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Author: Smith, Raymond B.
Resulting in 4 citations.
1. Smith, Raymond B.
Patterned Adolescent Socially Deviant Behavior
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 2021
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research suggests that most adolescent youth AY (AY) will engage in socially deviant behavior (SDB) beginning from ages 10-14, peak in rate of participation at 16-17, and begin to desist thereafter (ages 17 and older). AY participation in SDB varies by frequency and severity, ranging from minor acts such as smoking cigarettes to behaviors that threaten the safety of self and others. Most AY do not participate in SDB to harm, however, but instead are attempting to express autonomous function from parental and adult oversight. During adolescence, youth become aware of their physical transformation to adulthood and growing sense of self, yet they are simultaneously aware of the lack of autonomy afforded by parents and other social institutions within society. Thus, AY will participate in behavior that is deviant to what is expected them -- a self-perceived act of independence and autonomous decision-making. Because research suggests that most AY will participate in SDB, and that the frequency and severity of behavior will change during the adolescent period, describing how and when AY transition among SDB types is important to understanding and limiting harm to self, others and the community. Using a latent transition analysis and self-reported SDB indicators included within the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 survey, this study describes how AY participate in SDB types differently, and how these types change by rate and severity across the adolescent development period. Specifically, this study introduces and tests a conceptual model based on developmental and life-course criminology theory and describes transitional patterns of SDB measured at four timepoints: beginning adolescence (12-13), early adolescence (13-15), mid-adolescence (15-17) and late adolescence (17-19). Patterns of SDB among AY are further investigated through stratification of sex, which is then evaluated in separate moderation models by race/ethnicity, peer networks, socioeconomic status, and fathers parenting style. Results suggest that AY who participate in SDB can be categorized in one of four ways: : Minimal Deviant Behavior, Primarily Status Offense SDB, Moderate SDB, and Severe SBD, where members of Moderate and Severe statuses are most likely to participate in behaviors that victimize others. Although results indicated most AY were not involved in SDB during beginning adolescence, most AY participated in some form of SDB by late adolescence, where members of Moderate SDB were most likely to transition among statuses.
Bibliography Citation
Smith, Raymond B. Patterned Adolescent Socially Deviant Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 2021.
2. Smith, Raymond B.
Patterned Adolescent Socially Deviant Behavior
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal published online (4 June 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10560-022-00859-z.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10560-022-00859-z
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Based on Moffit's theory of Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior originally posited in 1993, the purpose of this study is to better understand how adolescent youth (AY) participation in socially deviant behavior (SDB) changes by severity across the adolescent development period. Using data from Waves 1-7 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, a series of latent transition analyses using twelve indicators measured at four timepoints were used for this study. The analytic sample (n = 3578) only included participants who were aged 12 and 13 in 1997 for the purpose of capturing the entire adolescent developmental period (ages 12-19 years old). Four latent statuses were identified in this study: Minimal SDB, Primarily Status Offense SDB, Moderate SDB, and Severe SBD. AY were most likely to remain within a given status between measurements except for Moderate SDB members. Transitions to more harmful statuses were most likely to occur from Moderate SDB to Severe SDB statuses. Overall, youth were most likely to transition to less harmful statuses. Membership of Moderate SDB declined continually across adolescence, while membership to Status Offense SDB continually increased across adolescence. Results suggest that most AY participate in some form of SDB while also changing their participation in SDB by type and severity throughout adolescence. When considering harm to self, others and communities, AY were most likely to participate in SDB that victimized others during early adolescence and the least likely by late adolescence.
Bibliography Citation
Smith, Raymond B. "Patterned Adolescent Socially Deviant Behavior." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal published online (4 June 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s10560-022-00859-z.
3. Smith, Raymond B.
The Influence of Parenting Style: Socially Deviant Behavior across Adolescence
Presented: Phoenix AZ, Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Conference, January 2023.
Also: https://sswr.confex.com/sswr/2023/webprogram/Paper49154.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Research suggests that most adolescent youth (AY) will engage in socially deviant behavior (SDB) beginning at ages 10-14, peak in rate of participation at 16-17, and desist thereafter. Although most AY will participate in some form of SDB, research also suggests that parenting style will moderate how often participation in SDB occurs, as well as how harmful the behavior may be to self, others or a community. Specifically, authoritative parenting style has often been correlated to less frequent and harmful AY participation in SDB as compared to authoritarian, permissive or uninvolved parenting styles. Furthermore, research also suggests that the paternal and/or maternal parenting style uniquely influences AY participation in SDB. Because research suggests that AY will participate in SDB differently as a result of paternal and/or maternal parenting style, describing how and when parenting style influences participation in SDB throughout adolescence is important to understanding and limiting harm to self, others and the community.

