne McDonough, Peggy |
Individualization, Opportunity and Jeopardy in American Women's Work and Family Lives: A Multi-state Sequence Analysis Advances in Life Course Research 18,4 (December 2013): 296-318. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260813000300 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marital History/Transitions; Parenthood; Socioeconomic Factors Life course sociologists are increasingly concerned with how the general character of biographies is transformed over historical time – and with what this means for individual life chances. The individualization thesis, which contends that contemporary biographies are less predictable, less orderly and less collectively determined than were those lived before the middle of the 20th century, suggests that life courses have become both more internally dynamic and more diverse across individuals. Whether these changes reflect expanding opportunities or increasing jeopardy is a matter of some debate. We examine these questions using data on the employment, marital and parental histories, over the ages of 25–49, for five birth cohorts of American women (N = 7150). Our results show that biographical change has been characterized more by growing differences between women than by increasing complexity within individual women's lives. Whether the mounting diversity of work and family life paths reflects, on balance, expanding opportunities or increasing jeopardy depends very much on the social advantages and disadvantages women possessed as they entered their prime working and childrearing years. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Worts, Diana, Amanda Sacker, Anne McMunn and Peggy McDonough. "Individualization, Opportunity and Jeopardy in American Women's Work and Family Lives: A Multi-state Sequence Analysis ." Advances in Life Course Research 18,4 (December 2013): 296-318.
|
6514. |
Wozniak, Abigail |
Educational Differences in the Migration Responses of Young Workers to Local Labor Market Conditions IZA Discussion Paper No. 1954, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2006. Also: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp1954.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): College Graduates; Education; Labor Market Demographics; Migration; Migration Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It is unclear whether educational disparities in internal migration levels reflect important economic differences or simply different consumption choices. I answer this question empirically by testing for educational differentials in the likelihood that young workers undertake and succeed at arbitrage migration. I find that young college graduates are two to five times more likely than less educated workers to reside in a state with high labor demand at the time they entered the market. Among college graduates, cross-state migration by college graduates equalizes the wage impact of early career labor demand shocks in their home states. This is not true for less educated workers. The lack of wage convergence is most severe for cohorts who entered the labor market during periods of high spatial variation in state conditions and low national employment growth. My results are consistent with theories of educational differences in migration that assume less educated workers are credit constrained, and cast doubt on several other explanations for the difference. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wozniak, Abigail. "Educational Differences in the Migration Responses of Young Workers to Local Labor Market Conditions." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1954, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2006. |
6515. |
Wraw, Christina Deary, Ian J. Der, Geoff Gale, Catharine R. |
Intelligence in Youth and Mental Health at Age 50 Intelligence 58 (September-October 2016): 69-79. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616300356 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intelligence; Sleep; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Background: Few cognitive epidemiology studies on mental health have focused on the links between pre-morbid intelligence and self-reports of common mental disorders, such as depression, sleep difficulties, and mental health status. The current study examines these associations in 50-year-old adults. Methods: The study uses data from the 5793 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY-79) who responded to questions on mental health at age 50 and had IQ measured with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) when they were aged between 15 and 23 years in 1980. Mental health outcomes were: life-time diagnosis of depression; the mental component score of the 12-item short-form Health Survey (SF-12); the 7-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); and a summary measure of sleep difficulty. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wraw, Christina, Ian J. Deary, Geoff Der and Catharine R. Gale. "Intelligence in Youth and Mental Health at Age 50." Intelligence 58 (September-October 2016): 69-79.
|
6516. |
Wraw, Christina Deary, Ian J. Der, Geoff Gale, Catharine R. |
Maternal and Offspring Intelligence in Relation to BMI across Childhood and Adolescence International Journal of Obesity 42 (2018): 1610-1620. Also: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-018-0009-1 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Body Mass Index (BMI); Children; I.Q.; Mothers; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: The present study tested the association between both mothers' and offspring's intelligence and offspring's body mass index (BMI) in youth. Method: Participants were members of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79) Children and Young Adults cohort (n = 11,512) and their biological mothers who were members of the NLSY-79 (n = 4932). Offspring's IQ was measured with the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT). Mothers' IQ was measured with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). A series of regression analyses tested the association between IQ and offspring's BMI by age group, while adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI and family SES. The analyses were stratified by sex and ethnicity (non-Black and non-Hispanic, Black, and Hispanic). |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wraw, Christina, Ian J. Deary, Geoff Der and Catharine R. Gale. "Maternal and Offspring Intelligence in Relation to BMI across Childhood and Adolescence." International Journal of Obesity 42 (2018): 1610-1620.
|
6517. |
Wraw, Christina Deary, Ian J. Gale, Catharine R. Der, Geoff |
Intelligence in Youth and Health at Age 50 Intelligence 53 (November-December 2015): 23-32. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289615001014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intelligence Background: The link between intelligence in youth and all-cause mortality in later-life is well established. To better understand this relationship, the current study examines the links between pre-morbid intelligence and a number of specific health outcomes at age 50 using the NLSY-1979 cohort. Methods: Participants were the 5793 participants in the NLSY-79 who responded to questions about health outcomes at age 50. Sixteen health outcomes were examined: two were summary measures (physical health and functional limitation), 9 were diagnosed illness conditions, 4 were self-reported conditions, and one was a measure of general health status. Linear and logistic regressions were used, as appropriate, to examine the relationship between intelligence in youth and the health outcomes. Age, sex and both childhood and adult SES, and its sub-components – income, education, & occupational prestige – are all adjusted for separately. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wraw, Christina, Ian J. Deary, Catharine R. Gale and Geoff Der. "Intelligence in Youth and Health at Age 50." Intelligence 53 (November-December 2015): 23-32.
|
6518. |
Wraw, Christina Der, Geoff Gale, Catharine R. Deary, Ian J. |
Intelligence in Youth and Health Behaviours in Middle Age Intelligence 69 (July-August 2018): 71-86. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289617302672 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Exercise; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Intelligence; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Objective: We investigated the association between intelligence in youth and a range of health-related behaviours in middle age. Method: Participants were the 5347 men and women who responded to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79) 2012 survey. IQ was recorded with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) when participants were aged 15 to 23 years of age. Self-reports on exercise (moderate activity, vigorous activity, and strength training), dietary, smoking, drinking, and oral health behaviours were recorded when participants were in middle age (mean age = 51.7 years). A series of regression analyses tested for an association between IQ in youth and the different health related behaviours in middle age, while adjusting for childhood socio-economic status (SES) and adult SES. Conclusion: In the present study, a higher IQ in adolescence was associated with a number of healthier behaviours in middle age. In contrast to these results, a few associations were also identified between higher intelligence and behaviours that may or may not be linked with poor health (i.e. skipping meals and snacking between meals) and with behaviours that are known to be linked with poor health (i.e. drinking alcohol and the number of cigarettes smoked). To explore mechanisms of association, future studies could test for a range of health behaviours as potential mediators between IQ and morbidity or mortality in later life. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wraw, Christina, Geoff Der, Catharine R. Gale and Ian J. Deary. "Intelligence in Youth and Health Behaviours in Middle Age." Intelligence 69 (July-August 2018): 71-86.
|
6519. |
Wright, Amanda J. Jackson, Joshua J. |
Do Changes in Personality Predict Life Outcomes? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 125,6 (2023): 1495–1518. Also: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000472 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Life Outcomes; Meta-analysis; Personality Change; Personality Prediction; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits The Big Five personality traits predict many important life outcomes. These traits, although relatively stable, are also open to change across time. However, whether these changes likewise predict a wide range of life outcomes has yet to be rigorously tested. This has implications for the types of processes linking trait levels and changes with future outcomes: distal, cumulative processes versus more immediate, proximal processes, respectively. The present study used seven longitudinal data sets (N = 81,980) to comprehensively examine the unique relationship that changes in the Big Five traits have with static levels and changes in numerous outcomes in the domains of health, education, career, finance, relationships, and civic engagement. Meta-analytic estimates were calculated and study-level variables were examined as potential moderators of these pooled effects. Results indicated that changes in personality traits are sometimes prospectively related to static outcomes—such as health status, degree attainment, unemployment, and volunteering—above and beyond associations due to static trait levels. Moreover, changes in personality more frequently predicted changes in these outcomes, with associations for new outcomes emerging as well (e.g., marriage, divorce). Across all meta-analytic models, the magnitude of effects for changes in traits was never larger than that of static levels and there were fewer change associations. Study-level moderators (e.g., average age, number of Big Five waves, internal consistency estimates) were rarely associated with effects. Our study suggests personality change can play a valuable role in one’s development and highlights that both cumulative and proximal processes matter for some trait-outcome associations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wright, Amanda J. and Joshua J. Jackson. "Do Changes in Personality Predict Life Outcomes?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 125,6 (2023): 1495–1518. A.
|
6520. |
Wright, James D. Carr, Rhoda Viellion |
Effects of High School Work Experience a Decade Later: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, September 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Employment Policies Institute Keyword(s): Families, Two-Parent; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; High School; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Part-Time Work; Teenagers; Unemployment Rate; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a data sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that included all youths enrolled in high school who were aged 16-19 in 1979, a study tracked the youths' labor force attachment and earnings 12 years later. The study found that students who worked while in high school show increased rates of labor force participation along with lower rates of unemployment 12 years later. At the later date, of those with the heaviest work schedules while in school, 87 percent were employed and only 4 percent were unemployed (the rest were not in the labor force). Those with moderate work hours while in school had an 81 percent employment rate and 5 percent unemployment rate 12 years later, whereas of those with no work hours while in school 72 percent were employed and 7 percent were unemployed. In addition, those who had the heaviest work schedules while in high school had the highest earnings in the later study---attributable to more hours worked per year. The study also found that the teens who were most likely to work had higher family incomes, better-educated parents, and more often, two working parents in the home. When differences in family background were accounted for, the only potentially negative effect of in-school work is that those who worked, especially those who worked the most hours, tended to complete about 12 weeks less total education than did students who did not work while in school. The study concluded that the measured reduction in adult unemployment rates of those teens who worked speaks to the importance and value of the work they carried out. Their reduced unemployment rates, greater labor force attachment, and earnings gains all took place despite the fact that the typical employment opportunities were found in the service and retail sectors, jobs often maligned in discussions of the current economy. (Contains 22 references.) (KC) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wright, James D. and Rhoda Viellion Carr. Effects of High School Work Experience a Decade Later: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey. Washington DC: Employment Policies Institute, September 1995. |
6521. |
Wright, Liam Davies, Neil M. Bann, David |
The Association between Cognitive Ability and Body Mass Index: A Sibling-Comparison Analysis in Four Longitudinal Studies PLOS Medicine published online (13 April 2023): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004207. Also: https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004207 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97 Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cognitive Ability; Siblings; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Background: Body mass index (BMI) and obesity rates have increased sharply since the 1980s. While multiple epidemiologic studies have found that higher adolescent cognitive ability is associated with lower adult BMI, residual and unobserved confounding due to family background may explain these associations. We used a sibling design to test this association accounting for confounding factors shared within households. Methods and findings: We used data from four United States general youth population cohort studies: the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), the NLSY-79 Children and Young Adult, the NLSY 1997 (NLSY-97), and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS); a total of 12,250 siblings from 5,602 households followed from adolescence up to age 62. We used random effects within-between (REWB) and residualized quantile regression (RQR) models to compare between- and within-family estimates of the association between adolescent cognitive ability and adult BMI (20 to 64 years). In REWB models, moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of adolescent cognitive ability was associated with −0.95 kg/m2 (95% CI = −1.21, −0.69) lower BMI between families. Adjusting for family socioeconomic position reduced the association to −0.61 kg/m2 (−0.90, −0.33). However, within families, the association was just −0.06 kg/m2 (−0.35, 0.23). This pattern of results was found across multiple specifications, including analyses conducted in separate cohorts, models examining age-differences in association, and in RQR models examining the association across the distribution of BMI. Limitations include the possibility that within-family estimates are biased due to measurement error of the exposure, confounding via non-shared factors, and carryover effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wright, Liam, Neil M. Davies and David Bann. "The Association between Cognitive Ability and Body Mass Index: A Sibling-Comparison Analysis in Four Longitudinal Studies." PLOS Medicine published online (13 April 2023): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004207.
|
6522. |
Wu, Huoying |
Can the Human Capital Approach Explain Life-Cycle Wage Differentials Between Races and Sexes? Economic Inquiry 45,1 (January 2007): 24-39. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2006.00002.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Economics of Gender; Economics of Minorities; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Life Cycle Research; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 cohort (NLSY79), this paper shows the importance of postschool human capital investment in describing both gender and racial wage gaps. The empirical results suggest that male-female wage gaps, regardless of race, are mainly caused by gender differences in the human capital production process; generally, men gain more work experience and therefore have lower marginal costs of human capital production. Black-white lifetime wage differentials could partly result from higher implicit interest rates for blacks, while the deterioration of black males' relative economic status as they age can be attributed to higher depreciation rates of their human capital stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Economic Inquiry is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Huoying. "Can the Human Capital Approach Explain Life-Cycle Wage Differentials Between Races and Sexes?" Economic Inquiry 45,1 (January 2007): 24-39.
|
6523. |
Wu, Huoying |
Two Essays in the Human Capital Theory Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Gender Differences; Human Capital Theory; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Leisure; Life Cycle Research; Quits; Racial Differences This dissertation contains two essays. In the first, a dynamic structure of the wage generating process is developed and estimates of this continuous-time model are made using the NLSY data from 1979 to 1985. The value of human capital stock is assumed to be a stochastic process, as are the wage rates which correlated at different points in time in the theoretical model and empirical work. In detail, a life-cycle wage process is developed from the human capital theory by considering the value of leisure and uncertainty in the investment in human capital. The individual is assumed to maximize the present value of the sum of both life-cycle income and the value of leisure, since there exists a trade-off between leisure and income. The model implies that the range of possible values of human capital the individual could obtain diverges as time progresses. The rental rate of human capital and the productivity coefficients using MLE is then estimated. Additionally, a method of estimating continuous-time optimal control problems with a stochastic state constraint is developed. These models have lacked empirical validation previously. Instead of the age-earnings profile, the age-wage profile is examined. In the second essay, the effects of firm-specific human capital and sharing ratio on permanent and temporary separations are analyzed. In a multiperiod framework, the profiles of quit probability, layoff probability, recall probability, optimal sharing ratio, specific human capital, and the expected wage can be obtained over the life-cycle. In addition, the effects of the sharing ratio and the amount of specific human capital on the layoff, quit, recall, and wage rate are systematically discussed in a three-period model. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Huoying. Two Essays in the Human Capital Theory. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1989. |
6524. |
Wu, Lawrence L. |
Effects of Family Instability, Income, and Income Instability on the Risk of a Premarital Birth American Sociological Review 61,3 (June 1996): 386-406. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096355 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Divorce; Family Income; Family Structure; First Birth; Household Composition; Income; Marriage; Parental Influences; Social Environment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous work by Lawrence L. Wu & Brian C. Martinson (see SA 41:4/9304117) reported (1) a strong & statistically significant association between frequent changes in the numbers & types of parental figures a young woman has lived with & her risk of bearing her first child out of wedlock, & (2) weak & statistically nonsignificant associations between measures of a young woman's exposure to a mother-only family during childhood & adolescence & this risk. A serious limitation of these findings is the absence of controls for income. Here, prospective income histories & retrospective parental histories from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 1,471 white & 766 black women ages 14-29 in 1979) were examined to determine if the effect of family instability on premarital births is an artifact of low, unstable, or declining family income. While low income is found to be associated with significantly increased premarital birth risks, the effects of income & change in family structure are largely independent. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 41 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. "Effects of Family Instability, Income, and Income Instability on the Risk of a Premarital Birth." American Sociological Review 61,3 (June 1996): 386-406.
|
6525. |
Wu, Lawrence L. |
Effects of Family Structure and Income on the Risk of a Premarital Birth Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Structure; Fertility; Household Composition; Income Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. "Effects of Family Structure and Income on the Risk of a Premarital Birth." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994. |
6526. |
Wu, Lawrence L. |
Robust M-Estimation of Location and Regression In: Sociological Methodology. N.B. Tuma, ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1985 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Jossey-Bass Keyword(s): Research Methodology; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This chapter discusses one class of robust estimators, the M-estimators, which are designed to perform well even when the observed data deviate from the common assumption of a Gaussian (or normal) distribution. An advantage of M-estimators is that they permit the estimation of both central tendency in univariate problems and regression coefficients in multivariate problems. Several empirical examples are given, including an analysis of data taken from the 1979 NLSY on hourly wages of a sample of 19-year-old white males. Differences between OLS and M-estimates of regression coefficients appear due to one extreme outlier and several other cases with low reported wages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. "Robust M-Estimation of Location and Regression" In: Sociological Methodology. N.B. Tuma, ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1985
|
6527. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Cherlin, Andrew J. Bumpass, Larry L. |
Family Structure, Early Sexual Behavior, and Premarital Births CDE Working Paper No. 96-25, part 2 of 2 Madison WI: University of Wisconsin - Madison, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1997. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/1996papers.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Structure; Marital Status; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Abstract on-line. In this paper, we argue that entry into first sexual intercourse is a key process mediating the effects of family structure on premarital childbearing. We explicate three ways in which onset of sexual activity can mediate effects of family structure on premarital first births. First, the gross association between family structure and premarital birth risks may be due entirely to the effect of family structure on age at first intercourse. Second, the earlier the age at first intercourse, the longer the duration of exposure to the risk of a premarital first birth. Third, an early age at first intercourse may proxy unmeasured individual characteristics correlated with age at onset but uncorrelated with other variables in the model. We develop methods to assess such mediating effects and analyze data from two sources, the 1979-93 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth. We find that age at first intercourse partially mediates the effect on premarital birth risks of both snapshot measures of family structure at age 14 and a time-varying measure of the number of family transitions, but that significant effects of these variables remain net of age at first intercourse. Delaying age at intercourse by one year reduces the cumulative relative risk of a premarital first birth by a similar amount for both white and black women. For black women, the magnitude of this effect is roughly the same as that of residing in a mother-only family at age 14. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L., Andrew J. Cherlin and Larry L. Bumpass. "Family Structure, Early Sexual Behavior, and Premarital Births." CDE Working Paper No. 96-25, part 2 of 2 Madison WI: University of Wisconsin - Madison, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1997. |
6528. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Cherlin, Andrew J. Bumpass, Larry L. |
Family Structure, Early Sexual Behavior, and Premarital Births Discussion Paper No. 1125-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1997. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp112597.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Structure; Marital Status; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences; Sexual Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we argue that entry into first sexual intercourse is a key process mediating the effects of family structure on premarital childbearing. We explicate three ways in which onset of sexual activity can mediate effects of family structure on premarital first births. First, the gross association between family structure and premarital birth risks may be due entirely to the effect of family structure on age at first intercourse. Second, the earlier the age at first intercourse, the longer the duration of exposure to the risk of a premarital first birth. Third, an early age at first intercourse may proxy unmeasured individual characteristics correlated with age at onset but uncorrelated with other variables in the model. We develop methods to assess such mediating effects and analyze data from two sources, the 1979-93 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth. We find that age at first intercourse partially mediates the effect on premarital birth risks of both snapshot measures of family structure at age 14 and a dine-varying measure of the number of family transitions, but that significant effects of these variables remain net of age at first intercourse. Delaying age at intercourse by one year reduces the cumulative relative risk of a premarital first birth by a similar amount for both white and black women. For black women, the magnitude of this effect is roughly the same as that of residing in a mother-only family at age 14. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L., Andrew J. Cherlin and Larry L. Bumpass. "Family Structure, Early Sexual Behavior, and Premarital Births." Discussion Paper No. 1125-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1997. |
6529. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Martin, Steven P. |
Insights from a Sequential Hazard Model of Entry into Sexual Activity and Premarital First Births Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; First Birth; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Sexual Activity; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper discusses a model that supposes that women become at risk of a premarital first birth only after becoming sexually active. We use the resulting sequential hazard framework to further decompose the probability of a premarital first birth into components reflecting: (1) differences in exposure to risk via earlier or later sexual onset and (2) differences in risks following onset. Our empirical analyses, using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, replicate previous findings that socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with earlier sexual onset and higher premarital first birth risks. However, results from our decompositions show that group differences in onset timing have far a smaller influence on premarital first birth probabilities than do group differences in risks following onset. We conclude by speculating on the possible substantive and policy implications of these results, particularly with respect to ongoing debates between proponents and critics of abstinence education. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. and Steven P. Martin. "Insights from a Sequential Hazard Model of Entry into Sexual Activity and Premarital First Births." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012. |
6530. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Martin, Steven P. Kaufman, Pamela |
Two Decades of Change in Premarital First Births: Cohort Comparisons from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L., Steven P. Martin and Pamela Kaufman. "Two Decades of Change in Premarital First Births: Cohort Comparisons from the NLSY79 and NLSY97." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008. |
6531. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Martin, Steven P. Long, Daniel A. |
Comparing Data Quality of Fertility and First Sexual Intercourse Histories Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, Data Quality in Longitudinal Surveys Conference, October 1998 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Fertility; Longitudinal Surveys; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper evaluates the data quality of two demographic outcomes in light of hypotheses on respondent recall from the literature on survey methodology. An emerging consensus in this literature is that respondents engage in a process of recall; hence, retrieval of less well-remembered items (for example, the specific dates for the timing of distant events) may improve if survey designers precede such questions by others that are likely to be better remembered, if respondents are specifically instructed that such items are important, or if questions in parallel domains provide implicit or explicit memory prompts that aid the process of recall. An alternative but not mutually exclusive hypothesis is that recall of the timing of an event declines with duration unless the dating of an event is frequently "rehearsed." We investigate these hypotheses by comparing the quality of demographic data supplied by female respondents on selected event history outcomes across multiple nationally representative surveys. A first outcome concerns the interval between a first and second birth. We compare birth interval data using birth registration data using micro data from the Vital Statistics on Natality (VSN), the June Current Population Survey (CPS), the 1979 - 94 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). and the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Despite marked differences in survey design, we find relatively few differences in the quality of birth interval data across the four surveys. A second outcome is age at first sexual intercourse. Using data from the NLSY and NSFG, we analyze a form of partially missing data (respondent inability to recall the calendar month of intercourse) on age at first intercourse that occurs in both surveys. We find that inability to recall calendar month varies significantly with duration of recall, race and ethnicity, ability, early initiation of sexual activity, and some interview characteristics. Observed differences by race and ethnicity narrow substantially when controlling for additional background factors available in the NLSY. In addition, we find important nonlinearities in respondent recall with duration, with results from both nonparametric and confirmatory analyses suggesting strikingly similar patterns of nonlinearities for both NLSY and NSFG respondents. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L., Steven P. Martin and Daniel A. Long. "Comparing Data Quality of Fertility and First Sexual Intercourse Histories." Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, Data Quality in Longitudinal Surveys Conference, October 1998. |
6532. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Martin, Steven P. Long, Daniel A. |
Comparing Data Quality of Fertility and First Sexual Intercourse Histories Journal of Human Resources 36,3 (Summer 2001): 520-555. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069629 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Quality/Consistency; Event History; Fertility; First Birth; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity This paper evaluates the data quality of two demographic variables in light of hypotheses on respondent recall from the literature on survey methodology. An emerging consensus in this literature is that recall of the timing of an event declines with recall duration unless the dating of an event is frequently "rehearsed." We provide empirical evidence consistent with this hypothesis by assessing the quality of demographic data on two event history variables as supplied by female respondents. A first outcome concerns the interval between a first and second birth. We assess examine birth intervals using birth registration data from the Vital Statistics on Natality (VSN) and individual-level survey data from the 1990 June Current Population Survey (CPS), the 1979-93 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), and the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Overall, we find relatively little variation in the quality of birth interval data across these four surveys, with one exception--CPS data in which responses have been allocated. A second demographic variable is age at first sexual intercourse. We engage in several analyses of this variable. First, we use NLSY data to analyze discrepancies between successive reports on age (to the nearest year) at first intercourse. Second, we analyze a form of partially missing data (respondent inability to recall the calendar month of intercourse) that occurs in both the NLSY and NSFG. Third, we identify NLSY respondents who, in successive interviews, give contradictory reports about whether or not sexual activity had been initiated. Our findings suggest that data quality varies significantly with duration of recall and with measures of respondent ability related to arithmetic facility and memory. Observed differences by race and ethnicity narrow substantially when controlling for these and other background factors. We find evidence for a nonlinear association between duration of recall and data quality, with similar patterns occurring in both the NLSY and NSFG. Finally, our NLSY results are suggestive of a pattern in which recent initiation of sexual activity may be concealed by respondents. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L., Steven P. Martin and Daniel A. Long. "Comparing Data Quality of Fertility and First Sexual Intercourse Histories." Journal of Human Resources 36,3 (Summer 2001): 520-555.
|
6533. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Martin, Steven P. Long, Daniel A. |
Comparing Data Quality of Fertility and First Sexual Intercourse Histories CDE Working Paper No. 99-08 (October, 1998), Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, revised, April 1999. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/99-08.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Quality/Consistency; Demography; Fertility; Longitudinal Surveys; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Research Methodology Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper evaluates the data quality of two demographic outcomes in light of hypotheses on respondent recall from the literature on survey methodology. An emerging consensus in this literature is that respondents engage in a process of recall; hence, retrieval of less well-remembered items (for example, the specific dates for the timing of distant events) may improve if survey designers precede such questions by others that are likely to be better remembered, if respondents are specifically instructed that such items are important, or if questions in parallel domains provide implicit or explicit memory prompts that aid the process of recall. An alternative but not mutually exclusive hypothesis is that recall of the timing of an event declines with duration unless the dating of an event is frequently "rehearsed." We investigate these hypotheses by comparing the quality of demographic data supplied by female respondents on selected event history outcomes across multiple nationally representative surveys. A first outcome concerns the interval between a first and second birth. We compare birth interval data using birth registration data using micro data from the Vital Statistics on Natality (VSN), the June Current Population Survey (CPS), the 1979 - 94 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). and the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Despite marked differences in survey design, we find relatively few differences in the quality of birth interval data across the four surveys. A second outcome is age at first sexual intercourse. Using data from the NLSY and NSFG, we analyze a form of partially missing data (respondent inability to recall the calendar month of intercourse) on age at first intercourse that occurs in both surveys. We find that inability to recall calendar month varies significantly with duration of recall, race and ethnicity, ability, early initiation of sexual activity, and some interview characteristics. Observed difference s by race and ethnicity narrow substantially when controlling for additional background factors available in the NLSY. In addition, we find important nonlinearities in respondent recall with duration, with results from both nonparametric and confirmatory analyses suggesting strikingly similar patterns of nonlinearities for both NLSY and NSFG respondents. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L., Steven P. Martin and Daniel A. Long. "Comparing Data Quality of Fertility and First Sexual Intercourse Histories." CDE Working Paper No. 99-08 (October, 1998), Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, revised, April 1999. |
6534. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Thomson, Elizabeth |
Family Change and Early Sexual Initiation CDE Working Paper No. 95-26, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1965. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu:80/cde/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Control; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Fathers, Biological; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine effects of family structure on age at entry into first sexual intercourse prior to marriage for recent cohorts of women. Previous research on the link age between family structure and sexual initiation has employed relatively crude measures of family structure, typically a snapshot of the respondent's family structure at age 14. We use retrospective parent histories from the 1979-87 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to construct dynamic measures of family structure using information on the numbers and types of parents in the responden t's household between birth and age 18. These measures allow us to adjudicate between hypotheses on the effects of prolonged exposure to a single-mother family, prolonged absence of a biological father, parental control during adolescence, and instability in family structure. We find no effect, net of other family effects, of being born out-of-wedlock, prolonged exposure to a single-mother family, or prolonged absence of a biological father on age at first sexual intercourse. Our results are, however, consistent with effects predicted by an instability hypothesis and a variant of the parental control hypothesis that stresses the role of fathers. See also, IRP Discussion Paper Abstracts - 1998, on-line |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. and Elizabeth Thomson. "Family Change and Early Sexual Initiation." CDE Working Paper No. 95-26, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1965. |
6535. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Thomson, Elizabeth |
Family Change and Early Sexual Initiation Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Structure; Fathers, Biological; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we examine effects of family structure on age at entry into first sexual intercourse prior to marriage for recent cohorts of women. Previous research on the link age between family structure and sexual initiation has employed relatively crude measures of family structure, typically a snapshot of the respondent's family structure at age 14. We use retrospective parent histories from the 1979-87 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to construct dynamic measures of family structure using information on the numbers and types of parents in the respondent's household between birth and age 18. These measures allow us to adjudicate between hypotheses on the effects of prolonged exposure to a single-mother family, prolonged absence of a biological father, parental control during adolescence, and instability in family structure. We find no effect, net of other family effects, of being born out-of-wedlock, prolonged exposure to a single-mother family, or prolonged absence of a biological father on age at first sexual intercourse. Our results are, however, consistent with effects predicted by an instability hypothesis and a variant of the parental control hypothesis that stresses the role of fathers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. and Elizabeth Thomson. "Family Change and Early Sexual Initiation." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 1995. |
6536. |
Wu, Lawrence L. Thomson, Elizabeth |
Race Differences in Family Experience and Early Sexual Initiation: Dynamic Models of Family Structure and Family Change Journal of Marriage and Family 63,3 (August 2001): 682-696. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00682.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Attitudes; Children; Divorce; Family Structure; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Presence; Neighborhood Effects; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Turbulence We examine the effects of family structure on age at first sexual intercourse before marriage for a recent cohort of women. Previous research on the linkage between family structure and sexual initiation has employed relatively crude measures of family structure-typically a snapshot of the respondent's family structure at age 14. We use retrospective parent histories from the 1979-1987 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to construct dynamic measures of family structure, using information on the number and types of parents in the respondent's household between birth and age 18. We use these measures in proportional hazard models to test the effects of prolonged exposure to a single-mother-family, prolonged absence of a biological father, parental presence during adolescence, and family turbulence. For White women, age-specific rates of first sexual intercourse are significantly and positively associated with the number of family transitions; for Black women, age-specific rates are significantly and positively associated with having resided in a mother-only or father-only family during adolescence. Net of other effects of family structure, we find no significant effects for White or Black women of being born out of wedlock, prolonged exposure to a single-mother family, or prolonged absence of a biological father. Our results for White women are consistent with a turbulence hypothesis, whereas for Black women our results suggest the importance of family structure during adolescence. For neither White nor Black women are our results consistent with hypotheses positing earlier initiation of sexual activity for women with prolonged exposure to a single-mother or father-absent family. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Lawrence L. and Elizabeth Thomson. "Race Differences in Family Experience and Early Sexual Initiation: Dynamic Models of Family Structure and Family Change." Journal of Marriage and Family 63,3 (August 2001): 682-696.
