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Source: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst

Resulting in 2 citations.

1.	Lim, Misun
1.	Motherhood Wage Penalty Across Life Course and Cohorts Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores the connections between changing family structures and economic inequalities in the United States. While previous research shows that motherhood lowers women's earnings, few studies explore how wage penalties for motherhood change over women's lives. Moreover, most research examines only the baby boomer cohort; consequentially, little is known about how millennials experience this wage penalty and how such burdens of motherhood have changed across cohorts. This study investigates whether and how the motherhood wage penalty changes both across women's life course and cohorts with these questions: (1) Does the motherhood penalty change over women's lives? (2) What are the transition patterns to motherhood among millennials? (3) Does the motherhood wage penalty vary between baby boom and millennial cohorts? and (4) What factors are associated with these variations in motherhood wage penalties? Using panel data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I found that among baby boomers child penalty increases a few years after their first childbirth and peaks with having teenagers. Baby boom mothers no longer suffer significant wage penalties during their later years of motherhood. The findings also show that marriage is associated with a greater likelihood of transitioning to motherhood among millennials. Higher education correlates with a decreased likelihood of becoming a mother among white and Latina women, but not among black women. The last set of findings indicates that millennial mothers receive smaller or no child penalties compared to baby boom mothers. Married mothers within the baby boom cohort receive the largest wage penalty while conversely their millennial counterparts enjoy a wage boost.
	Bibliography Citation Lim, Misun. Motherhood Wage Penalty Across Life Course and Cohorts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2019.

2.	Looze, Jessica
2.	The Effects of Children, Job Changes, and Employment Interruptions on Women's Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Exits; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I found motherhood reduces the hazard that women will make the types of non-family voluntary job changes that often result in wage gains. I also found that different patterns of changing jobs and exiting the labor market contributes to roughly twenty percent of the unexplained motherhood wage penalty, and moreover, these differences help to explain why the wage penalty is largest for women who bear children early in adulthood. Finally, in examining the different reasons women spend time in non-employment, I found family-related interruptions are associated with larger short-term wage penalties compared to interruptions following a layoff, but the penalties for family-related interruptions persist over the long-term only among highly educated women.
	Bibliography Citation Looze, Jessica. The Effects of Children, Job Changes, and Employment Interruptions on Women's Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2015.

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