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1.	Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Brown, Brett V. Duncan, Greg J. Moore, Kristin Anderson
1.	Child Development in the Context of Family and Community Resources: An Agenda for National Data Collections In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 27-97. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Development; Overview, Child Assessment Data In this paper we suggest specific national data collection projects that could improve research on child and adolescent development. Our explicit aim is to encourage continued expansion of both the outcome domains covered and the explanatory variables measured, to enhance the richness and quality of the data obtained, and to improve the representativeness of the samples that are drawn. These improvements would serve both the policy and academic research communities in their efforts to specify and estimate causal models of child, adolescent, and young adult behavior.
	Bibliography Citation Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Brett V. Brown, Greg J. Duncan and Kristin Anderson Moore. "Child Development in the Context of Family and Community Resources: An Agenda for National Data Collections" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 27-97.

2.	Brown, Sarah S. Eisenberg, Leon
2.	The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052300/html/index.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Contraception; Fertility; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Activity; Wantedness Excerpt from Introduction: This report is about unintended pregnancy, a general term that includes pregnancies that a woman states were either mistimed or unwanted at the time of conception. Unintended pregnancy in the United States is an important and complex problem that has significant consequences for the health and well-being of all Americans.
	Bibliography Citation Brown, Sarah S. and Leon Eisenberg. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995..

3.	Crowell, Nancy A. Leeper, Ethel M.
3.	America's Fathers and Public Policy Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/NX002718/html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Fathers; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Involvement; Teenagers From the Introduction: "The importance of fathers in children's lives has received growing recognition in recent years. This emphasis has been prompted, in part, by the growing number of families without a father present. More than one million American babies, or 1 in 4, are born each year to unmarried mothers, most of whom are in households without fathers. Estimates are that 55 to 60 percent of all children in the United States will spend some of their childhood in a single-parent household (Hernandez, 1993); that parent is usually the mother. At any given time, about 22 percent of all children under age 18 are living with only one parent. In 1992, only 14 percent of children living in single-parent households lived with their fathers, while 86 percent lived with their mothers (Seltzer, 1993)." (Source: http://bob.nap.edu/html/amerfath/chapter1.html. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1994.)
	Bibliography Citation Crowell, Nancy A. and Ethel M. Leeper. America's Fathers and Public Policy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994..

4.	Currie, Janet
4.	Effect of Welfare on Child Outcomes In: Welfare, the Family, and Reproductive Behavior: Research Perspectives. R. A. Moffitt, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children, Poverty; Children, Well-Being; Welfare NOTE: Excerpt from introduction. There is broad support for the idea that welfare should benefit poor children. Yet most reserch on welfare programs, as well as much of the debate about welfare reform, has focused on the way that parents respond to incentives created by welfare, rather than on its effects on children. Less work has been devoted to the fundamental question of whether any of the web of programs supporting poor families benefit children.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet. "Effect of Welfare on Child Outcomes" In: Welfare, the Family, and Reproductive Behavior: Research Perspectives. R. A. Moffitt, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998

5.	D'Amico, Ronald Haurin, R. Jean Mott, Frank L.
5.	Effect of Mother's Employment on Adolescent and Early Adult Outcomes of Young Men and Women In: Children of Working Parents: Experiences and Outcomes. C. Hayes and S. Kammerman, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children; Educational Attainment; Mothers; Sex Roles; Teenagers This research uses data from mother-daughter and mother-son pairs to examine the effects of mother's employment on her children's educational attainments, early adult sex role attitudes, career attainments, fertility expectations and plans to work. Measures of mother's employment include several items tapping the extent of her labor force participation when her children were still young. The models also include measures of mother's educational attainment and sex role attitudes as controls. None of the measures of mother's employment has any important effect on any of the outcome measures of either sons or daughters. However, mother's educational attainment and sex role attitudes did have some strong effects, especially for daughters.
	Bibliography Citation D'Amico, Ronald, R. Jean Haurin and Frank L. Mott. "Effect of Mother's Employment on Adolescent and Early Adult Outcomes of Young Men and Women" In: Children of Working Parents: Experiences and Outcomes. C. Hayes and S. Kammerman, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983

