Search Results

View Selected Citations Select and View All Search Citations

Source: Criminology

Resulting in 26 citations.

1.	Apel, Robert John Bushway, Shawn D. Brame, Robert Haviland, Amelia Nagin, Daniel S. Paternoster, Raymond
1.	Unpacking the Relationship Between Adolescent Employment and Antisocial Behavior: A Matched Samples Comparison Criminology 45,1 (February 2007): 67-97. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00072.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Crime; Employment, In-School; Employment, Part-Time; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study reexamines the consistent linkage between first-time employment at age 16 during the school year and problem behaviors. Group-based trajectory modeling is used to stratify youths based on their developmental history of crime and substance abuse. Data (N = 1,185) were taken from the first five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Contrary to most prior research, results revealed no overall effect of working on either criminal behavior or substance abuse. There is some indication, however, that work may have a salutary effect on these behaviors for some individuals who had followed trajectories of heightened criminal activity or substance abuse prior to their first-time employment.
	Bibliography Citation Apel, Robert John, Shawn D. Bushway, Robert Brame, Amelia Haviland, Daniel S. Nagin and Raymond Paternoster. "Unpacking the Relationship Between Adolescent Employment and Antisocial Behavior: A Matched Samples Comparison." Criminology 45,1 (February 2007): 67-97.

2.	Apel, Robert John Kaukinen, Catherine
2.	On the Relationship Between Family Structure and Antisocial Behavior: Parental Cohabitation and Blended Households Criminology 46,1 (February 2008): 35-70. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00107.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Formation; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; Household Composition; Parents, Non-Custodial Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the last several decades, the American family has undergone considerable change, with less than half of all adolescents residing with two married biological parents. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we construct an elaborate measure of family structure and find considerable heterogeneity in the risk of antisocial and delinquent behavior among groups of youth who reside in what are traditionally dichotomized as intact and nonintact families. In particular, we find that youth in "intact" families differ in important ways depending on whether the two biological parents are married or cohabiting and on whether they have children from a previous relationship. In addition, we find that youth who reside with a single biological parent who cohabits with a nonbiological partner exhibit an unusually high rate of antisocial behavior, especially if the custodial parent is the biological father. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Criminology is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.
	Bibliography Citation Apel, Robert John and Catherine Kaukinen. "On the Relationship Between Family Structure and Antisocial Behavior: Parental Cohabitation and Blended Households." Criminology 46,1 (February 2008): 35-70.

3.	Arum, Richard Beattie, Irenee Rose
3.	High School Experience and the Risk of Adult Incarceration Criminology 37,3 (August 1999): 515-539. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00495.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Education; Event History; High School; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Market Demographics; Life Course; Unemployment Rate, Regional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study assesses the effects of high school educational experiences on the risk of incarceration for young men aged 19-36 using event history analysis and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. High school education serves as a defining moment in an individual's life course. Young men who enroll in secondary occupational course work significantly reduce their likelihood of incarceration both overall and net of differences in the adult labor market. High school student/teacher ratios and student composition also significantly affect an individual's risk of incarceration.
	Bibliography Citation Arum, Richard and Irenee Rose Beattie. "High School Experience and the Risk of Adult Incarceration." Criminology 37,3 (August 1999): 515-539.

4.	Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth Doherty, Elaine Eggleston
4.	When the Ties that Bind Unwind: Examining the Enduring and Situational Processes of Change Behind the Marriage Effect Criminology 51,2 (May 2013): 399-433. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12008/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Crime; Divorce; Life Course; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Despite the continued growth of research demonstrating that marriage promotes desistance from crime, efforts aimed at understanding the mechanisms driving this effect are limited. Several theories propose to explain why we observe a reduction in offending after marriage including identity changes, strengthened attachments, reduced opportunities, and changes to routine activities. Although mechanisms are hard to measure, we argue that each proposed mechanism implies a specific change process, that is, whether the change that ensues after marriage is enduring (stable) or situational (temporary). Drawing on a medical model framework, we cast the role of marriage as a treatment condition and observe whether the effect of marriage is conditional on staying married or whether the effect persists when the “treatment” is taken away (i.e., divorce). We use 13 years of monthly level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), a nationally representative sample containing close to 3,000 individuals with an arrest history, to examine changes in relationship status and arrest from adolescence into young adulthood. Estimates from multilevel within-individual models reveal greater support for situational mechanisms in that divorce is detrimental particularly for those in longer marriages; yet they also reveal important caveats that suggest a closer examination of the marriage effect. This research adds to the growing body of knowledge regarding the marriage effect by redirecting desistance research away from asking if marriage matters to asking how marriage affects desistance. A better understanding of this change process has important implications for criminal justice policy.
	Bibliography Citation Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth and Elaine Eggleston Doherty. "When the Ties that Bind Unwind: Examining the Enduring and Situational Processes of Change Behind the Marriage Effect." Criminology 51,2 (May 2013): 399-433.

