Older Men cohort
Decisions about retirement were a main focus of the Older Men surveys. This section first discusses questions about the actual retirement and disability income received by Older Men respondents and their family members. It then describes the series of questions addressed to respondents still in the work force about their expected income and pension benefits after retirement. Finally, this section considers the wide variety of questions asked of respondents regarding their retirement plans, experiences, and attitudes.
Actual pension, retirement, and disability income
Some information about pension income in the previous calendar year was collected in every survey except 1968. In general, most surveys asked about income from a government pension and income from other sources, such as a private employer pension. However, there were variations in the amount of detail recorded and the family members in the household to whom the questions applied. Similarly, every survey except 1968 asked about receipt of Social Security or Railroad Retirement benefits, although the family members referred to in the questions varied across surveys. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the topics and universes of the Older Men pension and Social Security income data collection.
|
Survey year |
Universe | Data collected |
|---|---|---|
|
1966 |
Any family member | Total amount from federal, state, and local government pensions |
|
1967, 1969 |
Any family member | Total amount from government pensions Total amount from all other pensions |
|
1971, 1976 |
Any family member; amounts recorded separately for respondent, wife, and other members | Total amount from government pensions Total amount from all other pensions |
|
1973, 1975 |
Respondent only | Total amount from all pensions |
|
1978 |
Respondent and wife; amounts recorded individually | Total amount from all pensions; sources recorded but amounts by source not specified |
|
1980 |
Respondent and wife; amounts recorded individually | For each of following sources, amount received and whether it had increased, decreased, or remained the same in past 2 years: local government private employer state government union Armed Forces personal plan other federal government other source |
|
1981 |
Respondent and wife & Other family members |
Same as 1980 Total amount from all sources |
|
1983, 1990 |
Respondent and wife (or widow and current husband in 1990) | Same as 1980 |
In addition to the information described in the table, the 1966 survey asked whether any family member was eligible for a pension from a source other than the government; actual income amounts from such a pension were not collected. For the respondent only, the 1971 and 1976 other retirement pension series included a series of follow-up questions that identified how many employer-provided pensions the respondent was receiving. For the pension providing the largest income, this series then gathered the age that pension receipt began, the number of service years completed when benefits began, whether retirement occurred voluntarily, and whether the pension would have been larger had work continued with that employer. Specific information on the type of pension plan (e.g., defined benefit, defined contribution) was not collected for this cohort.
|
Survey year |
Universe | Social Security/Railroad Retirement data | Disability income data |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1966, 1967 |
Any family member | Total amount | Amount in each category, recorded for respondent and for all other family members combined: Social Security Disability Veteran's compensation Workers' compensation Aid to the Blind/Permanently Disabled Other |
|
1969, 1971 |
Any family member | Amounts recorded separately for respondent, wife, and other members | Same as 1966/1967 |
|
1973, 1975 |
Respondent only | Total amount | -- |
|
1976, 1981 |
Any family member | Amounts recorded separately for respondent, wife, and other members | Same as 1966/1967, but Aid to the Blind/Permanently Disabled dropped |
|
1978, 1980 |
Respondent & wife | Total combined amount | -- |
|
1983 |
Respondent & wife | Total amount each received individually | Same as 1976/1981 |
|
1990 |
Respondent & wife (or widow & current husband) | Total combined amount if received combined check; otherwise recorded separate amounts | Same categories as 1976/1981; amount of each type received recorded separately for respondent and spouse |
A set of retrospective questions was fielded in 1983 that gathered information on whether the respondent and/or his wife had ever applied for or ever received Social Security Disability benefits, whether benefits had ever been or were currently being received, and, if not, the year such benefits were last received. The 1990 survey of living respondents and of widows of deceased respondents also recorded information regarding on whose work record Social Security/Railroad Retirement benefits were based.
Important information: Imputed values
Researchers should note that imputed income values are available for 476 of the 503 respondents who were missing Social Security/Railroad Retirement benefit amounts from the 1981 data collection; see variables R05271.10 and R05477.10.
For all income categories, including pensions, Social Security, and disability payments, the 1990 sample person and widow questionnaires gathered information on total amounts received during both the 1989 calendar year and the month before the interview.
Expected pension and retirement income
Several surveys collected information about the income respondents expected to receive after retirement. The initial survey asked whether respondents would be eligible to receive Social Security benefits and whether they would receive retirement benefits from another source. If so, the type of source was recorded (e.g., government, private employee, personal plan, military).