|
6537. |
Wu, Stephen Shapiro, Joel D. |
Fatalism and Savings MPRA Paper No. 24852, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, July 2010. Also: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24852/1/MPRA_paper_24852.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Keyword(s): Pearlin Mastery Scale; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An individual's decision about how much to save depends on her perception of how current savings affects future well-being. Fatalistic individuals believe that they have little or no control over future outcomes. We develop a theoretical model linking fatalism to savings and test the predictions using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The model predicts that fatalism decreases savings for moderately risk averse individuals, but actually increases savings for highly risk averse individuals. Furthermore, fatalism decreases effort in learning about savings and investment options. The empirical results support the theoretical predictions of the model and are robust to the inclusion of a number of additional control variables. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wu, Stephen and Joel D. Shapiro. "Fatalism and Savings." MPRA Paper No. 24852, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, July 2010. |
6538. |
Wunnava, Phanindra V. |
Recent Longitudinal Evidence of Size and Union Threat Effects across Genders IZA Discussion Paper No. 6779, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2012. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6779.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Firm Size; Gender Differences; Unions; Wage Effects; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth covering years 2000 through 2008, it is evident that both male and female workers in medium/larger establishments receive not only higher wages but also have a higher probability of participating in benefit programs than those in smaller establishments. This reinforces the well-documented ‘size’ effect. Further, the firm size wage effects are much larger for men than women. The union wage effect decreases with establishment size for both genders. This supports the argument that large nonunion firms pay higher wages to discourage the entrance of unions (i.e., the ‘threat’ effect argument). In addition, the union wage premium is higher for males for small and medium firm sizes relative to females. This implies that unions in the large establishments may have a role to play in achieving a narrowing of the gender union wage gap. In other words, the threat of unionization could reduce union wage premiums for both genders as firm size increases. Given the presence of noticeable gender differences in estimated union effects on the different components of the compensation structure, unions should not treat both genders similarly with respect to wages and benefits. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wunnava, Phanindra V. "Recent Longitudinal Evidence of Size and Union Threat Effects across Genders." IZA Discussion Paper No. 6779, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2012. |
6539. |
Wunnava, Phanindra V. |
Union-Nonunion Gender Benefit Differentials across Firm Sizes: Evidence from NLSY Presented: San Diego CA, Western Economic Association International Conference, June-July 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Benefits; Firm Size; Gender Differences; Unions |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wunnava, Phanindra V. "Union-Nonunion Gender Benefit Differentials across Firm Sizes: Evidence from NLSY." Presented: San Diego CA, Western Economic Association International Conference, June-July 2011. |
6540. |
Wunnava, Phanindra V. Ewing, Bradley T. |
Union-Nonunion Differentials and Establishment Size: Evidence from the NLSY Journal of Labor Research 20,2 (March 1999): 177-183. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v5u727756121r134/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: John M. Olin Institute at George Mason University Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Firm Size; Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Occupational Choice; Unions; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY), both male and female workers in larger establishments receive not only higher wages but also have a higher probability of receiving benefits than those in smaller establishments. This phenomenon reinforces the well documented size effect. This study also provides evidence of vast gender differences in estimated union effects on the different components of the compensation structure. Hence unions should not treat both genders similarly with respect to wages and benefits. Specifically, unions may be successful in attracting more female workers to join rank and file if unions could play an active role in making available maternity (paternity) leave, and also provided opportunities for women to join large establishments.. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wunnava, Phanindra V. and Bradley T. Ewing. "Union-Nonunion Differentials and Establishment Size: Evidence from the NLSY." Journal of Labor Research 20,2 (March 1999): 177-183.
|
6541. |
Wunnava, Phanindra V. Ewing, Bradley T. |
Union-Nonunion Gender Wage and Benefit Differentials across Establishment Sizes Small Business Economics 15,1 (August 2000): 47-57. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/qp524wq23vm2216h/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Benefits; Firm Size; Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Unions; Wage Differentials; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY), both male and female workers in larger establishments receive not only higher wages but also have a higher probability of receiving benefits than those in smaller establishments. This phenomenon reinforces the well documented size effect. This study also provides evidence of vast gender differences in estimated union effects on the different components of the compensation structure. Hence unions should not treat both genders similarly with respect to wages and benefits. Specifically, unions may be successful in attracting more female workers to join rank and file if unions could play an active role in making available maternity (paternity) leave, and also provided opportunities for women to join large establishments. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Wunnava, Phanindra V. and Bradley T. Ewing. "Union-Nonunion Gender Wage and Benefit Differentials across Establishment Sizes." Small Business Economics 15,1 (August 2000): 47-57.
|
6542. |
Xia, Xiaoyu |
Essays on Decision Making in the Labor and Housing Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, 2014. Also: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5v70g5vd Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of California - Berkeley Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Earnings; Expectations/Intentions; Kinship; Occupations; Parental Influences; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first chapter studies how college students learn about the earning opportunities associated with different majors. I use data from two major longitudinal surveys to develop and estimate a learning model in which students update their expectations based on the contemporaneous earning realizations of older siblings and parents. Reduced-form models show that the probability of choosing a major that corresponds to the occupation of an older sibling or parent is strongly affected by whether the family member is experiencing a positive or negative earnings shock at the time the major choice is made. Building on this finding, I estimate a model of major choice that incorporates learning from family-based information sources. The results imply that students overestimate the predictive power of family members' earnings: the decision weight placed on family wage realizations is much larger than can be justified by the empirical correlation between their own earnings and their family members' earnings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Xia, Xiaoyu. Essays on Decision Making in the Labor and Housing Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, 2014.. |
6543. |
Xia, Xiaoyu |
Forming Wage Expectations through Learning: Evidence from College Major Choices Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 132,A (December 2016): 176-196. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268116302426 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Learning Hypothesis; Occupations; Siblings; Wages How do college students choose their majors, and what role does the family play in their choices? I use data from two major longitudinal surveys to develop and estimate a model in which students learn about earning opportunities associated with different majors through the wages of older siblings and parents. The probability of a student choosing a major that corresponds to the occupation of a family member is strongly correlated with the family member's wage at the time the major choice is made. This correlation remains strong after controlling for family-correlated abilities or preferences, and additional empirical evidence suggests that the observed correlation arises through a family-based wage information channel. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Xia, Xiaoyu. "Forming Wage Expectations through Learning: Evidence from College Major Choices." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 132,A (December 2016): 176-196.
|
6544. |
Xiang, Gao |
Afterschool Child Care Subsidies and Maternal Employment Among the Low-Income Families Ph.D. Dissertation (unpublished): University of Washington - Seattle, August 2010. Also: http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/17375?topic=subsidy-use Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: School of Social Work, University of Washington Keyword(s): Census of Population; Child Care; Childhood Education, Early; Maternal Employment; National Survey of American Families (NSAF); State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An examination of the relationship between variations in state child care policies and both parental choice of after school child care and their employment, based on a secondary analysis of data from the National Survey of America's Families 2002, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (2000 to 2004), and published aggregate data provided by the Child Care Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Census Bureau. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Xiang, Gao. Afterschool Child Care Subsidies and Maternal Employment Among the Low-Income Families. Ph.D. Dissertation (unpublished): University of Washington - Seattle, August 2010.. |
6545. |
Xie, Yu Brand, Jennie E. Jann, Ben |
Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Observational Data Sociological Methodology 42,1 (August 2012): 314-347. Also: http://smx.sagepub.com/content/42/1/314.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individuals differ not only in their background characteristics but also in how they respond to a particular treatment, intervention, or stimulation. In particular, treatment effects may vary systematically by the propensity for treatment. In this paper, we discuss a practical approach to studying heterogeneous treatment effects as a function of the treatment propensity, under the same assumption commonly underlying regression analysis: ignorability. We describe one parametric method and two nonparametric methods for estimating interactions between treatment and the propensity for treatment. For the first method, we begin by estimating propensity scores for the probability of treatment given a set of observed covariates for each unit and construct balanced propensity score strata; we then estimate propensity score stratum-specific average treatment effects and evaluate a trend across them. For the second method, we match control units to treated units based on the propensity score and transform the data into treatment-control comparisons at the most elementary level at which such comparisons can be constructed; we then estimate treatment effects as a function of the propensity score by fitting a nonparametric model as a smoothing device. For the third method, we first estimate nonparametric regressions of the outcome variable as a function of the propensity score separately for treated units and for control units and then take the difference between the two nonparametric regressions. We illustrate the application of these methods with an empirical example of the effects of college attendance on women’s fertility. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Xie, Yu, Jennie E. Brand and Ben Jann. "Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Observational Data." Sociological Methodology 42,1 (August 2012): 314-347.
|
6546. |
Yaish, Meir Shiffer-Sebba, Doron Gabay-Egozi, Limor Park, Hyunjoon |
Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Life Course Income Trajectories in the United States Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Motivated by a theoretical perspective of the cumulative advantage, we examine intergenerational educational mobility and its consequences for life-course income trajectories. Instead of focusing on the overall educational association between two generations, we classify respondents into four distinctive groups depending on whether their parents and they had college education, respectively: upward and downward mobile, immobile in college and in non-college levels. Then, we link intergenerational educational mobility into life-course income trajectories by comparing how four mobility groups differ in their evolution of income from the age 25 to 50. We apply growth models to two longitudinal data (PSID and NLSY79) of black and white men and women. Preliminary results indicate that educational reproduction is the dominant pattern. Moreover, income trajectories of the four mobility groups have evolved differently over time, resulting in widening inequality over the life course among the groups. Intergenerational educational mobility bears important consequences for income trajectories. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yaish, Meir, Doron Shiffer-Sebba, Limor Gabay-Egozi and Hyunjoon Park. "Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Life Course Income Trajectories in the United States." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6547. |
Yaish, Meir Shiffer-Sebba, Doron Gabay-Egozi, Limor Park, Hyunjoon |
Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Life-Course Income Trajectories in the United States Social Forces published online (22 January 2021): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soaa125. Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soaa125/6106216 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Atheoretical formulation derived from the cumulative advantage literature, that intergenerational educational mobility has enduring life-course income effects above and beyond individuals' education, is empirically tested. This formulation contrasts sharply with both the human capital model, which does not consider parental education as a determinant of children's income, and the sociological research on social mobility, which mostly relies on a snapshot view to study the economic consequences of educational mobility. To test this theory, we use NLSY79 survey data (with Panel Study of Income Dynamics data serving for robustness checks). We apply growth models to the data to estimate if and how the different intergenerational educational mobility groups that are produced by the intersection of parental and respondent education shape life-course income trajectories. Results provide evidence in support of the argument that the intersection of parental and respondent education bears important long-term income consequences, mainly for men. These results, moreover, do not vary by race. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our results. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yaish, Meir, Doron Shiffer-Sebba, Limor Gabay-Egozi and Hyunjoon Park. "Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Life-Course Income Trajectories in the United States." Social Forces published online (22 January 2021): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soaa125.
|
6548. |
Yamada, Tetsuji Kendix, Michael Yamada, Tadashi |
The Impact of Alcohol Consumption and Marijuana Use on High School Graduation NBER Working Paper No. 4497, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1994. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4497 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Substance Use According to a report published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, about 90 percent of high school seniors in 1990 had consumed alcohol within the past two weeks. Nearly one-third of the survey group had consumed five or more drinks in a row. The same report indicated that about three million youths aged 10 to 17 experienced multiple problems resulting from alcohol and drug abuse. Now an NBER study by the authors shows that alcohol and marijuana use have significant adverse effects on high school graduation. They find that frequent drinking, liquor and wine consumption, and frequent marijuana use reduce the probability of high school graduation by 4.3, 0.3, and 5.6 percent, respectively. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamada, Tetsuji, Michael Kendix and Tadashi Yamada. "The Impact of Alcohol Consumption and Marijuana Use on High School Graduation." NBER Working Paper No. 4497, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1994. |
6549. |
Yamada, Tetsuji Kendix, Michael Yamada, Tadashi |
The Impact of Alcohol Consumption and Marijuana Use on High School Graduation Health Economics 5,1 (January-February 1996): 77-92. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1050%28199601%295:1%3C77::AID-HEC184%3E3.0.CO;2-W/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Dropouts; Educational Status; High School Completion/Graduates; Modeling; Substance Use; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate the relationship between high school graduation, and alcohol and marijuana use among high school students. We also estimate the demand determinants for each of these substances. Our results show that there are significant adverse effects of alcohol and marijuana use on high school graduation. In particular, increases in the incidence of frequent drinking, liquor and wine consumption, and frequent marijuana use, significantly reduce the probability of high school graduation. Our results also show that beer taxes, liquor prices and marijuana decriminalization have a significant impact on the demand for these substances. These findings have important policy implications. A ten percent increase in beer taxes, reduces alcohol consumption among high school students, which in turn raises the probability of high school graduation by about three percent. A 1 percent increase in liquor prices raises the probability of high school graduation by over 1 percent. Raising the minimum drinking age for liquor also reduces liquor and wine consumption, and thus, improves the probability of high school graduation. Although the relationship between marijuana decriminalization and marijuana use is not significant, decriminalization is found to reduce the probability of becoming a frequent drinker. This result suggests that marijuana use and frequent drinking are substitute activities. Illicit substance abuse reduces the rate of high school completion, reduces expected future earnings and creates potential health problems. Thus, high-school-based preventive programs which discourage alcohol consumption and marijuana use are highly recommended, in order to alleviate these problems. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamada, Tetsuji, Michael Kendix and Tadashi Yamada. "The Impact of Alcohol Consumption and Marijuana Use on High School Graduation." Health Economics 5,1 (January-February 1996): 77-92.
|
6550. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
Career and Skill Formation: A Dynamic Occupational Choice Model with Multidimensional Skills Working Paper Series 2007-02, Department of Economics, McMaster University, January 2007. Also: http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/rsrch/papers/archive/2007-02.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, McMaster University Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Skills; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of the paper is two-folds. First, I construct and estimate a dynamic structural occupational choice model at the three-digit classification level, in which different occupations involve different mix of tasks. Second, I conduct a counterfactual simulation using the estimated model, to quantify the effects of progressive income tax on post-schooling human capital investment and occupational choices. In the model, various skills are acquired through learning-by-doing, depending on the tasks of the experienced occupations. The key feature of the model is that, unlike occupation specific human capital, the acquired skills can be partly transferred to other occupations. Hence, some of low skill occupations can be viewed as "stepping stone" to better occupations. The structural parameters of the model are estimated using the occupational characteristics in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the work history in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79. The results of a counterfactual simulation in the estimated model indicate that switching to a flat income tax encourages mobility to highpaying occupations and accelerates human capital accumulation. A drawback of the tax code change is an increased inequality between educational groups. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "Career and Skill Formation: A Dynamic Occupational Choice Model with Multidimensional Skills." Working Paper Series 2007-02, Department of Economics, McMaster University, January 2007. |
6551. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
Career Progression and Comparative Advantage Working Paper, Department of Economics, McMaster University, 2008. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, McMaster University Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Modeling; Occupational Choice Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper constructs and structurally estimates a dynamic occupational choice model that has two distinct features. First, an occupation is vertically and horizontally differentiated by a multidimensional task complexity measure. This allows a simultaneous analysis of career progression and comparative advantage. Second, the model includes hundreds of occupations by characterizing all jobs by a multidimensional task complexity vector, thereby avoiding the curse of dimensionality. Estimation results from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY) indicate that wages increase according to task complexity and that individuals climb up the career ladder along the dimension of tasks in which they have a comparative advantage. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "Career Progression and Comparative Advantage." Working Paper, Department of Economics, McMaster University, 2008.. |
6552. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
Career Progression and Comparative Advantage Labour Economics 17,4 (August 2010): 679-689. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537110000102 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Human Capital; Job Characteristics; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Occupations; Skills This paper constructs and estimates a structural dynamic model of occupational choice in which all occupations are characterized in a skill requirement space using data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the NLSY79. This skill requirement space approach has its merit in computational simplicity as well as ease of interpretation: it allows the model to include hundreds of occupations at the three-digit census classification level without a large number of parameters. Parameter estimates indicate that wages grow with the skill requirements of an occupation and that educated and experienced individuals are better rewarded in a cognitive and interpersonal skill demanding occupation. They also suggest that ignoring self-selection into occupations and individual heterogeneity may result in counter-intuitive and biased estimates of the returns to skill requirements. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "Career Progression and Comparative Advantage." Labour Economics 17,4 (August 2010): 679-689.
|
6553. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
Job Search, Bargaining, and Wage Dynamics Journal of Labor Economics 28,3 (July 2010): 595-631. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/651954 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Bargaining Model; Human Capital; Job Search; Wage Determination; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth This article constructs and estimates a model of wage bargaining with on-the-job search to explore three different components of wages: general human capital, match-specific capital, and outside options. As the workers find better job opportunities, the current employer has to compete with outside firms to retain them. This between-firm competition results in wage growth even when productivity remains the same. The model is estimated by a simulated minimum distance estimator and data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth. The results indicate that the improved value of the outside option raises wages by 14%–16% in the first 5 years. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "Job Search, Bargaining, and Wage Dynamics." Journal of Labor Economics 28,3 (July 2010): 595-631.
|
6554. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
Tasks and Heterogeneous Human Capital Journal of Labor Economics 30,1 (January 2012): 1-53. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/662066 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Human Capital; Modeling; Occupations This article proposes a new approach to modeling heterogeneous human capital using task data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The key feature of the model is that it departs from the Roy model, which treats occupations as distinct categories and conceives of occupations as bundles of tasks. The advantages of this approach are that it can accommodate many occupations without computational burden and provide a clear interpretation as to how and why skills are differently rewarded across occupations. The model is structurally estimated by the Kalman filter using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "Tasks and Heterogeneous Human Capital." Journal of Labor Economics 30,1 (January 2012): 1-53.
|
6555. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
The Effect of Match Quality and Specific Experience on Career Decisions and Wage Growth Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/839.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Graduates; High School Completion/Graduates; Mobility, Labor Market; Modeling; Wage Growth This paper constructs and estimates a career decision model where individuals search for both career matching and employer matching to understand wage growth and career mobility. Career mobility decisions and participation decisions are explicitly modeled. Findings suggest substantial returns to career-specific experience. However, college graduates' wages grow little through career-match upgrading, which results in a lower incidence of career changes than high school graduates. The finding suggests that college graduates learn about their suitable careers before they enter a labor market. The paper uses NLSY79 information on white males from the cross-sectional sample only. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "The Effect of Match Quality and Specific Experience on Career Decisions and Wage Growth." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008. |
6556. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
The Effect of Match Quality and Specific Experience on Career Decisions and Wage Growth Labour Economics 17,2 (April 2010): 407-423. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/labeco/v17y2010i2p407-423.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Firms; Human Capital; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Wage Growth This paper constructs and estimates a career decision model where individuals search for both careers and firms that are a good match for their idiosyncratic skills using the NLSY79. It departs from previous papers in that career mobility decisions and participation decisions are explicitly modeled. I find substantial returns to career-specific experience. However, college graduates' wage grows little through career-match upgrading, which results in a lower incidence of career changes than high school graduates. The finding suggests that college graduates learn about their suitable careers before they enter a labor market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. "The Effect of Match Quality and Specific Experience on Career Decisions and Wage Growth." Labour Economics 17,2 (April 2010): 407-423.
|
6557. |
Yamaguchi, Shintaro |
Three Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Human Capital; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Skills; Wage Growth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay evaluates the effect of match quality and career and firm specific experience on career decisions when a worker searches for both career and employer matching. I construct a dynamic career decision model which departs from the previous work in two respects. First, it deals with heterogeneous agents who have different educational background, experience, and unobserved skills. Second, the returns to tenure and career specific experiences are taken into account. I show that match qualities have significant effect on job and career turnover decisions, for male high school graduates in NLSY. The second essay asks what the sources of rapid wage growth during a worker's early career are. To address this question, I construct and estimate a model of strategic wage bargaining with on-the-job search to explore three different components of wages: general human capital, match-specific capital, and outside option. The model is estimated by a simulated minimum distance estimator and data from the NLSY 79. The results indicate that the improved value of outside option raises wages of ten-year-experienced workers by 13%, which accounts for about a quarter of the wage growth during the first ten years of career. I also find that human capital accumulation affects wage profile not only because it directly changes labor productivity, but also because it alters job search behavior due to low future productivity. Final essay considers intertemporal decision making of collective agents. Evidence collected using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) indicates that labor supply, saving, and marital decisions are strongly linked. The essay presents and simulates an intertemporal collective model with limited commitment using the PSID. The results indicate that the proposed model can match most of the features displayed by the data. The model is relevant to pending marriage tax relief legislation, as well as other changes in tax and transfer rules that simultaneously affect incentives for marriage, labor supply and wealth accumulation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamaguchi, Shintaro. Three Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006. |
6558. |
Yamine, Evelyn |
Parents' Long Hours May Harm Children The Daily Telegraph, January 16, 2002, Local; Pg. 19 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: The Sunday Telegraph Keyword(s): Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Article reports Developmental Psychology article by E. Harvey which utilizes NLSY79 data to show long and short term effects of early parental employment on a child psychological development. A source quoted in the article extends the applicability of the analysis to Austrailian children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamine, Evelyn. "Parents' Long Hours May Harm Children." The Daily Telegraph, January 16, 2002, Local; Pg. 19. |
6559. |
Yamokoski, Alexis |
Wealth Inequality : Effects Of Gender, Marital Status, and Parenthood on Asset Accumulation Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2007. Also: http://www.ohiolink.edu.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi/Yamokoski%20Alexis.pdf?acc%5Fnum=osu1180542629 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Disadvantaged, Economically; Divorce; Economic Well-Being; Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Income Distribution; Marriage; Parents, Single; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Title from first page of PDF file Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. Since the late 1970s, researchers find that an increasingly large percentage of the economically disadvantaged are women, a fact contributing to a severe gender gap in income attainment. Most research on poverty and gender inequality focuses on salaries and wages as the primary proxy for evaluating economic well-being. However, earned income fluctuates greatly and may not provide an accurate picture of the economic welfare of an individual over time. In contrast, wealth -- understood as the value of person's assets less their debts -- captures long-term economic security. I broaden current research on gender and family status inequalities by using wealth as a measure of economic welfare. My research explores the joint effects of gender, marital status, and parenthood on net worth of economic assets and portfolio behavior in order to understand whether in the United States the feminization of the disadvantaged and the pauperization of motherhood extend to wealth. Further, to gain greater insight into the parental gap in wealth inequality, I focus on the timing of fertility behavior, specifically examining the effects of teen parenthood, adult parenthood, and childlessness on adult wealth for young baby boomers, born between 1957 and 1964. My analyses are based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth between 1979 and 2000. I find that young baby boomers' marital status and parental status are very strong predictors of adult wealth. Overall, the discovered patterns suggest that married couples have much greater wealth accumulation than single adults. I find evidence of a minimal to moderate gender gap in wealth accumulation for single adults. Moreover, when I control for parenthood, I find strong evidence of a family gap in net worth and portfolio behavior for single men and women. Single mothers and fathers are economically disadvantaged in comparison to adults without children, with single mothers suffering the most severe economic penalties. In addition, young baby boomers that had a child during their teenage years experience great financial burdens, which in turn lead to large disadvantages in wealth accumulation, reflecting a strong parental gap between teen parents, adult parents, and those who never had a child. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamokoski, Alexis. Wealth Inequality : Effects Of Gender, Marital Status, and Parenthood on Asset Accumulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2007.. |
6560. |
Yamokoski, Alexis Keister, Lisa A. |
The Wealth of Single Women: Marital Status and Parenthood in the Asset Accumulation of Young Baby Boomers in the United States Feminist Economics 12,1-2 (January-April 2006):167-194. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13545700500508478 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Children; Disadvantaged, Economically; Divorce; Gender; Marriage; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Wealth Special Issue: A Special Issue on Women and Wealth (Guest Edited by Carmen Diana Deere and Cheryl R. Doss) In the United States, household wealth is unequally distributed. While facts about the distribution are readily available, less is known about the family dynamics that underlie this important component of inequality. An increasing number of households are headed by single females (both never married and divorced), and the number of single mothers among these households has grown in recent decades. This article explores differences in wealth in the US by marital status, gender, and parenting status. It focuses on young baby boomers, finding a minimal gender gap in the wealth of never-married people. However, when controlling for parenthood, strong evidence was found of a family gap in household wealth accumulation, with single mothers and fathers economically disadvantaged in comparison to adults without children. Yet, it was found that single mothers suffer the most severe economic penalties in household wealth accumulation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yamokoski, Alexis and Lisa A. Keister. "The Wealth of Single Women: Marital Status and Parenthood in the Asset Accumulation of Young Baby Boomers in the United States." Feminist Economics 12,1-2 (January-April 2006):167-194.
|
6561. |
Yan, Jin |
Essays on Student Debt, Unemployment, and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2022. Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/115352 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Unemployment; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on studying the effect of certain life events including accumulating student debt and incidences of unemployment on workers' labor market outcomes. The chapters use economic models to guide empirical analysis and find that both student debt and unemployment experience can negatively impact workers' future earnings. The models in Chapter 2 and 3 both feature imperfect information about workers' underlying ability and learning through noisy productivity signals over time. Both chapters suggest that information frictions in the labor market can be costly. Chapter 2 develops and estimates a model of career choices and experimentation featuring imperfect information, risk aversion, and incomplete markets. The model emphasizes the importance of career experimentation in driving earnings growth and shows that information frictions cause risk-averse graduates with student debt to choose a safe career path with a flatter experience-earnings profile which is consistent with the empirical results. Chapter 3 finds that the longer a worker is unemployed, the less he earns initially coming out of an unemployment spell, but the wage penalty of unemployment duration decreases over time. The findings are consistent with the prediction of the employer learning with statistical discrimination model developed in Altonji and Pierret (2001) which suggests that information frictions can motivate profit-maximizing employers to use unemployment duration as a negative signal to predict workers' productivity at the time of hire, put extra negative weight on unemployment duration when making initial wage offers, and alleviate it only after learning about workers' underlying ability. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yan, Jin. Essays on Student Debt, Unemployment, and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2022.. |
6562. |
Yang-Huang, Junwen McGrath, Jennifer J. Gauvin, Lise Nikiema, Béatrice Spencer, Nicholas James Awad, Yara Abu Clifford, Susan A. Markham, Wolfgang Mensah, Fiona White, Pär Andersson Ludvigsson, Johnny Faresjö, Tomas Duijts, Liesbeth van Grieken, Amy Raat, Hein |
Early Family Socioeconomic Status and Asthma-Related Outcomes in School-Aged Children: Results from Seven Birth Cohort Studies Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health published online (7 June 2024). Also: https://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2024/06/07/jech-2023-220726 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Asthma; Education; Household Income; Income; Mothers; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Income; Mothers, Working; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To examine the associations between maternal education and household income during early childhood with asthma-related outcomes in children aged 9–12 years in the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, the USA and Canada. Methods: Data on 31 210 children were obtained from 7 prospective birth cohort studies across six countries. Asthma-related outcomes included ever asthma, wheezing/asthma attacks and medication control for asthma. Relative social inequalities were estimated using pooled risk ratios (RRs) adjusted for potential confounders (child age, sex, mother ethnic background and maternal age) for maternal education and household income. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) was calculated for each cohort to evaluate absolute social inequalities. Results: Ever asthma prevalence ranged from 8.3% (Netherlands) to 29.1% (Australia). Wheezing/asthma attacks prevalence ranged from 3.9% (Quebec) to 16.8% (USA). Pooled RRs for low (vs high) maternal education and low (vs high) household income were: ever asthma (education 1.24, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.37; income 1.28, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.43), wheezing/asthma attacks (education 1.14, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.35; income 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44) and asthma with medication control (education 1.16, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.40; income 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.55). SIIs supported the lower risk for children with more highly educated mothers and those from higher-income households in most cohorts, with few exceptions. Conclusions: Social inequalities by household income on the risk of ever asthma, wheezing/asthma attacks, and medication control for asthma were evident; the associations were attenuated for maternal education. These findings support the need for prevention policies to address the relatively high risks of respiratory morbidity in children in families with low socioeconomic status. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang-Huang, Junwen, Jennifer J. McGrath, Lise Gauvin, Béatrice Nikiema, Nicholas James Spencer, Yara Abu Awad, Susan A. Clifford, Wolfgang Markham, Fiona Mensah, Pär Andersson White, Johnny Ludvigsson, Tomas Faresjö, Liesbeth Duijts, Amy van Grieken and Hein Raat. "Early Family Socioeconomic Status and Asthma-Related Outcomes in School-Aged Children: Results from Seven Birth Cohort Studies ." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health published online (7 June 2024).