5.	Bryan, Brielle
5.	Support Seeking, System Avoidance, and Citizenship: Social Safety Net Usage After Incarceration Criminology published online (03 October 2023). Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12351 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; Rights Claiming; System Avoidance; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Scholars have long described the American penal state and welfare state as joined by a common logic of social marginalization. But researchers have only recently begun to explore how the individuals who pass through the carceral system also interact with welfare state programs. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, in this article, I explore how formerly incarcerated individuals make claims on the welfare state and how participation varies across social programs and states, as well as by race, drawing on theories of social welfare rights-claiming and system avoidance. In so doing, I provide the first nationwide estimates of the extent to which previously incarcerated adults use social safety net resources. I find that participation in welfare programs varies with incarceration history, program structure, and race. Rather than finding patterns consistent with system avoidance, I find that previously incarcerated White Americans seem to engage in active rights claiming, participating in public assistance programs more than similarly eligible never-incarcerated counterparts. All formerly incarcerated individuals, however, have limited access to more generous social insurance programs, and the shift to an increasingly employment-based social safety net seems likely to further limit access to the welfare state for the growing population of Americans leaving prison.
	Bibliography Citation Bryan, Brielle. "Support Seeking, System Avoidance, and Citizenship: Social Safety Net Usage After Incarceration." Criminology published online (03 October 2023).

6.	DeMarco, Laura Dwyer, Rachel E. Haynie, Dana L.
6.	The Accumulation of Disadvantage: Criminal Justice Contact, Credit, and Debt in the Transition to Adulthood Criminology published online (19 August 2021): DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12286. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12286 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Criminal Justice System; Debt/Borrowing; Disadvantaged, Economically; Transition, Adulthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Social exclusion of those with criminal justice experience increasingly includes a financial component, but the structure of disadvantage in credit and debt remains unclear. We develop a model of financial disadvantage in debt holding during the transition to adulthood among justice-involved groups. We study cumulative criminal justice contact and debt holding by age 30 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). The NLSY97 cohort transitioned to adulthood during an era of historically high criminal justice contact, with many experiencing arrests, convictions, and incarceration. We develop a distinct measurement approach to cumulative criminal justice contact by age 30 that captures variation between young adults in the severity of justice encounters in the early life course. We conceptualize financial disadvantage as a lower likelihood of holding debt that facilitates property and attainment investments and a higher likelihood of holding higher cost debts used for consumption or emergencies. We find that those with the most punitive criminal justice contact evidence the most disadvantageous form of debt holding, potentially exacerbating social exclusion. We consider the implications of the accumulation of financial disadvantage for our understanding of criminal justice contact as a life-course process.
	Bibliography Citation DeMarco, Laura, Rachel E. Dwyer and Dana L. Haynie. "The Accumulation of Disadvantage: Criminal Justice Contact, Credit, and Debt in the Transition to Adulthood." Criminology published online (19 August 2021): DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12286.

