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Author: Choi, Yool

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1.	Choi, Yool
1.	Student Employment and Persistence: Evidence of Effect Heterogeneity of Student Employment on College Dropout Research in Higher Education 59,1 (February 2018): 88-107. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-017-9458-y Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): College Dropouts; Employment, In-School; Heterogeneity; Socioeconomic Background Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores how student employment affects college persistence and how these effects differ by individual likelihood of participating in student employment. I analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 using propensity score matching and stratification-multilevel analysis. This study finds that engaging in intense work has deleterious effects on college persistence. However, these negative effects vary significantly according to likelihood of participation in intense work. The results indicate that employment has less negative impacts on completion for those most likely to participate in intense work, who are typically those from the most disadvantaged social backgrounds. This finding suggests that efforts to reduce the deleterious effects of intense work on persistence should be practiced with careful consideration for sub-populations that may have different reasons for and effects of student employment.
	Bibliography Citation Choi, Yool. "Student Employment and Persistence: Evidence of Effect Heterogeneity of Student Employment on College Dropout." Research in Higher Education 59,1 (February 2018): 88-107.

2.	Choi, Yool
2.	The Educational Expansion and Persistent Inequality: The Effects of Extra-curricular Activities on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Dropouts; Educational Outcomes; Employment, In-School; Labor Market Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the second chapter, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1997, I examine the relationship between college student employment and dropouts. Since NLSY97 is surveyed annually and includes extensive information about students' educational backgrounds such as high school academic achievements, college financial aid, and the respondent's educational history, it is particularly useful to examine how student employment affects first year attrition and bachelor's degree completion. Using PSM, I estimate the average effects of treatment on the treated and I verify evidence of the treatment effect heterogeneity of student employment on college dropout by using the stratification-multilevel and smoothing-differencing methods. In this chapter, utilizing complex counterfactuals, (e.g., intense work [20 hours or more] vs. moderate work [less than 20 hours] vs. no work), I also examine variations in the effect of work intensity on dropout. In this study, I find that engaging in intense work has deleterious effects on first-year retention and on graduation within six years; however, the effects of intense work vary by likelihood of participation in intense work. The most advantaged students--who are least likely to engage in intense work--experience the most negative consequences from intense work, while such activity is less harmful to those from disadvantaged social backgrounds. I also find that this effect heterogeneity can be attributed to different financial situations and reasons for working between advantaged and disadvantaged students. This finding has two key implications. First, advantaged students should carefully consider engaging in intense work, as it can negatively affect bachelor's degree completion. Second, although the effect of intense work is less harmful for disadvantaged students, providing sufficient financial aid to them is still an important task, as this could help them to balance the intensity of work and school life.
	Bibliography Citation Choi, Yool. The Educational Expansion and Persistent Inequality: The Effects of Extra-curricular Activities on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2015.

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