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Source: Journal of Law and Economics

Resulting in 4 citations.

1.	Carneiro, Pedro M. Heckman, James J. Masterov, Dimitriy V.
1.	Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors Journal of Law and Economics 48,1 (April 2005): 1-40. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/426878 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Bias Decomposition; Children, Academic Development; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math) This paper investigates the relative significance of differences in cognitive skills and discrimination in explaining racial/ethnic wage gaps. We show that cognitive test scores for exams taken prior to entering the labor market are influenced by schooling. Adjusting the scores for racial/ethnic differences in education at the time the test is taken reduces their role in accounting for the wage gaps. We also consider evidence on parental and child expectations about education and on stereotype threat effects. We find both factors to be implausible alternative explanations for the gaps we observe. We argue that policies need to address the sources of early skill gaps and to seek to influence the more malleable behavioral abilities in addition to their cognitive counterparts. Such policies are far more likely to be effective in promoting racial and ethnic equality for most groups than are additional civil rights and affirmative action policies targeted at the workplace.
	Bibliography Citation Carneiro, Pedro M., James J. Heckman and Dimitriy V. Masterov. "Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors." Journal of Law and Economics 48,1 (April 2005): 1-40.

2.	Chou, Shin-Yi Rashad, Inas Grossman, Michael
2.	Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity The Journal of Law and Economics 51,4 (November 2008): 599-618. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/590132 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Market Level Data; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Television Viewing; Variables, Instrumental; Weight Childhood obesity is an escalating problem around the world that is especially detrimental as its effects carry on into adulthood. In this paper we employ the 1979 Child–Young Adult National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate the effects of television fast-food restaurant advertising on children and adolescents with respect to being overweight. A ban on these advertisements would reduce the number of overweight children ages 3–11 in a fixed population by 18 percent and would reduce the number of overweight adolescents ages 12–18 by 14 percent. The elimination of the tax deductibility of this type of advertising would produce smaller declines of between 5 and 7 percent in these outcomes but would impose lower costs on children and adults who consume fast food in moderation because positive information about restaurants that supply this type of food would not be completely banned from television.
	Bibliography Citation Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad and Michael Grossman. "Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity." The Journal of Law and Economics 51,4 (November 2008): 599-618.

3.	Lakdawalla, Darius N.
3.	The Economics of Teacher Quality Journal of Law and Economics 49,1 (April 2006): 285-329. Also: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JLE/journal/issues/v49n1/490104/490104.web.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Schooling; Skilled Workers; Teachers/Faculty; Technology/Technological Changes; Wage Rates Concern is often voiced about the quality of American schoolteachers. This paper suggests that, while the relative quality of teachers is declining, this decline may be the result of technological changes that have raised the price of skilled workers outside teaching without affecting the productivity of skilled teachers. Growth in the price of skilled workers can cause schools to lower the relative quality of teachers and raise teacher quantity instead. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth demonstrates that wage and schooling are good measures of teacher quality. Analysis of U.S. census microdata then reveals that the relative schooling and experience-adjusted relative wages of U.S. schoolteachers have fallen significantly from 1940 to 1990. Moreover, class sizes have also fallen substantially. The declines in class size and in relative quality seem correlated over time and space with growth in the relative price of skilled workers.
	Bibliography Citation Lakdawalla, Darius N. "The Economics of Teacher Quality ." Journal of Law and Economics 49,1 (April 2006): 285-329.

4.	Sabia, Joseph J. Nguyen, Thanh Tam Mackay, Taylor Dave, Dhaval
4.	The Unintended Effects of Ban-the-Box Laws on Crime Journal of Law and Economics 64,4 (November 2021): DOI: 10.1086/715187. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/715187 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Discrimination; Geocoded Data; State-Level Data/Policy Ban-the-box (BTB) laws, which prevent employers from asking prospective employees about their criminal histories at initial job screenings, are intended to increase employment opportunities and reduce incentives for crime. This study is the first to comprehensively explore the relationship between BTB laws and arrests. Using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, we find that BTB laws are associated with a 16 percent increase in criminal incidents involving Hispanic male arrestees. This finding is supported by parallel analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and is consistent with BTB-law-induced job loss due to employer-based statistical discrimination. We find less evidence that BTB laws increase property crime among African American men. Supplemental analyses from the American Community Survey suggest that barriers to welfare participation among Hispanic men may partially explain this result. Our estimates suggest that BTB laws generate approximately $350 million in additional annual crime costs.
	Bibliography Citation Sabia, Joseph J., Thanh Tam Nguyen, Taylor Mackay and Dhaval Dave. "The Unintended Effects of Ban-the-Box Laws on Crime." Journal of Law and Economics 64,4 (November 2021): DOI: 10.1086/715187.

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