7.	Dornfeld, Maude Kruttschnitt, Candace
7.	Do the Stereotypes fit? Mapping Gender-Specific Outcomes and Risk Factors Criminology 30,3 (1992): 397-419. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01110.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Differences; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. It has generally been accepted that boys and girls differ in their behavioral and emotional responses to stressful family events. These gender differences could be due to either different family risk factors affecting boys and girls or to boys coping differently in response to the same negative family events. These two alternative hypotheses form the basis of our analysis. Specifically, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we assess whether and how (I) marital discord, (2) marital stability and change, (3) harsh discipline, and (4) maternal deviance impact three different outcomes for males and females: delinquency, alcohol use, and depression. Multivariate analyses reveal that, although females generally display more vulnerabilities to specific dimensions of family life than males, the responses to these risk factors are not constrained to gender-stereotypic outcomes
	Bibliography Citation Dornfeld, Maude and Candace Kruttschnitt. "Do the Stereotypes fit? Mapping Gender-Specific Outcomes and Risk Factors." Criminology 30,3 (1992): 397-419.

8.	Fisher, Benjamin W. Widdowson, Alex O.
8.	Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of School Suspension for Arrest Criminology 61 3 (11 August 2023): 622-653. Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12344 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Arrests; Black Studies; Critical Race Theory; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Hispanic Studies; Labeled Students; Labeling Theory; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; School Suspension/Expulsion; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory has emerged as the predominant explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that the symbolic label conferred along with a suspension shapes how other people perceive and respond to labeled students. Few studies, however, have attended to racial/ethnic differences in this process even though critical race theory suggests the consequences of suspension likely differ across racial/ethnic groups due to prevailing racial/ethnic stereotypes. This study uses six waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (N = 8,634) to examine how the relationship between suspension and subsequent arrest differs for White, Black, and Hispanic students. Using a series of within-person analyses that control for time-stable personal characteristics, this study finds that suspension amplifies Black and Hispanic students' risk of arrest relative to that of White students. White students' risk of arrest was not amplified by suspension and, in some models, was diminished. This study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the labeling process as different by race/ethnicity and indicate that suspension is particularly harmful for Black and Hispanic relative to White students.
	Bibliography Citation Fisher, Benjamin W. and Alex O. Widdowson. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of School Suspension for Arrest." Criminology 61 3 (11 August 2023): 622-653.

9.	Forrest, Walter Hay, Carter Widdowson, Alex O. Rocque, Michael
9.	Development of Impulsivity and Risk‐seeking: Implications for the Dimensionality and Stability of Self‐control Criminology 57,3 (August 2019): 512-543. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12214 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Crime; Risk-Taking; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Gottfredson and Hirschi's self‐control theory, introduced in 1990, they contend that self‐control is a unidimensional construct that develops early in childhood and remains stable throughout the life span. According to findings reported in recent research, however, these arguments are now being challenged, with scholars pointing to ways in which self‐control may be multidimensional in nature and may change beyond the period of alleged stabilization. In this study, we draw on Steinberg's dual systems model, introduced in 2008, to consider this issue further. We examine that model's two key elements of low self‐control--risk‐seeking and impulsivity--to determine whether they are empirically distinguishable from one another and have differing developmental trajectories from childhood to early adulthood. We also consider the consequences of changes in risk‐seeking and impulsivity for within‐individual changes in crime. We examine these issues with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) for individuals from 10 to 30 years old. The results of our analyses show support for a multidimensional and dynamic conception of self‐control—from age 10 to age 30, risk‐seeking and impulsivity are empirically distinct and develop in divergent ways that are consistent with the dual systems model. Changes in risk‐seeking and impulsivity also affect changes in crime, but their effects vary with age and changes in the other element. We discuss these findings and their implications for self‐control and the development of life‐course criminology.
	Bibliography Citation Forrest, Walter, Carter Hay, Alex O. Widdowson and Michael Rocque. "Development of Impulsivity and Risk‐seeking: Implications for the Dimensionality and Stability of Self‐control." Criminology 57,3 (August 2019): 512-543.