|
6563. |
Yang, Chih-Chien |
Finite Mixture Model Selection with Psychometric Applications Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1998. DAI-A 59/09, p. 3421, Mar 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Data Analysis; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis Recent statistical advances, for example, Bandeen-Roche, Miglioretti, Zeger and Rathouz (1997); Jedidi, Jagpal and DeSarbo (1997); and Wang and Puterman (1998) have made it feasible to fit finite mixture models in a wide range of applications. With a collection of plausible models for a given data set, problems of model selection arise. Selection among finite mixture models often involves a choice among models with different number of latent classes. As pointed out by several researchers (Everitt, 1981; Aitkin & Rubin, 1985), this can be problematic for traditional likelihood ratio tests because of the unknown distribution of the likelihood ratio. Therefore, it is desirable to investigate information criteria for alternative model selection procedures. Lin and Dayton (1997) showed that the accuracy of widely used criteria, AIC/BIC/CAIC, can be dissatisfying for complex finite mixture models. To improve the accuracy, a relatively newer criterion (Draper, 1995) as well as an adjustment of standard criteria have been suggested. The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of information criteria and standard likelihood ratio testing methods for various finite mixture models. Monte Carlo studies in this dissertation show that improvements of accuracy by using the adjusted information criteria are considerable. Guidelines are also provided for practical use of these model fit indices in estimating the number of latent classes, especially when different sample sizes, parameter structures and model complexities are involved. Following these guidelines, the optimum accuracy rates of these model fit indices can be achieved; moreover, situations that can cause low accuracy can be avoided. Finite mixture models for an alcohol dependence and abuse study using datasets from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) are also illustrated. Both model selections and interpretations for the finite mixture models are emphasized using these examples. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Chih-Chien. Finite Mixture Model Selection with Psychometric Applications. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Los Angeles, 1998. DAI-A 59/09, p. 3421, Mar 1999. |
6564. |
Yang, Guanyi |
Essays on Labor Market Frictions and Macroeconomic Welfare Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Human Capital; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Chapter 1 investigates constraints to individual's lifecycle human capital accumulation decisions and its implications from the labor market on income volatility. In particular, how much does inequality in life depend on conditions established at age 18? What role does post-18 higher education play? I use an education choice model with exogenous conditions from family wealth, established human capital at age 18 and shocks to human capital to examine these questions. Family wealth and established human capital at age 18 determine the post-18 education choices. Education builds up human capital and reduces future earnings volatility. Absent this transmission channel, previous studies dramatically underestimate the importance of initial family wealth in explaining lifetime earnings inequality. My model finds that family wealth at age 18 explains up to 15% of lifetime earnings inequalities, and human capital at age 18 explains 72%. Policy counterfactuals that encourage college education by providing financial aid reduce inequality and improve welfare. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Guanyi. Essays on Labor Market Frictions and Macroeconomic Welfare. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018. |
6565. |
Yang, Shenshen |
Essays on Nonparametric and Semiparametric Identification and Estimation Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): College Degree; Educational Returns; Modeling; Statistical Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three chapters in econometric theory, with a focus on identification and estimation of treatment effect in semi-parametric and nonparametric models, when there exists endogeneity problem. These methods are applied on policy and program evaluation in health and labor economics. In the third chapter, I investigate the partial identification bound for treatment effect in a dynamic setting. First, I develop the sharp partial identification bounds of dynamic treatment effect on conditional transition probabilities when the treatment is randomly assigned. Then I relax the randomization assumption and gives partial identification bounds, under a conditional mean independence assumption. Using MTR and MTS assumptions, this bound is further tightened. These bounds are used on estimating labor market return of college degree in a long term, with data from NLSY79. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Shenshen. Essays on Nonparametric and Semiparametric Identification and Estimation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, 2021. |
6566. |
Yang, Tse-Chuan Chen, I-Chien Choi, Seung-won |
Linking Perceived Discrimination During Adolescence to Health During Middle Adulthood: The Mechanisms Through Self-Esteem and Risk Behaviors Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Structural Equation; Risk-Taking; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Little is known about the long-lasting effect of perceived discrimination on health and even less is about the mechanisms linking perceived discrimination to health over time. We argued that the discriminatory experience during adolescence not only directly affects one's health during middle adulthood, but also indirectly influences health through self-esteem and risk behaviors during early adulthood. Applying structural equation modeling to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we obtained three key findings: (1) The discriminatory experience during adolescence imposes an adverse impact on one's health during middle adulthood even after accounting for other potential covariates; (2) The perceived discrimination during adolescence reduces self-esteem during early adulthood, which in turn undermines the health during middle adulthood; and (3) The discriminatory experience promotes risk behaviors in early adulthood and the risk behaviors compromise the health during middle adulthood. Our findings highlight the importance of early intervention in coping with perceived discrimination. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Tse-Chuan, I-Chien Chen and Seung-won Choi. "Linking Perceived Discrimination During Adolescence to Health During Middle Adulthood: The Mechanisms Through Self-Esteem and Risk Behaviors." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
6567. |
Yang, Tse-Chuan Chen, I-Chien Choi, Seung-won Kurtulus, Aysenur |
Linking Perceived Discrimination during Adolescence to Health during Mid-adulthood: Self-esteem and Risk-Behavior Mechanisms Social Science and Medicine 232 (July 2019): 434-443. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953618303125 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Structural Equation; Risk-Taking Rationale: The literature on the effect of perceived discrimination on health has three gaps. First, the long-term relationship between perceived discrimination and health is underexplored. Second, the mechanisms through which perceived discrimination affects health remain unclear. Third, most studies focus on racial/ethnic discrimination, and other aspects of discrimination are overlooked. Objective: This study aims to fill these gaps by testing a research framework that links the discriminatory experience during adolescence to an individual's health during mid-adulthood via self-esteem and risk behaviors at early adulthood. Method: Structural equation modeling is applied to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (N = 6478). Results: The discriminatory experience during adolescence imposes an adverse impact on health during mid-adulthood even after accounting for other potential covariates, a detrimental effect lasting for over 30 years. In addition, while perceived discrimination reduces self-esteem at early adulthood, it affects only mental health during mid-adulthood, rather than general health. Finally, the discriminatory experience promotes risk behaviors at early adulthood and the risk behaviors subsequently compromise health during mid-adulthood. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Tse-Chuan, I-Chien Chen, Seung-won Choi and Aysenur Kurtulus. "Linking Perceived Discrimination during Adolescence to Health during Mid-adulthood: Self-esteem and Risk-Behavior Mechanisms." Social Science and Medicine 232 (July 2019): 434-443.
|
6568. |
Yang, Tse-Chuan Chen, I-Chien Choi, Seung-won Kurtulus, Aysenur |
Linking Perceived Discrimination during Adolescence to Health during Middle Adulthood via Self-esteem and Risk Behaviors Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Discrimination; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Modeling, Structural Equation; Risk-Taking; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The literature on the effect of perceived discrimination on health has three gaps. First, the causality between perceived discrimination and health is underexplored. Second, the mechanisms through which perceived discrimination affects health remain unclear. Third, most studies focus on racial/ethnic discrimination and other aspects of discrimination are overlooked. This study aims to fill these gaps by testing a research framework that links the discriminatory experience during adolescence to one's health during middle adulthood via self-esteem and risk behaviors at early adulthood. Applying structural equation modeling to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we obtained three key findings: (1) The discriminatory experience during adolescence imposes an adverse impact on one's health during middle adulthood even after accounting for other potential covariates, a detrimental effect lasting for over 30 years; (2) While perceived discrimination reduces self-esteem at early adulthood, it affects only mental health during middle adulthood, rather than general health; and (3) The discriminatory experience promotes risk behaviors at early adulthood and the risk behaviors subsequently compromise the health during middle adulthood. Using a life course perspective, we found that the effect of perceived discrimination is more profound than the literature suggested and that risk behaviors may account for approximately 17% of the total effect of perceived discrimination on health. Our findings highlight the importance of early intervention in coping with perceived discrimination during adolescence, a critical life stage where one develops his/her personality. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Tse-Chuan, I-Chien Chen, Seung-won Choi and Aysenur Kurtulus. "Linking Perceived Discrimination during Adolescence to Health during Middle Adulthood via Self-esteem and Risk Behaviors." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
6569. |
Yang, Tse-Chuan South, Scott J. |
Neighborhood Effects on Body Mass: Temporal and Spatial Dimensions Social Science and Medicine 217 (November 2018): 45-54. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953618305513 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Body Mass Index (BMI); Census of Population; Geocoded Data; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Neighborhood Effects; Obesity Research examining the effects of neighborhood characteristics on obesity and excess body weight has generally neglected the influence of both life-course exposure and geographically-proximate communities. Using data on 9357 respondents to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort, in conjunction with tract-level data from the 1980-2010 U.S. censuses, this study examines how black, Hispanic, and white individuals' cumulative exposure to varying levels of neighborhood poverty and co-ethnic density from their mid-teens through mid-adulthood, as well as the levels of poverty and co-ethnic density in nearby, or "extralocal," neighborhoods, are associated with their body mass index (BMI). Fixed-effect regression models show that, among Hispanics and whites, cumulative exposure to co-ethnic neighbors is a stronger positive predictor of BMI than the co-ethnic density of the immediate, point-in-time neighborhood. Among whites, cumulative exposure to neighborhood poverty is a stronger positive predictor of BMI than is the poverty rate of the current neighborhood of residence. And among both blacks and whites, the distance-weighted poverty rate of extralocal neighborhoods is significantly and inversely related to BMI, suggesting that relative affluence in nearby neighborhoods engenders relative deprivation among residents of the focal neighborhood, leading to increased BMI. Overall, the results suggest that greater attention to both the temporal and spatial dimensions of neighborhood effects has the potential to enhance our understanding of how neighborhoods affect obesity and related health outcomes. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Tse-Chuan and Scott J. South. "Neighborhood Effects on Body Mass: Temporal and Spatial Dimensions." Social Science and Medicine 217 (November 2018): 45-54.
|
6570. |
Yang, Tse-Chuan South, Scott J. |
Neighborhood Poverty and Physical Health at Midlife: The Role of Life-Course Exposure Journal of Urban Health 97,4 (August 2020): 486-501. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11524-020-00444-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies of the effect of neighborhood poverty on health are dominated by research designs that measure neighborhood poverty at a single point in time, ignoring the potential influence of exposure to neighborhood poverty over the life course. Applying latent class analysis to restricted residential history data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort, we identify four trajectories of life-course exposure to high-poverty neighborhoods between adolescence and midlife and then examine how these groups differ in their physical health conditions (SF-12 score) and self-rated health at around age 40. Linear and logistic regression analyses show that life-course exposure to high-poverty neighborhoods is a stronger predictor of midlife physical health than are point-in-time measures of neighborhood poverty observed during either adolescence or midlife. Our findings suggest that a life-course approach can enhance our understanding of how neighborhood poverty affects physical health. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Tse-Chuan and Scott J. South. "Neighborhood Poverty and Physical Health at Midlife: The Role of Life-Course Exposure." Journal of Urban Health 97,4 (August 2020): 486-501.
|
6571. |
Yang, Yang |
Sectors and Occupations: An Analysis of Wage Growth in Returns from Employer Changes Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS) Conference, April 4-7, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Industrial Sector; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Status; Unions; Wage Growth; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 1984 to 1988 on young workers' work histories, this paper examines in early careers (1) the effect of employer changes between industrial sectors on wage growth and (2) the effect of employer changes between occupational statuses on wage growth, net of reasons for employer changes, work characteristics, individual characteristics, and resources. It is expected that employer changes in or to core sectors result in more wage growth than no changes, and moving up in occupational status also brings more wage growth. Multivariate regression analyses show that changing employers across structural boundaries play a significant role in explaining wage growth. Employer shifts across sector and across occupational boundaries do not have the same effects on subsequent earnings. Moving within and into the core sector increases wage growth, while moving out of this sector or moving within the periphery sector do not. In addition, stayers in core sectors do not earn more than employer changers in core sectors, but they do gain more than those who stay in periphery sectors. Both high initial occupational status and occupational advancement have strong and positive effects on wage growth. Moves from a higher status to a lower status in occupation, on the other hand, depress wage gains. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yang, Yang. "Sectors and Occupations: An Analysis of Wage Growth in Returns from Employer Changes." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Sociological Society (SSS) Conference, April 4-7, 2001. |
6572. |
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon |
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of State Economic Freedom on Individual Wages Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 44,1 (2014): 58-70. Also: http://www.jrap-journal.org/pastvolumes/2010/v44/v44_n1_a5_yankow.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Mid-Continent Regional Science Association Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, OLS; State-Level Data/Policy; Wage Growth; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Matching panel data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to the state-level index of economic freedom published in Economic Freedom of North America 2010, this study establishes an empirical relationship between wages at the individual level and the degree of state economic freedom. In OLS models, a one standard deviation improvement in the state economic freedom score is found to increase wages by 2.5 percent. Models that control for both person-specific and state-level fixed effects reveal a wage increase of more than 8 percent. Significant variation in wage gains is found across the different areas used to construct the economic freedom measure as well as across broad worker characteristics like race and schooling level. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon. "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of State Economic Freedom on Individual Wages." Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 44,1 (2014): 58-70.
|
6573. |
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon |
Migration, Job Change and Wage Growth Among Young Men Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Human Capital; Job Turnover; Labor Economics; Migration; Modeling, Probit; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth Using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this dissertation explores the relationship between migration, job mobility and wage development during the early stages of the working career. Attention is focused on the between-job wage growth accompanying job transitions, comparing the returns from changing jobs across labor markets relative to local job changes. Between-job wage growth regression analysis reveals that, holding other factors constant, workers receive a positive return to migration above the return to job changing as predicted by the human capital model of migration. Workers migrating between jobs collect an additional 3.2 percent wage boost above the average return to within-location job change. Recognizing that economic rewards to migration need not be forthcoming immediately upon a change of locations, the next portion of this research complements much of the preceding work by allowing for the full pecuniary gain to be realized over an extended time horizon. Time-varying returns are measured using an extended panel of data to estimate a more flexible earnings specification than used in previous studies of migration. In particular, this research demonstrates that young migrants receive significant positive returns to geographic mobility. These pecuniary returns generally accumulate over a five-year period following migration, during which time migrants experience superior wage growth vis-a-vis non-migrants. Starting at levels nearly identical to non-migrants in the years just prior to migration, migrant wages increase steadily over the first five years post-migration relative to the non-migrant benchmark. After five years, migrant wages peak nearly 5 percent higher than the non-migrant wage level. The final section estimates a Probit model of migration accounting for the selectivity associated with the decision to change jobs. Because migration is only observed conditional on a change of employers, full model specification necessitates both a migration and job change equation. The model is shown to be particularly useful for disentangling the impact of variables on the decision to migrate from their separate effect on the decision to change jobs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon. Migration, Job Change and Wage Growth Among Young Men. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1999. |
6574. |
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon |
Migration, Job Change, and Wage Growth: A New Perspective on the Pecuniary Return to Geographic Mobility Journal of Regional Science 43,3 (August 2003): 483-517. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9787.00308/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Male Sample; Migration; School Completion; Wage Dynamics Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study examines the pattern of early career job mobility and migration in a sample of young male workers. Primary interest lies in the between-job wage change accompanying job transitions as well as the extended time-profile of migrant earnings. When the sample of job transitions is partitioned by education level, contemporaneous returns are found only for workers with twelve or less years of completed schooling. In contrast, highly educated workers demonstrate significant extended returns to migration with the bulk of pecuniary rewards accruing with a lag of nearly two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon. "Migration, Job Change, and Wage Growth: A New Perspective on the Pecuniary Return to Geographic Mobility." Journal of Regional Science 43,3 (August 2003): 483-517.
|
6575. |
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon |
Some Empirical Evidence of the Efficacy of Job Matching in Urban Labor Markets International Advances in Economic Research 15,2 (May 2009): 233-244 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Job Search; Rural/Urban Differences; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Theory predicts that workers in cities are more likely to engage in job search, ceteris paribus, due to market efficiencies associated with greater job density. However, if job search is more efficient in urban markets, then the quality of a given job match should also tend to be higher in cities, ceteris paribus. Employed workers living in cities might then be expected to search less than their nonurban counterparts. In this latter instance, it is not city residency itself that makes search less likely, but rather the positive correlation between city residency and job match quality. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this prediction is confirmed: The estimated coefficient on an indicator of urban residency is found to be near zero and statistically insignificant in models of employed search that omit proxies for job match quality. When job match proxies are included in the models, the estimated coefficient on urban residency becomes positive and highly significant. This result suggests that workers are not only more likely to engage in employed search in urban labor markets, but also tend to find more productive job matches in cities over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Advances in Economic Research is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon. "Some Empirical Evidence of the Efficacy of Job Matching in Urban Labor Markets." International Advances in Economic Research 15,2 (May 2009): 233-244.
|
6576. |
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon |
The Wage Dynamics of Internal Migration within the United States Eastern Economic Journal 25,3 (Summer 1999): 265-278. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/40325930 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Migration; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Regions; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The internal migration of workers between labor markets has important implications for the US economy. Assuming that workers are attracted to markets in which their labor services earn a higher real wage, aggregate migration flows are expected to be positive in the direction of low to high-income regions. Through a more efficient spatial allocation of labor resources, internal migration would then help to decrease regional earnings and employment disparities. However, the efficacy of migration as a regional equilibrium mechanism is dependent upon efficient migratory choices at the individual level. Using a sample of young men drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, an attempt is made to document and measure the extent of the long-term wage effects associated with the interstate migration. It is found that pecuniary returns generally accumulate over a five-year period following interstate migration. [Copyright Eastern Economic Association 1999] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon. "The Wage Dynamics of Internal Migration within the United States." Eastern Economic Journal 25,3 (Summer 1999): 265-278.
|
6577. |
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon Horney, Mary Jean |
Employed Job Search Among Young Women: The Role of Marriage and Children Working Paper, Department of Economics and Business Administration, Furman University, February 2004. Also: http://irving.vassar.edu/MIEC/Yankow_Horney_GenderSearch.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavior; Job Search; Marital Status; Modeling, Multilevel; Modeling, Probit; Modeling, Random Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study is to explore the employed search behavior of young women....The data for this analysis come from the 1980, 1984, and 1996 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Using information on employed job search from all three years, we estimate a series of models: i) a binary probit model of employed search for each year; ii) a random-effects probit model that accounts for unobservable preferences for employed search; and, iii) an ordered probit model measuring the intensity of search by young women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yankow, Jeffrey Jon and Mary Jean Horney. "Employed Job Search Among Young Women: The Role of Marriage and Children." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Business Administration, Furman University, February 2004. |
6578. |
Yao, Xiaoxi Dembe, Allard Shoben, Abigail |
Association between Long Work Hours and Chronic Disease Risks over a 32 Year Period Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Methods:The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 was used to create 32-year work histories (1978-2009) for 7,492 respondents. The average weekly work hours were calculated for each week in which the employee worked full time (i.e., at least 30 hours per week). Logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association between the average hours worked per week and the occurrence of each of the eight chronic diseases listed above, adjusting for age, gender, race, education, family income, number of years worked, smoking status, and occupation. Results: Working long hours (e.g., 41-50, 51-60 and 60+ compared to 30-40 hours per week) was associated with a significantly elevated risk of chronic heart disease, non-skin cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. The observed effects were larger and more significant among women than among men. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yao, Xiaoxi, Allard Dembe and Abigail Shoben. "Association between Long Work Hours and Chronic Disease Risks over a 32 Year Period." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014. |
6579. |
Yarger, Jennifer Brauner-Otto, Sarah |
Time for Work and Kids? Women’s Work Characteristics and Childbearing Expectations Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Job Characteristics; Occupations; Occupations, Female; Self-Employed Workers; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has shown that employment is an important social context affecting fertility, yet relatively little is known about how work characteristics affect fertility expectations. Using over 25 years of data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we analyzed the associations between work hours and characteristics associated with autonomy at work, including self-employment and managerial/professional occupation, and childbearing expectations among employed women ages 18-45 (N=4,229). Mothers who worked longer hours were less likely to expect more children, while mothers who were self-employed or working in managerial/professional occupations were more likely to expect more children. The work characteristics examined were not significantly associated with non-mothers' childbearing expectations. Among mothers who were self-employed or working in a managerial/professional occupation, work hours were not statistically associated with childbearing expectations, which suggests that autonomy at work may moderate the experience of time-based work-family conflict. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yarger, Jennifer and Sarah Brauner-Otto. "Time for Work and Kids? Women’s Work Characteristics and Childbearing Expectations." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
6580. |
Yarger, Jennifer Brauner-Otto, Sarah |
Women's Work Characteristics and Fertility Expectations Population Research and Policy Review 43,26 (April 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-024-09866-7 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; Occupations, Female; Part-Time Work; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research has shown that employment is an important social context affecting fertility, yet relatively little is known about the extent to which work characteristics affect fertility expectations. Using over 25 years of data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we analyzed the associations between part-time work and characteristics associated with autonomy over working time, specifically self-employment and managerial/professional occupation, and childbearing expectations among women ages 18–45 (N = 4,415). Logistic regression models for longitudinal data reveal that work characteristics are significantly associated with fertility expectations, but that the specific nature of the relationship varies by parity. Among women with one child, those working part-time had predicted probabilities of expecting to have additional children that were 2% higher than those working full-time. In contrast, among women without any children, those working part-time had predicted probabilities that were 2% lower than those working full-time. Similar contrasting relationships by parity were found when comparing self-employed women to employees and managers/professionals to those in other occupations. Findings were consistent across racial and ethnic groups. These results suggest that different mechanisms link work characteristics to fertility plans for mothers and non-mothers, specifically that role incompatibility and work-family conflict are more salient for mothers but that financial strain is so for non-mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yarger, Jennifer and Sarah Brauner-Otto. "Women's Work Characteristics and Fertility Expectations." Population Research and Policy Review 43,26 (April 2024).
|
6581. |
Yates, Julie A. |
The Transition from School to Work: Education and Work Experiences Monthly Labor Review 128, 2 (February 2005): 21-32. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art4exc.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Bureau of Labor Statistics; College Graduates; Education; Employment; Longitudinal Surveys; Transition, School to Work Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 found that the average worker, approximately 5 years after leaving school for the first time, starts a job that will last 3 years; however, there was considerable variation by education. Education is clearly linked to these employment processes. In high school, youths learn mainly general skills. These include not only hard skills such as literacy and numeracy, but soft skills such as punctuality, dependability, and following directions. Because of their youth, those seeking jobs just after high school may know less about the world of work and be less committed to a particular occupation. Likewise, employers of these youths have less information about their skills. Both employer and employee may look at entry-level jobs as a learning process by which each can evaluate the long-term potential of their "match." College graduates, on the other hand, invest more in specific skills and may acquire a greater knowledge of the job market within their field. They can match their interests to skills and reject potential career paths before entering the labor market. Employers of new college graduates have potentially greater knowledge of the particular skills of their new hires, and, because of the higher wages they must pay, more incentive to find a good match. For these reasons, matches between new college graduates and their employers may be expected to last longer than those between new high school graduates and employers. Youths who have left school without a high school degree are doubly disadvantaged; they lack both general and job-specific skills, and they face employers who have low expectations and little incentive to invest in their matches. Consequently, schooling choices may dictate the speed and ease of the school-to-work transition. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yates, Julie A. "The Transition from School to Work: Education and Work Experiences." Monthly Labor Review 128, 2 (February 2005): 21-32.
|
6582. |
Yazici, Esel Y. |
Consequences of Medicaid Expansions on Three Outcomes: Demand for Private Insurance, Infant and Child Health, and Labor Supply Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Illness; Children, Poverty; Health Care; Health, Chronic Conditions; Medicaid/Medicare; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Pre-natal Care/Exposure Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the mid-1980s, Congress expanded Medicaid coverage to near-poor pregnant women and children. The aim was to provide health insurance coverage to the uninsured and increase their utilization of health care services. Beginning with the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, the link between Medicaid eligibility and other cash assistance programs was severed. Low-income pregnant women and children, who initially did not fit into traditional welfare categories, gained access to publicly financed health care. These expansions in eligibility produced a sharp rise in the number of children and pregnant women covered by Medicaid. The expansions in Medicaid eligibility had intended and unintended consequences on several outcomes. First of these was on private health insurance. There was a possibility that near-poor individuals who initially had private coverage switched to Medicaid. Since this indicates only a shift in financing of care from private to public insurance, the consequence would be little or no change in health care utilization and health. In the first essay, I found that Medicaid expansions had no effect on privately covered individuals, but a large impact on those who were initially uninsured. The second potential consequence of Medicaid expansions was on infant and child health outcomes. Even though expanded eligibility gave rise to a substantial increase in enrollment rates, the effectiveness of the public program was conditional on improving the health of infants and children. In the second essay, the effect of Medicaid on infant and child health has been extensively examined and only limited evidence has been found on Medicaid coverage improving health outcomes. A third possible effect of the Medicaid expansions was on labor supply and welfare participation of female heads. Elimination of the link between the cash assistance program and Medicaid created new incentives in the labor markets for welfare recipients. The expected consequences were an increase in labor supply and reduction in welfare rolls. I analyzed this issue in the third essay and found very little evidence on the effect of Medicaid on labor supply and welfare participation for female heads. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yazici, Esel Y. Consequences of Medicaid Expansions on Three Outcomes: Demand for Private Insurance, Infant and Child Health, and Labor Supply. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 1997. |
6583. |
Yazici, Esel Y. Kaestner, Robert |
Medicaid Expansions and the Crowding Out of Private Health Inquiry 37,1 (2000): 23-32 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Child Health; Children, Health Care; Health Care; Medicaid/Medicare; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper re-examines the magnitude of crowd out among children. We use longitudinal data that allow us to identify and differentiate groups of children based on whether their eligibility for Medicaid was affected by the program's eligibility expansions. We investigate whether changes in insurance coverage of children affected by the expansions differed from changes in insurance coverage of children unaffected by the expansions. For example, we directly measure whether there was a greater decrease in private insurance coverage among children who became eligible for Medicaid than among children whose eligibility was unaffected. Our results suggest that there was relatively little crowd out among children. We estimate that 18.9% of the recent increase in Medicaid enrollment came from private insurance. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yazici, Esel Y. and Robert Kaestner. "Medicaid Expansions and the Crowding Out of Private Health." Inquiry 37,1 (2000): 23-32.
