Search Results
Author: Yu, Wei-hsin
Resulting in 12 citations.
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Yu, Wei-hsin Duan, Haoshu |
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Does School Learning Shape Gender Ideology? Academic Performance and Adolescents' Attitudes toward Gender Practices Social Science Research published online (9 January 2021): 102524. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X21000016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Academic Development; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Despite research linking education to values, our understanding of the effects of academic learning on gender attitudes is still limited. Using sibling data collected over time, we investigate how learning in school, measured by achievement test scores, affects adolescents' views on gender issues both with and without direct implications for women's economic mobility. With fixed-effects models accounting for unobserved heterogeneity between high and low achievers, we show that the relationship between academic achievement and gender ideology is not spurious, but learning does not enlighten adolescents on all gender-related beliefs, either. Rather, school learning socializes both boys and girls into more liberal views on issues clearly related to women's economic opportunities. For views concerning dating practices or boy-girl interactions, which are irrelevant to the meritocracy-based mainstream values, academic performance has less consistent effects, with higher achievement scores sometimes associated with more conservative views among boys. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Haoshu Duan. "Does School Learning Shape Gender Ideology? Academic Performance and Adolescents' Attitudes toward Gender Practices." Social Science Research published online (9 January 2021): 102524.
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| 2. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Hara, Yuko |
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Motherhood Penalties and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms Demography 58,1 (2021): 247-272. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/1/247/167586/Motherhood-Penalties-and-Fatherhood-Premiums Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Fatherhood; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite much interest in how parenthood contributes to the gender pay gap, prior research has rarely explored firms' roles in shaping the parenthood pay penalty or premium. The handful of studies that investigated parenthood's effects within and across firms generally compared parents and their childless peers at a given time and failed to account for unobserved heterogeneity between the two groups. Such comparisons also cannot inform how having children may alter individuals' earnings trajectories within and across firms. Using 26 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and fixed-effects models, we examine how being a mother or father is linked to earnings growth within and across firms. We find that women's pay decreases as they become mothers and that the across-employer motherhood penalty is larger than the within-employer penalty. By contrast, fatherhood is associated with a pay premium, and the within-employer fatherhood premium is considerably greater than the across-employer one. We argue that these results are consistent with the discrimination explanation of the motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium. Because employers are likely to trust women who become mothers while working for them more than new recruits who are mothers, their negative bias against mothers would be more salient when evaluating the latter, which could result in a larger between-organizational motherhood penalty. Conversely, employers' likely greater trust in existing workers who become fathers than fathers they hire from elsewhere may amplify their positive bias favoring fathers in assessing the former, which could explain the greater within-firm fatherhood premium. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Yuko Hara. "Motherhood Penalties and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms." Demography 58,1 (2021): 247-272.
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Yu, Wei-hsin Hara, Yuko |
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Parenthood and Earnings Changes Within and Across Organizations: How Do Women's and Men's Experiences Differ? Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination; Gender Differences; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite much interest in the effect of parenthood on the gender inequality in pay, research rarely compares how having children contributes to wage changes within and across firms for women and men. Using 26 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and fixed-effects models, we examine how women's and men's starting pay across organizations vary according to parenthood status and whether parenthood alters their earnings within each employer spell. We find a motherhood penalty across employing organizations, but not within organizations. Conversely, the transition to fatherhood increases earnings within organizations, but not across organizations. We argue that these results are most consistent with the discrimination perspective, because a negative bias against mothers is likely to be more salient when employers set wages for new recruits than for existing employees, whereas a positive bias favoring fathers should be more prominent when employers judge existing employees than they do new workers. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Yuko Hara. "Parenthood and Earnings Changes Within and Across Organizations: How Do Women's and Men's Experiences Differ?" Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
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Yu, Wei-Hsin Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan |
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Going the Extra Mile at Work: Relationships Between Working Conditions and Discretionary Work Effort PLOS ONE published online (02 August 2023). Also: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288521 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Minorities; Minority Groups; Women; Work Attitudes; Work Effort, Discretionary; Work Experience; Worker Motivation; Workers Ability; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the implications of work effort for earnings inequality, rigorous and comprehensive analyses of how work conditions affect people's tendency to exert extra work effort are rare. Using two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines how individuals' discretionary work effort-i.e., effort in excess of what is required-changes with their work time, the tangible and intangible rewards from their jobs, and the social contexts of their occupations. Results from fixed-effects models show that frequently working in teams is associated with both women's and men's reported discretionary effort. Women also express a greater tendency to exert extra work effort when they work full time instead of part time and when their employers offer paid maternity leave, but less so when their occupations are male-dominant or require confrontations with people. Racial and ethnic minorities' discretionary work effort changes in response to collaborative and competitive occupational environments somewhat differently from Whites. In addition, Black women's tendency to exert excess work effort is less tied to their time spent on their jobs than White women's. Beyond uncovering gender and ethnoracial differences, this study also underscores the need to consider the ways in which social aspects of work contribute to workers' motivation and effort. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-Hsin and Janet Chen-Lan Kuo. "Going the Extra Mile at Work: Relationships Between Working Conditions and Discretionary Work Effort." PLOS ONE published online (02 August 2023).