10.	Hay, Carter Forrest, Walter
10.	Self-Control Theory and the Concept of Opportunity: The Case For A More Systematic Union Criminology 46,4 (November 2008): 1039-1072. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00135.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this study is to advance the idea that low self-control — one of the strongest known predictors of crime—likely has effects that are conditional on the supply of criminal opportunities. Some scholars initially interpreted the theory to make this exact prediction, but Gottfredson and Hirschi (2003) have rejected this interpretation. They have insisted that the simplistic nature of most crimes ensures that opportunities are limitless and that variation in opportunity simply reflects variation in self-control. We trace the history of this uncertain position of opportunity in self-control theory and argue that it should play a significant role in the theory, even if Gottfredson and Hirschi did not originally envision this. Next, we draw on routine activities theory and applications of it to individual offending to offer a theoretical statement of how opportunity should be incorporated into self-control theory. Last, using data from a national sample of juveniles, we test the arguments that have been made. The analysis suggests that the effects of low self-control on delinquency partially depend on the availability of criminal opportunities, as indicated by the time juveniles spend with their friends or away from the supervision of their parents.
	Bibliography Citation Hay, Carter and Walter Forrest. "Self-Control Theory and the Concept of Opportunity: The Case For A More Systematic Union." Criminology 46,4 (November 2008): 1039-1072.

11.	Hay, Carter Forrest, Walter
11.	The Development of Self-Control: Examining Self-Control Theory's Stability Thesis Criminology 44,4 (December 2006): 739-774. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00062.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on self-control theory consistently supports its central prediction that low self-control significantly affects crime. The theory includes other predictions, however, that have received far less scrutiny. Among these is the argument that self-control is developed early in childhood and that individual differences emerging then persist over time. The purpose of this study is to provide a rigorous test of the stability thesis. First, we examine the extent of stability and change in self-control for a national sample of U.S. children age 7 to age 15. Second, we consider whether parenting continues to affect self-control during adolescence--a period after the point at which self-control differences should be fixed. The analysis revealed strong absolute and relative stability of self-control for more than 80 percent of the sample, and this stability emerged in large part as early as age 7. Contradicting the theory was a smaller portion of respondents (roughly 16 percent) who experienced substantial absolute and relative changes in self-control even after the age of 10. Moreover, parental socialization continued to affect self-control during adolescence, even after accounting for both prior self-control and exposure to parental socialization.
	Bibliography Citation Hay, Carter and Walter Forrest. "The Development of Self-Control: Examining Self-Control Theory's Stability Thesis." Criminology 44,4 (December 2006): 739-774.

12.	Hill, Gary D. Crawford, Elizabeth M.
12.	Women, Race, and Crime Criminology 28,4 (November 1990): 601-626. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01340.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Control; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Geographical Variation; Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Self-Reporting; Sex Roles; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An investigation of whether black and white female criminality results from the same antecedent variables, based on self-reports of criminal involvement from the 1979-1980 NLS (N = 992 black and 2,878 white females, ages 18-23). Factors analyzed were social control, urbanism, strain, gender liberation and socialization, self-concept, deprivation, and maturation. Holding the race variable constant, findings show that social-psychological factors have a significant effect on white female criminality, whereas for black females, more significant effects are derived from structural/deprivation forces. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
	Bibliography Citation Hill, Gary D. and Elizabeth M. Crawford. "Women, Race, and Crime." Criminology 28,4 (November 1990): 601-626.

13.	Jarjoura, G. Roger
13.	Does Dropping Out of School Enhance Delinquent Involvement? Results from a Large-Scale National Probability Sample Criminology 31,2 (May 1993): 149-172. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01126.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study seeks to improve on previous research on the relationship between dropping out of school and later involvement in delinquency. Using data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the analysis addresses two problems with prior studies in this area: (I) By controlling for many variables that may account for observed dropout-delinquency associations, it is possible to explore the possibility that the relationship may be spurious (2) By examining the effects of different reasons for dropping out, the study avoids the assumption that dropouts are a homogeneous group. Results indicate that the effect of dropping out of school on later offending is more complicated than previous research leads one to believe. In addition, dropping out does not always enhance the likelihood of a person's later delinquent involvement.
	Bibliography Citation Jarjoura, G. Roger. "Does Dropping Out of School Enhance Delinquent Involvement? Results from a Large-Scale National Probability Sample." Criminology 31,2 (May 1993): 149-172.

