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Source: Innovation in Aging

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1.	Aughinbaugh, Alison Aileen
1.	The Relationship Between Female Labor Supply and Caregiving Over the Life Cycle Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036257 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Child Care; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I examine the effects of caring for others on female labor supply over the life-cycle using a fixed effect model. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), which collects information about the care of each child during his first three years and the care provided to household members during a woman’s 50s. The NLSY79 data show that women’s labor supply drops around the time a child is born and then rises, with over 50 percent working by time their children reach age 2. In addition, these data show that during their 50s, about 9 percent of women provide care to someone living in their household and that these female caregivers spend about 40 hours per week providing care. Time spent in caregiving may affect time in the labor force, and hence the ability to invest in a career and accumulate work experience and wage growth.
	Bibliography Citation Aughinbaugh, Alison Aileen. "The Relationship Between Female Labor Supply and Caregiving Over the Life Cycle." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.

2.	Frazier, Cleothia G.
2.	Working Around The Clock: The Effect of Shift Work and Sleep on Depressive Symptoms Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 655. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2417 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Shift Workers; Sleep Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. To expand prior research that reveal the independent effects of shift work and sleep on mental health, this study focuses on the interconnection between shift work, sleep, and depressive symptoms. Guided by the Stress Process Model (SPM), I examine the association between shift work and depressive symptoms and investigate whether sleep duration, sleep quality (insomnia symptoms), and sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep) mediate this relationship. Data was drawn from the age 50 health module of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort. The sample consisted of noninstitutionalized adults aged 51-60 (N=5,386). Findings show that shift workers had increased odds of short sleep, insomnia symptoms, and increased sleep latency compared to non-shift workers. Moreover, shift work was associated with increased depressive symptoms. However, part of the effect of shift work on depressive symptoms was indirect, operating through sleep. Specifically, short sleep during the week and on the weekend as well as insomnia symptoms mediated the relationship between shift work and depressive symptoms.
	Bibliography Citation Frazier, Cleothia G. "Working Around The Clock: The Effect of Shift Work and Sleep on Depressive Symptoms." Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 655.

3.	Harrati, Amal Heburn, Peter
3.	Gender Differences in the Life Course Effects of Unemployment on Mid- and Later-Life Health Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6035962 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Unemployment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. There is substantial evidence that unemployment is associated with adverse health. Given different lifetime employment patterns, these effects may differ between men and women. However, current studies often only characterize unemployment as a one-time shock, and measure the effects on health shortly thereafter. Using unique data available from The National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, we characterize employment trajectories for a nationally-representative sample of American men and women for every week of their lives between the ages of 18 and 50 years old. We then explore associations between unemployment and a number of health conditions including cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and depression at age 50--when the onset of chronic health conditions often begins—to examine the cumulative effects of unemployment over the life course on later-life health. We find that men and women have different patterns of lifetime unemployment and that these patterns have strong associations with poorer health at age 50.
	Bibliography Citation Harrati, Amal and Peter Heburn. "Gender Differences in the Life Course Effects of Unemployment on Mid- and Later-Life Health." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.

4.	Jang, Joy Bohyun Tang, Sandra
4.	Informal Caregiving and Health in Middle and Late Adulthood Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036170 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. With average life expectancy increasing, informal caregiving has become increasingly common among aging families. Much of the research in this area suggests that informal caregiving is associated with negative psychological and physical health outcomes for the caregiver. However, there is an emerging body of work indicating that these negative associations may be overstated, and that the associations may vary by gender and race. Using NLSY79 who completed Age 50 Health Module (n=7,844), we will examine how informal caregiving is associated with health in mid/late adulthood and how the association varies by race and gender of the caregiver. Preliminary results showed that caregivers (10.6% of the sample) were less likely to report good health than non-caregivers (OR=0.43, p<0.001) but African-American caregivers were more likely to report good health than other racial groups (OR=1.43, p<0.05). Our findings will contribute to better understanding of the role of informal caregiving in older adults’ health.
	Bibliography Citation Jang, Joy Bohyun and Sandra Tang. "Informal Caregiving and Health in Middle and Late Adulthood." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.