6.	Edmonston, B.
6.	Longitudinal Studies of Immigrants In: Statistics on US Immigration: An Assessment of Data Needs for Future Research. B. Edmonston, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Immigrants; Labor Market Surveys; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys In September 1992, the Committee on National Statistics and the Committee on Population of the National Research Council held a workshop to explore data collection and data preparation on immigration in the United States. One purpose was to assist the Immigration and Naturalization Service in developing a statistical information system, as required by the Immigration Act of 1990. The other purpose was to suggest possible improvements to the data collection and analysis efforts of federal statistical agencies and the social science research community. Using as a basis the presentations and discussions that took place, the committees make the following conclusions and recommendations. The National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, one of the sponsors of the workshop, requested that the workshop participants address the potential value of a longitudinal survey of immigrants, a type of survey that has been suggested as important for the advancement of immigration research. Participants reviewed several types of data collection for longitudinal data, spending the most time discussing the merits of a prospective sample (a survey of immigrants who are then followed over time). The purpose of the workshop discussion was to understand the value and limitations of such a survey; it was not to propose a specific survey design or to endorse the need for a longitudinal survey. Chapter 7 summarizes the discussion on the value of a longitudinal survey of immigrants, alternatives to a new survey, and some technical issues in survey design.
	Bibliography Citation Edmonston, B. "Longitudinal Studies of Immigrants" In: Statistics on US Immigration: An Assessment of Data Needs for Future Research. B. Edmonston, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996

7.	Fuligni, Allison Sidle Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne
7.	Healthy Development of Young Children: SES Disparities, Preventing Strategies, and Policy Opportunities In: Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research. B.D. Smedly and S.L. Syme, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Also: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9939.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Health; Education; Family Income; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Poverty; Socioeconomic Status (SES) In 1994, the federal government passed the Goals 2000: Educate America Act, which adopted into law six national goals for improving the education system. Foremost on this list was Goal 1: "By the year 2000, all children in America will start school ready to learn." (National Education Goals Panel, 1998). Now that the new millenium has arrived, examination of the status of young children entering school shows that we have fallen short of meeting this goal. In this paper, we explore some reasons that the nation is not appreciably nearer to achieving this laudatory outcome and offer research and policy strategies that may help move the nation in this direction.
	Bibliography Citation Fuligni, Allison Sidle and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Healthy Development of Young Children: SES Disparities, Preventing Strategies, and Policy Opportunities" In: Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research. B.D. Smedly and S.L. Syme, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.

8.	Gordon, Rachel A.
8.	Confidential Data Files Linked to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort: A Case Study In: Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data: Report of a Workshop. C. Mackie and N. Bradburn eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000: p. 59. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309071801/html/index.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Children, Well-Being; Neighborhood Effects; Residence This is a Print-On-Demand Title, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9958.html. Prior to the workshop, the papers that were prepared and presented at the workshop were available electronically from this website. However, so that the authors may incorporate revisions or publish their papers elsewhere, we have removed the papers. Copies of the versions of the workshop papers that were distributed at the workshop are still available in hard copy. Please call the Committee office, 202-334-3096, to request a copy of any or all of these papers.
	Bibliography Citation Gordon, Rachel A. "Confidential Data Files Linked to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort: A Case Study" In: Improving Access to and Confidentiality of Research Data: Report of a Workshop. C. Mackie and N. Bradburn eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000: p. 59.

9.	Hayes, Cheryl D. Palmer, John L. Zaslow, Martha J.
9.	Who Cares for America's Children? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309040329/html/index.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Care; Income; Income Distribution; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) See http://books.nap.edu/books/0309040329/html/R11.html#pagetop for an executive summary of the report. The population used in the survey is from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY): parents in this survey are generally younger aged 20 to 27 than the majority of parents who purchase child care services...Data from the 1985 NLSY showed that child care expenses were 30 to 50 percent of the family incomes of those earning under $5,000 per year...Because the NLSY collects detailed data on the youth experiences of males and females, it permits comparisons of patterns of family formation and parenting in conjunction with education and labor market experiences.
	Bibliography Citation Hayes, Cheryl D., John L. Palmer and Martha J. Zaslow. Who Cares for America's Children? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990..