14.	Larson, Matthew Sweeten, Gary
14.	Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Romantic Dissolution, Offending, and Substance Use During the Transition to Adulthood Criminology 50,3 (August 2012): 605-636. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00272.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Crime; Dating; Delinquency/Gang Activity; General Strain Theory; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent studies have directed attention to the nature of romantic involvement and its implications for offending over the life course. However, this body of research has overlooked a defining aspect of nonmarital romantic relationships: Most come to an end. By drawing on insights from general strain theory, the age-graded theory of informal social control, and research on delinquent peer exposure, we explore the impact of romantic dissolution on offending and substance use during late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we arrive at three general conclusions: 1) Experiencing a breakup is directly related to a range of antisocial outcomes; 2) the effect of a breakup is dependent on post-breakup relationship transitions; and 3) a breakup is associated with increases in offending and substance use among males and in substance use among females. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for the future of research on romantic involvement and crime over the life course.
	Bibliography Citation Larson, Matthew and Gary Sweeten. "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Romantic Dissolution, Offending, and Substance Use During the Transition to Adulthood." Criminology 50,3 (August 2012): 605-636.

15.	Porter, Lauren C. DeMarco, Laura
15.	Beyond the Dichotomy: Incarceration Dosage and Mental Health Criminology 57,1 (February 2019): 136-156. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12199 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The findings from a growing body of research reveal that incarceration is detrimental for both physical and mental health. Incarceration, however, is typically conceptualized and operationalized as a dichotomy; individuals either have, or have not, been incarcerated. Considering that incarceration can range from one day to several years, a dichotomous measure may be overlooking important variations across lengths of exposure. In addition, most inmates are incarcerated more than once. In this study, we help to fill this gap by examining the relationship between incarceration dosage, measured as time served and number of spells, and mental health among a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997. By using fixed‐effects modeling, we find that the number of spells and the months incarcerated are positively related to mental health symptoms and the likelihood of depression. The association, however, is contingent on whether a respondent is currently or formerly incarcerated. Among current inmates, more time served is expected to improve mental health and the number of spells is unrelated to either outcome.
	Bibliography Citation Porter, Lauren C. and Laura DeMarco. "Beyond the Dichotomy: Incarceration Dosage and Mental Health." Criminology 57,1 (February 2019): 136-156.

16.	Pyrooz, David Cyrus McGloin, Jean Marie Decker, Scott H.
16.	Parenthood as a Turning Point in the Life Course for Male and Female Gang Members: A Study of Within-Individual Changes in Gang Membership and Criminal Behavior Criminology 55,4 (November 2017): 869-899. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12162/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Parenthood Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The impact of parenthood on leaving a street gang is not well understood. This is likely because researchers in prior studies have not accounted for multiple dimensions of gang exit, possible gender differences, and potential selection bias. In this study, we use a sample of 466 male and 163 female gang members from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 to consider the within-individual relationship between changes in parenthood and changes in claiming gang membership and offending. These data offer the opportunity to consider gender differences and birth parity (i.e., first or second child). The results from a series of fixed-effects models reveal that motherhood is associated with enduring reductions in both the odds of claiming gang membership and the rate of offending, whereas fatherhood has a temporary beneficial impact on gang membership and offending only for those fathers who reside with their children. In most cases, the beneficial effect of having a child rests in becoming a parent for the first time. On the whole, our study findings demonstrate that parenthood serves as a turning point for a particular group of noteworthy offenders—gang members.
	Bibliography Citation Pyrooz, David Cyrus, Jean Marie McGloin and Scott H. Decker. "Parenthood as a Turning Point in the Life Course for Male and Female Gang Members: A Study of Within-Individual Changes in Gang Membership and Criminal Behavior." Criminology 55,4 (November 2017): 869-899.

