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Author: Aliprantis, Dionissi

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1.	Aliprantis, Dionissi
1.	Human Capital in the Inner City Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2010. Also: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/133 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Education; Gender; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is a large divide in the education, labor market, and personal security outcomes of black and white young males in the United States. This paper develops and estimates a dynamic model of black young males' joint decisions about schooling, labor force participation, and personal security. The formulation of the model is inspired by Elijah Anderson's ethnographic research regarding the incentives black young males face to ensure their personal security in environments where it is not provided by state institutions. I operationalize Anderson's notion of the code of the street by defining the set of skills and knowledge useful for providing personal security to be a distinct type of human capital, street capital, that agents may accumulate in my model. The model is estimated using longitudinal data from the NLSY97, which includes unusually rich information on participation in street behaviors. I use the model to quantify the influence of the code of the street on black males' schooling and labor market choices, and I examine potential policies to influence such choices. In particular, the estimated model is used to simulate a world in which children grow up in safe neighborhoods, as well as a world in which agents are given an unforeseen opportunity to freely dispose of their stocks of street capital. Under both simulations there is a dramatic rise in the share of African American males who graduate from high school and participate in the labor market. Counterfactual experiments are also performed to test the effects of wage and education subsidies. The large effects of the code of the street indicate that interpersonal violence is an empirically important factor influencing the education and labor market outcomes of black young men.
	Bibliography Citation Aliprantis, Dionissi. Human Capital in the Inner City. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 2010..

2.	Aliprantis, Dionissi
2.	Human Capital in the Inner City Job Market Paper, Department of Economics. University of Pennsylvania, November 8, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Education; Gender; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is a large divide in the education, labor market, and personal security outcomes of black and white young males in the United States. Previous empirical literature in economics explores the sources of these disparities while abstracting from non-market considerations. A smaller and mainly theoretical literature in economics has been influenced by work in sociology to study how non-pecuniary rewards affect these outcomes. This paper builds on both literatures to develop and estimate a dynamic model of black young males' joint decisions about schooling, labor force participation, and personal security. The formulation of the model is inspired by Elijah Anderson's ethnographic research regarding the incentives black young males face to ensure their personal security in environments where it is not provided by state institutions. I operationalize Anderson's notion of the “code of the street” by defining the set of skills and knowledge useful for providing personal security to be a distinct type of human capital, street capital. In the model agents decide whether to attend school, work, and engage in street behaviors, and accumulate both regular human capital and street capital through these decisions. The model also includes a probability of incarceration that depends on street behaviors. The model is estimated using longitudinal data from the NLSY97, which includes unusually rich information on participation in street behaviors. Using the estimated model, I quantify the influence of the “code of the street” on black males' schooling and labor market choices, and I examine potential policies to influence such choices. The estimated model is used to simulate a world in which children do not face incentives to engage in street behavior, which may be interpreted as allowing children to grow up in safe neighborhoods. In this world about 20% more black young men after the age of 20 choose to work, about 7% more graduate from high school, and there is also a decrease in incarceration rates. An additional counterfactual experiment is performed in which agents are given the choice at age 16, without prior knowledge, to either keep their current stocks of street capital or to set them to zero. In this scenario about 7% more black males choose either to work or to attend school, and an additional 12% choose to graduate from high school. Finally, counterfactual experiments are performed to test the effects of wage and education subsidies. Such interventions are found to have important impacts on their targeted outcomes, but little effect on street behavior or incarceration rates. The large effects from the code of the street indicate that interpersonal violence is an empirically important factor influencing the education and labor market outcomes of black young men.
	Bibliography Citation Aliprantis, Dionissi. "Human Capital in the Inner City." Job Market Paper, Department of Economics. University of Pennsylvania, November 8, 2009.

3.	Aliprantis, Dionissi
3.	Human Capital in the Inner City Working Paper 13-02, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, February 2013. Also: http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/workpaper/2013/wp1302.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Education; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Neighborhood Effects; Propensity Scores; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Black males in the United States are exposed to tremendous violence at young ages: In the NLSY97 26 percent report seeing someone shot by age 12, and 43 percent by age 18. This paper studies how this exposure to violence and its associated social isolation affect education and labor market outcomes. I use Elijah Anderson’s ethnographic research on the “code of the street” to guide the specification of a model of human capital accumulation that includes street capital, the skills and knowledge useful for providing personal security in neighborhoods where it is not provided by state institutions. The model is estimated assuming either selection on observables or dynamic selection with permanent unobserved heterogeneity. Counterfactuals from these estimated models indicate that exposure to violence has large effects, decreasing the high school graduation rate between 6.1 and 10.5 percentage points (20 and 35 percent of the high school dropout rate) and hours worked between 3.0 and 4.0 hours per week (0.15 and 0.19 σ).
	Bibliography Citation Aliprantis, Dionissi. "Human Capital in the Inner City." Working Paper 13-02, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, February 2013.

4.	Aliprantis, Dionissi
4.	Human Capital in the Inner City Empirical Economics 53,3 (November 2017): 1125-1169. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-016-1160-y Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Urbanization/Urban Living Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Twenty-six percent of black males in the USA report seeing someone shot at before turning 12. This paper investigates how black young males alter their behavior when living in violent neighborhoods, using the nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to quantitatively characterize the "code of the street" from the sociology literature. Black and white young males are equally likely to engage in violent behavior, conditional on reported exposure to violence. Education and labor market outcomes are worse when reporting exposure, unconditionally and controlling for observables. Mediators documented in the ethnography are quantitatively important in the estimated structural model.
	Bibliography Citation Aliprantis, Dionissi. "Human Capital in the Inner City." Empirical Economics 53,3 (November 2017): 1125-1169.

5.	Aliprantis, Dionissi Chen, Anne
5.	The Consequences of Exposure to Violence during Early Childhood Number 2016-03, Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, May 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Keyword(s): Childhood; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Mortality; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We investigate the impact that exposure to violence in childhood has on an individual's propensity to engage in risky behaviors later in life and their probability of dying young. We document that black young males in the United States are exposed to much more violence in early childhood than their white counterparts. We also show that exposure to violence has a strong relationship with a host of undesirable later outcomes, and that relationship tends to be the same regardless of race, household income, mother's educational attainment, or family structure.
	Bibliography Citation Aliprantis, Dionissi and Anne Chen. "The Consequences of Exposure to Violence during Early Childhood." Number 2016-03, Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, May 2016.

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