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Author: Becker, Brian E.

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1.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
1.	Teenage Locus of Control and Adult Unemployment Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Unemployment; Unemployment, Youth; Work Attitudes This study examines the relationship between locus of control and subsequent unemployment experience for a national probability sample of teenagers. Using multiple regression analysis to control for a variety of individual differences, the influence of "internal-external" attitudes held as a teenager on subsequent unemployment experience in the adult labor market is determined. The results support the notion that "external" teenagers can be expected to experience longer periods of unemployment in the future relative to "internals". In addition, though not entirely conclusive, there is evidence that I-E is an important determinant of black-white unemployment differentials.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Teenage Locus of Control and Adult Unemployment." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979.

2.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
2.	Teenage Unemployment: Some Evidence of the Long-Run Effects on Wages Journal of Human Resources 15,3 (Summer 1980): 354-372. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145288 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Job Training; Teenagers; Unemployment; Unemployment, Youth; Wages While the issue of teenage unemployment has received a great deal of attention by policy-makers and the popular press, there is little systematic research on the long-run effects of this experience. This study attempts to address this question by examining the influence of teenage unemployment on subsequent wage rates. The study finds that for the average out-of-school youth, teenage unemployment has little effect on the wages earned as a young adult eight years later. In general, the experience is a positive one for white and black youth, though more so for the former. While extended teen unemployment diminishes these benefits for both races, only black youth suffer a drop in subsequent wages. There is indirect evidence that government training programs offset part of the effect of long-term teenage unemployment. Note: This was originally a report from the Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, February 1979.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Teenage Unemployment: Some Evidence of the Long-Run Effects on Wages." Journal of Human Resources 15,3 (Summer 1980): 354-372.

3.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
3.	The Long-Run Effects of Job Changes and Unemployment Among Male Teenagers Journal of Human Resources 18,2 (Spring 1983): 197-212. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145482 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Mobility; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Wages Drawing on the Young Men's cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys, we examine the long-run effects of teenage labor market experience on subsequent adult wages. Our study expands on earlier work by considering the effects of both unemployment and job mobility during the period of transition from school to work. We conclude that the net effect of job-switching during the teen years is a positive one for both blacks and whites. Furthermore, we find that the "scarring" effects of teen unemployment are overstated and that short periods of unemployment are associated with higher average wages some 8-10 years later. Finally, the net effect of teenage labor market experience on subsequent wages is positive for both races, though more so for blacks. The black teen labor market experience actually serves to narrow the subsequent black/ white wage differential.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "The Long-Run Effects of Job Changes and Unemployment Among Male Teenagers." Journal of Human Resources 18,2 (Spring 1983): 197-212.

4.	Becker, Brian E. Hills, Stephen M.
4.	Youth Attitudes and Adult Labor Market Activity Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 20,1 (January 1981): 60-70. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1981.tb00182.x/abstract Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Employment; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Schooling; Teenagers; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this article, the authors focus on a widely used attitudinal construct--locus of control--to examine the role of personal motivation and initiative in the labor market experiences of young men. The objectives are to estimate the influence of locus of control on subsequent employment and nonemployment experience and, where such a relationship is established, to extend the results to the issue of the extent to which racial differences in teenage work attitudes are predictive of subsequent racial differences in unemployment. Specifically, the authors examine the nature of relationships between internal-external control measured in the first years of labor market experience (17-20 years old) and subsequent labor market experience during the initial years in the adult labor market seven years later.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Stephen M. Hills. "Youth Attitudes and Adult Labor Market Activity." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 20,1 (January 1981): 60-70.

5.	Becker, Brian E. Krzystofiak, Frank J.
5.	Perceived Discrimination, Work Attitudes, and Labor Market Experience Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Wages; Work Attitudes The study examines the process by which labor market discrimination influences work attitudes and in turn labor market outcomes. Using the NLS of Young Men, a two equation model is developed to estimate both the direct effect and perceived discrimination on labor market experience as well as the indirect effect on such experience via the influence of these perceptions on work attitudes (locus of control). The results suggest no direct effects of perceived discrimination on wages, employment levels or employment stability. Young blacks who perceived themselves as victims of racial discrimination, however, developed significantly more deleterious work attitudes and as a result earned slightly (3%) lower wages.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Frank J. Krzystofiak. "Perceived Discrimination, Work Attitudes, and Labor Market Experience." Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1980.

6.	Becker, Brian E. Krzystofiak, Frank J.
6.	The Influence of Labor Market Discrimination on Locus of Control Journal of Vocational Behavior 21,1 (August 1982): 60-70. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001879182900537 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Schooling; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Work History Prior research has established the existence of racial differences in locus of control as well as a relationship between labor market experience and locus of control. This study extends this line of inquiry by examining the relationship between labor market discrimination and subsequent change in locus of control. Drawing on a national probability sample (N = 2857) of young men, multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of labor market discrimination (over a 2-year period) on subsequent locus of control. The results indicate that perceptions of employment discrimination influence the level of externality among blacks, over and above racial identification. Blacks who view themselves as victims of employment discrimination experience twice the increase in externality as blacks reporting no awareness of discrimination.
	Bibliography Citation Becker, Brian E. and Frank J. Krzystofiak. "The Influence of Labor Market Discrimination on Locus of Control." Journal of Vocational Behavior 21,1 (August 1982): 60-70.

7.	Hills, Stephen M. Becker, Brian E. Bils, Mark J. D'Amico, Ronald
7.	Career Thresholds, Volume 7: Ten Years of Labor Market Experience for Young Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Family Income; Firm Size; Mobility; Training, Occupational; Transition, School to Work Nine chapters outline the following information: 1. Historical and demographic changes affecting the work lives of the 3,644 young men who were age 14-24 when first interviewed in 1966 and who remained in the sample ten years later. 2. The declining labor market opportunities of those who graduated from college with variations by degree and field of study. 3. The impact of investment in college quality for the young men, focusing on later earnings and graduate school attendance and whether the quality of the institution makes a difference in the labor market position. 4. The intensity and subsequent effectiveness of occupational training and whether the return to training compares favorably with other investment activities. 5. Labor marke
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Brian E. Becker, Mark J. Bils and Ronald D'Amico. Career Thresholds, Volume 7: Ten Years of Labor Market Experience for Young Men. Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1980.

8.	Hills, Stephen M. Becker, Brian E. Kim, Choongsoo D'Amico, Ronald
8.	Market Defenses: Early Work Decisions of Today's Middle-aged Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): College Education; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Training, Occupational; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment; Unions This report reviews the variety of protective mechanisms or market defenses which insulated the young men cohort, 1966-1978, from the uncertainties of the labor market. Discussed are: (1) the nature and consequences of teenage unemployment and the labor market choices of young males during the school to work transition period; (2) the declining labor market opportunities for college graduates; (3) investment in college quality and occupational training and its impact on earnings; and (4) changes in the relative employment and earnings opportunities of young black males.
	Bibliography Citation Hills, Stephen M., Brian E. Becker, Choongsoo Kim and Ronald D'Amico. "Market Defenses: Early Work Decisions of Today's Middle-aged Men." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1983.

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