17.	Ramey, David
17.	The Influence of Early School Punishment and Therapy/Medication on Social Control Experiences during Young Adulthood Criminology 54,1 (February 2016): 113-141. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12095/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children, Mental Health; Criminal Justice System; Depression (see also CESD); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Racial Differences; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Suspension/Expulsion Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The use of suspensions and expulsions by American public school administrators has increased dramatically over the past 40 years. Meanwhile, a growing number of childhood misbehaviors have been diagnosed by doctors as medical conditions and are being treated with therapy or medication. As these trends develop at different rates for boys of different racial and ethnic groups, the connection between childhood and adult social control remains untested empirically. By using a prospective panel of 3,274 White, Black, and Hispanic males (15,675 person-years) and multilevel logistic models, I examine whether and how school punishment and/or the use of therapy or medication during childhood contributes to involvement in the criminal justice or mental health systems during young adulthood. The findings suggest that school punishment is associated with greater odds of involvement in the criminal justice system but not the mental health system. The use of therapy and/or medication during childhood is associated with higher odds of involvement in the mental health system but not the criminal justice system. Finally, although the relationship between school punishment and involvement with the criminal justice system is similar for White, Black, and Hispanic men, the relationship between medicalized social control during childhood and young adulthood is stronger for Whites than for non-Whites.
	Bibliography Citation Ramey, David. "The Influence of Early School Punishment and Therapy/Medication on Social Control Experiences during Young Adulthood." Criminology 54,1 (February 2016): 113-141.

18.	Siennick, Sonja E.
18.	Tough Love? Crime and Parental Assistance in Young Adulthood Criminology 49,1 (February 2011): 163-195. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00221.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Parental Investments Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The writer explored the limits of others' willingness to help offenders by analyzing parents' financial assistance of grown offending and nonoffending offspring. Data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health showed that despite their strained relationships with their parents, young adult offenders received more parental assistance than do their nonoffending peers and even their own nonoffending siblings. This was partly because they tend to have a variety of other life circumstances that trigger parental assistance. The writer suggested that parents' reactions to offending offspring are curtailed by role norms and obligations of familial duty.
	Bibliography Citation Siennick, Sonja E. "Tough Love? Crime and Parental Assistance in Young Adulthood." Criminology 49,1 (February 2011): 163-195.

19.	Simpson, Sally S. Elis, Lori
19.	Doing Gender: Sorting Out the Caste and Crime Condundrum Criminology 33,1 (February 1995): 47-81. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01171.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Differences; Mobility, Social; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Studies; Self-Reporting; Social Environment; Social Roles; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Explorations of the relationship between inequality and crime have examined the significance of class, gender, and racial oppression, but few theorists have considered how gender and racial oppression moderate etiological factors predictive of delinquency. Reviewing the literature in this area, several research hypotheses are generated regarding the formation of hegemonic masculinities and femininities within social institutions (work, family, peer groups, and schools), the ways in which "doing gender" must be modified by race, and the relationship among social structure, social action, and delinquency. In addition, self-report data (N = 4,578 juveniles) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979/80) are used to test the research hypotheses. The results indicate that gender and race do in fact modify independent-variable effects on property and violent delinquency. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Simpson, Sally S. and Lori Elis. "Doing Gender: Sorting Out the Caste and Crime Condundrum." Criminology 33,1 (February 1995): 47-81.

20.	Sweeten, Gary Bushway, Shawn D. Paternoster, Raymond
20.	Does Dropping Out Of School Mean Dropping Into Delinquency? Criminology 47,1 (February 2009): 47-91. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00139.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Ethnic Differences; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Hispanic Youth; Racial Differences; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Approximately one third of U.S. high-school freshmen do not earn their high-school diploma on time. For African-American and Hispanic students, this figure nearly reaches one half. The long-term economic consequences of dropping out of school for both the student and the larger community have been well documented. It has also been argued that school dropouts put themselves at a higher risk for delinquent and criminal behavior when they leave school. Although it seems plausible that dropping out might increase the potential for delinquent conduct, another view states that dropping out is simply the final event in a long, gradual process of disenchantment and disengagement from school. Dropouts show evidence of school failure and developmental problems years in advance. It has been argued, therefore, that the actual event of finally leaving school has no causal effect on criminal or delinquent behavior because it has been so long in coming. In this article, we examine the effect of leaving school early, and the reason for dropping out, on delinquent behavior with the use of panel data models from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY97). Through an appeal to identity theory, we hypothesize that the effect of dropping out is not uniform but varies by the reason for leaving school, gender, and time. This conjecture receives only partial empirical support. Implications for future work in the area are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Criminology is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)
	Bibliography Citation Sweeten, Gary, Shawn D. Bushway and Raymond Paternoster. "Does Dropping Out Of School Mean Dropping Into Delinquency?" Criminology 47,1 (February 2009): 47-91.

