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Author: Chang, Fang-Hui (Tracy)

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1.	Chang, Fang-Hui (Tracy)
1.	A Social Psychological Model of Women's Gender-Typed Occupational Mobility Career Development International 8,1 (February 19, 2003):27-30. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=10003346&db=buh Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Emerald Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Status; Women's Roles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study develops a social psychological model to account for women's gender-typed occupational mobility. The model delineates that occupational gender composition affects women's psychological experience (experience of sex discrimination, self-efficacy, and gender role ideology), and that this psychological experience, in turn, contributes to their mobility between male-dominated and female-dominated occupations. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) of Young Women data, the study finds that occupational gender composition affects women's report of experience of sex discrimination but not self-efficacy or gender role ideology. Self-efficacy contributes to women's gender-typed occupational mobility, but experience of sex discrimination and gender role ideology do not. The direction for future research is discussed. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Chang, Fang-Hui (Tracy). "A Social Psychological Model of Women's Gender-Typed Occupational Mobility." Career Development International 8,1 (February 19, 2003):27-30.

2.	Chang, Fang-Hui (Tracy)
2.	A Social Psychological Model of Women's Gender-Typed Occupational Mobility Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1998. DAI-A 59/05, p. 1793, Nov 1998 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Ethnic Studies; LISREL; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Segregation; Racial Studies Jacobs (1989) uses the 'revolving door' metaphor to describe women's gender-typed occupational mobility. He finds that while at the aggregate level occupational gender segregation persists, individual women move between female-dominated, sex-neutral, and male-dominated occupations. This study develops a social psychological model to account for women's gender-typed occupational mobility. The model includes three social psychological processes: experience of sex discrimination, self-efficacy, and gender role ideology. I argue that compared to women in female-dominated occupations, women in male-dominated occupations are more likely to experience sex discrimination, perceive a lower level of self-efficacy, and become more traditional in their gender role ideology because of their lack of resource and definitional power in these occupations. These negative social psychological experiences then drive them out of the male-dominated occupations. The model also specifies the relationships between the experience of sex discrimination, self-efficacy, and gender role ideology. It is argued that experience of sex discrimination reduces self-efficacy and a lower level of self-efficacy in turn leads to a more traditional gender role ideology. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) of Young Women and LISREL analysis, the study found evidence of two of the hypothesized relationships. First, women in male-dominated occupations report more experience of sex discrimination; second, their lower level of self-efficacy leads to a more traditional gender role ideology. The other arguments, however, are not supported by the data. The study suggests both theoretical and methodological improvements for future research. On theoretical grounds, future studies may consider reconceptualizing the experience of sex discrimination (occupational vs interactional discrimination), self-efficacy (e.g., occupational vs interactional self-efficacy) and gender role ideology (e.g., oc cupational vs interactional gender role ideology) and identifying other social psychological factors (e.g., expectations and aspirations for male-dominated, sex-neutral, or female-dominated occupations). On methodological grounds, future studies need to obtain measures of resource and definitional power, improve the measurement of the social psychological concepts discussed above, and observe the social psychological processes and occupational mobility in a shorter interval.
	Bibliography Citation Chang, Fang-Hui (Tracy). A Social Psychological Model of Women's Gender-Typed Occupational Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1998. DAI-A 59/05, p. 1793, Nov 1998.

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