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Author: Cho, Pill Jay
Resulting in 4 citations.
1. Cho, Pill Jay
Education and Earnings of Working Women
Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists, Rural Sociology Section, Meetings, 1983
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists (SAAS)
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Human Capital Theory; Racial Differences; Rural Sociology; Schooling; Vocational Training

The human capital theory predicts, among other things, that higher investments in human capital, especially education, yield higher returns in terms of earned income. Although this theory has been questioned, it has been a dominant perspective in studies of the relationship between education and earnings. The theory is tested here as it applies to women, using the Mature Women cohort of the NLS. Education was measured in terms of: (1) highest grade attended; (2) highest grade (number of years of formal schooling) completed; and (3) number of months of vocational training received. Two measures of earnings were used: average weekly earnings and natural logarithms of the same. Analyses show that there is little or no significant direct effect of education on earnings. Only a small amount of significant indirect effect was identified. These significant indirect effects are specified in a path model. Essentially the same findings were obtained even when the analyses were performed separately for whites and blacks. No significant direct effects of education on earnings were found. As for indirect effects, they were greater for blacks than for whites, perhaps due to the fact that many white women who have higher educational levels are married and stay home. Vocational training had little or no indirect effect. Formal school education may have wider general application and therefore increases the chances of paid employment.
Bibliography Citation
Cho, Pill Jay. "Education and Earnings of Working Women." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists, Rural Sociology Section, Meetings, 1983.
2. Cho, Pill Jay
Education and Income of Women: An Analysis of NLS
Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1982
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Vocational Training

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The effects of education on earnings are not direct but indirect through employment. Level of educational attainment is a proxy for the level of some marketable "skills", which include knowledge and expertise. Education, as a proxy for skills, is used here broadly to include informal (vocational training and other learning experiences) as well as formal school education. Therefore, in testing the modified hypothesis and ascertaining whether the general proposition also holds true for women, both the number of years of school completed and the number of months of vocational training completed were used. Data were obtained from the women subset of the NLS. The effects of number of years of school completed on earnings through employment, controlling for such background variables as labor market conditions, number of children, and health conditions, were found to be significant. The effects of number of months of vocational training completed were barely significant. These findings are consistent with findings from evaluations of numerous short-term training programs, and indicate that emphasis on, and higher investments in, long-range programs under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Higher Education Act are more desirable than training programs such as WIN or CETA.
Bibliography Citation
Cho, Pill Jay. "Education and Income of Women: An Analysis of NLS." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1982.
3. Cho, Pill Jay
Work and Welfare: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1981. DAI-A 42/12, p. 5268, June 1982
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Employment; Government Regulation; Welfare

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between work and welfare. A review of the literature indicates that there are two competing hypotheses. In general, sociologists argue that people are more likely to continue working even when it is not an economical necessity because of the "meaning of work." Economists, on the other hand, insist that, at the same level of income, people tend to choose leisure rather than work. We tested the null hypothesis of no effects of welfare on work against the alternative hypothesis of negative effects using data from the NLS, because it contains rich information on both work and welfare. Since AFDC is usually the focus of the work-welfare debate, the sample was chosen from the Mature Women subset of NLS whose marital status is similar to that of AFDC mothers, i.e., all women excluding those who are "married, spouse present." Because the feedback effects of work on welfare had to be taken into account, and because we wished to use multiple indicators of the theoretical concepts, we developed a model which manifests these two important points in addition to other features of causal relations involved. Thus, we used Joreskog's maximum likelihood method (LISREL) as well as ordinary least squares method (regression analysis) to test the hypotheses mentioned above. We found little significant effects of welfare on work, while work exerts significant impact on welfare. Thus, it seems more sensible to try to reduce the welfare burden by increasing work rather than to attempt to increase work by reducing welfare.
Bibliography Citation
Cho, Pill Jay. Work and Welfare: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1981. DAI-A 42/12, p. 5268, June 1982.
4. Cho, Pill Jay
Work and Welfare: A LISREL Analysis of NLS
Presented: Toronto, Canada, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1981
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Employment; LISREL; Marital Disruption; Mothers; Research Methodology; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study concentrates on the labor supply of women whose marital status is similar to that of welfare (AFDC) mothers. The LISREL analysis uses the maximum likelihood method for estimating the unknown coefficients in a set of linear structural equations. It allows for both errors in equations (disturbances) and errors in the observed variables (measurement errors) and yield estimates of the residual covariance matrix and the measurement error co- variance matrix as well as estimates of the unknown coefficients in the structural equations, provided that all parameters are identified. The results of the LISREL analysis show that none of the control variables of labor supply has significant effects on the labor supply of welfare mothers.
Bibliography Citation
Cho, Pill Jay. "Work and Welfare: A LISREL Analysis of NLS." Presented: Toronto, Canada, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1981.