21.	Thompson, Melissa Uggen, Christopher
21.	Dealers, Thieves, and the Common Determinants of Drug and Nondrug Illegal Earnings Criminology 50,4 (November 2012): 1057-1087. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00286.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Crime; Drug Use; Earnings; Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Supported Work Demonstration Project Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drug crime often is viewed as distinctive from other types of crime, meriting greater or lesser punishment. In view of this special status, this article asks whether and how illegal earnings attainment differs between drug sales and other forms of economic crime. We estimate monthly illegal earnings with fixed-effects models, based on data from the National Supported Work Demonstration Project and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Although drug sales clearly differ from other types of income-generating crime, we find few differences in their determinants. For example, the use of cocaine or heroin increases illegal earnings from both drug and nondrug crimes, indicating some degree of fungibility in the sources of illegal income. More generally, the same set of factors—particularly legal and illegal opportunities and embeddedness in criminal and conventional networks—predicts both drug earnings and nondrug illegal earnings.
	Bibliography Citation Thompson, Melissa and Christopher Uggen. "Dealers, Thieves, and the Common Determinants of Drug and Nondrug Illegal Earnings." Criminology 50,4 (November 2012): 1057-1087.

22.	Vogel, Matt South, Scott J.
22.	Spatial Dimensions of the Effect of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Delinquency Criminology 54,3 (August 2016): 434-458. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12110/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research examining the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and adolescent offending typically examines only the influence of residential neighborhoods. This strategy may be problematic as 1) neighborhoods are rarely spatially independent of each other and 2) adolescents spend an appreciable portion of their time engaged in activities outside of their immediate neighborhood. Therefore, characteristics of neighborhoods outside of, but geographically proximate to, residential neighborhoods may affect adolescents' propensity to engage in delinquent behavior. We append a spatially lagged, distance-weighted measure of socioeconomic disadvantage in "extralocal" neighborhoods to the individual records of respondents participating in the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (N = 6,491). Results from negative binomial regression analyses indicate that the level of socioeconomic disadvantage in extralocal neighborhoods is inversely associated with youth offending, as theories of relative deprivation, structured opportunity, and routine activities would predict, and that the magnitude of this effect rivals that of the level of disadvantage in youths' own residential neighborhoods. Moreover, socioeconomic disadvantage in extralocal neighborhoods suppresses the criminogenic influence of socioeconomic disadvantage in youths' own neighborhoods, revealing stronger effects of local neighborhood disadvantage than would otherwise be observed.
	Bibliography Citation Vogel, Matt and Scott J. South. "Spatial Dimensions of the Effect of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Delinquency." Criminology 54,3 (August 2016): 434-458.

23.	Widdowson, Alex O. Hay, Carter Siennick, Sonja E.
23.	Romantic Partners and Young Adult Offending: Considering the Role of Partner's Socioeconomic Characteristics Criminology published online (09 January 2021): DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12265. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12265 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Arrests; Cohabitation; Marital Status; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this study, we examined whether and to what extent the effects on offending of marriage and different types of cohabitating partnerships depend on the romantic partner's socioeconomic status (SES). Such research addresses a key gap in knowledge regarding potential heterogeneity of effects on behavior of romantic partnerships. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we examined the within‐individual effects of three romantic partner's socioeconomic characteristics--education, employment, and income--on offending from ages 18 to 34. Results revealed that marriage was related to reductions in arrest only for those whose spouse was employed (full or part time) and had income. In contrast to marriage, partner SES was not related to arrest among those who cohabited with a partner they never married. Additionally, partner SES was often associated with reductions in arrest among those who cohabited with a partner they later married, but the reductions were statistically indistinguishable across levels of partner SES. Lastly, these effects were experienced similarly for low‐ and high‐SES individuals alike, and no gender differences were detected in these effects. Our findings suggest that important life events such as marriage and cohabitation can be behavior‐altering transitions, but the effects of these events are variable.
	Bibliography Citation Widdowson, Alex O., Carter Hay and Sonja E. Siennick. "Romantic Partners and Young Adult Offending: Considering the Role of Partner's Socioeconomic Characteristics." Criminology published online (09 January 2021): DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12265.