10.	Hofferth, Sandra L.
10.	Children's Transition to School In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 98-121. Also: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4941.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Preschool; Children, School-Age; Health Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Health; Overview, Child Assessment Data; School Entry/Readiness Children's readiness for school has been conceptualized as "the capacity to engage actively in the learning process" (Copple et al., 1993) and as "an emerging facility to experience and shape one's environment" (National Task Force on School Readiness, 1991). Whether children arrive on their first day and every day thereafter at their fullest potential depends on factors that predate their birth, including prenatal care and maternal health habits, access to health care and exposure to high-quality care and preschool programs during their preschool years, a warm and stable family, a safe and supportive community, as well as an engaging and responsive school environment (Copple et al., 1993). Thus the transition from preschool to school encompasses the period from gestation through the primary grades. This paper takes as its focus, therefore, children from birth (or during gestation) to about age 12 or 13, the end of the elementary school years. The paper first outlines the basic scientific issues that need to be addressed by those concerned with school readiness and the transition to school. Second, it lists the federal statistical data sources that are currently available and how they address these basic issues. Third, it reviews efforts in the planning stages. Fourth, it addresses gaps in federal data collection efforts, taking into account efforts either under way or planned. A set of approaches to addressing the gaps follows. Finally, the potential role of the National Research Council in integrating and coordinating federal statistical efforts is discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Hofferth, Sandra L. "Children's Transition to School" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 98-121.

11.	Hotz, V. Joseph Scholz, John Karl
11.	Measuring Employment and Income for Low-Income Populations with Administrative and Survey Data In: Studies of Welfare Populations. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also: Discussion Paper No. 1224-01. Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, February 2001. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Employment; Income; Income Level; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Skills; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Unemployment Insurance; Wages; Welfare We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of income and employment data in national surveys, in unemployment insurance (UI) wage records, and in tax returns. The CPS, SIPP, NLS, and PSID surveys provide valuable information on the behavior of the low-income population. They have broad and fairly accurate measures of income for national samples, and their focus on families as the unit of analysis and their ease of access greatly enhance their value. The value of these data sets for evaluating welfare reform is severely limited, however. With the devolution of responsibility for TANF, the CPS and SIPP sampling frames and sample sizes mean that, at best, they can be only supplementary data sources for understanding the effects of welfare reform at the state and local levels. The apparent decline in program coverage in the CPS is also worrisome. UI data are available at the state level and can be matched to individuals in existing samples at relatively low cost. It is straightforward to do follow-up analyses on income and employment for workers who remain in the state, and UI data are timely. However, earnings are available only for individuals, while changes in family composition upon exit from welfare have been shown to have a large bearing on economic well-being. UI data do not allow us to track these changes. There also appears to be a substantial problem with some workers being classified as independent contractors and hence not entering the UI system. Overall gaps in coverage appear to be at least 13 percent and may be significantly higher. Even when wages are reported, there is some evidence that they are understated by a significant amount. We also present evidence on the degree to which tax data can be used to understand the incomes and employment of low-skilled workers. The paper concludes with brief recommendations for future research that might help fill some of the gaps we have identified.
	Bibliography Citation Hotz, V. Joseph and John Karl Scholz. "Measuring Employment and Income for Low-Income Populations with Administrative and Survey Data" In: Studies of Welfare Populations. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

12.	Institute of Medicine
12.	WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment In: Poverty and Nutrition Risk: Chapter 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996: pp. 41-51. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309053854/html/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Poverty; Welfare The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides specific supplemental foods, nutrition education, and social service and health care referrals to low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5 years who are at nutrition risk. The WIC program is based on the premise that many low-income individuals are at risk of poor nutrition and health outcomes because of insufficient nutrition during the critical growth and development periods of pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. The WIC program is a supplemental food and nutrition program to help meet the special needs of low-income women, infants, and children during these periods. Income below 185 percent of the poverty level is one of the standards of eligibility for the WIC program... (Source: http://books.nap.edu/html/wic/index.html#sum. Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1996.) NLSY79 data on family income and birth outcomes such as birth weight, adequacy of pre-natal care, and infant mortality are used to show a relationship between poverty and poor pre-natal outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Institute of Medicine. "WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment" In: Poverty and Nutrition Risk: Chapter 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996: pp. 41-51.