Expected pension benefits for those respondents who were working for a private employer or the government were explored in more detail in 1969, 1971, and 1976. The 1969 survey simply asked whether the respondent expected to receive income from a pension provided by his employer. An expanded series in 1971 and 1976 elicited anticipated retirement ages when the respondent would be eligible for full and reduced benefits, as well as the corresponding monthly income amounts. The respondent was also asked if he would be eligible to receive a benefit and the amount if he were to leave his job today or to retire today. In addition to expected pension benefits, the 1971 and 1976 surveys collected information about the respondent's expected income from Social Security/Railroad Retirement. The respondent reported whether these benefits would be a source of income for him (and his wife) when he reached retirement age; if so, an expected monthly income amount was gathered. Finally, the 1971 and 1976 surveys asked respondents to report the total amount of monthly or yearly retirement income they expected to receive from all sources.
The 1981 survey collected the most detailed information about expected retirement income. In this interview, respondents who had not yet retired were read a list of 10 possible sources of income and asked whether they expected to receive income from each source. Possible income sources included Social Security/Railroad Retirement, current employer pension, past employer pension, personal pension plan, investments, money from children or relatives, Supplemental Security Income, other welfare payments, rental income, or another source. The respondent then reported whether he was eligible to receive Social Security benefits and the amount per month he and his wife expected to receive. Also fielded in 1981 were a series of questions on the respondent's wife's retirement plans and whether she expected to receive income from Social Security (based on her own work record) or from an employer-provided pension; separate amounts for the wife were not collected. Finally, considering all of these sources, including Social Security information already provided, respondents reported their total expected retirement income on either a yearly or monthly basis. Follow-up questions requested information on how much of this total income would come from a current employer pension, a past employer pension, or from Social Security/Railroad Retirement benefits.
Important information: Retirement income sources
Researchers should be aware that the same list of 10 sources of retirement income was addressed to two different universes of respondents based on whether they planned to retire; the two series of questions must be combined if information about all respondents is desired.
For a discussion of retirement attitudes and experiences, see the Job Satisfaction & Work Attitudes section.
| Survey Instruments & Documentation | Retirement and pension questions were asked in the "Assets and Income," 1966 "Retirement Plans," 1971 and 1976 "Plans for the Future," and 1981 "Retrospective Work History" questionnaire sections; the "Income" section of the 1990 sample persons questionnaire; and the "Income" and "Medical Care Prior to Death" sections of the 1990 widow's questionnaire. |
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Young Men cohort
Because they were still fairly young when interviews with this cohort were discontinued, no information on eligibility for or income from pensions and Social Security was collected for these respondents. Limited information on disability income was gathered and is discussed below.
Social Security Disability/Other Disability Payments
During most survey years, disability income was included within the "income from other sources" questions--question wording did not differentiate disability income from rental, interest, or dividend income. In 1966-71 and 1976, this question about other income referred to both the respondent and his wife and asked about "income as a result of disability or illness." The 1973 survey, which referred only to the respondent's income, asked the respondent to report the total amount of other income and up to three sources; coding categories included "disability pension including Workman's Compensation" and "Social Security insurance, gifts from family members, royalties, and inheritances." The 1975, 1978, and 1980 surveys did not include any specific references to disability income but did contain an "other income" question. Finally, the most detailed information was collected in 1981. This survey asked for the amount of income received from Veteran's compensation or pension, Worker's compensation, Social Security disability, and any other disability payments. Amounts were recorded separately for each type of payment and for the respondent and his wife.
Important information: Other income sources
Like other multiple response ("check all that apply") questions, the 1973 other income sources question was coded using a geometric progression format. Program statements to unpack such variables are presented in Appendix C: How to Unpack Multiple Entries.
| Related Variables | The "Geographic Mobility" section of the 1981 Young Men questionnaire collected information on the effect of the respondent's move to his current residence on (1) the seniority rights of the respondent or spouse and (2) the retirement plans of the respondent or spouse. Coding categories delineated whether the respondent/spouse had lost some, none, or all seniority or pension/retirement rights or whether he or she had no seniority or retirement rights before the move. The fringe benefit series included "retirement pension program" as one of the benefits made available by a current or past employer to respondents of the Young Men cohorts. Availability should not be confused with actual coverage under a pension plan or receipt of pension benefits. |
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| Survey Instruments | The "Assets and Income" section of the relevant questionnaires. |