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| 5. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan |
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Occupational Gender Composition and Union Dissolution: Exploring the Relationship and Mechanisms Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Gender; Marital Instability; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Unions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Janet Chen-Lan Kuo. "Occupational Gender Composition and Union Dissolution: Exploring the Relationship and Mechanisms." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019. |
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Yu, Wei-hsin Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan |
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The Motherhood Wage Penalty by Work Conditions: How Do Occupational Characteristics Hinder or Empower Mothers? American Sociological Review 82,4 (August 2017): 744-769. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0003122417712729 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Job Hazards; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Occupations; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Mothers are shown to receive lower wages than childless women across industrial countries. Although research on mothers' wage disadvantage has noted that the extent of this disadvantage is not universal among mothers, it has paid relatively little attention to how the structural characteristics of jobs moderate the price women pay for motherhood. Using data from 16 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that began in 1997, we examine how the pay gap between mothers and non-mothers varies by occupational characteristics. Deriving hypotheses from three prominent explanations for the motherhood wage penalty--stressing work-family conflict and job performance, compensating differentials, and employer discrimination, respectively--we test whether this penalty changes with an occupation's exposure to hazardous conditions, schedule regularity, required on-the-job training, competitiveness, level of autonomy, and emphasis on teamwork. Results from fixed-effects models show that the wage reduction for each child is less in occupations with greater autonomy and lower teamwork requirements. Moreover, mothers encounter a smaller penalty when their occupations impose less competitive pressure. On the whole, these findings are consistent with the model focusing on job strain and work-family conflict, adding evidence to the importance of improving job conditions to alleviate work-family conflict. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Janet Chen-Lan Kuo. "The Motherhood Wage Penalty by Work Conditions: How Do Occupational Characteristics Hinder or Empower Mothers?" American Sociological Review 82,4 (August 2017): 744-769.
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| 7. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan |
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Time Is Money? Wage Premiums and Penalties for Time-Related Occupational Demands American Journal of Sociology 128,3 (November 2022): 820-865. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722963 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupations; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Hours/Schedule Despite research linking time-related work demands to gender inequality, the literature lacks a comprehensive analysis of wage premiums and penalties associated with differing temporal demands. Using longitudinal data and fixed-effects models that address unobserved heterogeneity among workers, we examine how various temporal constraints imposed by occupations are associated with pay. Unlike prior studies, our analysis separates an individual's working hours from an occupation's expected work time. We find pay premiums attached to the requirements for long hours and meeting frequent deadlines, but we find wage penalties for occupations that require much temporal coordination and allow little work-structuring discretion. Schedule irregularity is linked to lower pay for women but higher pay for men. Thus, differing remuneration logics appear to apply to different time-related occupational demands. The analysis also indicates that the premium for the occupation's work-time expectation is lower for women, particularly professional and managerial women, even after considering their actual working hours. We suggest that employers' suspicion of women's ability to comply with their occupation's work-time norm, which is likely more pronounced for professional and managerial women, might contribute to these results. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Janet Chen-Lan Kuo. "Time Is Money? Wage Premiums and Penalties for Time-Related Occupational Demands." American Journal of Sociology 128,3 (November 2022): 820-865.
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| 8. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Sun, Shengwei |
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Fertility Responses to Individual and Contextual Unemployment: Differences by Socioeconomic Background Demographic Research 39 (25 October 2018): 927-962. Also: https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol39/35/default.htm Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Unemployment; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: In this study we specifically ask whether fertility timings in the United States are more sensitive to the unemployment rates of individuals' immediate surroundings or to their own unemployment. Moreover, we investigate whether young adults with different educational levels and parental resources may adjust their childbearing timing differently in response to their own employment status and local unemployment rates. Methods: Using 17 rounds of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we fit discrete-time event history models predicting men's and women's pace of childbearing. Results: The analysis indicates that relatively disadvantaged young adults, such as those with low education or parents with low education, tend to delay childbirth in response to high local unemployment rates but are less likely than the more advantaged to defer childbearing when facing their own unemployment. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Shengwei Sun. "Fertility Responses to Individual and Contextual Unemployment: Differences by Socioeconomic Background." Demographic Research 39 (25 October 2018): 927-962.
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| 9. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Sun, Shengwei |
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Race-Ethnicity, Class, and Unemployment Dynamics: Do Macroeconomic Shifts Alter Existing Disadvantages? Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 63 (October 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100422. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562418301999 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Geocoded Data; Local Area Unemployment; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment Rate; Unemployment Rate, Regional Research indicates that individuals of different races, ethnic backgrounds, and class origins differ in their unemployment rates. We know less, however, about whether these differences result from the differing groups' unequal hazards of entering or exiting unemployment and even less about how economic fluctuations moderate the ethnoracial and class-origin gaps in the long-term risks of transitioning into and out of unemployment. Using Rounds 1–17 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and event history models, we show that non-Hispanic blacks become more similar to non-Hispanic whites in their paces of entering unemployment as their local unemployment rate rises, perhaps because jobs largely closed to the former are eliminated in a greater proportion during recessions. Nonetheless, blacks’ relatively slow pace of transitioning from unemployment to having a job decelerates further with economic downturns. By contrast, Hispanics' paces of entering and exiting unemployment relative to non-Hispanic whites hardly change with local unemployment rates, despite unemployed Hispanics’ slower rate of transitioning to having a job. With respect to class origin, we find that the advantages in both unemployment entry and recovery of young men with relatively educated parents diminish with economic deterioration. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Shengwei Sun. "Race-Ethnicity, Class, and Unemployment Dynamics: Do Macroeconomic Shifts Alter Existing Disadvantages?" Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 63 (October 2019): DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100422.