|
6584. |
Yazici, Esel Y. Kaestner, Robert |
Medicaid Expansions and the Crowding Out of Private Health Insurance NBER Working Paper No. 6527, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1998. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w6527.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Children, Health Care; Health Care; Medicaid/Medicare; Poverty In this paper, we re-examine the question of crowd out among children. Our primary contribution is the use of longitudinal data. These data allow us to identify several groups of children depending on whether their eligibility for Medicaid was affected by the eligibility expansions, and to investigate whether changes in insurance coverage of children affected by the expansions differed from changes in insurance coverage of children unaffected by the expansions. For example, we directly measure whether children who became eligible for Medicaid due to the expansions decreased their enrollment in private insurance plans faster than children whose eligibility for Medicaid was unaffected by the expansions. Our results suggest that there was relatively little crowd out among children. We estimate that 14.5 percent of the recent increase in Medicaid enrollment came from private insurance. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yazici, Esel Y. and Robert Kaestner. "Medicaid Expansions and the Crowding Out of Private Health Insurance." NBER Working Paper No. 6527, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1998. |
6585. |
Ybarra, Lea Zaks, Vivian C. |
Educational and Occupational Aspirations and Attainment of Young Hispanic Female Workers Report, National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Hispanics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Occupational Aspirations; Parental Influences This study examines the relative influence of maternal and paternal employment, educational attainment, and generational status upon the educational and occupational aspirations, expectations, and attainment of young Hispanic women. Both the educational level of father and mother and the occupations of the adult male and female in the household when the respondent was fourteen had an impact on the respondent's educational attainment. Second and third generations continue to have exceedingly high dropout rates, and all groups tend to have the same relatively low percentage of respondents who attend college. Data show that Hispanic women workers continue to be concentrated in the lower paying occupations and that because of lower educational attainment, this pattern seems entrenched. Overall results indicate that it will be some time before Hispanic females achieve parity in the higher paying occupations. Mobility, in terms of educational and occupational attainment between second and third generations, seems almost nonexistent. This mobility is hindered by factors of sexism, racism, low educational and occupational levels of parents, and young women's own low levels of educational attainment and subsequent reduced chances of moving into higher paying jobs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Ybarra, Lea and Vivian C. Zaks. "Educational and Occupational Aspirations and Attainment of Young Hispanic Female Workers." Report, National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982. |
6586. |
Ye, Huaide |
Does the Family Structure Matter in the Process of Migration Decision-Making? A Longitudinal Analysis of Migration among American Youth: 1984-1994 Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1999 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Demography; Ethnic Studies; Family Income; Family Structure; Human Capital; Migration; Racial Studies; Skills; Training In this research, I consider how family structure affects the propensity of household migration among American young adults. I focus on three questions: (1) Are different family structures causes of households to stay or migrate, and migrate in short or long distance? (2) Do some family demographic characteristics, household human capital, and household economic status within each family structure influence the household or family migration decision making and if they do, to what extent? (3) Are different migration patterns among different racial and ethnic groups associated with their different family structures? I address these questions using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) with a pooled sample of 92,293 respondents aged 19 to 36 from the 1984 to 1994 survey rounds. The results reveal that overall, without controls, male broken families have experienced greater likelihood of migration than married couple families for all racial and ethnic groups and after controls, male broken families have experienced greatest likelihood of migration among all family structure categories for all racial and ethnic groups except for Cuban Americans. Black never-married mother families are least likely to migrate both in short and long distance before and after controls. Within family, number of own children, education, total family income, and respondent employment status are predictors in household migration decision-making for all racial and ethnic groups except for Cuban Americans. However, the findings of a differential in effects of family structure on household migration propensity among different racial and ethnic groups suggest a need for developing different migration theories and models for different racial and ethnic groups. From a policy perspective, the important findings that the persistence of least likelihood of migration both in short and long distance for black never-married mother families before and after controls point to the need for possiblepolicy intervention. If high welfare payments have served as an attraction to these black never- married mothers in the regions with the highest unemployment rates, more appropriate policy seems to have them increased their human capital through training and skill upgrading given that human capital is known to be positively associated with migration. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Ye, Huaide. Does the Family Structure Matter in the Process of Migration Decision-Making? A Longitudinal Analysis of Migration among American Youth: 1984-1994. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1999. |
6587. |
Yin, Tao |
Family Cohesion: The Link between Mother's Alcohol Use and Child's Substance Use Presented: Washington, DC, The Advancing Nursing Practice Excellence: State of the Science Meeting, September 2002 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sigma Theta Tau International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Family Environment; Parenting Skills/Styles; Substance Use; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: Alcohol use continues to be a major problem in America. There are an estimated 17.5 million children in the United States, under age 18, who have at least one parent with an alcohol disorder. Studies have found that although all children are adversely affected by having a parent who is an alcoholic, a large number of children emerging from such homes have coped well. What are the factors that protect some children while others remain vulnerable? Existing studies have indicated that there exist some factors that mediate the effects of parental alcoholism on child's substance abuse. This study is aimed at assessing the mediating effects of family cohesion on the relationship between maternal alcohol use and children's substance usage. Study Design: It was a cross-sectional non-experimental study. Secondary analysis was conducted using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data obtained from the Department of Labor. Population, Sample, Setting, Years: The data from both the NLSY79 and its children's datasets in 1994 were used to obtain the study sample of 1381 mother-child dyads. All the children in this study were between 10 and 14 years old in 1994. Concept or Variables Studied: The concepts of interest are: mother's alcohol use, child's substance use, and family cohesion. In this study, mother's alcohol use is theoretically defined as the consumption of alcoholic beverage by a mother. Family cohesion is defined as the emotional bonding that family members have toward one another. Child's substance use is defined as the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and other illegal substances by a child. It is hypothesized that the link between mother's alcohol use and her child's own substance use is an indirect relationship. Family cohesion will mediate this relationship. All the concepts were measured using multiple items to minimize measurement error. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yin, Tao. "Family Cohesion: The Link between Mother's Alcohol Use and Child's Substance Use." Presented: Washington, DC, The Advancing Nursing Practice Excellence: State of the Science Meeting, September 2002. |
6588. |
Yin, Tao |
Relationship Between Mother's Alcohol Use and Child's Well-Being Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Well-Being; Control; Modeling; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Substance Use The study is aimed at: (a) testing a structural model on the relations among maternal alcohol use, family cohesion, quality of parenting, and children's well-being, and (b) examining the mediational effects of family cohesion and quality of parenting on children's well-being. The data from both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Children of NLSY79 datasets in 1994 were used to obtain a study sample of 1381 mother-child dyads. All the children in this study were between 10 and 14 years old in 1994. The mothers answered questions related to their alcohol use, such as the duration, frequency, quantity of drinking, and the impact of drinking. Information regarding family cohesion, quality of parenting, and child's well-being including psychological well-being, school performance, and child's own substance use/abuse were obtained from both the mothers and the children. A tentative model that highlights the relationships among these four constructs was developed based on literature review. Structural equation modeling was used to test the model in a random-split sample, which contained 691 of the subjects. The final revised theoretical model was cross-validated using the rest of the total sample. Although the chi-square test value for the overall model fit of the final revised theoretical model is 882.7, with df = 454, p < 0.01, the ratio of the chi2/df is less than 2, indicating an acceptable fit. The fitness of the model to the sample is also supported by other fit indices, such as the GFI, CFI, and the NNFI. In this model, mother's alcohol use is associated with decreased family cohesion, and decreased family cohesion contributes to child's increased level of substance use/abuse. In addition, higher level of parental control/discipline is also associated with lower level of child's substance use/abuse, higher level of psychological well-being, and better school performance. The cross-validation also partially supports the external validity of the model. Early intervention aimed at promoting children's development may need to focus on how to promote closeness within the family and the quality of parenting rather than mother's own alcohol use behaviors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yin, Tao. Relationship Between Mother's Alcohol Use and Child's Well-Being. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 2000. |
6589. |
Yip, Chun Seng |
Job Search and Labor Force Participation in Equilibrium: Theory and Estimation Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, November 2003. Also: http://www.econ.upenn.edu/~yipcs/talkjan04.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Modeling; Quits Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent empirical evidence suggests that an increasing number of working-age individuals have a weaker attachment to the labor force. Therefore when studying job search in frictional labor markets, it is increasingly important to model workers' participation and quit decisions as well. I develop an equilibrium model where workers determine participation/exit decisions as well as their job quit/acceptance rules. Unlike previous models, all transitions are the result of optimal decisions. The key features of the model are that being unemployed (U) entails a search cost compared to being out of the labor force (OLF), and workers face occasional shocks to their non-work alternatives, causing them to revise their labor market entry/exit and job accept/quit decisions. The model is structurally estimated using data on young women from the NLSY79. Despite data limitations arising from crucial unobserved market-entry and exit transitions, I am able to estimate the model. This is accomplished by modifying the likelihood contributions through the use of Bessel functions. The model estimates the magnitude of these hidden transitions. The model is used to assess and compare the effects of labor market policies targeted at the unemployed, with policies towards both unemployed and OLF. These policy simulations provide richer implications not possible with a model without endogenous participation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yip, Chun Seng. "Job Search and Labor Force Participation in Equilibrium: Theory and Estimation." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, November 2003. |
6590. |
Yip, Chun Seng |
Job Search and Labor Force Participation in Equilibrium: Theory and Estimation Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2004. DAI-A 65/06, p. 2312, Dec 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Job Search; Labor Economics; Labor Force Participation; Modeling; Quits; Welfare Recent empirical evidence suggests that an increasing number of working-age individuals have a weaker attachment to the labor force. However an important short-coming of much current work applying search models to frictional labor These are potentially significant omissions especially because search models are often applied to data and used to perform counterfactual policy experiments. I develop an equilibrium model where workers determine participation/exit decisions as well as their job quit/acceptance rules. Unlike previous models, all transitions are the result of optimal decisions. The key features of the model are that being unemployed entails a search cost compared to being out of the labor force, and workers face occasional shocks to their non-work alternatives, causing them to revise their labor market entry/exit and job accept/quit decisions. The model is structurally estimated using data on young women from the 1979 Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Despite data limitations arising from crucial unobserved market-entry and exit transitions, I am able to estimate the model. This is accomplished by modifying the likelihood contributions through the use of Bessel functions. The model estimates the magnitude of these hidden transitions and provides a more complete picture of the labor market movement than with many current models. The model is used to assess and compare the effects of labor market policies targeted at the unemployed, with policies towards both unemployed and nonparticipants in the labor force. These policy simulations suggest that tying welfare payments to search activity has very different consequences from welfare payments regardless of search status (unemployment payments vs. non-employment payments). These simulations provides a more thorough analysis of canonical labor market policy that is not possible with previous models without endogenous participation and quits. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yip, Chun Seng. Job Search and Labor Force Participation in Equilibrium: Theory and Estimation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2004. DAI-A 65/06, p. 2312, Dec 2004. |
6591. |
Yoo, Sam Hyun |
Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Subsequent Outcomes over the Life Course Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Fertility; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Fertility intentions have been considered one of the important determinants of fertility behaviors, but their predictive power remains obscure. This study is to explore the predictive strength of fertility intentions and how it changes over the life course. With the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I analyze repeated fertility intentions that predict an actual childbearing outcome in two years. In this study, the two-year time frame of the intention-behavior sequence is repeated until the end of reproductive span, representing the dynamic decision-making process for childbearing through the life course. The link between fertility intentions and subsequent outcomes in two years significantly differ by direction and clarity of intentions, and these relations also systematically change with age, probably due to social and biological factors. This study provides how the explanatory power of fertility intentions changes over the life course and how that differs by level of education. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoo, Sam Hyun. "Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Subsequent Outcomes over the Life Course." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
6592. |
Yoon, Byungsik |
An Estimation of the Returns to Migration of Male Youth in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Human Capital Theory; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Labor Market Outcomes; Migration; Modeling; Urban and Regional Planning The human capital model of migration treats migration as an investment decision in which an individual is likely to move if he perceives that the present value of a future stream of earnings at a destination exceeds the present value of expected earnings at the origin by an amount at least equal to the cost of moving. This implies that the earnings of migrants increase faster than those of nonmigrants and the primary objective of this study is to test this hypothesis in a longitudinal framework. The hypothesis is examined on the basis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1991. The target population is young males in the civilian labor force of the United States. This study is also confined to the individuals who can be presumed to make autonomous migration decisions. Rates of earnings growth are measured by the first difference of the natural logarithm of real annual earnings. The relationship between migration and earnings growth is examined in the context of a set of contemporaneous personal, occupational, and locational characteristics which are incorporated as control variables. The random effects model is used to estimate coefficients for the relationship between migration and the growth of earnings. Inter-county and inter-state migration are shown to have positive effects on the growth of earnings, at least for the first instance of migration in an individual's history. Coefficients that measure the effects of repeated instances of migration are not statistically significant. Educational attainment and job- related experience are observed to have positive effects on earnings growth for both migrants and nonmigrants. However, these effects are greater for migrants. The effects of migration on the growth of earnings apparently diminish with a migrant's age. The rate of post-migration earnings growth for migrants who are classified asprofessional, managerial, and technical workers, is also shown to be faster than that of their nonmigrant counterparts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Byungsik. An Estimation of the Returns to Migration of Male Youth in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1995. |
6593. |
Yoon, Chamna |
Estimating a Dynamic Spatial Equilibrium Model to Evaluate the Welfare Implications of Regional Adjustment Processes: The Decline of the Rust Belt International Economic Review 58,2 (May 2017): 473-497. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iere.12224/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Economic Changes/Recession; Economics, Regional; Geocoded Data; Mobility; Skills This article develops and estimates a new dynamic spatial equilibrium model to study the regional transition dynamics and its impact on individual and aggregate welfare. The model consists of a multiregion, multisector economy comprised of overlapping generations of individuals with heterogeneous skills and mobility costs. The empirical findings suggest that a large fraction of the decline of the Rust Belt can be attributed to the reduction in its region-specific comparative advantage in the goods-producing sector. This decline generated significant differences in welfare across regions. Policy experiments show that such inequality can be significantly reduced through place-based policies. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Chamna. "Estimating a Dynamic Spatial Equilibrium Model to Evaluate the Welfare Implications of Regional Adjustment Processes: The Decline of the Rust Belt." International Economic Review 58,2 (May 2017): 473-497.
|
6594. |
Yoon, Young-Hee Waite, Linda J. |
Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White and Hispanic Women: Return to Work after First Birth Journal of Marriage and Family 56,1 (February 1994): 209-217. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352715 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Demography; Education; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Income; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Work Experience An earlier version of this article was presented at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati, August 23-27. This study examines the determinants of women's return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials--observed during the later 1960s and early 1970s--in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a woman's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal labor force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earnings, and residence in an urban area affect return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. "Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White and Hispanic Women: Return to Work after First Birth." Journal of Marriage and Family 56,1 (February 1994): 209-217.
|
6595. |
Yoon, Young-Hee Waite, Linda J. |
Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women--Return to Work After First Birth Working Paper, DRU-525-NICHD, Santa Monica CA, The Rand Corporation, October 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Demography; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Family Income; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Residence; Work Experience; Work Reentry This study examines the determinants of women's return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials--observed during the later 1960s and early 1970s--in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a woman's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earning, and residence in an urban area affect return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. "Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women--Return to Work After First Birth." Working Paper, DRU-525-NICHD, Santa Monica CA, The Rand Corporation, October 1993. |
6596. |
Yoon, Young-Hee Waite, Linda J. |
Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women, Return to Work After First Birth RAND Publication, RP-299. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: RAND Keyword(s): Employment; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanic Studies; Human Capital; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Racial Differences; Re-employment; Residence; Work Experience Originally published in: Journal of Marriage and the Family, v. 56, no. 1, Feb. 1994. This study examines the determinants of womens' return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials--observed during the later 1960s and early 1970s--in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a woman's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earning, and residence in an urban area affect return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women, Return to Work After First Birth. RAND Publication, RP-299. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1996. |
6597. |
Yoon, Young-Hee Waite, Linda J. |
Women's Return to Work after First Birth: Differences between Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; First Birth; Geographical Variation; Hispanics; Marital Status; Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles Data from the NLSY, 1979-1985, are used to examine factors affecting the probability that women return to work after their first births. Compared are white, black, and Hispanic mothers for three postpartum periods: 0-3 months, 3-11 months, and 12-24 months. Findings show that the pace of return to employment was faster for white than minority mothers. Discrete time hazard models indicate that human capital variables (income, education, prebirth job experience) have similar effects for all three groups. However, white and Hispanic mothers also respond to sex role attitudes, marital status, and age at first birth. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoon, Young-Hee and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Return to Work after First Birth: Differences between Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991. |
6598. |
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu |
Welfare Dynamics, Support Services, Mothers' Earnings, and Child Cognitive Development: Implications for Contemporary Welfare Reform Child Development 70,3 (May-June 1999): 779-801. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8624.00056/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Support; Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Human Capital; Job Training; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Support Networks; Welfare This prospective longitudinal study, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), addresses the gap in the research literature regarding the effects of welfare reform on children. Key questions addressed include whether welfare dynamics and support services relevant to welfare reform, both measured across the first five years of life, are associated with mothers' earnings in the sixth year and three child cognitive outcomes in the seventh and eighth years: Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) math and reading scores, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Welfare dynamics are represented by total time on welfare, degree of cycling on and off welfare, and degree to which welfare and work are combined. Support services measured include three forms of child care (relative, babysitter, and center based), as well as three forms of human capital supports (child support, job training, and education). Controlling for a range of background factors and for different patterns of welfare use across the first five years, small positive associations with mother's earnings were found for child support, education, and job training. Small positive associations were also found between child support and both math and reading scores. Finally positive associations of medium effect size were found between center care and-both mothers' earnings and child PPVT scores. Although effect sizes are generally small, the results suggest the potential value of welfare reform approaches which emphasize long-term human capital development. Interactions among welfare dynamics and support services suggest subgroup differences. Specifically, positive effects of support services on earnings are strongest among mothers with higher levels of human capital (higher levels of work while on welfare, lower total time on welfare). Babysitter care appears to have negative effects on both reading and math scores of children whose mothers report low levels of work while on we lfare. Implications for welfare reform policy are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu. "Welfare Dynamics, Support Services, Mothers' Earnings, and Child Cognitive Development: Implications for Contemporary Welfare Reform." Child Development 70,3 (May-June 1999): 779-801.
|
6599. |
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu |
Welfare Dynamics, Support Services, Mothers' Earnings, and Child Development: Implications for Contemporary Welfare Reform Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Cognitive Development; Human Capital; Job Training; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Support Networks; Welfare These three prospective longitudinal studies, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), address the gap in the literature regarding the effects of welfare reform on children. Key questions addressed include whether welfare dynamics and support services relevant to welfare reform in the first five years of life are associated with subsequent mothers' earnings and middle childhood developmental outcomes. Studies 1 and 2 focus on child cognitive and mental health outcomes, respectively. Welfare dynamics variables include time on welfare, cycling on and off welfare, and degree to which welfare and work are combined. Support services include three forms of child care (relative, babysitter, and center-based), as well as human capital supports (child support, job training, and education). In study 1, small positive associations with mother's earnings were found for child support, education, and job training. Small positive associations were also found between child support and both math and reading scores. Finally, positive associations of medium effect size were found between center care and both mothers' earnings and child PPVT scores. The results suggest the potential value of welfare reform approaches which emphasize long-term human capital development. Interactions among welfare dynamics and support services suggest that effects of supports on child cognitive outcomes differ according to the mother's welfare dynamics. In Study 2, no main effects of welfare use patterns or support services were found on child externalizing or internalizing symptoms. However, as with the cognitive outcomes, interactions imply subgroup differences. For example, the combination of job training and high levels of work while on welfare is associated with elevated levels of externalizing symptoms, suggesting a "stress overload" process resulting in potential harm to children's development. In Study 3, multi-dimensional cluster profiles of welfare dynamics were developed, validated using mother's earnings as the criterion, and then investigated in relation to the child outcomes. Clusters found include Short-Term, Short-Term Work Exit, Working Cyclers, Non-Working Cyclers, Cycle to Long-Term Exit, and Long-Term groups. Children of the Working Cyclers were found to show higher levels of internalizing symptoms than those of Non-Working Cyclers. Implications for contemporary welfare reform policies are discussed. Copyright: Dissertation Abstracts |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu. Welfare Dynamics, Support Services, Mothers' Earnings, and Child Development: Implications for Contemporary Welfare Reform. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1998. |
6600. |
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu Seidman, Edward |
Multidimensional Profiles of Welfare and Work Dynamics: Development, Validation, and Associations with Child Cognitive and Mental Health Outcomes American Journal of Community Psychology 29,6 (December 2001): 907-936. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/q5g152527015xn26/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Cognitive Development; Earnings; Employment; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Welfare; Work History This prospective study addresses multidimensional variation in welfare use (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) and employment patterns, and relationships of such variation with parent earnings and child development outcomes. Cluster analysis was utilized, using monthly welfare and employment data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to examine variation within the welfare population in their welfare and work patterns across the 1st 5 yrs of children's lives. Six cluster profiles of welfare and work dynamics were found: Short-Term, Short-Term Work Exit, Working Cyclers, Nonworking Cyclers, Cycle to Long-Term Exit, and Long-Term. The clusters were validated using mother's 6th-yr earnings as the criterion. The clusters' associations with child development outcomes in the cognitive and mental health domains (at ages 6 and 7) were then explored. Work following short-term welfare use was associated with higher child reading scores than that following long-term use (a moderate-size effect). Cycling on and off welfare in the context of high levels of employment was associated with higher child internalizing symptoms than cycling accompanied by low levels of employment (a moderate-size effect). Implications for evaluation of welfare-to-work policies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved): |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu and Edward Seidman. "Multidimensional Profiles of Welfare and Work Dynamics: Development, Validation, and Associations with Child Cognitive and Mental Health Outcomes." American Journal of Community Psychology 29,6 (December 2001): 907-936.
|
6601. |
Young, Laura N. Cordes, Sara Winner, Ellen |
Arts Involvement Predicts Academic Achievement Only When the Child Has a Musical Instrument Educational Psychology 34,7 (2014): 849-861. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01443410.2013.785477 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; Activities, After School; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Poverty; Family Influences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examined the associations between academic achievement and arts involvement (access to a musical instrument for the child at home, participation in unspecified after-school arts activities) in a sample of 2339 11-12-year-olds surveyed in the USA between 1998 and 2008. We compared the contributions of these variables to other kinds of cognitive stimulation at home (e.g. books), participation in after-school sports, and socioeconomic factors. Involvement in after-school arts was positively related to academic achievement only for those children who also reported access to a musical instrument. Access to a musical instrument predicted academic achievement independently of socioeconomic status. We consider the possibilities that the results may be indicative of differing parental attitudes in homes with musical instruments and/or a causal link between instrumental music learning and academic achievement. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Young, Laura N., Sara Cordes and Ellen Winner. "Arts Involvement Predicts Academic Achievement Only When the Child Has a Musical Instrument." Educational Psychology 34,7 (2014): 849-861.
|
6602. |
Youngblood, Marie |
Mother Feeding Style and Health Outcomes of Children Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Health, Walden University, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Child Health; Ethnic Differences; Mothers, Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Childhood and adolescent obesity are pervasive among single mother households. Obesity causes many health risks including psychological/emotional illnesses. The purpose of this secondary analysis study was to examine the association between the parental feeding styles of single mothers and the degree that ethnicity moderates the rates of childhood obesity. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used with a total of 1,630 children in the study for a total of 842 minorities (African American and Hispanic American); 788 participates were not minorities (European American) with an average body mass indent of 15.9. Using the cross-sectional design, the quantitative study analyzed an association of parental feeding style and overweight/obesity. According to study findings, there was no statistical significance between the parental feeding style and ethnicity status. There was no statistical significance between the child's compliance with the mother's food choice, the child's frequency of compliance nor the child's compliance even when they don’t want to eat with overweight/obesity when moderated by ethnicity. Finally, there was no statistical significance when moderated by ethnicity. Educating single mothers about habits and perceptions concerning food is critical so that they are aware they can offer wholesome nutritional food as food choices. Education is a determinate of health that would moderate the parental feeding style. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Youngblood, Marie. Mother Feeding Style and Health Outcomes of Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Health, Walden University, 2019. |
6603. |
Youngker, Leslie G. |
Psychological Well-Being of Adolescent Parents and Their Non-Parenting Peers M.S. Thesis, Department of Family Relations and Child Development, Oklahoma State University, 2000. Also: https://shareok.org/handle/11244/11660 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oklahoma State University Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Fathers; Gender Differences; Mothers, Adolescent; Parenthood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study was to determine if gender, parental status, and level of self-esteem pre-pregnancy could predict self-esteem and depressive symptomatology after the adolescent became a parent. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Youngker, Leslie G. Psychological Well-Being of Adolescent Parents and Their Non-Parenting Peers. M.S. Thesis, Department of Family Relations and Child Development, Oklahoma State University, 2000.. |
6604. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Hara, Yuko |
Motherhood Penalties and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms Demography 58,1 (2021): 247-272. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/1/247/167586/Motherhood-Penalties-and-Fatherhood-Premiums Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Fatherhood; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite much interest in how parenthood contributes to the gender pay gap, prior research has rarely explored firms' roles in shaping the parenthood pay penalty or premium. The handful of studies that investigated parenthood's effects within and across firms generally compared parents and their childless peers at a given time and failed to account for unobserved heterogeneity between the two groups. Such comparisons also cannot inform how having children may alter individuals' earnings trajectories within and across firms. Using 26 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and fixed-effects models, we examine how being a mother or father is linked to earnings growth within and across firms. We find that women's pay decreases as they become mothers and that the across-employer motherhood penalty is larger than the within-employer penalty. By contrast, fatherhood is associated with a pay premium, and the within-employer fatherhood premium is considerably greater than the across-employer one. We argue that these results are consistent with the discrimination explanation of the motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium. Because employers are likely to trust women who become mothers while working for them more than new recruits who are mothers, their negative bias against mothers would be more salient when evaluating the latter, which could result in a larger between-organizational motherhood penalty. Conversely, employers' likely greater trust in existing workers who become fathers than fathers they hire from elsewhere may amplify their positive bias favoring fathers in assessing the former, which could explain the greater within-firm fatherhood premium. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Yuko Hara. "Motherhood Penalties and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms." Demography 58,1 (2021): 247-272.
|
6605. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Hara, Yuko |
Parenthood and Earnings Changes Within and Across Organizations: How Do Women's and Men's Experiences Differ? Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination; Gender Differences; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite much interest in the effect of parenthood on the gender inequality in pay, research rarely compares how having children contributes to wage changes within and across firms for women and men. Using 26 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and fixed-effects models, we examine how women's and men's starting pay across organizations vary according to parenthood status and whether parenthood alters their earnings within each employer spell. We find a motherhood penalty across employing organizations, but not within organizations. Conversely, the transition to fatherhood increases earnings within organizations, but not across organizations. We argue that these results are most consistent with the discrimination perspective, because a negative bias against mothers is likely to be more salient when employers set wages for new recruits than for existing employees, whereas a positive bias favoring fathers should be more prominent when employers judge existing employees than they do new workers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Yuko Hara. "Parenthood and Earnings Changes Within and Across Organizations: How Do Women's and Men's Experiences Differ?" Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6606. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Xu Yan, Hope |
Effects of Siblings on Cognitive and Sociobehavioral Development: Ongoing Debates and New Theoretical Insights American Sociological Review 88,6 (November 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231210258 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Development; Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Family Characteristics; Family Dynamics; Family Environment; Family Resources; Family Size; Sibling Birth Order; Siblings; Sociobehavioral Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite social scientists’ long-standing interest in the influences of siblings, previous research has not settled the debates on how relevant sibship size is to child development and whether growing up with more siblings could be beneficial. Using 30 years of longitudinal data and fixed-effects models, this study offers the most comprehensive evidence on how sibship size is tied to cognitive and sociobehavioral development. We also advance the literature by systematically comparing the consequences of gaining a sibling for children with varying ordinal positions. Contrary to prior studies using selective data from limited observation spans, we find that children experience net decreases in cognitive test scores as their family size grows. At the same time, our analysis shows that sibling additions are only important to first- and second-born children’s—not later-born children’s—cognitive development. Even for the first- and second-born, the marginal effect of adding a sibling lessens with each addition. Our results thus demonstrate the time-dependent nature of family resource-dilution processes. For sociobehavioral development, the evidence indicates that having an older sibling is beneficial, but gaining a younger sibling increases behavioral problems for some (e.g., first-born children). Because more children from large families have older siblings, children from larger families exhibit less problematic behavior, on average. By uncovering the complex relationship between siblings and noncognitive development, this study also generally contributes to the sociology of family and inequality. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Hope Xu Yan. "Effects of Siblings on Cognitive and Sociobehavioral Development: Ongoing Debates and New Theoretical Insights." American Sociological Review 88,6 (November 2023).
|
6607. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Xu Yan, Hope |
Maternal Age, Early Childhood Temperament, and Youth Outcomes Demography published online (26 October 2022): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10293348. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/doi/10.1215/00703370-10293348/319572/Maternal-Age-Early-Childhood-Temperament-and-Youth Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Mothers; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Demographers and family researchers have long debated whether early childbearing has negative consequences on the offspring, but few have considered that the benefits of delayed childbearing (or the lack thereof) may not be universal. Using sibling data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults, we investigate how the relevance of mothers' age at childbirth to youth outcomes (academic performance, years of education completed, and psychological distress) may differ for youth whose early-childhood behavioral disposition (i.e., temperament) indicated varying degrees of insecure attachment. Results from family fixed-effects models, which take into account much of the unobserved heterogeneity among families, show that having an older mother is associated with improved educational and psychological outcomes for youth with a rather insecure early temperament. In contrast, mothers' age at childbirth hardly matters for children with a secure disposition. Further analysis indicates that the moderating effect of maternal age cannot be explained by the mother's first-birth timing, education, work status, income, or family stability. Older mothers' higher likelihood of prior child-rearing experience explains part of the older-mother advantage for temperamentally insecure children. However, the aging process, which equips older mothers with enhanced maturity, more calmness, and therefore greater capacity to overcome adversities, seems to account for the smaller detrimental effects of an insecure disposition on their children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Hope Xu Yan. "Maternal Age, Early Childhood Temperament, and Youth Outcomes." Demography published online (26 October 2022): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10293348.
|
6608. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Are Blondes Really Dumb? Economics Bulletin 36,1 (2016): 401-410. Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search.pl?ft=blondes Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Bulletin Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); I.Q.; Physical Characteristics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Discrimination based on appearance has serious economic consequences. Women with blonde hair are often considered beautiful, but dumb, which is a potentially harmful stereotype since many employers seek intelligent workers. Using the NLSY79, a large nationally representative survey tracking young baby boomers, this research analyzes the IQ of white women and men according to hair color. Blonde women have a higher mean IQ than women with brown, red and black hair. Blondes are more likely classified as geniuses and less likely to have extremely low IQ than women with other hair colors, suggesting the dumb blonde stereotype is a myth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Are Blondes Really Dumb?" Economics Bulletin 36,1 (2016): 401-410.
|
6609. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Do People Save or Spend Their Inheritances? Understanding What Happens to Inherited Wealth Journal of Family and Economic Issues 34,1 (March 2013): 64-76. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10834-012-9299-y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Inheritance; Savings; Transfers, Family; Transfers, Financial; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Almost $4 trillion dollars of wealth is currently held by families with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. When that wealth is inherited, will it be retained or spent quickly? Results from the NLSY79, a longitudinal survey covering people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s suggest roughly half of all money inherited is saved and the other half spent or lost investing. These spending and saving decisions are made by a concentrated group with about one-fifth of all families getting an inheritance and about one-seventh expecting to receive an inheritance. Suggestions to increase savings from inheritances are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Do People Save or Spend Their Inheritances? Understanding What Happens to Inherited Wealth." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 34,1 (March 2013): 64-76.
|
6610. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Do You Have to be Smart to be Rich? The Impact of IQ on Wealth, Income and Financial Distress Intelligence 35,5 (September-October 2007): 489-501. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289607000219 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bankruptcy; I.Q.; Income; Intelligence; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wealth How important is intelligence to financial success? Using the NLSY79, which tracks a large group of young U.S. baby boomers, this research shows that each point increase in IQ test scores raises income by between $234 and $616 per year after holding a variety of factors constant. Regression results suggest no statistically distinguishable relationship between IQ scores and wealth. Financial distress, such as problems paying bills, going bankrupt or reaching credit card limits, is related to IQ scores not linearly but instead in a quadratic relationship. This means higher IQ scores sometimes increase the probability of being in financial difficulty. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Do You Have to be Smart to be Rich? The Impact of IQ on Wealth, Income and Financial Distress." Intelligence 35,5 (September-October 2007): 489-501.
|
6611. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Does Smoking Harm Wealth as Much as Health? Consumer Interests Annual 50 (2004): 108-116. Also: http://www.consumerinterests.org/files/public/Zagorsky_Does_Smoking_Harm_Wealth.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI) Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research investigates the effect of smoking on an individual/s financial situation. Theoretically there are only three possible effects; smoking reduces wealth, smoking increases wealth and smoking has no effect. Using wealth and smoking data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, this research shows that the typical nonsmokers' net worth is roughly 50% higher than light smokers and roughly twice the level of heavy smokers. Regression results which account for demographic differences between smokers and non-smokers also find a statistically significant negative relationship between net worth and smoking. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Does Smoking Harm Wealth as Much as Health?" Consumer Interests Annual 50 (2004): 108-116.
|
6612. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Health and the Working Poor Eastern Economic Journal 25,2 (Spring 1999): 169-189. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/40325919 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Addiction; Disability; Disabled Workers; Employment; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Poverty; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent welfare reforms that emphasize shifting people on public assistance into employment, no matter what they earn, has given new public policy importance to understanding the working poor. Central to these reforms are time limits that cap the number of years individuals can recieve benefits. Time limits implicitly assume that working provides enough income to lift one out of poverty and that the poor have no long-term health problems and other personal disabilities that can prevent them from escaping poverty and that working does not always boost individuals out of poverty. This research examines the working poor who are limited by health, drug and alcohol addiction or serious personal disabilities such as blindness. Approximately one-third of working-poor baby boomers suffers from at least one of these problems. This includes over half a million young baby boomers and approximately one percent of the U.S. population. Besides comprising a large proportion of the working poor, those with health and other limitations are important to examine because they have twice the chance of becoming working poor, spend more years in poverty, and have lower incomes after leaving poverty. In addition, almost half of the working poor who suffer from health or other serious limitations remain in poverty for five or more years. Thus, in order to reduce working poverty, policymakers must consider the needs and limitations of those who have significant health problems and other personal disabilities. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Health and the Working Poor." Eastern Economic Journal 25,2 (Spring 1999): 169-189.
|
6613. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Health and Wealth: The Late-20th Century Obesity Epidemic in the U.S. Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 296-313. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X05000304 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health Factors; Inheritance; Obesity; Racial Differences; Wealth; Weight Obesity is a rapidly growing public health issue. This paper investigates obesity's relationship to individuals' wealth by analyzing data from a large U.S. longitudinal socio-economic survey. The results show a large negative association between BMI and White female's net worth, a smaller negative association for Black women and White males and no relationship for Black males. Weight changes and dieting also appear associated with wealth changes. Individuals who lose small amounts of weight experience little change in net worth, but those who lose large amounts of weight have a dramatically improved financial position, with Whites showing larger changes than Blacks. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Health and Wealth: The Late-20th Century Obesity Epidemic in the U.S. ." Economics and Human Biology 3,2 (July 2005): 296-313.
|
6614. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Husbands' and Wives' View of the Family Finances The Journal of Socio-Economics 32,2 (May 2003): 127-146. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105353570300012X Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Husbands, Income; Income; Wives, Income Do husbands and wives have the same view of the family's financial situation? This research shows that when couples are asked separately about finances, very different views emerge of income and wealth. Quantifying the gap between husbands' and wives' financial statements shows half of all couples provide family income values that differ by more than 10% and net worth values that differ by more than 30%. The typical husband states the family receives more income each year and holds more gross assets than his wife states. The typical wife reports the family owes more debts than her husband. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Husbands' and Wives' View of the Family Finances." The Journal of Socio-Economics 32,2 (May 2003): 127-146.
|
6615. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Is Obesity as Dangerous to Your Wealth as to Your Health? Research on Aging 26,1 (January 2004): 130-152. Also: http://roa.sagepub.com/content/26/1/130.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health Factors; Inheritance; Obesity; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Examined the effects of obesity on the wealth of middle-aged baby boomers. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which began in 1979; analysis focuses on data from 1985 through 2000, when 7,699 participants (mean age 38.7) remained in the study. It was found that the net worth of the obese was roughly half that of those with normal body mass. As young baby boomers aged, peak net worth slowly shifted toward those with lower body mass. Boomers with a body mass index (BMI) of 22 in 1985 held the most net worth, but by 2000 the peak had shifted to those with a BMI of 17. From 1985 to 2000, for every one-point BMI increase, net worth fell an average of $1,000, holding other factors like income constant. Surprisingly, part of the reason BMI is inversely related to net worth is because lighter people receive more inheritance than heavier individuals. (MM) (AgeLine Database, copyright 2004 AARP, all rights reserved) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Is Obesity as Dangerous to Your Wealth as to Your Health?" Research on Aging 26,1 (January 2004): 130-152.