5.	Porterfield, Shirley Kwon, Eunsun
5.	Caregiving and Preparation for Retirement Innovation in Aging 3,S1 (November 2019): S382. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/3/Supplement_1/S382/5615080 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Expectations/Intentions; Gender Differences; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Saving for retirement should begin with the first job, but preparation with respect to determining a specific retirement age and plans for post-retirement life, generally occurs closer to the retirement date. However, among those who provide care for family or close friends who are elderly and/or have disabilities, retirement preparation may take a back seat to more pressing current concerns. While we know quite a lot about patterns of saving for retirement and the factors that influence those patterns, we know little about retirement expectations and patterns of thinking about and planning for the broader retirement experience, particularly among caregivers. This paper uses data from the 2008-2016 rounds of the nationally-representative 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine retirement expectations and five areas of retirement preparation (reading, using a computer app, consulting a financial planner, calculating income, or attending meetings) among employed adults (ages 51-59 in 2016) who are or are not providing care for someone in or out of their household. Longitudinal analysis finds significantly lower retirement preparation among adults caring for someone inside versus outside the household, as well as significantly lower preparation activities among female versus male caregivers. Caregiving influences employment and, in turn, the types of retirement accounts held by men and women. Although caregiving is associated with decreased retirement savings among both men and women who have pension accounts, retirement preparation activities in 2008 and 2012 are associated with higher retirement savings in 2016.
	Bibliography Citation Porterfield, Shirley and Eunsun Kwon. "Caregiving and Preparation for Retirement." Innovation in Aging 3,S1 (November 2019): S382.

6.	Porterfield, Shirley Kwon, Eunsun
6.	Caring for Children with Disabilities, Working, and Saving for Retirement over the Life Course Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 806. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2907 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Children; Disability; Labor Force Participation; Mothers; Pensions; Retirement/Retirement Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper draws longitudinal data from the nationally-representative 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1987 through 2018, using a life-course perspective and sequence analysis to identify long-term work patterns among women with children who do and do not have disabilities with an explicit focus on variations in occupational class and employment status. We found a distinctive pattern of long-term work history with five types: Full-time semi-professional to not working, Constantly not working, Semi-professional full time, Professional full time, and Not working to full time work. Results from regression analyses revealed variation in mothers' household financial preparation for retirement at late mid-adulthood. Compared with mothers who held professional full-time jobs throughout their adulthood, mothers who started full time jobs in middle age and have children with disabilities were less likely to have pension plans. Mothers of children with disabilities who left the labor force in early middle age tended to have lower retirement savings. Policy interventions to address these mothers' caregiving ability to stay engaged in the workforce and prepare for their retirement need to be explored.
	Bibliography Citation Porterfield, Shirley and Eunsun Kwon. "Caring for Children with Disabilities, Working, and Saving for Retirement over the Life Course." Innovation in Aging 6, S_1 (November 2022): 806.

7.	Thomeer, Mieke Beth Reczek, Rin
7.	Life Course Patterns and Predictors of the Relationship Between Adult Children and Their Mothers Innovation in Aging 7,IS1 (21 December 2023): 567. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1858 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Childbearing; Children; Children, Home Environment; Family History; Family Studies; Life Course; Motherhood; Mothers; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies demonstrate that the content and quality of the parent-child tie is highly variable across the life course and that multiple social factors predict different aspects of that relationship. Separate research shows that childbirth experiences (e.g., age at birth) matter for the well-being of both the mother and child. However, limited research considers how the mother’s childbearing history is associated with adult child relationships at mid-life and beyond—namely contact and emotional closeness. We use Sequence Analysis on two linked datasets—the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Young Adults (NLSY79YA) (N=1,953) to identify life course patterns of closeness and contact between adult children and their mothers. We identify six unique sequences: (1) mixed quality/contact (9.9%), (2) distant (10.0%), (3) close with decreasing contact (13.2%), (4) increasing emotional closeness with high contact (16.4%), (5) mostly close with high contact (23.2%), and (6) always close with high contact (27.3%). We use regression analysis to estimate how different aspects of the childbearing biography are associated with each category. Relationships characterized by “always close with high contact” were associated with more siblings/childbirths and older age at birth. Relationships associated with “emotionally distance” were associated with births characterized as “mistimed,” being a middle or older child, and younger age at birth. Future analysis will consider selection factors such as family histories. This project demonstrates the need for life course perspectives on the child-mother relationship, recognizing the role of childbearing histories and the important diversity within and between individuals.
	Bibliography Citation Thomeer, Mieke Beth and Rin Reczek. "Life Course Patterns and Predictors of the Relationship Between Adult Children and Their Mothers." Innovation in Aging 7,IS1 (21 December 2023): 567.