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| 10. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Sun, Shengwei |
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Unemployment and Childbearing: Whose Unemployment Matters and to Whom Does It Matter? Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Unemployment; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Few studies distinguish the effects of individuals' own unemployment and their surroundings' unemployment levels on their fertility, and even fewer examine how different social groups may react to individual- and aggregate-level unemployment differently. Using data from the NLSY97 and an improved measure of local unemployment rates, we investigate how men's and women's paces of childbearing correspond to their own unemployment status and unemployment incidents around them. The analysis indicates that individuals, especially women, with more labor market disadvantages, such as having low education or parents with low education, tend to delay childbirths in response to high local unemployment rates, but they are less likely than the more advantaged to deter childbearing when facing their own unemployment. We argue that these differences reflect the fact that the disadvantaged tend to suffer more from unemployment in times of economic turmoil, while having lower prospects of economic improvement once having become unemployed. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Shengwei Sun. "Unemployment and Childbearing: Whose Unemployment Matters and to Whom Does It Matter?" Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018. |
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Yu, Wei-hsin Xu Yan, Hope |
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Effects of Siblings on Cognitive and Sociobehavioral Development: Ongoing Debates and New Theoretical Insights American Sociological Review 88,6 (November 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231210258 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Development; Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Family Characteristics; Family Dynamics; Family Environment; Family Resources; Family Size; Sibling Birth Order; Siblings; Sociobehavioral Development Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite social scientists’ long-standing interest in the influences of siblings, previous research has not settled the debates on how relevant sibship size is to child development and whether growing up with more siblings could be beneficial. Using 30 years of longitudinal data and fixed-effects models, this study offers the most comprehensive evidence on how sibship size is tied to cognitive and sociobehavioral development. We also advance the literature by systematically comparing the consequences of gaining a sibling for children with varying ordinal positions. Contrary to prior studies using selective data from limited observation spans, we find that children experience net decreases in cognitive test scores as their family size grows. At the same time, our analysis shows that sibling additions are only important to first- and second-born children’s—not later-born children’s—cognitive development. Even for the first- and second-born, the marginal effect of adding a sibling lessens with each addition. Our results thus demonstrate the time-dependent nature of family resource-dilution processes. For sociobehavioral development, the evidence indicates that having an older sibling is beneficial, but gaining a younger sibling increases behavioral problems for some (e.g., first-born children). Because more children from large families have older siblings, children from larger families exhibit less problematic behavior, on average. By uncovering the complex relationship between siblings and noncognitive development, this study also generally contributes to the sociology of family and inequality. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Hope Xu Yan. "Effects of Siblings on Cognitive and Sociobehavioral Development: Ongoing Debates and New Theoretical Insights." American Sociological Review 88,6 (November 2023).
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| 12. |
Yu, Wei-hsin Xu Yan, Hope |
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Maternal Age, Early Childhood Temperament, and Youth Outcomes Demography published online (26 October 2022): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10293348. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/doi/10.1215/00703370-10293348/319572/Maternal-Age-Early-Childhood-Temperament-and-Youth Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Mothers; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Demographers and family researchers have long debated whether early childbearing has negative consequences on the offspring, but few have considered that the benefits of delayed childbearing (or the lack thereof) may not be universal. Using sibling data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults, we investigate how the relevance of mothers' age at childbirth to youth outcomes (academic performance, years of education completed, and psychological distress) may differ for youth whose early-childhood behavioral disposition (i.e., temperament) indicated varying degrees of insecure attachment. Results from family fixed-effects models, which take into account much of the unobserved heterogeneity among families, show that having an older mother is associated with improved educational and psychological outcomes for youth with a rather insecure early temperament. In contrast, mothers' age at childbirth hardly matters for children with a secure disposition. Further analysis indicates that the moderating effect of maternal age cannot be explained by the mother's first-birth timing, education, work status, income, or family stability. Older mothers' higher likelihood of prior child-rearing experience explains part of the older-mother advantage for temperamentally insecure children. However, the aging process, which equips older mothers with enhanced maturity, more calmness, and therefore greater capacity to overcome adversities, seems to account for the smaller detrimental effects of an insecure disposition on their children. |
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Bibliography Citation
Yu, Wei-hsin and Hope Xu Yan. "Maternal Age, Early Childhood Temperament, and Youth Outcomes." Demography published online (26 October 2022): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10293348.
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