|
6616. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Marriage and Divorce's Impact on Wealth Journal of Sociology 41,4 (December 2005): 406-424 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Divorce; Longitudinal Surveys; Marriage; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. What impact do marriage and divorce have on wealth? US data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), which tracks individuals in their 20s, 30s and early 40s, show that over time single respondents slowly increase their net worth. Married respondents experience per person net worth increases of 77 percent over single respondents. Additionally, their wealth increases on average 16 percent for each year of marriage. Divorced respondents' wealth starts falling four years before divorce and they experience an average wealth drop of 77 percent. While in percentage terms divorce hurts women more than men, the absolute difference is relatively small in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Marriage and Divorce's Impact on Wealth." Journal of Sociology 41,4 (December 2005): 406-424.
|
6617. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
NLSY79 Wealth Data Evaluation Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, July 1997 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Nonresponse; Wealth Researchers know relatively little about the way people gather wealth. This paper provides a foundation for understanding wealth trends by investigating the data quality of a little used portion of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort or NLSY79. To date, no data quality investigation has been performed on the NLSY79's wealth information. To remedy this defect, the paper first overviews the wealth data collection and analyzes its strengths and weaknesses. Then the data's quality is investigated by checking the importance of common problems, such as nonresponse, and how NLSY79 results compare with other data sets. Lastly, the creation of a longitudinal net asset series is described and basic wealth results are presented. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "NLSY79 Wealth Data Evaluation." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, July 1997. |
6618. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
The Wealth Effects of Smoking Tobacco Control 13,4 (December 2004): 370-374. Also: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/13/4/370 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Economic Well-Being; Ethnic Differences; I.Q.; Modeling, Multilevel; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To investigate the impact of smoking on the wealth of US young baby boomers. Methodology: The research analyses self reported responses of both smoking habits and wealth holdings from a nationally representative sample of US individuals born between 1957 to 1964 (n = 8908). Data are from four waves (1984, 1992, 1994, 1998) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, a random survey of individuals conducted by the US Department of Labor using a stratified multistage area sample design. Results: Regression results show lower net worth is associated with smoking, after holding constant a variety of demographic factors. Respondents who were ever heavy smokers are associated with a reduction in net worth of over $8300 while light smokers are $2000 poorer compared to non-smokers. Beyond this reduction, each adult year of smoking is associated with a decrease in net worth of $410 or almost 4%. Conclusions: While a causal relation cannot be proven, smokers appear to pay for tobacco expenditures out of income that is saved by non-smokers. Hence, reductions in smoking will boost wealth, especially among the poor. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "The Wealth Effects of Smoking." Tobacco Control 13,4 (December 2004): 370-374.
|
6619. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Wealth, Mobility and Race: A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Young Baby Boomers Blithewood Annandale-on-the-Hudson, NY, "Economic Mobility in America and Other Advanced Countries", Levy Economics Institute Conference, October 2002. Also: http://www.levy.org/mobility/papers/ses5_10.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Levy Economics Institute Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Wealth in the U.S. is highly correlated with status, power, health and many other socio-economic outcomes. Wealth and its associated benefits, however, are distributed quite unevenly throughout society, with U.S. wealth data exhibiting sharp racial and ethnic differences. In national data black families hold the least wealth, Hispanic families rank in the middle, while whites and Asians hold the most... Overall, most young baby boomers have experienced tremendous wealth mobility during the early part of their working lives. Compared to whites, blacks and Hispanics accumulate lower net worth because they start at lower wealth levels and experience less upward and more downward mobility over time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Wealth, Mobility and Race: A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Young Baby Boomers." Blithewood Annandale-on-the-Hudson, NY, "Economic Mobility in America and Other Advanced Countries", Levy Economics Institute Conference, October 2002. |
6620. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. |
Young Baby Boomers' Wealth Review of Income and Wealth 45,2 (June 1999): 135-156. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00325.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (I.A.R.I.W.) Keyword(s): Assets; Data Quality/Consistency; Gender; Home Ownership; Marriage; Wealth Researchers know relatively little about the beginnings of wealth accumulation. This paper analyzes the wealth of young baby boomers, individuals born from 1957 to 1964, using a previously ignored wealth data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). First, a detailed data quality evaluation is performed. Findings suggest that not cleaning NLSY79 wealth data causes nonsensical results, but there are no other serious problems. Analyzing the cleaned wealth data quantifies many stylized facts. For example, the typical baby boomer's wealth holdings increase by more than $2,000 a year. Married females hold more wealth than either married or unmarried males. Finally, while young boomers start with a majority of their wealth in illiquid holdings such as automobiles and possessions, they rapidly shift their wealth holdings into homes as they grow older. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. "Young Baby Boomers' Wealth." Review of Income and Wealth 45,2 (June 1999): 135-156.
|
6621. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. Gardecki, Rosella M. |
What Have Researchers Learned from the National Longitudinal Surveys? Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 25 (1998): 35-57. Also: http://iospress.metapress.com/content/5et2x255j415ql9y/?p=a98cfad3710a428fa79ea6103004f3df&pi=2 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Attrition; Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Crime; Data Quality/Consistency; Educational Attainment; Intelligence; Job Search; Methods/Methodology; Migration; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Parents, Single; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Schooling; Wages; Work Experience This article examines the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, commonly called the NLS. The article first provides a brief overview of the information available in these long-running surveys. Second, it discusses the contributions of NLS-based research to various topics within the field of economics. Finally, it summarizes topics within the NLS questionnaires that have expanded recently to accommodate the changing circumstances of the cohorts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. and Rosella M. Gardecki. "What Have Researchers Learned from the National Longitudinal Surveys?" Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 25 (1998): 35-57.
|
6622. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. Smith, Patricia K. |
Does Asthma Impair Wealth Accumulation or Does Wealth Protect Against Asthma? Social Science Quarterly 97,5 (November 2016): 1070-1081. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12293/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Asthma; Inheritance; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: We investigate the association between adult asthma and wealth, testing whether the disease impairs wealth accumulation (social selection model) or if wealth protects against asthma (social causation model). Methods: We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 7,644) and linear and logistic regressions to estimate the association between wealth and asthma. Changes in relative wealth following an asthma diagnosis and asthma status by increases in wealth through inheritance provide evidence on the causal direction. Results: Asthma, particularly severe asthma, is associated with lower wealth. Wealth ranking does not change after a diagnosis of asthma, but inheriting a substantial sum is associated with a lower risk of severe asthma. Conclusion: Wealth appears to protect against severe asthma, supporting the social causation model of disease. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. and Patricia K. Smith. "Does Asthma Impair Wealth Accumulation or Does Wealth Protect Against Asthma?" Social Science Quarterly 97,5 (November 2016): 1070-1081.
|
6623. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. Smith, Patricia K. |
The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Adult Fast-Food Consumption in the U.S. Economics and Human Biology 27,A (November 2017): 12-25. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X16300363 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Health follows a socioeconomic status (SES) gradient in developed countries with disease prevalence falling as SES rises. This pattern is partially attributed to differences in nutritional intake, with the poor eating the least healthy diets. This paper examines whether there is an SES gradient in one specific aspect of nutrition: fast-food consumption. Fast food is generally high in calories and low in nutrients. We use data from the 2008, 2010, and 2012 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test whether adult fast-food consumption in the United States falls as monetary resources rise (n = 8,136). This research uses more recent data than previous fast-food studies and includes a comprehensive measure of wealth in addition to income to measure SES. We find little evidence of a gradient in adult fast-food consumption with respect to wealth. While adults in the highest quintile are 54.5% less likely to report fast-food consumption than those in the lowest quintile, adults in the second and third quintiles are no less likely to report fast food-food intake than the poorest. Contrary to popular belief, fast-food consumption rises as income rises from the lowest to middle quintiles. The variation in adult fast-food consumption across income and wealth groups is, however, small. Those in the wealthiest quintile ate about one less fast-food meal on average than those in the lowest quintile. Other factors play a bigger role in explaining fast-food consumption: reading ingredient labels is negatively associated while soda consumption and hours of work are positively associated with fast-food consumption. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. and Patricia K. Smith. "The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Adult Fast-Food Consumption in the U.S." Economics and Human Biology 27,A (November 2017): 12-25.
|
6624. |
Zagorsky, Jay L. Smith, Patricia K. |
Who Drinks Soda Pop? Economic Status and Adult Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Economics and Human Biology 38 (August 2020): 100888. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X1930214X Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Income; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth We use two cohorts from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLSY79 and NLSY97), which are large, nationally representative samples of U.S. adults, to investigate consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) by SES, using nine surveys fielded between 2008 and 2016. Previous studies used income and education to measure SES, the NLS enables us to include wealth as well. Previous studies also used cross-sectional data, whereas the NLS allows us to examine whether changes in income and wealth correlate with changes in SSB intake. The results indicate an inverse gradient in SSB consumption with respect to both income and wealth, controlling for education. However, we do not find evidence that changes in income and wealth correlate with changes in SSB intake. This finding suggests that SES influences the development of SSB consumption patterns, but changes in income and wealth generally do not alter them in adulthood. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zagorsky, Jay L. and Patricia K. Smith. "Who Drinks Soda Pop? Economic Status and Adult Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages." Economics and Human Biology 38 (August 2020): 100888.
|
6625. |
Zajacova, Anna Montez, Jennifer Karas |
The Health Penalty of the GED: Testing the Role of Noncognitive Skills, Health Behaviors, and Economic Factors Social Science Quarterly 98,1 (March 2017): 1-15. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12246/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School Diploma; Noncognitive Skills; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objectives: The general educational development (GED) diploma is intended to be equivalent to a high school (HS) credential; however, recent evidence finds that GED recipients have worse health than HS graduates. This study aims to explain the health disadvantage, focusing on three domains: noncognitive skills, health behaviors, and economic factors. Methods: We analyze data on 3,119 HS graduates and GED recipients in the NLSY79 who reported their health status at the age of 40. Logistic and ordinal regression models examine whether the three domains account for the GED health disadvantage. Results: The GED health disadvantage was jointly explained by lower noncognitive skills, unhealthy behaviors, and adverse economic circumstances, with the latter being particularly important. Conclusions: A multipronged approach may be necessary to reduce the GED health disadvantage, including improving noncognitive skills during K-12 education, expanding opportunities for employment and living wage for low-skill workers, and continued focus on improving health behaviors. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zajacova, Anna and Jennifer Karas Montez. "The Health Penalty of the GED: Testing the Role of Noncognitive Skills, Health Behaviors, and Economic Factors." Social Science Quarterly 98,1 (March 2017): 1-15.
|
6626. |
Zajacova, Anna Montez, Jennifer Karas |
The Health Value of the GED: Testing the Role of Noncognitive Skills, Health Behaviors, and Labor-Market Factors Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School Diploma; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Structural Equation; Noncognitive Skills Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Half a million Americans earn the General Educational Development (GED) every year. The GED certification is intended to be equivalent to a high school (HS) diploma; however, econometricians have long known that GED recipients are disadvantaged relative to HS graduates in numerous domains. Recently, several studies have turned attention to another domain, adult health, and uncovered a large health disadvantage of GED recipients. This project aims to explain the health disadvantage, focusing on three groups of factors known to differ between GED recipients and HS diploma holders: non-cognitive skills, health behaviors, and labor-market outcomes. We use the NLSY79 (N=3,869) data on respondents from adolescence to age 40 when they were administered a battery of health questions. Structural equation models will be used to examine the joint direct and indirect effects of the three explanatory factors on multiple health indicators. Preliminary results indicate the hypothesized factors explain the GED-HS health gap. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zajacova, Anna and Jennifer Karas Montez. "The Health Value of the GED: Testing the Role of Noncognitive Skills, Health Behaviors, and Labor-Market Factors." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
6627. |
Zajacova, Anna Walsemann, Katrina Michelle |
Adolescent Health and Its Effects on Educational Attainment: Evidence from Two Nationally Representative Longitudinal Studies (NLSY79 and NLSY97) Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine how adolescent health impacts educational attainment among American adults. Linear models and within-sibling fixed-effects models are used to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts, which include information on the adolescents’ health, parental background, cognitive and non-cognitive skills, and subsequent educational attainment. The results indicate that adolescent health limitations and self-rated health are only moderately associated with adult educational attainment. The bivariate relationship is in the expected direction and significant but the effects are fully explained by ‘traditional’ predictors of attainment like parental background. The results suggest that at the population level, adolescent health may not have a pronounced independent influence on educational attainment. Research on educational determinants of adult health should primarily incorporate individuals’ childhood socioeconomic status and cognitive and noncognitive characteristics as potential confounders. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zajacova, Anna and Katrina Michelle Walsemann. "Adolescent Health and Its Effects on Educational Attainment: Evidence from Two Nationally Representative Longitudinal Studies (NLSY79 and NLSY97)." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013. |
6628. |
Zajacova, Anna Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Dowd, Jennifer Beam |
The Long Arm of Adolescent Health Among Men and Women: Does Attained Status Explain Its Association with Mid-Adulthood Health? Population Research and Policy Review 34,1 (February 2015): 19-48. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-014-9327-8 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of research has established the effect of early health on later-life health. This study extends the literature by (1) examining multiple dimensions of mid-adulthood health including physical and mental conditions, (2) analyzing attained status (education and income) as a potential pathway through which health problems in adolescence may impact later health, and (3) considering the role of gender in these life course processes. Using over 20 years of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79), we test the associations between adolescent health limitations and eight adult health measures for men and women, and whether these associations are mediated by status attainment. We find strong links between adolescent health limitations and mid-adulthood health, especially among women. Among men, the associations are strong for measures of physical health but somewhat weaker for mental and general health measures--taking into account the men's demographic characteristics, family background, and skills, the effects of adolescent limitations become non-significant for these dimensions. These patterns are largely independent of attained socioeconomic status; that is, education and income do not appear to be critical pathways from adolescent to adult health. Understanding how early health influences the long-term trajectory of health and social capital accumulation for men and women is critical for developing social and health research and policy, in order to optimize health over the entire life course. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zajacova, Anna, Katrina Michelle Walsemann and Jennifer Beam Dowd. "The Long Arm of Adolescent Health Among Men and Women: Does Attained Status Explain Its Association with Mid-Adulthood Health?" Population Research and Policy Review 34,1 (February 2015): 19-48.
|
6629. |
Zakir, Hussain |
Three Essays on Health and Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, 2012 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Assets; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Debt/Borrowing; Exercise; Family Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Net Worth; Obesity; Propensity Scores; Stress; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three chapters, each providing useful information of current economic issues. The first chapter, "Does Financial Stress Lead to Weight Gain? An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Net Worth on Body Weight" examines the effects of financial stress caused due to variations in net worth on the respondents body weight. The results indicate that net worth variation is a significant contributor to increases in body weight. Further examination reveals that individuals from indebted households and households with modest net worth are most likely to be gaining body weight. In the second chapter, "Does Walking or Riding a Bike to School Reduce Obesity? Evidence from the NLSY 1979 using Propensity Score Matching." I use the appropriate methodology to select a sample comparable to a treatment consisting of individuals who choose to walk or bike to school and find that those who walk or bike to school are likely to have significantly lower body weight measures. In the third chapter, I use nationally representative longitudinal data from 1986 to 2008 to consider the financial stress caused to mothers due to the variations in their net worth and analyze the effects that it has on the behavioral aspects of their children. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zakir, Hussain. Three Essays on Health and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, 2012. |
6630. |
Zakir, Hussain Zietz, Joachim |
Does Walking or Riding a Bike to School Reduce Obesity? Evidence from the NLSY 1979 using Propensity Score Matching Presented: St. Louis MO, Midwest Economics Association Annual Meeting, March 18-20, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Midwest Economics Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Exercise; Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Propensity Scores; Transportation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This presentation assesses whether walking or riding a bike to school reduces obesity. High school and college students who walk or ride a bike to school are compared to those students who could have walked or ridden a bike to school but did not. The analysis employs Propensity Score Matching (PSM). This methodology enables comparison between two otherwise very similar groups which vary only on the basis of one characteristic, in this case, walking or biking to school. The likelihood of an individual’s decision to walk or bike to school, the propensity score, is determined on the basis of several observable characteristics which are available in the data. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 cohort, a nationally representative survey, I find statistically significant evidence that students who walk or ride a bike to school have lower levels of BMI and obesity and are less overweight than those in the control group. When college students are included in the sample, the effect continues to remain consistent and statistically significant. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zakir, Hussain and Joachim Zietz. "Does Walking or Riding a Bike to School Reduce Obesity? Evidence from the NLSY 1979 using Propensity Score Matching." Presented: St. Louis MO, Midwest Economics Association Annual Meeting, March 18-20, 2011. |
6631. |
Zandberg, Mordechai Yehonatan |
Essays on the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship Ph.D. Dissertation, Carroll School of Management, Boston College, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Entrepreneurship; Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second essay titled "Reproductive Rights and Women's Access to Capital," explores the impact of reproductive care restrictions on female entrepreneurs seeking to raise capital. It tests the hypothesis that better access to reproductive care enables women to plan their family formation better, avoid unexpected pregnancies, and gain access to cheaper capital as a result of this reduced risk. This hypothesis is analyzed using restricted data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in a difference-in-differences setting around the enactment of state-level legislation limiting access to reproductive care. It finds restrictions on reproductive care to be detrimental to women seeking to raise capital and open their own firms. Women who have limited reproductive care access are less likely to borrow, end up taking smaller loan amounts, and have lower leverage ratios. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zandberg, Mordechai Yehonatan. Essays on the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship. Ph.D. Dissertation, Carroll School of Management, Boston College, 2021. |
6632. |
Zandvakili, Sourushe |
Trends in Earnings Inequality Among Young Adults Review of Social Economy 60,1 (March 2002): 93-107 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Association for Social Economics Keyword(s): Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Income Distribution; Racial Differences; Wages, Youth Examines short and long run inequality and income stability; role of race and ethnicity in earnings disparities; based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 1984-89, with individuals age 19-31; US. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zandvakili, Sourushe. "Trends in Earnings Inequality Among Young Adults." Review of Social Economy 60,1 (March 2002): 93-107.
|
6633. |
Zaslow, Martha J. Tout, Kathryn Botsko, Christopher Moore, Kristin Anderson |
Welfare Reform and Children: Potential Implications Number A-23 in Series, "New Federalism: Issues and Options for States". Washington, DC: Urban Institute, June 1998. Also: http://www.urban.org/publications/308014.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Urban Institute Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Care; Children; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); State Welfare; Welfare Findings from recent welfare-to-work evaluations point to evidence of program impacts on maternal psychological well-being and on parent-child interaction and the children's home environments. Adults are typically the focus of welfare policies and programs, even though children comprise a majority of public assistance recipients. In 1995, about two-thirds of those receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children each month were children.1 Moreover, key provisions in the most recent welfare legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), have implications for children. Based on research findings from welfare-to-work program evaluations and from basic research on child development, we conclude that welfare reform can affect children in diverse ways. These effects will vary depending on state and local policies, family characteristics and risk status, patterns of maternal employment, and children's experiences in the home and in nonmaternal care settings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zaslow, Martha J., Kathryn Tout, Christopher Botsko and Kristin Anderson Moore. Welfare Reform and Children: Potential Implications. Number A-23 in Series, "New Federalism: Issues and Options for States". Washington, DC: Urban Institute, June 1998.. |
6634. |
Zavodny, Madeline |
Do Men's Characteristics Affect Whether a Nonmarital Pregnancy Results in Marriage? Journal of Marriage and Family 61,3 (August 1999): 764-773. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353576 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Abortion; Childbearing; Contraception; Fertility; Marriage; Parents, Single; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences A decline in the likelihood that a nonmarital pregnancy will result in marriage has contributed to the dramatic rise in the US nonmarital birth ratio since the 1960s. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to examine the effect of men's characteristics on whether they marry in the event of a nonmarital pregnancy & whether changes in average characteristics of men & in their effect have contributed to the declining probability of legitimation. Results indicate that the characteristics associated with the probability of marriage differ for whites & blacks. Changes over time in men's behavior & average characteristics appear to have lowered the probability of legitimation among white men, but only changes in behavior appear to have contributed to the decline in legitimation among black men. 2 Tables, 28 References. Adapted from the source document. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zavodny, Madeline. "Do Men's Characteristics Affect Whether a Nonmarital Pregnancy Results in Marriage?" Journal of Marriage and Family 61,3 (August 1999): 764-773.
|
6635. |
Zavodny, Madeline |
Does Watching Television Rot your Mind? Estimates of the Effect on Test Scores Working Paper, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 2004 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); High School and Beyond (HSB); Human Capital; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Siblings; Socioeconomic Factors; Television Viewing; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines whether the number of hours of television watched by young adults is associated with human capital accumulation, as measured by test scores, and whether any such relationship is casual. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the High School and Beyond survey and the National Education Longitudinal Study all indicate a negative cross-sectional relationship between hours of television viewing and test scores, even after controlling for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics. However, comparisons of test scores between siblings at a point in time and within individuals over time suggest that television viewing does not negatively affect human capital accumulation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zavodny, Madeline. "Does Watching Television Rot your Mind? Estimates of the Effect on Test Scores." Working Paper, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 2004. |
6636. |
Zavodny, Madeline |
Does Watching Television Rot Your Mind? Estimates of the Effect on Test Scores Economics of Education Review 25,5 (October 2006): 565-573. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775705000907 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Endogeneity; High School and Beyond (HSB); Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Socioeconomic Factors; Television Viewing; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Tests and Testing This study examines whether the number of hours of television watched by young adults is associated with performance on standardized exams and whether any such relationship is causal. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1980's), the High School and Beyond survey and the National Education Longitudinal Study all indicate a negative cross-sectional relationship between hours of television viewing and test scores, even after controlling for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics. However, endogeneity bias may underlie this negative relationship. Models that include individual or family fixed effects to partially control for endogeneity suggest that television viewing does not negatively affect performance on standardized exams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zavodny, Madeline. "Does Watching Television Rot Your Mind? Estimates of the Effect on Test Scores." Economics of Education Review 25,5 (October 2006): 565-573.
|
6637. |
Zavodny, Madeline |
Technology and Job Separation Among Young Adults, 1980-98 Economic Inquiry 41,2 (April 2003):264-278. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/ei/cbg006/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Displaced Workers; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Labor Turnover; Layoffs; Occupational Choice; Quits; Skills; Training, On-the-Job This analysis uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth during the period 1980-98 to examine the relationship between the likelihood that a worker remains at the same job for two years and several measures of technology usage at the industry level. The relationship between job separation and technology usage is generally negative. Quits (not involuntary job loss) generally account for the negative relationship between job separation and technology. Some results suggest that less educated workers are more likely than college graduates to lose jobs in technology intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zavodny, Madeline. "Technology and Job Separation Among Young Adults, 1980-98." Economic Inquiry 41,2 (April 2003):264-278.
|
6638. |
Zaw, Khaing Hamilton, Darrick Darity, William A. Jr. |
Race, Wealth and Incarceration: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Race and Social Problems 8,1 (March 2016): 103-115. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12552-016-9164-y Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to explore the interwoven links between race, wealth and incarceration, this study examines the data on race and wealth status before and after incarceration. Data indicate that although higher levels of wealth were associated with lower rates of incarceration, the likelihood of future incarceration still was higher for blacks at every level of wealth compared to the white likelihood, as well as the Hispanic likelihood, which fell below the white likelihood for some levels of wealth. Further, we find that racial wealth gaps existed among those who would be incarcerated in the future and also among the previously incarcerated. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zaw, Khaing, Darrick Hamilton and William A. Jr. Darity. "Race, Wealth and Incarceration: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Race and Social Problems 8,1 (March 2016): 103-115.
|
6639. |
Zellman, Gail L. Perlman, Michal |
Parent Involvement in Child Care Settings: Conceptual and Measurement Issues Early Child Development and Care 176,5 (July 2006): 521-538. Also: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=21007480 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Health; Education; Family Environment; Family, Extended; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parent-School involvement This paper discusses the conceptualization and measurement of Parent Child Care Involvement (PCCI) and questions whether PCCI should be included in high-stakes quality ratings. It presents data on several PCCI measures, including one used by the National Association for the Education of Young Children, the Parent Caregiver Relationship Scale (Elicker et al. , 1997) and PCCI items from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale—Revised (ECERS-R). Across these measures parents uniformly describe child care providers as welcoming and supportive even when other quality measures reveal significant problems. Providers display similar positivity when reporting their own PCCI efforts. A new author-devised measure, Family–Provider Partnership, produces similar positivity bias. Nevertheless, Family–Provider Partnership scores were strongly associated with other measures of child care quality, including the ECERS-R Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS), ratios and staff credentials. Such relationships justify inclusion of PCCI in child care quality ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zellman, Gail L. and Michal Perlman. "Parent Involvement in Child Care Settings: Conceptual and Measurement Issues." Early Child Development and Care 176,5 (July 2006): 521-538.
|
6640. |
Zemore, Sarah E. Lui, Camillia K. Mulia, Nina |
The Downward Spiral: Socioeconomic Causes and Consequences of Alcohol Dependence among Men in Late Young Adulthood, and Relations to Racial/ethnic Disparities Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 44,3 (March 2020): 669-678. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.14292 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Ethnic Differences; Income; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Methods: We used longitudinal, national data to 1) describe racial/ethnic disparities in late young adult alcohol dependence criteria (LYADC), 2) examine whether income trajectory in early young adulthood contributes to these racial/ethnic disparities, and 3) test whether LYADC reciprocally predicts income trajectory in early midlife. Data were from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=3,993), which measured LYADC in 1994 (mean age=33). Income trajectory classes were derived for early young adulthood (mean ages=21‐31) and, separately, early midlife (mean ages=35‐45). Analyses included negative binomial regressions and multinomial regression. Results: Both Black and US‐born Latino men reported more LYADC than White men. Further, membership in the persistently low and slow increase (vs. stable middle) early young adult income trajectory classes was associated with more LYADC. Multivariate analyses suggested that Black‐White disparities in LYADC were explained by early young adult income trajectories, whereas Latino‐White disparities in the same were explained by both early young adult income trajectories and early education. In controlled models, more LYADC predicted a higher likelihood of membership in the persistently low (vs. stable middle) income trajectory class in early midlife. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zemore, Sarah E., Camillia K. Lui and Nina Mulia. "The Downward Spiral: Socioeconomic Causes and Consequences of Alcohol Dependence among Men in Late Young Adulthood, and Relations to Racial/ethnic Disparities." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 44,3 (March 2020): 669-678.
|
6641. |
Zemore, Sarah E. Mulia, Nina Williams, Edwina Gilbert, Paul A. |
Job Loss and Alcohol Dependence among Blacks and Whites in a National Longitudinal Survey Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 16,3 (2017): 314-327. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15332640.2016.1209144 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Job Tenure; Racial Differences; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We used the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test whether the association between job loss and incidence of alcohol dependence differed across Blacks and Whites. Respondents were interviewed annually from 1979 to 1994; DSM-IV dependence was assessed in 1989 and 1994. Analyses included only those employed in 1989 and involved lagged logistic regressions predicting past-year dependence in 1994 from job loss during 1990-1993. Unexpectedly, results showed stronger and more robust associations between job loss and dependence among Whites (AOR = 1.93, p < .05) than among Blacks (AOR = 0.82, nonsignificant). Findings diverge from prior research, suggesting disparities may differ as a function of age and/or time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zemore, Sarah E., Nina Mulia, Edwina Williams and Paul A. Gilbert. "Job Loss and Alcohol Dependence among Blacks and Whites in a National Longitudinal Survey." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 16,3 (2017): 314-327.
|
6642. |
Zemsky, Robert Shapiro, Daniel |
On Measuring a Mirage: Why U.S. Training Numbers Don't Add Up EQW Working Papers WP20, National Center on Education and Quality of the Workforce, Philadelphia PA, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Center on Education and Quality of the Workforce, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Training; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description; NLS of H.S. Class of 1972; Research Methodology; Schooling, Post-secondary; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Training; Vocational Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In order to identify the reasons underlying the variability and unreliability of estimates of education and training, this paper analyzes the methodology of five national surveys designed to estimate the scale and scope of training. The five surveys were: May Triennial Adult Education Supplement to the Current Population Survey, National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Survey of Income and Program Participation, National Longitudinal Survey of High School Class of 1972, and High School and Beyond. The analysis focused on the following: fundamental purpose of each survey, population sampled, goodness of fit, and survey structure/design. The analysis established that the five surveys do not measure fully what they purport to measure. However, collectively, they provided an invaluable insight into the nature of work-related education and training in the United States. Recommendations for improving the surveys are given |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zemsky, Robert and Daniel Shapiro. "On Measuring a Mirage: Why U.S. Training Numbers Don't Add Up." EQW Working Papers WP20, National Center on Education and Quality of the Workforce, Philadelphia PA, 1994. |
6643. |
Zhan, Min |
Assets, Human Capital Development, and Economic Mobility of Single Mothers Families in Society 88,4 (October-December 2007): 605-615. Also: http://www.familiesinsociety.org/ShowAbstract.asp?docid=3683 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Manticore Publishers Keyword(s): Assets; Educational Status; Home Ownership; Mobility, Economic; Mothers; Parents, Single; Training, On-the-Job; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationships of single mothers' assets (home ownership, bank account ownership, automobile ownership, and net worth) and human capital development (educational advancement, work hours, and job-related training) to their economic mobility. Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) indicates factors that could help improve the upward economic mobility of single mothers include their assets, educational status and advancement, and work experience. Mothers' assets were also positively related to their educational advancement, job training participation, and work hours. Furthermore, it appears that the relationship between mother's assets (automobile ownership and net worth) with economic mobility was partially mediated by work experience. These results support investment strategies to enhance the long-term economic well-being of single mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Families in Society is the property of Alliance for Children & Families and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min. "Assets, Human Capital Development, and Economic Mobility of Single Mothers." Families in Society 88,4 (October-December 2007): 605-615.
|
6644. |
Zhan, Min |
Assets, Parental Expectations and Involvement, and Children's Educational Performance Children and Youth Services Review 28,8 (August 2006): 961-975. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740905002124 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Elementary School Students; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) This study examines the relationships between parental assets with their expectations and involvement of children's education, and children's educational performance measured 2 years later. Through the analysis of the mother–child data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), results indicate that after controlling for family income and other parent characteristics, parental assets were positively related to children's math and reading scores. Parental assets were also positively associated with their expectations and involvement of school activities. Furthermore, parent expectations partially mediated the relationship between assets and children's educational performance. These findings imply that in order to improve children's education, how to enhance parental assets warrants the consideration of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min. "Assets, Parental Expectations and Involvement, and Children's Educational Performance." Children and Youth Services Review 28,8 (August 2006): 961-975.