8.	Thomeer, Mieke Ross, Clifford Reczek, Rin Bijou, Christina
8.	Sequencing of Planned and Unplanned Births and Implications for Mid- and Later-Life Health among NLSY79 Women Innovation in Aging 6,S1 (November 2022): 316-317. Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1252 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Birth Preferences/Birth Expectations; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In order to provide a more holistic understanding of how birthing experiences births are associated with midlife health, we use Sequence Analysis (SA) on the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79; N=3,992) to examine how patterning of planned and unplanned births is associated with physical and mental health at ages 50 and 60 (SF-12). Preliminary analysis indicates that compared to respondents with only planned births, respondents with unplanned birth(s) followed by planned birth(s) have worse physical and mental health at midlife, but there is no difference in health for respondents with only planned births, only unplanned births, and planned birth(s) followed by unplanned birth(s). Future analysis with SA will consider how more detailed sequences (e.g., timing, number and type, ordering, spacing) are associated with these mid- and later-life health outcomes, taking into account selection factors such as childhood SES and educational attainment. This project demonstrates the need for life course perspectives on the long-term health implications of unplanned births, recognizing diversity within and between individuals.
	Bibliography Citation Thomeer, Mieke, Clifford Ross, Rin Reczek and Christina Bijou. "Sequencing of Planned and Unplanned Births and Implications for Mid- and Later-Life Health among NLSY79 Women." Innovation in Aging 6,S1 (November 2022): 316-317.

9.	Walsemann, Katrina Michelle Fisk, Calley E. Ailshire, Jennifer A.
9.	Parent and Child Factors That Predict Who Helps Young Adult Children Pay for College Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036085 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Birth Order; College Education; Grandparents; Income; Parental Investments; Tuition Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In recent decades, the cost of higher education has exceeded the pace of inflation while wages have stagnated or declined. As such, young adult children may increasingly look to their parents and other family members, including grandparents, to help them pay for college. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to determine who financially contributes to a young adult child's college education, restricting our sample to mid-life parents with at least one biological child who attended a 2-year or 4-year college and completed the college expenditures module in 2014 (n=3,525). For each college-going child, parents reported who paid for the student's tuition – student, parents, grandparents, other family members, or a combination of these. Using multinomial logistic regression, we will estimate who paid for college as a function of parents' social and economic characteristics when the child was 16 and the child's gender and birth order.
	Bibliography Citation Walsemann, Katrina Michelle, Calley E. Fisk and Jennifer A. Ailshire. "Parent and Child Factors That Predict Who Helps Young Adult Children Pay for College." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.

10.	Wolfe, Joseph D.
10.	Who's Hurt Most by Economic Shock? Exploring Heterogeneity in the Health-Related Effects of Wealth Loss Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585. Also: https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/4/Supplement_1/585/6036008 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Prior research finds evidence of an effect of negative economic shocks on health, but this growing area has not fully investigated variation in this effect. A large number of people from diverse backgrounds experience a substantial financial setback of some type, and differences related to one's gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) may influence the consequences of economic shocks on one's life such that the health-related effects of shocks vary systematically in the U.S. population. Thus, this study aims to identify the effects of multiple economic shocks on health in middle adulthood, and whether the effects of shocks on health vary by one's underlying propensity to experience the shock. The analysis uses newly developed statistical techniques from causal inference literature and over twenty-five years of biographical information from the NLSY-79. Results from the analysis help shed light on important variation in the association between negative economic shocks and health.
	Bibliography Citation Wolfe, Joseph D. "Who's Hurt Most by Economic Shock? Exploring Heterogeneity in the Health-Related Effects of Wealth Loss." Innovation in Aging 4, S1 (December 2020): 585.

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