13.	Manski, Charles F. Pepper, John V. Petrie, Carol V.
13.	Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Drug Use; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description Adequate data and research are essential to judge the effectiveness of the nation's efforts to cope with its illegal drug problem. Given the importance of the illegal drug problem and the continuing controversy about how best to confront it, there is a pressing need for the nation to assess the existing portfolio of data and research and to initiate stronger efforts where necessary. Accordingly, at the request of the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, the National Research Council established the Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs. The committee was given charge to: 1. Assess existing data sources and recent research studies that support policy analysis; 2. identify new data and research that may enable the development of more effective means of evaluating the consequences of alternative drug control policies; and 3. explore ways to integrate theory and findings from diverse disciplines to increase understanding of drug abuse and the operation of drug markets.
	Bibliography Citation Manski, Charles F., John V. Pepper and Carol V. Petrie. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2001..

14.	Moffitt, Robert A.
14.	Experience-Based Measures of Heterogeneity in the Welfare Caseload In: Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309076234/html/R1.html#pagetop Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Job Skills; Welfare This chapter examines data on the women on the welfare rolls and test whether their labor market skills differ in these ways. Tests for whether total-time-on is correlated with labor market skills are conducted, as well as whether the number of spells and their length is related to labor market skill on top of the total time-on. The characteristics of long-termers, short-termers, and cyclers are examined to determine if their labor market skills are ordered in the ranking suggested by the simple theory just described, or not. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey over the 1979-96 period, covering monthly AFDC participation experiences, are used for the analysis.
	Bibliography Citation Moffitt, Robert A. "Experience-Based Measures of Heterogeneity in the Welfare Caseload" In: Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues. M. Ver Ploeg et al., eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

15.	Moffitt, Robert A. Ver Ploeg, Michele L.
15.	Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309072743/html/R1.html#pagetop Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare With the passing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, the United States embarked on a major social experiment with its social welfare and safety net programs for the poor. The most far-reaching reform of the cash welfare system for single mothers since 1935, PRWORA replaced the federal entitlement program for low-income families and children (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, AFDC) with a state-administered block grant program, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Determining the consequences of this experiment is of great importance. Has welfare reform "worked?" What were the effects of the reforms on families and individuals? What reforms worked for whom and why? In looking toward the development of new policies to aid low-income families, which elements of the new welfare system need to be changed and which left as is? For these fundamental questions to be answered adequately, two issues need to be addressed. First, how should one go about answering these questions -- what methods should be used and what types of studies should be conducted in order to determine the effects of welfare reform? Second, what types of data are needed to measure the effects of welfare reform? Are federal and state data sources currently available sufficient to carry out needed evaluations, and, if not, what investments in that infrastructure are needed?
	Bibliography Citation Moffitt, Robert A. and Michele L. Ver Ploeg. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001..

16.	National Research Council Institute of Medicine
16.	Integrating Federal Statistics on Children Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Also: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html/R1.html#pagetop Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; NLS Description "Interest in monitoring and understanding the lives of children has grown rapidly in recent years. Fueled in part by growing pressure to hold public programs accountable for outcomes, as well as by mounting concerns about the instability and apparently worsening problems that characterize the lives of many children, those who shape our nation's child policies are increasingly looking to the federal statistical system for answers to complex questions about the development of children in today's society. At the same time, the nation is contemplating a major shift in responsibility for several major children's programs from the federal to state governments. Such a shift will place even greater demands on the capacity of national data to track and release in a timely fashion information on the effects on children's well-being of this major redirection of public resources. In it in this context that the Committee on National Statistics and the Board on Children and Families of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop to examine the adequacy of federal statistics on children and families. Through a series of background papers, discussants' remarks, and participant discussions, the workshop provided a forum for a preliminary assessment of the strengths and shortcomings of existing and proposed federal statistical data sources, particularly with respect to their capacity to fill the most pressing information needs of those who formulate, implement, and analyze policies for children."
	Bibliography Citation National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Integrating Federal Statistics on Children. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995..

17.	Newacheck, Paul W. Starfield, Barbara
17.	Monitoring Changes in Health Care for Children and Families In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 156-191. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Illness; Health Care; Health Reform; Overview, Child Assessment Data EXCERPT FROM INTRODUCTION: Monitoring and evaluating the changes that accompany health care and reforms for children, their families, and the health care system that serves them presents a formidable challenge. Fortunately, the United States possesses a system for collecting and disseminating health statistics that is the envy of most other developed countries. Even so, our health statistics programs were not designed for the purpose of monitoring and evaluating health care reform. Consequently, an assessment of their utility for this purpose is in order. In doing so, it is important to keep in mind that changes in the health care system will not affect all populations in the same manner. Children's health needs and provider networks differ from those of adults. Children's illnesses and injuries are diagnosed in the context of rapid growth and developmental processes that have no counterparts in adults. Their physiological, cognitive, and emotional maturation makes children uniquely vulnerable to certain illnesses. Their developmental vulnerabilities require heightened attention to preventative care and early diagnosis and treatment of their disorders (Jamesone and Wehr, 1993). Assessment of the current federal health statistics programs and the design of mechanisms for monitoring the effects of changes in the system must take into account these differences.
	Bibliography Citation Newacheck, Paul W. and Barbara Starfield. "Monitoring Changes in Health Care for Children and Families" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 156-191.

