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Title: Three Essays in Empirical Economics

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1.	Miller, Amalia Rebecca
1.	Three Essays in Empirical Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2004. DAI-A 65/09, p. 3487, Mar 2005 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Fertility; Labor Economics; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Occupations, Female; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first essay estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using national panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, and biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables for the age at which a woman bears her first child. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in career earnings, a smaller increase in wage rates, and an increase in career hours worked. The postponement wage premium is largest for college-educated women, and those in professional and managerial occupations. Conversely, using measured aptitude level as an instrumental variable for expected future earnings, we show that higher expected career earnings lead women to postpone childbearing. The second essay measures the impact of midwifery-promoting public policy on maternity care in the United States, using national Vital Statistics data on births spanning 1989–1999. State laws mandating insurance coverage of midwifery services are associated with an 11- to 17-percentage rise in midwife-attended births. The laws did not increase rates of unassisted vaginal deliveries or lead to consistent effects on maternal mortality or APGAR scores. They did, however, lead to a statistically significant drop in neonatal deaths of about 18/100,000 births. Divergence between OLS and natural experiment estimates suggests that women select into provider groups based on unobserved preferences and health. The third essay considers the effects of the 1992 antitrust case United States v. Airline Tariff Publishing Company on airline competition. As a condition of settlement, the eight defendant airlines agreed to limit their use of the ATP computer system, by refraining from practices that allegedly facilitated collusion such as pre-announcement of fares and inclusion of extraneous information in footnotes and fare codes. The post-settlement period was associated with higher ticket volume. However, growth was larger in control markets than in treatment markets affected by the settlement. Airfares fell in response to the investigation but recovered in response to the settlement. The absence of substantial product market improvements or abnormal stock returns for rival airlines is evidence that the ATP case did not improve airline competition.
	Bibliography Citation Miller, Amalia Rebecca. Three Essays in Empirical Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 2004. DAI-A 65/09, p. 3487, Mar 2005.

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