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Title: Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time
Resulting in 1 citation.
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Huang, Penelope Maria |
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Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Life Course; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Parenthood; Wage Gap; Wages This dissertation examines the interdependent and reciprocal relationship between gender inequalities in the family and gender inequalities in the workplace that each reproduce the other. The empirical regularity of the gender gap and family gap in wages has spurred several attempts to explain the relationship between parenthood and wages that contribute to the gender wage gap. Chief among these are explanations derived from neoclassical economic theories of human capital, which suggest that women's lower relative wages are a result of higher incidents of job interruptions and an inconsistent work history relative to men. Other explanations suggest that gender differences in wages are a result of institutionalized inequalities that have arisen from a "separate spheres" model of the traditional division of labor. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY 1979-1998), data are arranged into a pooled cross-section time series and a partial-adjustment model with fixed effects is employed in the examination of both immediate short-term, as well as long-term effects of job leaves, work history, marital status, and family status on men's and women's wages over time. Lifetime expected wages are estimated and a wage trajectory is projected to characterize a path of wage growth over the working life course as a function of work history, human capital, job leaves, marital status, and family status. Results support a gendered interpretation, such that the negative effect of children on women's wages persists net of work history, job interruptions, and a host of human capital controls. The long-term effect of children on women's wages results in a $0.98 hourly wage penalty to women's equilibrium wage. Further, results reveal that taking leave exacts a greater penalty to men's wages than to women's. Moreover, this effect is entirely conditional on men's employment in male-dominated occupations. That is, wage penalties for leave-taking are found only for men in male-dominated occupations, which points to the gendered nature of norms and expectations associated with work. |
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Bibliography Citation
Huang, Penelope Maria. Negotiating Gender, Work, and Family: Examining Gendered Consequences of Leave-taking over Time. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2003. |