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Title: Gender and Race in Families and at Work: Fatherhood and Men's Labor Market Outcomes
Resulting in 1 citation.
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Glauber, Rebecca |
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Gender and Race in Families and at Work: Fatherhood and Men's Labor Market Outcomes Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 2007 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Census of Population; Economics of Gender; Fatherhood; Gender; Life Course; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Why does the gender gap in earnings increase over women and men's life course? Why are mothers penalized in the labor market, whereas fathers are rewarded? Most studies have answered these questions by focusing on the devaluation of women's work and on the dilemmas that mothers face in negotiating competing demands of work and families. In contrast, I focus on patterns of gender-linked advantages for men in work and families. I analyze fathers' labor market outcomes by drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 1970 to 2000 U.S. Censuses. I argue that gender structures mothers and fathers' experiences in work and families and reduces women's long-term occupational prospects and possibilities for economic independence while increasing men's. I find that gender intersects with race, class, and occupational status and leads to a larger fatherhood wage premium for relatively advantaged men (married, whites, professionals, or the college educated). For married white men, one child is associated with a $7,300 increase in annual earnings. For married black men, one child is associated with a $3,100 increase in annual earnings. Although married white men earn a premium for each additional child, married black men pay a penalty for having more than two children. Married white men also spend more time at work on the birth of a child, whereas married black men do not. These outcomes remain robust in fixed effects and instrumental variable models. They likely reflect the gender division of labor as well as employers' preferential treatment of fathers over childless men. Over the past three decades married white men have experienced a significant reduction in their fatherhood earnings premium. Married black men have not experienced any change in the small premium that they earn for having one and two children, and they have experienced an increase in the penalty that they pay for having a third child. The rise of racial inequality between married white and black fathers parallels the erosion of black men's employment stability. As gender inequality between mothers and fathers subsided over the past thirty years, racial inequality among married fathers has increased. |
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Bibliography Citation
Glauber, Rebecca. Gender and Race in Families and at Work: Fatherhood and Men's Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 2007. |