|
6645. |
Zhan, Min |
Debt and College Graduation: Differences by Race/Ethnicity Working Paper No. 13-08, Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Differences; Family Resources; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between youth debt (from education loans and credit cards) and college graduation, considering the ways in which the relationship differs by race/ethnicity. Results show little evidence that student loans and credit card debt reduce the gaps between White and minority students in the likelihood of college graduation. Findings also indicate that the likelihood of graduating from college is higher among White and Black students with education loans of $10,000 or more than among those without education loans. However, among minority students (Black and Hispanic students), those with education loans of $10,000 or more are less likely to graduate than those with loans between $5,000 and $10,000. I discuss the policy implications of the findings. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min. "Debt and College Graduation: Differences by Race/Ethnicity." Working Paper No. 13-08, Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2013. |
6646. |
Zhan, Min |
Economic Mobility of Single Mothers: The Role of Assets and Human Capital Development Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 33,4 (December 2006): 127-150. Also: http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/newsletters_journals/jssw/33-4.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Human Capital; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Labor Market; Parents, Single; Poverty; Training, Employee; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the economic mobility of single mothers. It highlights the relationships between single mothers' financial assets and human capital development (educational advancement, job training, and work hours) with their economic mobility. Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) indicates that assets may help improve upward economic mobility. Assets, however, have differential impact on single mothers with different income levels. In addition, human capital development mediates the positive link between assets and the economic mobility for mothers living between the 100% and 200% federal poverty. These results support asset building as an investment strategy to enhance the long-term economic wellbeing of single mothers. The findings also underscore the importance of examining within-group variations among single mothers in designing effective asset-building policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare is the property of Western Michigan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min. "Economic Mobility of Single Mothers: The Role of Assets and Human Capital Development." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 33,4 (December 2006): 127-150.
|
6647. |
Zhan, Min |
The Impact of Youth Debt on College Graduation CSD Working Paper No. 12-11, Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2012. Also: http://csd.wustl.edu/Publications/Documents/WP12-11.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Differences; Family Resources; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the associations between educational loans and credit card debt with the possibility of college graduation among a group of youth who enrolled in college. It further investigates whether the associations differ by levels of parental assets. Results indicate that, after parental assets and other variables are considered, educational loans are positively related to college graduation; however, there is evidence that educational loans above $10,000 reduce the probability of college graduation. Parental assets are positively linked to youth’s college graduation, and the relationship between educational loans and college graduation is stronger among youth whose families have lower levels of financial assets. Credit card debt is positively related to college graduation only among families with modest financial assets. Policy implications are discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min. "The Impact of Youth Debt on College Graduation." CSD Working Paper No. 12-11, Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2012. |
6648. |
Zhan, Min |
The Impact of Youth Debt on College Graduation Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 41,3 (September 2014): 133-156 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Differences; Family Resources; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the associations between educational loans and credit card debt with the possibility of college graduation among a group of youth who enrolled in college. It further investigates whether the associations differ by levels of parental assets. Results indicate that, after parental assets and other variables are considered, educational loans are positively related to college graduation; however, there is evidence that educational loans above $10,000 reduce the probability of college graduation. Parental assets are positively linked to youth's college graduation, and the relationship between educational loans and college graduation is stronger among youth whose families have lower levels of financial assets. Credit card debt is positively related to college graduation only among families with modest financial assets. Policy implications are considered. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min. "The Impact of Youth Debt on College Graduation." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 41,3 (September 2014): 133-156.
|
6649. |
Zhan, Min Lanesskog, Deirdre |
The Impact of Family Assets and Debt on College Graduation Children and Youth Services Review 43 (August 2014): 67-74. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914001613 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Differences; Family Resources; Racial Differences This study examines the influence of family financial assets and debt, both measured during the time of youth’s college enrollment, on the chances of college graduation. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results from analyses controlling for a number of student, parental, and institutional characteristics indicate that family assets are positively related to the chances of college graduation among White and Black students; family debt is negatively associated with the odds of college graduation among Black students, but neither family assets nor family debt is related to the chances of college graduation among Hispanic students. Overall, results indicate that family assets and debt explain a small portion of racial/ethnic gaps in college graduation. Policy implications are considered. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min and Deirdre Lanesskog. "The Impact of Family Assets and Debt on College Graduation." Children and Youth Services Review 43 (August 2014): 67-74.
|
6650. |
Zhan, Min Sherraden, Michael |
Assets and Liabilities, Educational Expectations, and Children's College Degree Attainment Children and Youth Services Review 33,6 (June 2011): 846-854. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019074091000407X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Family Resources; High School Completion/Graduates This research examines relationships among household assets and liabilities, educational expectations of children and parents, and children's college degree attainment. Special attention is paid to influences of different asset types (financial vs. nonfinancial assets) and liabilities (secured vs. unsecured debt). Results indicate that, after controlling for family income and other parent/child characteristics, financial and nonfinancial assets are positively related to, and unsecured debt is negatively related to, children's college completion. Furthermore, there is evidence that financial assets are positively associated with the education expectations of parents and children. Policy directions are suggested. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhan, Min and Michael Sherraden. "Assets and Liabilities, Educational Expectations, and Children's College Degree Attainment." Children and Youth Services Review 33,6 (June 2011): 846-854.
|
6651. |
Zhang, Danyang |
Marriage Market Signaling and Women's Occupation Choice Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), April 6 2022. Also: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4057591 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): Marriage; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupational Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the general closure of gender disparities in the labor market over the past half century, occupational segregation has been stubbornly persistent. I develop a new model that explains these occupational outcomes through marriage market signaling. Vertically differentiated men have preference over women's unobservable caregiving ability. Heterogenous women choose caregiving occupations to signal their ability to be caregivers. My model generates unique predictions on the influence of marriage market conditions on women's occupational choices. I find empirical support for these predictions using longitudinal data on marriage rates, policy shocks to divorce laws, and shocks to the marriage market sex ratio driven by waves of immigration. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Danyang. "Marriage Market Signaling and Women's Occupation Choice." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), April 6 2022. |
6652. |
Zhang, Ning |
Determinants of Children's Health Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); Birth Outcomes; Child Health; Geocoded Data; Obesity; School Entry/Readiness; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three empirical analyses of determinants of health of children and adolescents. The first essay investigates the causal relationship between education and youth overweight. The second essay examines the relationship between alcohol taxes and infant health. The last one explores whether an older minimum legal drinking age laws improves average health of infants. In the first paper, I use the first-grade entrance policies in a regression discontinuity design to compare years of education and the probability of being overweight among students who are born immediately before and after the school entrance date. Results show that girls who are born a few days after the entrance date are over ten percent more likely to be obese than those who are born just before. This finding shows that, for girls, one more year of education reduces the likelihood of being obese. A possible explanation is that education promotes healthier eating habits among girls. The second paper employs state variations in taxes in investigate the causal relationship between drinking alcohol during pregnancy and birth outcomes. Using data from NLSY79 Children and Young Adults (NLSY79-CY), Natality files and behavioral Risk Factor Surveillances System (BRFSS), this study finds that there is a negative and causal relationship between alcohol taxes and birth outcomes. The last chapter provides empirical evidence on the structural relationship between alcohol use and infant health by exploiting the exogenous variation in alcohol availability laws among youth generated by changes in state minimum legal drinking ages (MLDA). Two effects of the MLDA on infant health are tested: infants born to mothers aged younger than 21 (direct effects) and those to mothers who at early teenage years lived through the era of changes in MLDA (indirect effects). The results show that the MLDA of 18 at the conception year had small and insignificant direct impact, while it had larger and mor e significant indirect effects, on birth outcomes. Behavioral change, rather than compositional shift, contributes the change in infant health outcomes. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Ning. Determinants of Children's Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2009. |
6653. |
Zhang, Ning |
Does School Education Reduce Childhood Obesity? Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71912 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Height; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); School Entry/Readiness; Self-Reporting; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper exploits state-wide first-grade entry policies to identify the impact of school education on youth obesity. Using the restricted-access data from NLSY79, NLSY97, and Children to NLSY79 Women, I compare children who are born just before the school entrance date and may start school at age of six to those who are born just after. Children born closely prior and post the cutoff dates are nearly identical in terms of all other factors that may affect their body weight and height, suggesting that differences in their probability of being overweight may be causally attributed to differences in the number of school years. I also assess the importance of three channels through which education may affect youth obesity: health knowledge, dietary habits, and physical activities. No theory favors a particular channel, and results demonstrate that their impacts vary with age and grade. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Ning. "Does School Education Reduce Childhood Obesity?" Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. |
6654. |
Zhang, Ning |
From Housing Assistance to Student Debt: the Effects of Government Aid on Household Behavior and Welfare Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2021. Also: http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/40388/ Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh Keyword(s): College Graduates; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership; Marital Status; Student Loans / Student Aid Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three chapters that study the effects of government assistance on household behavior and welfare...The third chapter examines the effect student debt on marriage and homeownership among college graduates. Student debt for the current college cohort has increased in terms of number of debtors and average amount, which subsequently impacts family formation and homeownership. Using NLSY 79 and NLSY 97 data, we develop and estimate a lifecycle model to quantify the role of student debt in college graduates' marriage and homeownership patterns. Beyond student debt, we also examine the role of housing prices, wage dispersion, and downpayment rates in accounting for the difference in homeownership and marriage. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Ning. From Housing Assistance to Student Debt: the Effects of Government Aid on Household Behavior and Welfare. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2021.. |
6655. |
Zhang, Qi (Harry) Chen, Zhu (Adam) |
Impact of Local Food Prices on the Relationship Between Food Stamp Program Participation and Bodyweight Status of Adults in the South Presented: Washington, DC, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Innovation and Development Grants in Economics (RIDGE) Conference, October 2007. Also: http://www.ers.usda.gov/bRIEFING/FOODNUTRITIONASSISTANCE/Funding/RIDGEprojectSummary.asp?Summary_ID=154 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between local food prices and body weight of adults who are eligible for the Food Stamp Program (FSP). The Southern States observe the highest regional prevalence of obesity and overweight people in the United States, while the regional FSP participation rates are above the national average. Some evidence suggests that FSP participation may distort participants' food consumption choices, making participants prone to obesity. However, the possible impact of local food prices on the body weight of FSP participants has yet to be considered. The study will use the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and County codes to merge data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 cohorts (NLSY79) with the Cost of Living Index published by the American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association (ACCRA). Using the merged data, the study will employ panel econometric models to examine the impact of prices of various foods (healthy vs. unhealthy) on the body weight status of adults with low socioeconomic status. The hypothesis is that local food prices could affect FSP participants' food consumption choices and hence affect their bodyweight status. The results of this study could provide implications for policymakers on whether adjustment of the FSP benefits based on local food prices should be considered to alleviate the potential distortion of food consumption. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Qi (Harry) and Zhu (Adam) Chen. "Impact of Local Food Prices on the Relationship Between Food Stamp Program Participation and Bodyweight Status of Adults in the South." Presented: Washington, DC, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Innovation and Development Grants in Economics (RIDGE) Conference, October 2007. |
6656. |
Zhang, Qi Chen, Zhuo Diawara, Norou Wang, Youfa |
Prices of Unhealthy Foods, Food Stamp Program Participation, and Body Weight Status among U.S. Low-Income Women Journal of Family and Economic Issues 32,2 (June 2011): 245-56. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/9t80867m29252804/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Income Level; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Program Participation/Evaluation; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Weight; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the interactive effect between the price of unhealthy foods and Food Stamp Program participation on body weight status among low-income women in the United States. We merged the panel data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort in 1985-2002 and the Cost of Living Index data compiled by the American Chamber of Commerce Researchers Association by using geographic identifiers. Using the merged data, we used panel econometric models to examine the impact of unhealthy food prices on the food stamp-eligible U.S. population. Our results indicate that higher prices for unhealthy food can partially offset the positive association between Food Stamp Program participation and bodyweight among low-income women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Qi, Zhuo Chen, Norou Diawara and Youfa Wang. "Prices of Unhealthy Foods, Food Stamp Program Participation, and Body Weight Status among U.S. Low-Income Women." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 32,2 (June 2011): 245-56.
|
6657. |
Zhang, Qiang Jones, Alison Snow Rijmen, Frank Ip, Edward Hak-Sing |
Multivariate Discrete Hidden Markov Models for Domain-Based Measurements and Assessment of Risk Factors in Child Development Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 19,3 (September 2010): 746-765. Also: http://pubs.amstat.org/doi/abs/10.1198/jcgs.2010.09015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Cognitive Ability; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Markov chain / Markov model; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Many studies in the social and behavioral sciences involve multivariate discrete measurements, which are often characterized by the presence of an underlying individual trait, the existence of clusters such as domains of measurements, and the availability of multiple waves of cohort data. Motivated by an application in child development, we propose a class of extended multivariate discrete hidden Markov models for analyzing domain-based measurements of cognition and behavior. A random effects model is used to capture the long-term trait. Additionally, we develop a model selection criterion based on the Bayes factor for the extended hidden Markov model. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is used to illustrate the methods. Supplementary technical details and computer codes are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Computational & Graphical Statistics is the property of American Statistical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Qiang, Alison Snow Jones, Frank Rijmen and Edward Hak-Sing Ip. "Multivariate Discrete Hidden Markov Models for Domain-Based Measurements and Assessment of Risk Factors in Child Development." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 19,3 (September 2010): 746-765.
|
6658. |
Zhang, Runtian |
Three Essays on the Impact of Publicly Funded Programs on the Well-Being of Lower-Income Individuals Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Income Level; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Maternal Employment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three essays on the impact of publicly funded programs and how they can affect the well-being of the low-income population...The second essay focuses on maternity leave policies in the United States. Using the propensity score matching method, I find that a mother's maternity leave-taking is positively associated with the probability of children graduating from high school and the probability of children ever attending college. Subsample analyses also show that the effect is slightly larger for low-income mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Runtian. Three Essays on the Impact of Publicly Funded Programs on the Well-Being of Lower-Income Individuals. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Consumer Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2021. |
6659. |
Zhang, Weihui |
Maternal Human Capital Accumulation and Children's Well-being Advances in Life Course Research published online (16 February 2021): 100406. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260821000058 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Health; Cognitive Ability; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Vocational Education Research examining the intergenerational transmission of human capital is subject to two limitations. First, for the parental generation, most studies focus on formal education but fail to consider vocational training experience, which has more variation than formal educational attainment over the life course. Second, most studies have found consistent conclusions using income and occupation for the children's outcomes but have generated mixed findings regarding health and cognitive ability. This study aims to answer whether mothers' additional vocational training beyond formal education is beneficial to children's health and cognitive ability. Applying fixed-effects regression to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child and Young Adults datasets, this study finds that mothers' human capital accumulation is positively associated with higher cognitive scores for both boys and girls, but does not significantly predict children’s illnesses or behavior problems. These findings bear implications for policy aimed at mitigating the intergenerational cycles of disadvantages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Weihui. "Maternal Human Capital Accumulation and Children's Well-being." Advances in Life Course Research published online (16 February 2021): 100406.
|
6660. |
Zhang, Weihui |
Trajectories of Human Capital Accumulation after Women's Transition to Motherhood in the US: Determinants and Consequences Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, State University of New York at Albany, 2021 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Health; Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital; Motherhood; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Vocational Training Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation intends to propose three interrelated studies that investigate the possible trajectories of human capital accumulation after women's transition to motherhood, the determinants of these trajectories, and the implications for women and their children's wellbeing. Driven by the life course perspective, the cumulative advantage and disadvantage theory, and Bourdieu's cultural framework, this dissertation uses mothers' vocational training experiences to identify distinct trajectories over time in the first study. This dissertation then investigates how mothers' cumulative training experiences affect children's well-being in the second study. Finally, the third empirical study assesses whether the latent trajectories influence women's health in later life through socioeconomic status. This dissertation project utilizes the longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children and Young Adults (NLSYCYA). I use latent profile analysis and multi-nominal regression with multiple imputations to explore the latent trajectories and their determinants. Furthermore, to fully exploit the longitudinal nature of data, I employ individual-specific fixed-effects models to assess the impacts of mother's cumulative vocational training on children's physical health, mental health, and cognition. Regarding the long-term effect of latent trajectories on women's health in mid-to-late life, I conduct mediation analysis to examine whether women's socioeconomic status mediates the relationship between latent trajectories and health in later life. The results of this dissertation may offer insights into how women's human capital continues to develop after the transition to motherhood and shed light on how human capital erodes or perpetuates inequalities within and between generations. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Weihui. Trajectories of Human Capital Accumulation after Women's Transition to Motherhood in the US: Determinants and Consequences. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, State University of New York at Albany, 2021. |
6661. |
Zhang, Weihui Yang, Tse-Chuan |
Maternal Smoking and Infant Low Birth Weight: Exploring the Biological Mechanism Through the Mother's Pre-pregnancy Weight Status Population Research and Policy Review published online (12 October 2019): DOI: 10.1007/s11113-019-09554-x. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-019-09554-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Birthweight; Mothers, Health; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Maternal smoking has been found to adversely affect birth outcomes, such as increasing the odds of having low birth weight infants. However, the mechanisms explaining how a mother's smoking is linked to a child's low birth weight status are underexplored. This study merged two nationally representative datasets in the United States (US)--the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult (NLSYCYA)--to examine whether maternal weight status before pregnancy serves as a biological mechanism. We applied a recently developed mediation analysis technique to a data sample of 6550 mother-child pairs, and we compared the estimated coefficients across nested probability models. We found that maternal body mass index (BMI) (in kg/m2), a widely used measure of weight status, reduces the odds of delivering a low birth weight infant, and this mechanism explains about 10.2% of the adverse impact of maternal smoking on having a low birth weight child. Moreover, when categorizing maternal pre-pregnancy BMI into four weight statuses (i.e., underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese), we found that, in contrast to mothers with normal weight status, underweight mothers are 70% more likely to have a low birth weight child. Our findings suggest that maternal weight status plays a role in understanding how maternal smoking affects low birth weight outcome, indicating that maintaining a proper weight status for women who plan to give birth may be a possible policy to promote infant health. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Weihui and Tse-Chuan Yang. "Maternal Smoking and Infant Low Birth Weight: Exploring the Biological Mechanism Through the Mother's Pre-pregnancy Weight Status." Population Research and Policy Review published online (12 October 2019): DOI: 10.1007/s11113-019-09554-x.
|
6662. |
Zhang, Xiaoyu |
Heterogeneous Cognitive Development: Parental Divorce, Gender and Socioeconomic Status Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Divorce; Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parental Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous literature has identified negative effects of parental divorce on children's cognitive achievements, yet the heterogeneous effects of parental divorce haven't been studied thoroughly given the uneven distributions of parents' propensity to divorce. Moreover, boys and girls from various social backgrounds not only have separated growth trajectories of cognitive abilities but also experience the marital transition of adults in their family in divergent ways. Based on distributed fixed effects models using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and Mothers between 1979 and 2006, this paper tested whether gender and SES is a factor for how negatively children absorbed the shock of parental separation, but also the early-stage and long-run outcomes of the heterogeneities associated with parental separation. [Also presented at Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Xiaoyu. "Heterogeneous Cognitive Development: Parental Divorce, Gender and Socioeconomic Status." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
6663. |
Zhang, Yahong |
A Search Interpretation of the Family Gap Labour Economics 19,2 (April 2012): 186-197. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537111001102 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap This paper proposes a general equilibrium search model to investigate what is known as the family gap: wage differentials between mothers and non-mothers. In the human capital literature a substantial amount of the family gap is left unexplained after controlling for schooling and experience. This paper suggests that differences in labor market behavior between mothers and non-mothers are an important factor in explaining the family gap. For college graduates, estimation results show that employed mothers search 70% less than non-mothers and more than 50% of the family gap can be explained by the labor market behavior differences between mothers and non-mothers. Such differences, however, can not explain the family gap for high school graduates. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Yahong. "A Search Interpretation of the Family Gap ." Labour Economics 19,2 (April 2012): 186-197.
|
6664. |
Zhang, Yang |
Three Essays on the Determinants and Consequences of Union Experiences Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Debt/Borrowing; Health, Mental/Psychological; Home Ownership; Marital Status; Parenthood; Unions; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first paper examines whether the wealth foundation has shifted for marriage and cohabitation formation in the context of the United States by comparing two birth cohorts. The results indicate a rising wealth foundation for both marriage and cohabitation among young adults, particularly in terms of secured and appreciating assets and debt (e.g., home ownership and debt holding). The third paper explores the consequences of union dissolution, specifically cohabitation dissolution, on mental health outcomes, investigating the moderating effects of gender and parenthood. The findings suggest that gender differences in the association of cohabitation dissolution with psychological distress are contingent upon the types of psychological distress under consideration and also reveal that cohabitation dissolution intertwined with non-marital parenthood is harmful to mental health, especially for young women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Yang. Three Essays on the Determinants and Consequences of Union Experiences. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, 2021. |
6665. |
Zhang, Ye |
Asymmetric Information, Employer Learning, and the Job Mobility of Young Men Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Maryland - College Park, December 2006. Also: http://economics.missouri.edu/seminars/files/2007/zhang_jan26_2007.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Maryland Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Learning, Asymmetric; Schooling; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper develops an asymmetric employer learning model in which endogenous job mobility is both a direct result of intensified adverse selection and a signal used by outside employers to update their expectations about workers' productive ability. The previous literature on asymmetric employer learning builds on two-period mover-stayer models and finds little empirical evidence of the differential impacts of ability and education on wages across tenure levels. This paper extends the mover-stayer framework by allowing the employment history to be observed by recruiting firms in a three-period model. I derive new empirical implications regarding the relationship between wage rates, ability, schooling and overall measures of job mobility. Testing the model with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), I find strong evidence supporting the three-period asymmetric employer learning model. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Ye. "Asymmetric Information, Employer Learning, and the Job Mobility of Young Men." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Maryland - College Park, December 2006. |
6666. |
Zhang, Ye |
Employer Learning Under Asymmetric Information: The Role of Job Mobility Working Paper, Department of Economics, Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI), November 2007. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1058801 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Keyword(s): Clare Jellick; Employment History; Learning, Asymmetric; Schooling; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While recent literature suggests that employers learn about the productivity of new workers over time, there is little consensus on how information about workers' productive ability is accumulated by current and outside employers in the labor market. This paper studies the role played by endogenous job mobility during the employer learning process and develops an asymmetric employer learning model in which a worker's employment history can be used by outside employers to assess his quality. Previous studies on asymmetric employer learning builds on two-period mover-stayer models and precludes the signaling effects of job mobility by construction. By extending the mover-stayer framework to allow job mobility pattern be observed by recruiting firms in a three-period setting, I derive empirical implications regarding the relationship between wage rates, ability, schooling and overall measures of job mobility that enable me to differentiate symmetric employer learning model, mover-stayer model with asymmetric information, and asymmetric employer learning model with potential employers learning through workers' employment histories. Testing the model with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), I find strong evidence supporting the three-period asymmetric employer learning model. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Ye. "Employer Learning Under Asymmetric Information: The Role of Job Mobility." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI), November 2007. |
6667. |
Zhang, Ye |
Essays in Labor Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland - College Park, 2007. DAI-A 68/07, Jan 2008. Also: https://drum.umd.edu/dspace/bitstream/1903/7232/1/umi-umd-4631.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Maryland Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Clare Jellick; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Fertility; Labor Economics; Modeling; Mothers, Education; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wage Rates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My dissertation is composed of two essays in Labor Economics. The first chapter examines how employers learn about workers' unobserved productivity when learning is asymmetric between incumbent and outside firms. I develop an asymmetric employer learning model in which endogenous job mobility is both a direct result of intensified adverse selection and a signal used by outside employers to update their expectations about workers' productive ability. I derive, from the model, empirical implications regarding the relationship between wage rates, ability, schooling and overall measures of job separations that contrasts the public learning models and the two-period mover-stayer models. Testing the model with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), I find strong evidence supporting the three-period asymmetric employer learning model. The second chapter concerns economics of fertility and investigates to what extent the observed correlation between adolescent fertility and poor maternal educational attainment is causal. Semi-parametric kernel matching estimator is applied to estimate the effects of teenage childbearing on schooling outcomes. The matching method estimates the conditional moments without imposing any functional form restrictions and attends directly to the common support condition. Using data from the NLSY-79, kernel matching estimates suggest that half of the cross-sectional educational gaps remains after controlling for individual and family covariates. The difference between matching estimates and regression-based estimates implies that part of the conditional difference in parametric models is due to the functional assumption. The robustness check following Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) reveals that a substantial amount of correlation is required within a parametric framework to make the negative effect of teen motherhood on educational attainment go away. Further evidence obtained by simulation-based nonparametric sensitivity analysis suggests that the matching estimates are quite robust with regard to a wide range of specifications of the simulated unobservables. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Ye. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland - College Park, 2007. DAI-A 68/07, Jan 2008.. |
6668. |
Zhang, Yichong |
Three Essays on Extremal Quantiles Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. [See Chapter 3 for NLSY use] Extremal quantile index is a concept that the quantile index will drift to zero (or one) as the sample size increases. The three chapters of my dissertation consists of three applications of this concept in three distinct econometric problems. In Chapter 3, I rely on the concept of extremal quantile index to achieve identification at infinity of the sample selection models and propose a new inference method. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Yichong. Three Essays on Extremal Quantiles. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2016. |
6669. |
Zhang, Yuanjie |
Three Essays on Household Behavior in the Housing Market Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Home Ownership; Immigrants; Neighborhood Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. My research focuses on three aspects of household behavior in the housing market: second generation immigrant decisions of whether to own or rent, household choices of down payment assistance and the effect of this assistance on subsequent loan performances, and the neighborhood effect of mortgage loan applications and usage of down payment assistance. My first essay “Homeownership Achievement of Second Generation Immigrants Accounting for Social Network Effects” is the first one to study the homeownership of second generation immigrants. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, my paper identifies a lower propensity to own a house for native born individuals with immigrant parents compared with native-born individuals with native-born parents. I find that a metric to account for ethnic social networks (using the geographic clustering of Hispanics) can help explain the homeownership rate difference between these two groups. My estimation results show that networks of Hispanic homeowners increase the likelihood of homeownership for a Hispanic household, and the network effect is even larger for second generation Hispanics. This result suggests that the effect of knowledge spillover on homeownership decision results not only from the concentration of Spanish speakers, but also through other channels such as social activities which are rarely discussed in the literature. The interaction of a household’s level of wealth and the down payment constraint has also been found to be among the most important influences on households’ homeownership decisions. The second essay “The Choice of Mortgage Down Payment Assistance and its Effect on Mortgage Outcomes” focuses on how households select into different mortgage down payment assistance programs (DPAs), and how this selection affects future loan performances. My study uses monthly panel data of the Ohio Housing Finance Agency’s (OHFA) Mortgage Revenue Bond (MRB) first- time home buyer program. Two forms of DPAs are available in this program. I explain how borrowers select into DPAs by using a two-step algorithm for dynamic games first proposed in Bajari, Benkard and Levin (2007). I first use a polychotomous choice model of DPA, and a survival model of the probability of default to generate hypothetical borrower choices. I then use the simulated data to recover parameters of a dynamic model of loan default, so that I can model borrowers’ choice of DPAs based on their expectations about future interest rates, house prices and income, and I then predict subsequent loan performances. Households that expect future income to increase should prefer assistance in order to smooth consumption, but the resulting higher monthly payment could lead to a higher risk of future delinquency and default. I am also able to examine whether borrowers selecting into DPAs are less risk averse, which leads to a higher probability of default. The policy question is how to improve loan performance, specifically, whether a new credit score requirement imposed in the end of 2009 will reduce future delinquency and default. The third essay “The Neighborhood Effect of Loan Applications and Down Payment Assistance Usage” focuses on how neighbors’ decisions to obtain an OHFA MRB loan affect both households’ home mortgage loan applications and the usage of down payment assistance. Existing literature finds that borrowers with limited information about the mortgage market are more likely to select a subprime mortgage loan. By combining MRB loan data with Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data on mortgage applications, I test whether neighbors usage of MRB loans increase a household’s probability of receiving a MRB loan, and whether neighbors usage of DPA increases a household’s likelihood of using a DPA. Additionally, I control for lender influences on MRB loan and DPA usage, and compare it to neighbors’ influences. This study sheds light on two information channels of governmental loan programs: neighborhood knowledge spillovers and lender provided information. It also compares the relative importance of each channel, and thus could be used to explain why the government should provide easily accessible information to target areas. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Yuanjie. Three Essays on Household Behavior in the Housing Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2011. |
6670. |
Zhang, Zhe |
How is Motherhood Associated Waistline at Midlife? Women's Fertility History and Body Weight at 40s Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Body Mass Index (BMI); Fertility; Motherhood; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Motherhood is highly associated with women's wellbeing, but few studies examine how motherhood and a complete fertility history are connected with women's midlife wellbeing in the most recent cohort. This study uses NLSY79 (N=3,889) to examine motherhood status and fertility history across women’s body weight at 40s. Findings suggest that childless women have higher body weight than mothers, but mothers are not all the same. Mothers with two children are the most advantaged group in terms of their higher SES background as well as lower body weight at midlife. Mothers' fertility history, particularly age at first birth, parity, and age at last birth, are associated with their midlife body weight. A positive effect of parity and a positive effect of age at last birth are found on midlife body weight, as well as an interaction between the two variables. Socioeconomic status and psychological distress explain partial relationship between fertility history and midlife BMI. I conclude that motherhood contributes to body weight differences at midlife among the contemporary cohort of U.S. women. Future studies should consider the heterogeneity of motherhood in relation to health disparities among women. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Zhe. "How is Motherhood Associated Waistline at Midlife? Women's Fertility History and Body Weight at 40s." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017. |
6671. |
Zhang, Zhe |
Intergenerational Relationship Quality and Mental Health at Midlife: Considering Mother's Relationship With Multiple Children Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Health, Mental/Psychological; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Health; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Parent-child relationship quality is highly influential for parents' wellbeing across the life course. However, few studies investigate how relationships with multiple children matter for midlife parents' mental health. Moreover, collective intergenerational ambivalence, the presence of both positive and negative emotions from multiple children, has received insufficient research attention despite its theorized impacts on maternal well-being. Using NLSY79 data, this study addresses these gaps by analyzing how multiple adolescent and young adult children's reports of relationship quality with their mother, categorized by uniformly close, collective ambivalent, and uniformly unclose, are associated with mother's mental health at age 50. Models from OLS regression with lagged dependent variables find that midlife mothers in a collectively ambivalent relationship were at higher risk of increasing psychological distress than mothers in a uniformly close relationship with children. This research adds nuances to understanding complex intergenerational relationships at mothers' mid-life, with implications for improving the family’s wellbeing. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Zhe. "Intergenerational Relationship Quality and Mental Health at Midlife: Considering Mother's Relationship With Multiple Children." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6672. |
Zhang, Zhe |
Midlife Parenthood and Mental Well-being: How Does Parent-Child Coresidence and Children's Life Course Stage Matter? Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Coresidence; Health, Mental/Psychological; Household Composition; Life Course; Modeling, OLS; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenthood; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Current research examines the effects of parenting minor children and elder parent-adult child relationship on mental health in two separate literature, yet little research focuses on midlife parents -- most of whom care for both minor and adult children in the household. Using NLSY79 data, this study examines the relationship between midlife parenthood to coresidential children and psychological wellbeing among the late baby boomers, whose parenting experiences have become increasingly heterogeneous due to demographic trends including the delayed transition to parenthood and adult children's postponed departure from the parental home. OLS regression analysis shows that compared to parents who had both coresidential minor and adult children, parents coresiding with minor children only and parents coresiding with adult children only had more psychological distress at age 40. The difference in mental health between those living with minor and adult children and those living with adult children was only prominent among mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Zhe. "Midlife Parenthood and Mental Well-being: How Does Parent-Child Coresidence and Children's Life Course Stage Matter?" Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
6673. |
Zhang, Zhe Reczek, Corinne Colen, Cynthia G. |
Boomerang Kids and Mother's Health: Do Young Adult Residential Patterns Predict Maternal BMI Trajectories during Midlife? Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Transition, Adulthood; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from NLSY79 and growth curve models, this paper examines how young adult's residential biography in their transition to adulthood matters for mothers' BMI trajectories in midlife. Compared to mothers whose children followed a "normative" leaving home pattern (left and never returned), we find that mothers of the boomerang kids had higher body weight primarily due to their lower sociodemographic status. Mothers to the young adults who never left home had very high baseline body weight but their weight seems to decrease at a faster rate than mothers of the boomerang kids. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Zhe, Corinne Reczek and Cynthia G. Colen. "Boomerang Kids and Mother's Health: Do Young Adult Residential Patterns Predict Maternal BMI Trajectories during Midlife?" Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
6674. |
Zhang, Zhe Reczek, Corinne Colen, Cynthia G. |
Intergenerational Coresidence and Mothers' Body Weight at Midlife Population Research and Policy Review 39 (2020): 1051-1085. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-020-09567-x Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Coresidence; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Midlife mothers report their children returning to the maternal home after departing (i.e., boomerang children) and remaining in the maternal home longer (i.e., never-left children) than the past half century. Over the same time period, the percent of Americans considered overweight and obese have increased. Yet, we know very little about how such delays affect the body weight of mothers. The current study uses the National Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and its corresponding young adult sample (NLSY79-YA) across 20 consecutive years (N = 7197) to determine if extended coresidence with an adult child is associated with midlife mothers' body weight changes. Results from multilevel regression models show that compared to mothers whose young adult children left home and never returned (“gone-for-good”), mothers of the "never-left" had higher body weight at 40, but similar body weight at 50. Mothers of the boomerangers had higher body weight relative to mothers of the "gone-for-good" across midlife. Mothers of the boomerangers and mothers of the "never-left" had similar weight at age 40, but the former group had more weight gain across midlife. These findings lend new insight into how different patterns of mother-young adult coresidence likely affect the health of mothers and suggest that the effects of recent demographic trends such as "failure to launch" on family formation and functioning should be viewed holistically with a more inclusive sociological lens. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Zhe, Corinne Reczek and Cynthia G. Colen. "Intergenerational Coresidence and Mothers' Body Weight at Midlife." Population Research and Policy Review 39 (2020): 1051-1085.