18.	Pallas, Aaron M.
18.	Federal Data on Educational Attainment and the Transition to Work In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 122-155. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309052491/html/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Overview, Child Assessment Data In this paper, I examine federal data on an important dimension of children's well-being: children's progress through school and into the labor force. A key challenge faced by all societies is the task of providing children with the personal qualities that enable them to become productive adult members of society...I argue that the analysis of the ways in which American youth negotiate the transition to adulthood reflects an important tension between individual trajectories and the role of social institutions. Institutionally based data are often not reflective of the set of pathways that individuals travel as they become adults. Conversely, studies of individuals independent of the organizational and institutional contexts in which they are situated may not reveal the important role that schools and employers play in structuring educational attainment and the transition into the labor force. I suggest, therefore, a need for a set of data collection mechanisms that balance data on individuals and on institutions.
	Bibliography Citation Pallas, Aaron M. "Federal Data on Educational Attainment and the Transition to Work" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 122-155.

19.	Phillips, Deborah A. Bridgman, Anne
19.	New Findings on Children, Families, and Economic Self-Sufficiency Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Family Studies; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Poverty; Welfare Presents the full text of "New Findings on Children, Families, and Economic Self-Sufficiency: Summary of a Research Briefing," a publication from the Board on Children and Families, edited by Deborah A. Phillips and Anne Bridgman. Examines issues such as ensuring self-sufficient, and whether child care subsidies help or hinder low income families' efforts to work. Contains references, a bibliography, and a list of participants. Offers access to other reports from the Board and the Board's home page. Notes that the project was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Links to the home pages of the NAS and the NAP. Excerpt from Ch.2: How Do Transitions Into and Out of Welfare Affect Children's Development? The major goal of welfare reform is to move families off of welfare and into jobs. This goal is driven by a belief in the value of financial self-sufficiency, but also by concerns about the detrimental effects of life on welfare, particularly for children. Research presented at the briefing confirms the importance of efforts to move families out of poverty, and also underscores the negative role of both poverty and welfare in the lives of children.
	Bibliography Citation Phillips, Deborah A. and Anne Bridgman. New Findings on Children, Families, and Economic Self-Sufficiency. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1995..

20.	Shonkoff, Jack P. Phillips, Deborah A.
20.	From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Also: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069882/html/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Overview, Child Assessment Data Scientists have had a long-standing fascination with the complexities of the process of human development. Parents have always been captivated by the rapid growth and development that characterize the earliest years of their children's lives. Professional service providers continue to search for new knowledge to inform their work. Consequently, one of the distinctive features of the science of early childhood development is the extent to which it evolves under the anxious and eager eyes of millions of families, policy markers, and service providers who seek authoritative guidance as they address the challenges of promoting the health and well-being of young children.
	Bibliography Citation Shonkoff, Jack P. and Deborah A. Phillips. From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000..

21.	West, Kirsten K. Hauser, Robert M. Scanlan, Terri M.
21.	Longitudinal Surveys of Children Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998. Also: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6254.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: National Academy Press Keyword(s): Overview, Child Assessment Data The Committee and the Board on Children, Youth, and Families convened in September a workshop to discuss ways to foster greater collaboration and sharing of information among principal investigators of several longitudinal surveys of children. Among many topics discussed were issues of coverage and balance of content, sampling design and weighting, measurement and analysis, field operations, legitimation and retention of cases, data disclosure and dissemination, and resources available for longitudinal studies. The workshop was sponsored by the National Institute on Justice. (Source: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6254.html. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1998.)
	Bibliography Citation West, Kirsten K., Robert M. Hauser and Terri M. Scanlan. Longitudinal Surveys of Children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998..

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