24.	Widdowson, Alex O. Jacobsen, Wade C. Siennick, Sonja E. Warren, Patricia Y.
24.	Together Despite the Odds: Explaining Racial and Ethnic Heterogeneity in Union Dissolution after Incarceration Criminology 58,1 (February 2020): 129-155. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12232 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Ethnic Differences; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The U.S. incarceration rate rose dramatically over the past 45 years, increasing the number of marriages and cohabiting unions disrupted by a jail or prison stay. But as some have pointed out, not all unions dissolve as a result of incarceration, and there seems to be racial-ethnic variation in this tendency, with Blacks displaying higher rates of dissolution than Whites and Hispanics. Yet it is unclear what explains racial–ethnic differences in union dissolution among the incarcerated. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we examine why racial-ethnic differences in union dissolution exist among a sample of individuals who had a marital or a cohabiting union interrupted by an incarceration spell. In doing so, we draw on social exchange theory and structural and cultural theories to suggest that racial-ethnic disparities in union dissolution are explained by differential exposure to protective relationship characteristics. The results of Cox hazard models reveal that Blacks have significantly higher hazards of union dissolution than do Whites and Hispanics. These results also indicate that being married, having a child together, having full‐time employment, a longer union duration, and a shorter incarceration spell may protect against dissolution and that these factors account, in part, for the greater risk of dissolution among Blacks relative to Whites and Hispanics.
	Bibliography Citation Widdowson, Alex O., Wade C. Jacobsen, Sonja E. Siennick and Patricia Y. Warren. "Together Despite the Odds: Explaining Racial and Ethnic Heterogeneity in Union Dissolution after Incarceration." Criminology 58,1 (February 2020): 129-155.

25.	Widdowson, Alex O. Siennick, Sonja E. Hay, Carter
25.	The Implications of Arrest for College Enrollment: An Analysis of Long-Term Effects and Mediating Mechanisms Criminology 54,4 (November 2016): 621-652. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12114/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Arrests; College Enrollment; High School Completion/Graduates; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws on labeling theory and education research on the steps to college enrollment to examine 1) whether and for how long arrest reduces the likelihood that high-school graduates will enroll in postsecondary education and 2) whether any observed relationships are mediated by key steps in the college enrollment process. With 17 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) and propensity score matching, we derived matched samples of arrested and nonarrested but equivalent youth (N = 1,761) and conducted logistic regression and survival analyses among the matched samples to examine the short- and long-term postsecondary consequences of arrest. The results revealed that arrest reduced the odds of 4-year college enrollment directly after high school, as well as that high-school grade point average and advanced coursework accounted for 58 percent of this relationship. The results also revealed that arrest had an enduring impact on 4-year college attendance that extended into and beyond emerging adulthood. Two-year college prospects were largely unaffected by arrest. These findings imply that being arrested during high school represents a negative turning point in youths' educational trajectory that is, in part, a result of having a less competitive college application. Implications are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Widdowson, Alex O., Sonja E. Siennick and Carter Hay. "The Implications of Arrest for College Enrollment: An Analysis of Long-Term Effects and Mediating Mechanisms." Criminology 54,4 (November 2016): 621-652.

26.	Wright, John Paul Cullen, Francis T.
26.	Parental Efficacy And Delinquent Behavior: Do Control And Support Matter? Criminology 39,3 (August 2001): 677-705 . Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00937.x/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Control; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recently, the concept of "collective efficacy" has been advanced to understand how communities exert control and provide support to reduce crime. In a similar way, we use the concept of "parental efficacy" to highlight the crime reducing effects associated with parents who support and control their youth. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we examine the inter-relationship between parental controls and supports and their joint influence on youthful misbehavior. The results show that (1) support and control are intertwined, and (2) that parental efficacy exerts substantive effects on adolescent delinquency for the sample as a whole and across varying age groups. Using data from the 1992 wave of the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this study examined the interrelationship between parental controls and supports and their joint influence on youthful misbehavior.
	Bibliography Citation Wright, John Paul and Francis T. Cullen. "Parental Efficacy And Delinquent Behavior: Do Control And Support Matter?" Criminology 39,3 (August 2001): 677-705 .

Admin