|
6675. |
Zhang, Zhiwei |
A Longitudinal Study of Alcohol and Drug Use in the Workplace Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999. Also: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-042299-100829 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Life Cycle Research; Longitudinal Data Sets; Occupational Choice; Wage Theory Alcohol abuse and illicit drug use in the United States are major concerns of American households, as well as of the White House. This dissertation research evaluates alcohol abuse and controlled drug use by American workers in the context of various individual, organizational, and occupational settings. It tests the importation and organizational stress perspectives, the occupation subculture perspective, and the lifecycle wage compensation theory. The analyses are developed utilizing (1) logistic regression, (2) generalized linear modeling, including Poisson regression and negative binomial regression, (3) weighted modeling estimation, taking the clustering effects of complex survey design into account, and (4) the hierarchical growth curve modeling of intra- and inter-individual differences. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-1993, the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, and the 1998 National Occupational Information Network (O*NET 98), I find that employees' drinking and controlled drug use behavior are predicted by a number of individual background characteristics, as well as workplace-environment variables. I also find that occupational characteristics influence alcohol and drug using behaviors of workers, although in more complex ways than suggested by much of the organizational stress and occupational subculture literature. It appears that occupations with higher levels of steady employment prospects exert the most significant negative effect on employees' alcohol use, marijuana use, and any illicit drug use, regardless of an employee's age, gender, race, education, and income. It also appears that the etiology of cocaine use is different from that of either alcohol use or other drugs, such as marijuana. Finally, I find that when education and years employed are held constant, employees' current marijuana use is negatively associated with their earnings. No evidence has been found that current alcohol use, current ma rijuana use, or lifetime cocaine use predicts future growth rates on earnings. Having examined the factors of occupational, organizational, and individual social/demographic characteristics as they influence patterns of alcohol abuse and controlled drug use in multiple large representative samples of the labor force, discussions on the research findings, the implications, the limitations, and the future study directions are presented. Access: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-042299-100829 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhang, Zhiwei. A Longitudinal Study of Alcohol and Drug Use in the Workplace. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1999.. |
6676. |
Zhao, Chen |
Essays on Labor and Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Cornell University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Benefits, Insurance; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Gender Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The second essay asks whether the gender gap in total compensation is smaller than the gender wage gap. One potential explanation for the observed gender wage gap is that men and women value the nonwage aspects of a job differently. I construct two individual level measures of total compensation--one using supplemental CPS data on employer contribution to health insurance premiums and one using the NLSY linked to employer cost data. I find that the observed gender gap resulting from these measures of total compensation is almost identical to the observed gender gap in wages. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhao, Chen. Essays on Labor and Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Cornell University, 2013. |
6677. |
Zhao, Hongxin |
Children of Teenage Mothers: What Determines Their Resiliency? Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Behavior; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Ability; Fathers, Involvement; Life Course; Mothers, Adolescent; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to examine the conditions under which children of teenage mothers do well in aspects of cognitive, social, emotional, and physical well-being that are central to eventual self-sufficiency. I propose an analytic framework that adopts perspectives of a life course and of the limited differences theory. Specifically I propose that understanding who does and does not possess high well-being requires closer examination of the actual substance of children's lives, that is, their life experiences. Using data from the NLSY-CS, I approach the life histories by formulating a four-category typology of child well-being, based on the age of the mother at the birth of the child and the child's assessment scores at ages 4-6: age-advantaged, age-disadvantaged, resilient, and vulnerable. Boolean String Techniques are employed to identity multiple combinations of family resources, which include economic parental, and community resources, and to delineate diverse pathways to success for children of teenage mothers. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhao, Hongxin. "Children of Teenage Mothers: What Determines Their Resiliency?" Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996. |
6678. |
Zhao, Hongxin McLanahan, Sara S. |
Level of Resources Versus Uncertainty of Resources: What Matters Most to Children Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Home Environment; Children, Poverty; Children, Well-Being; Disadvantaged, Economically; Family Resources; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process by which economic hardship, parental and community resources affect child well-being. We propose an analytic framework that adopts a life-course perspective and incorporates theoretical insights from sociology and psychology. Employing the data from the 1986-1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS), we construct the life histories of three cohorts of children and propose that different combinations of resource levels and changes and how they are experienced in different life domains through time will distinguish the life histories of children of stable low resources from those of unpredictable resources. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhao, Hongxin and Sara S. McLanahan. "Level of Resources Versus Uncertainty of Resources: What Matters Most to Children." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995. |
6679. |
Zhao, Jingxuan Star, Jessica Han, Xuesong Zheng, Zhiyuan Fan, Qinjin Shi, Sylvia Kewei Fedewa, Stacey Yabroff, K. Robin Nogueira, Leticia |
Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US Journal of the American Medical Association 5,2 (23 February 2024). Also: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2815241 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health Care; Incarcerated/Jailed Individuals, Previously or Formerly; Incarceration/Jail; Incarceration/Jail, Personal History of; Insurance, Health Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Importance: People with a history of incarceration may experience barriers in access to and receipt of health care in the US. Objective: To examine the associations of incarceration history and access to and receipt of care and the contribution of modifiable factors (educational attainment and health insurance coverage) to these associations. Design, Setting, and Participants: Individuals with and without incarceration history were identified from the 2008 to 2018 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. Analyses were conducted from October 2022 to December 2023. Main Measures and Outcomes: Access to and receipt of health care were measured as self-reported having usual source of care and preventive service use, including physical examination, influenza shot, blood pressure check, blood cholesterol level check, blood glucose level check, dental check, and colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screenings across multiple panels. To account for the longitudinal study design, we used the inverse probability weighting method with generalized estimating equations to evaluate associations of incarceration history and access to care. Separate multivariable models examining associations between incarceration history and receipt of each preventive service adjusted for sociodemographic factors; sequential models further adjusted for educational attainment and health insurance coverage to examine their contribution to the associations of incarceration history and access to and receipt of health care. Results: A total of 7963 adults with 41 614 person-years of observation were included in this study; of these, 586 individuals (5.4%) had been incarcerated, with 2800 person-years of observation (4.9%). Compared with people without incarceration history, people with incarceration history had lower percentages of having a usual source of care or receiving preventive services, including physical examinations (69.6% vs 74.1%), blood pressure test (85.6% vs 91.6%), blood cholesterol level test (59.5% vs 72.2%), blood glucose level test (61.4% vs 69.4%), dental check up (51.1% vs 66.0%), and breast (55.0% vs 68.2%) and colorectal cancer screening (65.6% vs 70.3%). With additional adjustment for educational attainment and health insurance, the associations of incarceration history and access to care were attenuated for most measures and remained statistically significant for measures of having a usual source of care, blood cholesterol level test, and dental check up only. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this survey study suggest that incarceration history was associated with worse access to and receipt of health care. Educational attainment and health insurance may contribute to these associations. Efforts to improve access to education and health insurance coverage for people with an incarceration history might mitigate disparities in care. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhao, Jingxuan, Jessica Star, Xuesong Han, Zhiyuan Zheng, Qinjin Fan, Sylvia Kewei Shi, Stacey Fedewa, K. Robin Yabroff and Leticia Nogueira. "Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US." Journal of the American Medical Association 5,2 (23 February 2024).
|
6680. |
Zhao, Zhong |
Evaluation of the Return of the Federal Work-Study Working Paper No. E2002006, China Center for Economic Research (CCER), Peking University, September 2002. Also: http://www.cenet.org.cn/cn/CEAC/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A5%E9%80%89%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90/%E5%8B%A4%E5%B7%A5%E4%BF%AD%E5%AD%A6%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%95%E4%B8%9A%E7%94%9F%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: China Center for Economic Research Keyword(s): College Graduates; Earnings; Heterogeneity; Modeling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (NLSY79) data set to study the return of Federal Work-Study program on the post-college earnings. The well-known selection-bias problem and the heterogeneous responses to the program among students are addressed under the Bjorklund and Moffitt (1987) framework. But we estimate the model both parametrically and nonparametrically. The parametric approach is switch regression under joint normal assumption and the nonparametric approach is local nonlinear least square estimator of Gozalo and Linton (forthcoming). In our model we can estimate different types of treatment effects, namely average treatment effect, treatment effect on the treated and marginal treatment effect. Each of them is conceptually different and has different implication from the policy point of view. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhao, Zhong. "Evaluation of the Return of the Federal Work-Study." Working Paper No. E2002006, China Center for Economic Research (CCER), Peking University, September 2002. |
6681. |
Zhao, Zhong |
Two Essays in Social Program Evaluation Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2002. DAI-A 62/10, p. 3511, Apr 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Returns; Employment, In-School; Employment, Part-Time; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone; Variables, Independent - Covariate This dissertation consists of two essays. The first essay studies using matching estimators to estimate models of treatment effects. The second essay is an empirical study of the impact of the Federal Work-Study program (FWS) on post college earnings. In the first essay, I compare propensity score matching methods to covariate matching estimators. I first clarify the misperception in the literature that propensity score matching estimators are less data hungry (require fewer observations) than covariate matching estimators. Next I propose a new matching metric incorporating the treatment response information. Then I examine the sensitivity of the matching estimate to the propensity score specification. Finally I use the National Supported Work Demonstration data set to demonstrate that, like any non-experimental estimator, the behavior of matching estimators crucially depends on the data structure at hand. In the second essay, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort data set to study the effect of the FWS on post-college earnings. I estimate different types of treatment effects of the FWS, namely, the average treatment effect (ATE), the treatment effect on the treated (TT), and the marginal treatment effect (MTE). These effects are conceptually different and have different policy implications. I find that the FWS has a zero or insignificant negative impact on post-college earnings for the whole population. But for the Black population, the FWS has a positive effect on its participants. My conclusion is that the FWS coverage rate is too high, and that it would be better to divert some of the FWS resources to other financial aid programs. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhao, Zhong. Two Essays in Social Program Evaluation. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2002. DAI-A 62/10, p. 3511, Apr 2002. |
6682. |
Zheng, Hui |
Why Does College Education Matter? Unveiling the Contributions of Selection Factors Social Science Research 68 (November 2017): 59-73. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17302302 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Degree; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Self-Esteem; Socioeconomic Factors This study investigates the contributions of pre-college selection factors that may partially lead to the college degree - health link by using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) cohort. Propensity score matching method finds that the effects of college degree on various health outcomes (self-rated health, physical component summary index, health limitations, CESD scale) are reduced by 51% on average (range: 37%-70%) in the matched sample. Among these observed factors, cognitive skill is the biggest confounder, followed by pre-college health and socioeconomic characteristics (marital aspiration, years of schooling, marriage, fertility, poverty status) and non-cognitive skills (e.g., self-esteem). Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control scale is not significantly associated with all four health measures. The effects of most indicators of family background (parental education, family stability, family size, religious background) on the health of adult children are not direct but through offspring's early adulthood health and socioeconomic status. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zheng, Hui. "Why Does College Education Matter? Unveiling the Contributions of Selection Factors." Social Science Research 68 (November 2017): 59-73.
|
6683. |
Zhou, Jinyi Ding, Xuesong Zhai, Yuefan Yi, Qing |
Predicting Physical Activity and Lifelong Health Through Personal Control and Educational Attainment Perceptual and Motor Skills 128,5 (October 2021): 1998-2013. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00315125211029237 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Control; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Physical Activity (see also Exercise) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior studies have shown that physical activity (PA) is strongly associated with lifelong health and well-being. Thus, analyses of relationships among individual differences, PA, education, and health may provide important insights into the sustainability of PA-related personal development efforts. In this longitudinal study, we tested a proposed model in a data set of 12,686 participants from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY 79). We used hierarchical regressions and bootstrapping to test hypotheses concerning the main effect of personal control on lifetime health, the mediating effect of PA, and the moderating effect of educational achievement. We found that individuals' self-reported PA was positively related to their health status. Additionally, there was a positive mediating effect of self-reported PA on the relationship between personal control and health when the individual's educational level was high, and there was a negative mediating effect of self-reported PA when an individual's educational level was low. Based on these results, we provide relevant government policy suggestions for increasing fitness participation, constructing sports facilities, and encouraging educational institutions to include health education in their efforts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Jinyi, Xuesong Ding, Yuefan Zhai and Qing Yi. "Predicting Physical Activity and Lifelong Health Through Personal Control and Educational Attainment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 128,5 (October 2021): 1998-2013.
|
6684. |
Zhou, Jinyi Park, Jong Gyu Li, Yawen |
Achieve a Better Shape of Life: How Entrepreneurship Gears Up Life-time Well-being International Journal of Manpower published online (23 March 2022): DOI: 10.1108/IJM-04-2021-0215. Also: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJM-04-2021-0215/full/html Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Entrepreneurship; Exercise; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Self-Esteem Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Purpose: An anomaly of entrepreneurship literature was that, despite serious efforts required to manage a business, few studies had investigated entrepreneurs' health conditions at the end of their careers. This study investigated whether one's entrepreneurship in a lifetime enhanced their health after a career plateau. Design/methodology/approach: The authors tested the main effect and mediating effects of entrepreneurs' life habits and self-esteem, respectively, using two longitudinal representative examples with 8,984 and 12,686 participants. Findings: Results indicated that entrepreneurship significantly improved individuals' general lifetime health condition. Moreover, life habits (e.g. vigorous activities or sports, light activities, drinking habits and diet habits) and self-esteem significantly mediated the relationship between entrepreneurship and lifetime health. Entrepreneurs tended to have better health due to healthier life habits and higher self-esteem than salaried employees. In this paper, the authors also discussed theoretical and practical implications. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Jinyi, Jong Gyu Park and Yawen Li. "Achieve a Better Shape of Life: How Entrepreneurship Gears Up Life-time Well-being." International Journal of Manpower published online (23 March 2022): DOI: 10.1108/IJM-04-2021-0215.
|
6685. |
Zhou, Jinyi Xu, Xingzi Li, Yawen Liu, Chengcheng |
Creative Enough to Become an Entrepreneur: A Multi-Wave Study of Creative Personality, Education, Entrepreneurial Identity, and Innovation Sustainability 12,10 (May 2020): DOI: 10.3390/su12104043. Also: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4043 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Entrepreneurship; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In order to sustain an innovative working style, entrepreneurs need to build unique identities. However, relatively few studies have investigated what types of individuals are more likely to construct an entrepreneurial identity. In the current study, drawing upon identity construction theory, we proposed that an important individual difference, creative personality, would have a positive impact on the construction of an entrepreneurial identity, which in turn would facilitate individuals' work-related innovations. Education was proposed to moderate this mediating effect, in that individuals with a higher level of education would have a higher possibility of constructing an entrepreneurial identity and producing sustainable innovations. We suggested that with considerable education, creative individuals would become entrepreneurs during their career progression and harvest more work-related innovations. A multi-wave sample of 12,686 participants from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) was used to test our hypotheses. The results indicated that creative personality, along with education, interactively predicted an individual's entrepreneurial identity, which in turn predicted innovation. Education significantly moderated the mediating effect of entrepreneurial identity. The theoretical and practical implications were also discussed. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Jinyi, Xingzi Xu, Yawen Li and Chengcheng Liu. "Creative Enough to Become an Entrepreneur: A Multi-Wave Study of Creative Personality, Education, Entrepreneurial Identity, and Innovation." Sustainability 12,10 (May 2020): DOI: 10.3390/su12104043.
|
6686. |
Zhou, Weibo |
The Relationship of Family Structure and Postsecondary Schooling in the U.S. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2020 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Cohabitation; College Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Family Structure; Parents, Single; Stepfamilies; Transfers, Family Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation focuses on a growing population of college students from non-traditional families. Nontraditional families are defined as those in which respondents lived with a biological or adoptive mother with no father present, the mother and a stepfather, and cohabiting parents, as they progress from enrollment to graduation. First, it has become increasingly common for children to experience diverse family structures, including living with single-parent families, the stepparent families, and cohabiting parents for the past 30 to 40 years. However, those students who experience disruptions in family structures perform worse than their counterparts. In the 1979 cohort, the graduation rate for students from traditional families is 52 percent. By comparison, the graduation rate for students from non-traditional families is 44 percent, for a gap of 8 percentage points. In the 1997 cohort, the graduation rate for students from traditional families is 62 percent. In contrast, graduation rate for students from non-traditional families is 46 percent, for a gap of 16 percentage points. The descriptive statistics tells us not only that students from non-traditional families perform worse than their peers in college, but also that the gap between the college graduation rates of students from traditional and nontraditional families is widening over time. So, it is natural to ask whether the relationship between family structure and students' educational outcomes has changed from Cohort 79 to Cohort 97? If yes, what role does the change in family structure play in explaining the change in college completion rates? The first chapter of my dissertation answers these two questions. Chapter one of my dissertation documents the changing family circumstances of U.S. college students, and their relationship to students’ patterns of college graduation using the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). My empirical models of graduation probability show that students who come from those non-traditional families in the 1979 cohort are just 3 percentage points less likely to graduate from college than those who lived with both of their biological parents up to age 18. However, this gap increased to 9 percentage points for the 1997 cohort. A decomposition exercise based on the estimates demonstrates the share of the change in completion rates that the model attributes to the various observed explanatory variables, particularly to the change in family structure. Results indicate that students' characteristics and family background account for 45 percent of the change in graduation rate, with family structure accounting for 12 percent of the change in graduation rate. The central contribution of this analysis shows the importance of the family structure in explaining changes in college completion over the past 30 years in the United States. Next, using the NLSY97, I observe that while studying in 4-year college, students from traditional families receive around 12000 dollars parental transfer in total, however, students from non-traditional families only receive 6000 dollars parental transfer in total. So, the goal of the second chapter is to understand whether parental transfer can explain some of the disadvantages students from nontraditional families have in college study. The results of probit model show that one thousand dollars increase in parental transfer is associated with a 2 percentage points increase in 4-year college enrollment. Moreover, one thousand dollars increase in the parental transfer is associated with a 0.5 percentage points increase in 4-year college graduation. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Weibo. The Relationship of Family Structure and Postsecondary Schooling in the U.S. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2020. |
6687. |
Zhou, Xiang |
Equalization or Selection? Reassessing the "Meritocratic Power" of a College Degree in Intergenerational Income Mobility American Sociological Review 84,3 (June 2019): 459-485. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0003122419844992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Graduates; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Intergenerational mobility is higher among college graduates than among people with lower levels of education. In light of this finding, researchers have characterized a college degree as a great equalizer leveling the playing field, and proposed that expanding higher education would promote mobility. This line of reasoning rests on the implicit assumption that the relatively high mobility observed among college graduates reflects a causal effect of college completion on intergenerational mobility, an assumption that has rarely been rigorously evaluated. This article bridges this gap. Using a novel reweighting technique, I estimate the degree of intergenerational income mobility among college graduates purged of selection processes that may drive up observed mobility in this subpopulation. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find that once selection processes are adjusted for, intergenerational income mobility among college graduates is very close to that among non-graduates. This finding suggests that expanding the pool of college graduates per se is unlikely to boost intergenerational income mobility in the United States. To promote mobility, public investments in higher education (e.g., federal and state student aid programs) should be targeted at low-income youth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Xiang. "Equalization or Selection? Reassessing the "Meritocratic Power" of a College Degree in Intergenerational Income Mobility." American Sociological Review 84,3 (June 2019): 459-485.
|
6688. |
Zhou, Xiang Xie, Yu |
Propensity Score-based Methods Versus MTE-based Methods in Causal Inference: Identification, Estimation, and Application Sociological Methods and Research 45,1 (February 2016): 3-40. Also: http://smr.sagepub.com/content/45/1/3 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Returns; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Since the seminal introduction of the propensity score (PS) by Rosenbaum and Rubin, PS-based methods have been widely used for drawing causal inferences in the behavioral and social sciences. However, the PS approach depends on the ignorability assumption: there are no unobserved confounders once observed covariates are taken into account. For situations where this assumption may be violated, Heckman and his associates have recently developed a novel approach based on marginal treatment effects (MTEs). In this article, we (1) explicate the consequences for PS-based methods when aspects of the ignorability assumption are violated, (2) compare PS-based methods and MTE-based methods by making a close examination of their identification assumptions and estimation performances, (3) apply these two approaches in estimating the economic return to college using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) of 1979 and discuss their discrepancies in results. When there is a sorting gain but no systematic baseline difference between treated and untreated units given observed covariates, PS-based methods can identify the treatment effect of the treated (TT). The MTE approach performs best when there is a valid and strong instrumental variable (IV). In addition, this article introduces the "smoothing-difference PS-based method," which enables us to uncover heterogeneity across people of different PSs in both counterfactual outcomes and treatment effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Xiang and Yu Xie. "Propensity Score-based Methods Versus MTE-based Methods in Causal Inference: Identification, Estimation, and Application." Sociological Methods and Research 45,1 (February 2016): 3-40.
|
6689. |
Zhou, Xilin |
Essays on Women's Employment and Children's Well-Being Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Georgia State University, August 2015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Georgia State University Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Care Arrangements; Child Health; Geocoded Data; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In chapter I, I investigate the causal effects of maternal employment on childhood obesity. Empirical analysis of the effects of maternal employment on childhood obesity is complicated by the endogeneity of mother's labor supply. A mother’s decision to work likely reflects underlying factors – such as ability and motivation – that could directly influence child health outcomes. To address this concern, this study implements an instrumental variables (IV) strategy which utilizes exogenous variation in maternal employment coming from the youngest sibling's school eligibility. With data on children ages 7-17 from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth linked to the Child Supplement, I explore the effects of maternal employment on children's BMI z-score and probabilities of being overweight and obese. OLS estimates indicate a moderate association, consistent with the prior literature. However, the IV estimates show that an increase in mothers' labor supply leads to large weight gains among children, suggesting that not addressing the endogeneity of maternal employment leads to underestimated causal effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhou, Xilin. Essays on Women's Employment and Children's Well-Being. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Georgia State University, August 2015. |
6690. |
Zhu, Beibei |
Three Essays on Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Earnings; Firm Size; Skills; Supervisor Characteristics Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three essays studying employer learning and statistical discrimination of young workers in the U.S. labor market. The first chapter outlines the dissertation by discussing the motivations, methods, and research findings. Chapter two develops a framework that nests both symmetric and asymmetric employer learning, and derives testable hypotheses on racial statistical discrimination under different processes of employer learning. Testing the model with data from the NLSY79, we find that employers statistically discriminate against black workers on the basis of both education and race in the high school market where learning appears to be mostly asymmetric. In the college market, employers directly observe most parts of the productivity of potential employees and learn very little over time. In chapter three, we investigate how the process of employer learning and statistical discrimination varies over time and across employers. The comparison between the NLSY79 and the NLSY97 cohorts reveals that employer learning and statistical discrimination has became stronger over the past decades. Using the NLSY97 data, we identify three employer-specific characteristics that influencing employer learning and statistical discrimination, the supervisor-worker race match, supervisor's age, and firm size. Black high school graduates face weaker employer learning and statistical discrimination if they choose to work for a black supervisor, work for an old supervisor, or work in a firm of small size. In the last chapter, we are interested in the associations between verbal and quantitative skills and individual earnings as well as the employer learning process of these two specific types of skills. There exist significant differences in both the labor market rewards and employer learning process of verbal and quantitative skills between high school and college graduates. Verbal skills are more important than quantitative skills for h igh school graduates, whereas college-educated workers benefit greatly from having high quantitative skills but little from having high verbal skills. In addition, employers directly learn verbal skills and continuously learn quantitative skills in the high school market, but almost perfectly observe quantitative skills in the college market. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhu, Beibei. Three Essays on Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2013. |
6691. |
Zhu, Joyce Garrison, Sarah Mason Rodgers, Joseph Lee Zald, David |
Shaping Perseverance: Evidence of Shared Environmental Effects on Grit and a Task-Based Measure of Persistence Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Meeting, January 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Keyword(s): Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Can persistence be shaped? We report sizable shared environmental effects of persistence in a self-report measure from the Tennessee Twin Study (N=212) and a task-based measure from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=12,686). Both studies show persistence has substantial shared environmental effects, implying that experience can shape the trait. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhu, Joyce, Sarah Mason Garrison, Joseph Lee Rodgers and David Zald. "Shaping Perseverance: Evidence of Shared Environmental Effects on Grit and a Task-Based Measure of Persistence." Presented: San Diego CA, Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Meeting, January 2016. |
6692. |
Zhu, Weichun Zhou, Jinyi Sosik, John J. |
The Child Is Parent of the Adult: A Longitudinal Examination of the Effect of Adolescent Destructive Deviance on Lifetime Career Success Journal of Business Research 144 (May 2022): 535-544. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296322001254 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Career Patterns; Deviance; Income; Life Course; Risk-Taking Drawing upon career stage theory, we investigate the long-term effect of deviance in adolescence on lifetime career success. Specifically, we propose that individuals' destructive deviance in adolescence is positively related to risk-taking propensity, which is then negatively related to their long-term career success (e.g., income increase). The analyses of growth models with a multilevel longitudinal dataset, which includes 12,686 participants with 33,334 year-level career tracks, generally support the hypotheses. Further, we find that educational achievement moderates the relationship between risk-taking propensity and long-time career success. We discuss the implications of these results for research on career development and parenting. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhu, Weichun, Jinyi Zhou and John J. Sosik. "The Child Is Parent of the Adult: A Longitudinal Examination of the Effect of Adolescent Destructive Deviance on Lifetime Career Success." Journal of Business Research 144 (May 2022): 535-544.
|
6693. |
Zhuang, Castiel Chen Jones-Smith, Jessica C. Andrea, Sarah B. Hajat, Anjum Oddo, Vanessa M. |
Maternal Precarious Employment and Child Overweight/Obesity in the United States Preventive Medicine published online (2 March 2023): 107471. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743523000518 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Health; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Maternal Employment; Obesity Precarious employment has increased in the United States and is now recognized as an important social determinant of health. Women are disproportionately employed in precarious jobs and are largely responsible for caretaking, which could deleteriously affect child weight. We utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth adult and child cohorts (1996-2016; N = 4453) and identified 13 survey indicators to operationalize 7 dimensions of precarious employment (score range: 0-7, 7 indicating the most precarious): material rewards, working-time arrangements, stability, workers' rights, collective organization, interpersonal relations, and training. We estimated the association between maternal precarious employment and incident child overweight/obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile) using adjusted Poisson models. Between 1996 and 2016, the average age-adjusted precarious employment score among mothers was 3.7 (Standard Error [SE] = 0.02) and the average prevalence of children with overweight/obesity was 26.2% (SE = 0.5). Higher maternal precarious employment was associated with a 10% higher incidence of children having overweight/obesity (Confidence Interval: 1.05, 1.14). A higher incidence of childhood overweight/obesity may have important implications at the population-level, due to the long-term health consequences of child obesity into adulthood. Policies to reduce employment precariousness should be considered and monitored for impacts on childhood obesity. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zhuang, Castiel Chen, Jessica C. Jones-Smith, Sarah B. Andrea, Anjum Hajat and Vanessa M. Oddo. "Maternal Precarious Employment and Child Overweight/Obesity in the United States." Preventive Medicine published online (2 March 2023): 107471.
