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Title: Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-Term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools

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1.	Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich
1.	Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-Term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools NBER Working Paper 14951, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14951 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Elementary School Students; Head Start; Preschool Children; Racial Differences In the 1960s and 1970s, many states introduced grants for school districts offering kindergarten programs. This paper exploits the staggered timing of these initiatives to estimate the long-term effects of a large public investment in universal early education. I find that white children aged five after the typical state reform were less likely to be high school dropouts and had lower institutionalization rates as adults. I rule out similar positive effects for blacks, despite comparable increases in their enrollment in public kindergartens in response to the initiatives. The explanation for this finding that receives most empirical support is that state funding for kindergarten crowded out participation in federally-funded early education among the poorest five year olds. […I use these data to construct an indicator for whether a respondent was likely to have attended Head Start at age five (see Appendix).⁴⁰ ⁴⁰These data were used in Garces, Thomas, and Currie (2002). The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth also asked respondents retrospective questions about Head Start enrollment in the mid-1990s, but covers only cohorts born 1960 through 1964 and does not ask about ages at which enrolled. ]
	Bibliography Citation Cascio, Elizabeth Ulrich. "Do Investments in Universal Early Education Pay Off? Long-Term Effects of Introducing Kindergartens into Public Schools." NBER Working Paper 14951, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009.

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