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Author: Hara, Yuko

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1.	Yu, Wei-hsin Hara, Yuko
1.	Motherhood Penalties and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms Demography 58,1 (2021): 247-272. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/1/247/167586/Motherhood-Penalties-and-Fatherhood-Premiums Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Fatherhood; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite much interest in how parenthood contributes to the gender pay gap, prior research has rarely explored firms' roles in shaping the parenthood pay penalty or premium. The handful of studies that investigated parenthood's effects within and across firms generally compared parents and their childless peers at a given time and failed to account for unobserved heterogeneity between the two groups. Such comparisons also cannot inform how having children may alter individuals' earnings trajectories within and across firms. Using 26 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and fixed-effects models, we examine how being a mother or father is linked to earnings growth within and across firms. We find that women's pay decreases as they become mothers and that the across-employer motherhood penalty is larger than the within-employer penalty. By contrast, fatherhood is associated with a pay premium, and the within-employer fatherhood premium is considerably greater than the across-employer one. We argue that these results are consistent with the discrimination explanation of the motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium. Because employers are likely to trust women who become mothers while working for them more than new recruits who are mothers, their negative bias against mothers would be more salient when evaluating the latter, which could result in a larger between-organizational motherhood penalty. Conversely, employers' likely greater trust in existing workers who become fathers than fathers they hire from elsewhere may amplify their positive bias favoring fathers in assessing the former, which could explain the greater within-firm fatherhood premium.
	Bibliography Citation Yu, Wei-hsin and Yuko Hara. "Motherhood Penalties and Fatherhood Premiums: Effects of Parenthood on Earnings Growth Within and Across Firms." Demography 58,1 (2021): 247-272.

2.	Yu, Wei-hsin Hara, Yuko
2.	Parenthood and Earnings Changes Within and Across Organizations: How Do Women's and Men's Experiences Differ? Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination; Gender Differences; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Men; Wages, Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite much interest in the effect of parenthood on the gender inequality in pay, research rarely compares how having children contributes to wage changes within and across firms for women and men. Using 26 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and fixed-effects models, we examine how women's and men's starting pay across organizations vary according to parenthood status and whether parenthood alters their earnings within each employer spell. We find a motherhood penalty across employing organizations, but not within organizations. Conversely, the transition to fatherhood increases earnings within organizations, but not across organizations. We argue that these results are most consistent with the discrimination perspective, because a negative bias against mothers is likely to be more salient when employers set wages for new recruits than for existing employees, whereas a positive bias favoring fathers should be more prominent when employers judge existing employees than they do new workers.
	Bibliography Citation Yu, Wei-hsin and Yuko Hara. "Parenthood and Earnings Changes Within and Across Organizations: How Do Women's and Men's Experiences Differ?" Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019.

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