|
6694. |
Zill, Nicholas |
Trends in Family Life and Children's School Performance Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, American Sociological Association Symposium "Impact of Changes in the Family on Education: Linkages of Sociologies of Family and Education", August 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Elementary School Students; Ethnic Groups; Family Background and Culture; Family Characteristics; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Income; Family Influences; Family Resources; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Minority Groups; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Education professionals have long known that family background is a stronger predictor of academic success than are school or teacher characteristics. The past 30 years have seen a series of drastic alterations in patterns of family living in the United States, and these changes mean that a substantial number of youngsters are being born or are growing up in circumstances that put them at risk of low achievement and school failure. Family characteristics associated with school difficulties are more common in some racial and ethnic groups than others, but when grade-repetition rates are adjusted for parent education, family income, and family composition, these ethnic disparities are substantially reduced. Research indicates that the disadvantaged minority students of today are doing better than those of yesterday. There is a scale that assesses what parents do to stimulate achievement in preschool and elementary-age children. This is the Home Observation for the Measurement of Environment (HOME) scale. An abbreviated version of the HOME scale was used in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to begin to study family influence on student achievement. Considerable further research is required to explore the complex relationships between family life and academic achievement. Includes one figure and two tables. (Contains 49 references.) (SLD) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zill, Nicholas. "Trends in Family Life and Children's School Performance." Presented: Pittsburgh, PA, American Sociological Association Symposium "Impact of Changes in the Family on Education: Linkages of Sociologies of Family and Education", August 1992. |
6695. |
Zill, Nicholas Daly, Margaret |
Researching the Family: A Guide to Survey and Statistical Data on U.S. Families Report #93-28, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Family Studies; Longitudinal Data Sets; Overview, Child Assessment Data Prepared for the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Includes bibliographical references. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zill, Nicholas and Margaret Daly. "Researching the Family: A Guide to Survey and Statistical Data on U.S. Families." Report #93-28, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, 1993. |
6696. |
Zill, Nicholas Moore, Kristin Anderson Nord, Christine Winquis Stief, Thomas |
Welfare Mothers as Potential Employees: A Statistical Profile Based on National Survey Data Report, Child Trends, Inc., 1991. Also: http://openlibrary.org/b/OL1492369M/Welfare_mothers_as_potential_employees Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Government Regulation; Mothers; Poverty; Self-Esteem; Welfare When women who receive welfare benefits are compared with other women, both poor and non-poor, in the NLSY and other national sample surveys, welfare mothers are notably different from non-poor mothers. At the same time, these data show that there is considerable diversity within the welfare population. In particular, compared to short-term recipients, longer-term recipients have lower cognitive achievement scores, less education, sporadic work experience, and lower self-esteem. Non-welfare mothers with similar disadvantages disproportionately find only low-paying service jobs, which are insufficient to move them out of poverty. Differences between poor women on welfare and poor working women are too small to represent major positive changes in the lives of the women themselves or in the life prospects of their children. The study suggests that federal programs of education and job training may be of help to those whose academic skills, education, and work experience are in the second quartile among welfare mothers. Those in the top quartile probably possess enough skills, education, and experience to succeed on their own, while prospects for those in the bottom half are unclear. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zill, Nicholas, Kristin Anderson Moore, Christine Winquis Nord and Thomas Stief. "Welfare Mothers as Potential Employees: A Statistical Profile Based on National Survey Data." Report, Child Trends, Inc., 1991. |
6697. |
Zill, Nicholas Moore, Kristin Anderson Smith, Ellen Wolpow Stief, Thomas |
Life Circumstances and Development of Children in Welfare Families: A Profile Based on National Survey Data Research Report, Washington DC: Child Trends, October 29, 1991 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); General Assessment; Health Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Welfare The finding that welfare children exhibit problems such as low achievement, grade repetition, and classroom conduct disorders at rates double those shown by non-poor children means the "cycle of disadvantage" is still very much with us. Unless effective interventions are found and applied, many of these young people will go on to become adult non-workers and impoverished or dependent parents, perhaps producing another generation of high-risk children. The similarities between children in families receiving AFDC and other poor children suggest that low parent education, poverty, and family turmoil are detrimental to children's development, no matter what the particular sources of the family's financial support or the predominant family configuration might be. The findings may also mean that if families move from being "welfare poor" to "working poor," the overall life chances of the children will not necessarily be enhanced. The findings regarding the home environments of children suggest that many mothers in low-income families need more than remedial education or job training; some need training in effective childrearing practices. A lack of parental stimulation may not be the only handicap, or even the most significant impediment faced by children in AFDC families, but it is a handicap that can be addressed through programs such as parenting education, high quality child care, and compensatory preschool. Finally, there is the finding that welfare children are clearly doing better than children in other low-income families with respect to receipt of routine health care. This finding reinforces concerns about the possible negative effects on children of a loss of Medicaid benefits as parents move from AFDC dependency to precarious self-sufficiency. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zill, Nicholas, Kristin Anderson Moore, Ellen Wolpow Smith and Thomas Stief. "Life Circumstances and Development of Children in Welfare Families: A Profile Based on National Survey Data." Research Report, Washington DC: Child Trends, October 29, 1991. |
6698. |
Zill, Nicholas Peterson, James Lloyd Moore, Kristin Anderson |
Guide to Federal Data on Children, Youth, and Families Report #89-04, Conference on Child and Family Statistics, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, 1988 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Children; Data Quality/Consistency; Family Studies; Longitudinal Data Sets; Overview, Child Assessment Data Overview of research and policy uses of federal data on children and families: Recommendations from the Second Interagency. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zill, Nicholas, James Lloyd Peterson and Kristin Anderson Moore. "Guide to Federal Data on Children, Youth, and Families." Report #89-04, Conference on Child and Family Statistics, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, 1988. |
6699. |
Zilora, Melanie |
Intergenerational Altruistic Links: A Model of Family Coresidence Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Family Influences; Family, Extended; Household Composition; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Transfers, Family Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This analysis uses linked mother-child data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the 1979 Children/Young Adult Survey to investigate the presence of an intergenerational component to the launching process. We find that children who departed late or returned to the parental home are more likely to have coresident parents later in life, with this effect being most pronounced among upper and middle income youths, as well as youths from black or Hispanic families. We present both linear and non-parametric models of this effect, and contextualize it with a mixed motivation behavioral model of intra-family generosity which exhibits preferences consistent with these new facts. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zilora, Melanie. "Intergenerational Altruistic Links: A Model of Family Coresidence." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014. |
6700. |
Zimmer, David J. |
Child Health and Maternal Work Activity: The Role of Unobserved Heterogeneity Eastern Economic Journal 33,1 (Winter 2007): 43-64. Also: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/eej/journal/v33/n1/abs/eej20073a.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Keyword(s): Child Health; Heterogeneity; Maternal Employment; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article examines whether a mother's labor market behavior is affected by the presence of an unhealthy child. It addresses the issue of unmeasured factors that influence both child health and maternal employment by using variables that describe family access to care. Results suggest that married mothers and nonmarried mothers do not substantially differ in their responses to unhealthy children. DATA Data are from the 1996, 2000, and 2001 waves of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, a unit of the Department of Health and Human Services. MEPS is a large household survey of respondents drawn from the National Health Interview Survey and is designed to be nationally representative of the U.S. noninstitutionalized population. The survey consists of a series of five interviews over a two-and-a-half year period and records socioeconomic and health related information for each individual. While the multiple interview format of MEPS permits some limited longitudinal applications, child health variables relevant to this study are recorded only once a year. Therefore, the years are stacked and treated as a cross section sample. However, in light of modeling flexibilities offered by longitudinal analysis, comparison of MEPS to a separate longitudinal study is presented in the section on Results of Estimation. This longitudinal sample consists of 2,237 mothers drawn from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and is discussed in greater detail in the subsection NLSY Comparison. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmer, David J. "Child Health and Maternal Work Activity: The Role of Unobserved Heterogeneity." Eastern Economic Journal 33,1 (Winter 2007): 43-64.
|
6701. |
Zimmer, David M. |
Investigating the Dynamic Interdependency between Poverty and Marital Separation Review of Economics of the Household published online (25 September 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s11150-021-09585-4. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-021-09585-4 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Modeling; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the links between poverty and marital separation. In order to account for both unobserved heterogeneity and complex dynamics, the paper builds and estimates a dynamic nonlinear panel model with correlated random effects. The main finding is that a substantial portion of the link between poverty and separation appears to derive spuriously from unobserved factors that affect both outcomes. However, even after accounting for dynamics and unobserved heterogeneity, there remains a strong association between the arrival of poverty and marital separation. The results appear to suggest that poverty and separation often arrive concurrently, though that finding might stem from the relatively course periodicity of large micro household panel surveys. To that end, this paper presents a case for household surveys to adopt more frequent recordings of information. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmer, David M. "Investigating the Dynamic Interdependency between Poverty and Marital Separation." Review of Economics of the Household published online (25 September 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s11150-021-09585-4.
|
6702. |
Zimmer, David M. |
The Role of Health Insurance in Labor Supply Decisions of Divorced Females Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 50,2 (May 2010): 121-131. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/quaeco/v50y2010i2p121-131.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Insurance, Health; Labor Economics; Labor Supply; Marital Dissolution Labor economics literature provides evidence that marital dissolution induces an increase in labor supply of females. This paper explores an explanation for this finding: Marital separation might place wives at risk of losing health insurance or increase the need for expanded health coverage. Thus, wives must increase their labor supply in order to qualify for health benefits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, results confirm that marital dissolution is associated with increased female labor supply. However, this effect is mostly concentrated among women who were not previously enrolled in their husbands' health insurance plans. For wives who were dependent on their husbands for coverage, continuing coverage laws appear to mitigate the effect of marital dissolution on female labor supply. [Copyright Elsevier] Copyright of Quarterly Review of Economics & Finance is the property of Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmer, David M. "The Role of Health Insurance in Labor Supply Decisions of Divorced Females." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 50,2 (May 2010): 121-131.
|
6703. |
Zimmer, Martha Hill Zimmer, Michael |
Socioeconomic Determinants of Smoking Behavior During Pregnancy The Social Science Journal 35,1 (1998): 133-142. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331998900659 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: JAI Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Child Health; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Earnings; Health Factors; Modeling; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors Medical researchers and public health experts contend that smoking by pregnant women leads to health risks for their offspring as well as themselves. Social science researchers have produced a number of useful studies concerning factors determining smoking choices during pregnancy. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence based on the widely cited National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The purpose of the paper is to describe and estimate multivariate models that reveal socioeconomic patterns in smoking behavior. Our results indicate that factors influencing the choice to smoke include age, employment status, earnings, race, and the individual's propensity to seek prenatal care. These estimates provide guidance with respect to constituencies that might be suitable targets for public policies intended to curtail smoking during pregnancy. Social Science Abstracts: Reprinted by permission of the publisher. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmer, Martha Hill and Michael Zimmer. "Socioeconomic Determinants of Smoking Behavior During Pregnancy." The Social Science Journal 35,1 (1998): 133-142.
|
6704. |
Zimmerman, David J. |
Intergenerational Mobility and the Transmission of Inequality: an Empirical Study Using Longitudinal Data Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Earnings; Education; Fathers; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Probit; Mothers and Daughters; Poverty; Sons; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare This dissertation contains three separate essays. The first essay uses data from the NLS to measure the degree of intergenerational economic mobility in the U.S. Specifically it examines the extent to which the economic outcomes of sons resemble those of their fathers. Estimates are provided using a variety of procedures including Ordinary Least Squares Instrumental Variables and Generalized Method of Moments. The findings indicate the intergenerational correlation in earnings to be on the order of 0.4 suggesting considerably less economic mobility in the U.S. than previously reported. The second essay uses a matched sample of mothers and daughters from the NLS to measure the extent to which a daughter's exposure to parental welfare participation increases the probability of the daughter receiving welfare when she heads her own household. The observed correlation in the welfare histories of mothers and daughters would provide a biased estimate of the intergenerational welfare trap if parent-child earnings are correlated across generations. Two approaches are used to form an unbiased estimate of the welfare trap. The first predicts the fraction of children expected to participate in the welfare program AFDC simply because of the intergenerational correlation in income. The second approach employs a probit model of welfare participation. The findings suggest that much of the intergenerational correlation in welfare participation is not the result of a welfare trap but rather is an outcome of the intergenerational transmission of poverty. The third essay uses a matched sample of brothers and fathers and sons from the NLS to estimate the economic returns to schooling. Contrasting the earnings and education of brothers or fathers and sons provides a means of controlling for unobserved family attributes that could bias the estimated returns to schooling. The findings suggest that estimated returns to schooling do not suffer from a significant upward omitted variable bias but rather a substantial downward bias due to measurement error in reported schooling. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, David J. Intergenerational Mobility and the Transmission of Inequality: an Empirical Study Using Longitudinal Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1992. |
6705. |
Zimmerman, Frederick J. |
Agreeing on More than Chicken Soup: Intra-household Decision-Making and Treatment for Child Psychopathology Review of Economics of the Household 4,3 (September 2006): 229-252. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/c352jgk213444766/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Health Care; Children, Mental Health; Divorce; Domestic Violence; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Health, Mental/Psychological; Household Models; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Sex Ratios; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a large, U.S. dataset it is shown that children are more likely to receive needed mental health specialty treatment when women have greater decision-making power, as measured by an index of wife-favorable divorce laws and by the sex ratio at the time of marriage. Stratified analyses show that this effect is modified by the degree of marital conflict. Marriages characterized by high conflict conform more closely to the unified household model. The paper then presents a model of household decision-making consistent with these results that incorporates both objective determinants of bargaining power as well as the role of violent coercion in maintaining otherwise unsustainable equilibria. Implications for improving children's access to mental health treatment are offered. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006 |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, Frederick J. "Agreeing on More than Chicken Soup: Intra-household Decision-Making and Treatment for Child Psychopathology." Review of Economics of the Household 4,3 (September 2006): 229-252.
|
6706. |
Zimmerman, Frederick J. Bell, Janice F. |
Income Inequality and Physical and Mental Health: Testing Associations Consistent with Proposed Causal Pathways Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60,6 (June 2006): 513-521. Also: http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/60/6/513 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Hispanics; Income; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Design: Regression analysis of a large, nationally representative dataset, linked to US census and other county and state level sources of data on ecological covariates. The regressions control for individual economic and demographic covariates as well as relevant potential ecological confounders. Setting: The US population in the year 2000. Participants: 4817 US adults about age 40, representative of the US population. Main outcome measures: Two outcomes were studied: self reported general health status, dichotomised as \"fair\" or \"poor\" compared with \"excellent\", \"very good\", or \"good\", and depression as measured by a score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression instrument >16. Results: State generosity was significantly associated with a reduced odds of reporting poor general health (OR 0.84, 95%CI: 0.71 to 0.99), and the county unemployment rate with reduced odds of reporting depression (OR 0.91, 95%CI: 0.84 to 0.97). The measure of income inequality is a significant risk factor for reporting poor general health (OR 1.98, CI: 1.08 to 3.62), controlling for all ecological and individual covariates. In stratified models, the index of social capital is associated with reduced odds of reporting poor general health among black people and Hispanics (OR 0.40, CI: 0.18 to 0.90), but not significant among white people. The inequality measure is significantly associated with reporting poor general health among white people (OR 2.60, CI: 1.22 to 5.56) but not black people and Hispanics. Conclusions: The effect of income inequality on health may work through the influence of invidious social comparisons (particularly among white subjects) and (among black subjects and Latinos) through a reduction in social capital. Researchers may find it fruitful to recognise the cultural specificity of any such effects. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, Frederick J. and Janice F. Bell. "Income Inequality and Physical and Mental Health: Testing Associations Consistent with Proposed Causal Pathways." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60,6 (June 2006): 513-521.
|
6707. |
Zimmerman, Frederick J. Christakis, Dimitri A. |
Children's Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of National Data Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159,7 (July 2005): 619-625. Also: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/159/7/619 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Television Viewing; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To test the independent effects of television viewing in children before age 3 years and at ages 3 to 5 years on several measures of cognitive outcomes at ages 6 and 7 years. Design: Using data from a nationally representative data set, we regressed 4 measures of cognitive development at ages 6 and 7 years on television viewing before age 3 years and at ages 3 to 5 years, controlling for parental cognitive stimulation throughout early childhood, maternal education, and IQ. Results: Before age 3 years, the children in this study watched an average of 2.2 hours per day; at ages 3 to 5 years, the daily average was 3.3 hours. Adjusted for the covariates mentioned earlier, each hour of average daily television viewing before age 3 years was associated with deleterious effects on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Reading Recognition Scale of 0.31 points (95% confidence interval [CI], –0.61 to –0.01 points), on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Reading Comprehension Scale of 0.58 points (95% CI, –0.94 to –0.21 points), and on the Memory for Digit Span assessment from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children of –0.10 points (95% CI, –0.20 to 0 points). For the Reading Recognition Scale score only, a beneficial effect of television at ages 3 to 5 years was identified, with each hour associated with a 0.51-point improvement in the score (95% CI, 0.17 to 0.85 points). Conclusions: There are modest adverse effects of television viewing before age 3 years on the subsequent cognitive development of children. These results suggest that greater adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines that children younger than 2 years not watch television is warranted. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, Frederick J. and Dimitri A. Christakis. "Children's Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of National Data." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159,7 (July 2005): 619-625.
|
6708. |
Zimmerman, Frederick J. Christakis, Dimitri A. Vander Stoep, Ann |
Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Patient: Work Attributes and Depression Disparities Among Young Adults Social Science and Medicine 58,10 (May 2004): 1889-1901. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953603004106 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Job Characteristics; Job Status; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Prior studies have consistently found the occurrence of depression to be higher among persons with lower socio-economic status (SES), but causal mechanisms for this relationship are often not well understood. For example, while depression has been shown to increase during spells of unemployment, little work has been done on job attributes that may be related to depression among employed people early in their careers. This study links the 1992 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, which included Depression symptom scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) instrument, to the US Department of Labor's new occupational characteristics O*Net dataset. The resulting dataset includes information regarding depression, SES, and specific attributes of jobs held by the young adult respondents. Job attributes included measures of social status, interpersonal stressors, and physical conditions. Multivariate analysis revealed that for young men, higher job status is associated with lower CES-D scores. Higher scores on the opposition scale, which measures the extent to which employees are obliged to take a position opposed to others, is associated with higher CES-D scores. For young women, physically uncomfortable or dangerous jobs are associated with more depressive symptoms. Results are stratified by race/ethnicity. For Black men, unlike for White men or Latinos, job security is associated with fewer depressive symptoms; and for Latino men, but not for Black or White men, physically uncomfortable or dangerous jobs are associated with more depressive symptoms. For Black women, job status is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. We conclude that part of the SES-depression relationship may arise from the psychosocial aspects of jobs, which we have found to be significantly and meaningfully associated with depressive symptoms among employed young adults. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier] |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, Frederick J., Dimitri A. Christakis and Ann Vander Stoep. "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Patient: Work Attributes and Depression Disparities Among Young Adults." Social Science and Medicine 58,10 (May 2004): 1889-1901.
|
6709. |
Zimmerman, Frederick J. Glew, Gwen M. Christakis, Dimitri A. Katon, Wayne |
Early Cognitive Stimulation, Emotional Support, and Television Watching as Predictors of Subsequent Bullying Among Grade-School Children Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159,4 (April 2005): 384-388. Also: http://www.commercialalert.org/tvbullying.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavior, Violent; Bullying/Victimization; Children, School-Age; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Modeling, Logit; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Television Viewing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. BACKGROUND: Bullying is a major public health issue, the risk factors for which are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television viewing at age 4 years are independently associated with being a bully at ages 6 through 11 years. METHODS: We used multivariate logistic regression, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to adjust for multiple confounding factors. RESULTS: Parental cognitive stimulation and emotional support at age 4 years were each independently protective against bullying, with a significant odds ratio of 0.67 for both variables associated with a 1-SD increase (95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.82 for cognitive stimulation and 0.54-0.84 for emotional support). Each hour of television viewed per day at age 4 years was associated with a significant odds ratio of 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.11) for subsequent bullying. These findings persisted when we controlled for bullying behavior at age 4 years in a subsample of children for whom this measure was available. CONCLUSION: The early home environment, including cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and exposure to television, has a significant impact on bullying in grade school. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, Frederick J., Gwen M. Glew, Dimitri A. Christakis and Wayne Katon. "Early Cognitive Stimulation, Emotional Support, and Television Watching as Predictors of Subsequent Bullying Among Grade-School Children." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159,4 (April 2005): 384-388.
|
6710. |
Zimmerman, Frederick J. Katon, Wayne |
Socioeconomic Status, Depression Disparities, and Financial Strain: What Lies Behind the Income-Depression Relationship? Health Economics 14,12 (December 2005): 1197-1215. Also: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110504817/ABSTRACT Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Income Level; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior studies have consistently found the incidence and persistence of depression to be higher among persons with low incomes, but causal mechanisms for this relationship are not well understood. This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to test several hypotheses about the robustness of the depression-income relationship among adults. In regressions of depression symptoms on income and sociodemographic variables, income is significantly associated with depression. However, when controls for other economic variables are included, the effect of income is considerably reduced, and generally not significant. Employment status and the ratio of debts-to-assets are both highly significant for men and for women both above and below the median income. Fixed-effects estimates suggest that employment status and financial strain are causally related to depression, but income is not. Instrumental variable estimates suggest that financial strain may not lead to depression. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zimmerman, Frederick J. and Wayne Katon. "Socioeconomic Status, Depression Disparities, and Financial Strain: What Lies Behind the Income-Depression Relationship?" Health Economics 14,12 (December 2005): 1197-1215.
|
6711. |
Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Dunifon, Rachel Kalil, Ariel |
Parental Employment and Children's Body Weight: Mothers, Others, and Mechanisms Social Science and Medicine 95 (October 2013): 52-59. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612006673 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Employment; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Parental Influences; Television Viewing; Weight; Work Hours/Schedule A robust body of literature spanning several countries indicates a positive association between maternal employment and child body mass index (BMI). Fewer studies have examined the role of paternal employment. More importantly, little empirical work examines the mechanisms that might explain the relationships between parental employment and children's BMI. Our paper tests the relationship between the cumulative experience of maternal and spouse employment over a child's lifetime and that child's BMI, overweight, and obesity at age 13 or 14. We further examine several mechanisms that may explain these associations. We use data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) merged mother–child file on cohorts of children who were born during a period of dramatic increase in both childhood obesity and maternal employment. We find that the number of hours that highly-educated mothers work over her child's lifetime is positively and statistically significantly associated with her child's BMI and risk of overweight at ages 13 or 14. The work hours of mothers' spouses and partners, on the other hand, are not significantly associated with these outcomes. Results suggest that, for children of highly-educated mothers, the association between maternal work hours and child BMI is partially mediated by television viewing time. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M., Rachel Dunifon and Ariel Kalil. "Parental Employment and Children's Body Weight: Mothers, Others, and Mechanisms." Social Science and Medicine 95 (October 2013): 52-59.
|
6712. |
Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. Lee, Kenneth T. H. |
Parent Income–Based Gaps in Schooling: Cross-Cohort Trends in the NLSYs and the PSID AERA Open published online (April 2016): DOI: 10.1177/2332858416645834. Also: http://ero.sagepub.com/content/2/2/2332858416645834.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Both income inequality and the achievement test score gap between high- and low-income children increased dramatically in the United States beginning in the 1970s. Recent work by Chetty, Hendren, Kline, Saez, and Turner (2014) suggests that, unlike the test score gap, the gap in college enrollment is essentially constant. This article takes a longer historical view and investigates trends in income-based gaps in a number of schooling attainment measures using data from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) as well as 31 birth cohorts from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Findings support Chetty and colleagues' conclusion of little change in college enrollment for their cohorts but show significant increases in college enrollment gaps between Chetty and colleagues' and prior cohorts in both the PSID and the NLSY. We further find strong evidence of growing gaps in college completion. In contrast, gaps in high school graduation have fallen, which provide at least one optimistic sign of catching up among low-income individuals. The net result of these trends is to produce a modestly increasing gap in completed schooling between children growing up in low- and high-income families. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M. and Kenneth T. H. Lee. "Parent Income–Based Gaps in Schooling: Cross-Cohort Trends in the NLSYs and the PSID." AERA Open published online (April 2016): DOI: 10.1177/2332858416645834.
|
6713. |
Zisman, Chen Ganzach, Yoav |
Occupational Intelligence as a Measure of Occupational Complexity Personality and Individual Differences 203 (March 2023): 112005. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886922005104 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Intelligence; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Wages; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) We examine the construct validity of occupational intelligence--the average intelligence of the individuals working in a certain occupation-- as a measure of occupational complexity. We show that it is highly correlated with traditional occupational analysts' based measures of occupational complexity (DOT and O*NET based measures), and considerably less so with occupational pay--the average pay of the individuals working in each occupation. We also show that the interaction between individual intelligence and occupational intelligence in predicting pay is similar to the interaction between individual intelligence and traditional measures of occupational complexity. We discuss the advantages of using occupational intelligence as a measure of occupational complexity when compared to the two traditional analysts' based measures. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zisman, Chen and Yoav Ganzach. "Occupational Intelligence as a Measure of Occupational Complexity." Personality and Individual Differences 203 (March 2023): 112005.
|
6714. |
Zisman, Chen Ganzach, Yoav |
The Claim that Personality Is More Important than Intelligence in Predicting Important Life Outcomes Has Been Greatly Exaggerated Intelligence 92 (May-June 2022): 101631. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289622000125 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Educational Attainment; Germany, German; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Intelligence; Mid-Life in the United States (MIDUS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Wages; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS) We conduct a replication of Borghans, Golsteyn, Heckman and Humphries (PNAS, 2016) who suggested that personality is more important than intelligence in predicting important life outcomes. We focus on the prediction of educational (educational attainment, GPA) and occupational (pay) success, and analyze two of the databases that BGHH used (the NLSY79, n = 5594 and the MIDUS, n = 2240) as well as four additional databases, (the NLSY97, n = 2962, the WLS, n = 7646, the PIAAC, n = 3605 and the ADD health, n = 3553; all databases are American except of the PIAAC which is German). We found that for educational attainment the average R2 of intelligence was .232 whereas for personality it was .053. For GPA it was .229 and .024, respectively and for pay it was .080 and .040, respectively. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zisman, Chen and Yoav Ganzach. "The Claim that Personality Is More Important than Intelligence in Predicting Important Life Outcomes Has Been Greatly Exaggerated." Intelligence 92 (May-June 2022): 101631.
|
6715. |
Zobl, Sara R. |
Historical Change in American Women's Life Course Construction Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite broad consensus that the contemporary American transition to adulthood is diverse and disorderly compared to that of the mid-20th century, life course research has not yet fully explored the nature and degree of change in American women's paths to adulthood. Specifically, while a large body of research addresses women’s life course event completion and timing as related to family formation or career trajectories, temporal changes in sequencing by social class and race/ethnicity remain unexamined. Using nationally representative data from female participants in all available rounds of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79 & NLSY97), I identify the most common event sequences by which two cohorts of American women completed formal education, entered the labor force, married, and became parents. I draw out patterns of heterogeneity within cohorts and changes over time by comparing event sequencing by racial/ethnic category and by level of educational attainment. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zobl, Sara R. "Historical Change in American Women's Life Course Construction." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017. |
6716. |
Zobl, Sara R. Smock, Pamela Jane |
Historical Change in the Transition to Adulthood for American Women Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Life Course; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97, we document variation in pathways to adulthood within and between two cohorts of American women. We take a holistic perspective in studying historical change in women's life courses, and aim to further sociological understanding of contemporary pathways from youth to adulthood, including implications for life outcomes and inequality among women completing the transition by way of uncommon paths. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zobl, Sara R. and Pamela Jane Smock. "Historical Change in the Transition to Adulthood for American Women." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016. |
6717. |
Zuberi, Tukufu |
One Step Back in Understanding Racial Differences in Birth Weight Demography 38,4 (November 2001): 569-571. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/e8p311j210386q72/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birthweight; Genetics; Infants; Mothers, Race; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recognition of the biological and social connections in demographic processes, demographers have integrated biological factors into their models of population variation. This new effort has tended to focus on the analysis of fertility and mortality. Edwin J.C.G. van den Oord and David C. Rowe's article, "Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach," published in the August 2000 issue of Demography, is part of this effort. These authors use race as a proxy for genetic variation, which subverts even the most positive attempts to understand the impact of genetic variation on demographic processes. The authors' statistical results restate their anachronistic theory of race using latent variables that are not open to empirical testing. Although new data increase the opportunities for the examination of the relationship between biology and demographic processes researchers must be vigilant not to commit the errors of the past by misusing race as a variable. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zuberi, Tukufu. "One Step Back in Understanding Racial Differences in Birth Weight." Demography 38,4 (November 2001): 569-571.
|
6718. |
Zumwalt, Andrew Mark |
The Role of Time Preference on Wealth M.S. Thesis, Department of Consumer and Family Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. Also: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/5753 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Missouri-Columbia Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Exercise; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Time Preference; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, this analysis affirmed the influence of time preference on wealth. Time preference was measured using the respondent's behaviors as proxies for time preference. These behaviors included smoking, negative behaviors related to drinking, time spent exercising, the frequency reading a nutrition label, body mass index, drug use, and the highest grade completed by the respondent. The composite score was created from standardized proxy variables and then summed to create an additive score; higher scores indicated a higher rate of time preference. Ordinary least squares regression found a significant and negative relation between time preference and wealth. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zumwalt, Andrew Mark. The Role of Time Preference on Wealth. M.S. Thesis, Department of Consumer and Family Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.. |
6719. |
Zuppann, Charles Andrew |
Spare the Rod? What Can We Say About the Causal Effect of Spanking? Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Punishment, Corporal Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Over the past 30 years the probability that a mother spanks her child has substantially declined. Over the same time the negative correlation between spanking and outcomes has significantly worsened. I show that the decline in spanking is driven through changes in social stigmas surrounding corporal punishment. Changes in the correlation between spanking and outcomes over time can therefore be used to estimate a causal treatment effect of spanking for households who changed their behavior due to the increasingly negative stigma. I estimate this treatment effect to be significant and generally positive: spanking improves childhood test scores, educational attainment, and labor market outcomes. However, spanking has a negative impact on childhood behavioral problems and non-cognitive measures. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zuppann, Charles Andrew. "Spare the Rod? What Can We Say About the Causal Effect of Spanking?." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016. |
6720. |
Zveglich Jr., Joseph E. Rodgers, Yanavan der Meulen Laviña, Editha A. |
Expected Work Experience and the Gender Wage Gap: A New Human Capital Measure Economic Modelling 83 (December 2019): 372-383. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264999318317243 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Work Experience Work experience is a key variable in earnings function estimates and wage gap decompositions. Because data on actual work experience are rare, studies commonly use proxies, such as potential experience. But potential experience is identical for all individuals of the same age and level of education, so it ignores labor market intermittency because of childbirth and child rearing--a critical omission when analyzing gender differences in earnings. This paper constructs a better proxy: expected work experience, which is the sum of the annual probabilities that an individual worked in the past. This measure can be generated using commonly available data on labor force participation rates by age and gender to gauge the probability of past work. Applying the measure to labor force survey data from the Philippines shows that conventional proxies underestimate the contribution of gender differences in work experience in explaining the gender wage gap. |
|
Bibliography Citation
Zveglich Jr., Joseph E., Yanavan der Meulen Rodgers and Editha A. Laviña. "Expected Work Experience and the Gender Wage Gap: A New Human Capital Measure." Economic Modelling 83 (December 2019): 372-383.
|