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Source: Doshisha American Studies Journal
Resulting in 4 citations.
1. Bamba, Hiroya
Black Americans and Poverty: Role of Education and Racial Discrimination in the Vicious Circle of Poverty
Doshisha American Studies Journal 15 (March 1979): 29-46
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Center for American Studies - Doshisha University
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Education; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Article is in Japanese.

This study attempts to explain role of racial discrimination in perpetuating the vicious circle of poverty of black Americans in the two major social institutions for socioeconomic upward mobility, namely, education and labor market. In section II, a survey of literature and descriptive statistics on the magnitude and determinants of racial difference in educational attainment between black and white students are presented. In section 111,economic mechanism of the labor market via which discrimination against black workers by consumers, employers, and employers adversely affects black workers' earnings and occupational distribution is explained. Cumulative effects of racial discrimination in education and in the labor market on economic returns from schooling for black males are analyzed in section IV. Based on the theory of investment in human capital and using disaggregated data from a national survry, a new hypothesis about cause of racial difference in college enrollment rates between young black and white males is empirically investigated in section V. Contrary to the traditional view which attributes low college enrollment rate of black males mainly to their low family incomes, this study asserts that their low enrollment rate is largely due to extremely low returns from one to three years of college education for them because of the racial discrimination. It is argued that there exists a low educational level equilibrium trap at one to three years of college education where net marginal returns from schooling become negative when discounted by a sufficiently large discount rate. In the presence of such a trap, many black males would not enroll in colleges unless they can afford at least four years of college education or more. Empirical results of regression analyses show a strong threshold phenomenon in the relationship between family income and college enrollment of black males indicating that many black males who have attained four years of high school do not enroll in colleges unless their family incomes reach a high threshold level. The results not only strongly support the maintained hypothesis but also imply that there will be a growing tendency of socioeconomic class separation within the black population in the future because of the trap.

Bibliography Citation
Bamba, Hiroya. "Black Americans and Poverty: Role of Education and Racial Discrimination in the Vicious Circle of Poverty." Doshisha American Studies Journal 15 (March 1979): 29-46.
2. Bamba, Hiroya
Human Resources Micro Data of the United States of America (The National Longitudinal Surveys) and a Package for Using Magnetic Tape Data
Doshisha American Studies Journal, Supplement 4 (December 1979)
Cohort(s): NLS General
Publisher: Center for American Studies - Doshisha University
Keyword(s): Research Methodology

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Editor's note: Article is in Japanese.
Bibliography Citation
Bamba, Hiroya. "Human Resources Micro Data of the United States of America (The National Longitudinal Surveys) and a Package for Using Magnetic Tape Data." Doshisha American Studies Journal, Supplement 4 (December 1979).
3. Bamba, Hiroya
Women and Labor (Part 2): Sex Discrimination in the American Labor Market
Doshisha American Studies Journal 17 (March 1981) : 31-43.
Also: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000198757/en/
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: Center for American Studies - Doshisha University
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Market Segmentation; Monopsony Employers; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

(Article in Japanese).

As a part of a continuing study of women and labor in the United States, this study analyzes, from an economic viewpoint, causes and effects of sex discrimination in the American labor market. The first section consists of a statistical survey of sex differentials in earnings, wages, returns to education, unemployment rates, and occupational distribution. In spite of the large and much publicized gains made by women in recent years, the survey reveals that not only vast economic differentials still exist between men and women but also the overall position of women relative to men has been worsening throughout the post W. W. II period. Wide-spread practices of occupational segregation by sex and crowding of women in ~ relatively small number of low-paying jobs are shown to be the main causes of the low earnings, low wages, and the high unemployment rate of women. In the second section, a review of some of the major quantitative studies of sex discrimination is presented. All of such studies have attempted to measure sex discrimination in terms of earning or wage differentials. In such attempts, occupation, on-the-job training, number of hours worked, and other factors which represent differences in productivity between men and women are held constant using various statistical techniques. However, based on the findings in the first section which suggest sex discrimination most often takes the form of limitations in access to good jobs, on-the-job training, and other occupational privileges, it is argued that quantitative studies which hold such factors constant not only underestimate the effects of sex discrimination but also that they do not grasp the problem of sex discrimination appropriately. In the third section, causes and effects of sex discrimination are theoretically discussed from the demand side. It is shown that sex discrimination is caused by multiple factors such as discriminatory tastes and preferences, statistical discrimination, discrimination by monopsonies, and discrimination by crowding women into a limited number of occupations. It is shown that such factors contribute independently and jointly in bringing about the occupational segregation and sex-stereotyping of jobs as well as earning differentials between equally productive men and women. It is argued that the massive increase in the labor force participation rate of married women in the postwar period is largely responsible for the worsening of the relative economic position of women. The argument is that married women's labor supply tends to be inelastic due to self-imposed limitations in job mobility and geographical mobility so that they are crowded into a limited number of "female" jobs in the local markets and become susceptible to monopsonistic exploitation. In the last section, causes and effects of sex discrimination are analyzed from the supply side. It is pointed out that the shortness and intermittence of women's work-life due to the childbearing responsibility adversely affect their investment in human capital both quantitatively and qualitatively and force them to crowd into low-skilled occupations. It is argued that such supply side factors help produce sex discrimination of the demand side and create a vicious circle of sex discrimination.

Bibliography Citation
Bamba, Hiroya. "Women and Labor (Part 2): Sex Discrimination in the American Labor Market." Doshisha American Studies Journal 17 (March 1981) : 31-43.
4. Bamba, Hiroya
Women and Labor: Rise in the Labor Force Participation Rate of Women in Post-War America
Doshisha American Studies Journal 16 (1980)
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: Center for American Studies - Doshisha University
Keyword(s): Employment; Labor Market Demographics; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Article is in Japanese.
Bibliography Citation
Bamba, Hiroya. "Women and Labor: Rise in the Labor Force Participation Rate of Women in Post-War America." Doshisha American Studies Journal 16 (1980).