Methods: A series of latent transition analyses were used to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997. The analytic sample included 3578 participants aged 12 & 13 when data collection began. Prior to conducting analyses, parenting styles were isolated by type and parent, while twelve indicators of SDB measured at four timepoints were used to conduct the study (t [age 12 & 13; Wave 1], t+1 [age 13-14 & 14-15; Wave 2 & 3], t+2 [age 15-16 & 16-17; Wave 4 & 5], and t+3 [age 17-18 & 18-19; Wave 6 & 7]).

Results: Results suggests four latent statuses of SDB manifest during adolescent development period: Minimal SDB, Primarily Status Offense SDB, Moderate SDB, and Severe SBD, where members of Moderate and Severe statuses are most likely to participate in behaviors that victimize others and the community. Overall, results indicated AY with either or both parents practicing authoritative parenting were more likely to be in Minimal SDB Status, as compared to all other parenting styles, while AY with one or both authoritarian parents were more likely to be in Moderate SDB or Severe SBD statuses. With the exception of female AY, AY were most likely to escalate SDB participation by harm and frequency from t to t+1, and then gradually desist despite parenting style. Female AY participation in Moderate SDB continued to increase across adolescence when fathers practiced authoritative parenting, whereas in all other styles Female AY participation in harmful SDB decreased after t+1. Male AY participation in Moderate SDB and Severe SBD occurred in the highest proportions when one or both parents were uninvolved or authoritarian.

Bibliography Citation
Smith, Raymond B. "The Influence of Parenting Style: Socially Deviant Behavior across Adolescence." Presented: Phoenix AZ, Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Conference, January 2023.
4. Smith, Raymond B.
Youth Peer Interactions and Socially Deviant Behavior: A Study of Adolescence
Presented: Phoenix AZ, Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Conference, January 2023.
Also: https://sswr.confex.com/sswr/2023/webprogram/Paper49156.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Deviance; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Research suggests that most adolescent youth (AY) will engage in socially deviant behavior (SDB) beginning at ages 10-14, peak in rate of participation at 16-17, and desist thereafter. Although most AY will participate in some form of SDB, research also suggests that AY interaction with peers often predicts how youth participate in SDB. Some AY will choose to associate with peers specifically because of perceived SDB participation and these types of interactions are more often associated with life-course persistent offenders. Other AY will emulate peer SDB because of perceived independence from adult function and oversight, and these types of interactions are often associated with adolescent limited offenders. Because research suggests that AY will participate in SDB differently as a result of interactions with peers, describing how and when peer interaction influences participation in SDB throughout adolescence is important to understanding and limiting harm to self, others and the community.

Methods: A series of latent transition analyses were used to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997. The analytic sample included 3578 participants aged 12 & 13 when data collection began. Prior to conducting analyses, peer interaction was categorized as no SDB, Status only SDB & Serious SDB, while twelve indicators of SDB measured at four timepoints were used to conduct the study (t [age 12 & 13; Wave 1], t+1 [age 13-14 & 14-15; Wave 2&3], t+2 [age 15-16 & 16-17; Wave 4&5], and t+3 [age 17-18 & 18-19; Wave 6&7]).

Results: Results suggest four latent statuses of SDB manifest during adolescent development period: Minimal SDB, Primarily Status Offense SDB, Moderate SDB, and Severe SBD, where members of Moderate and Severe statuses are most likely to participate in behaviors that victimize others and the community. Additionally, AY peer interaction with No SDB peers were more likely to be in the Minimal SDB Status as compared to all other statuses, while AY with Serious SDB peers were more likely to be in Moderate SDB or Severe SBD statuses. AY with No SDB and Status SDB peers were very unlikely to transition to the Severe SDB status during any point of adolescence, while AY with Serious SDB peers participated in harmful SDB primarily during ages 12-15. Overall, AY were most likely to escalate SDB participation by harm and frequency from t to t+1, and then gradually desist despite peer interactions. Female interactions with Serious SDB peers were associated with higher probabilities of attacking others as compared to males, while males had higher probabilities of selling drugs as compared to females when interacting with Serious SDB peers.

Bibliography Citation
Smith, Raymond B. "Youth Peer Interactions and Socially Deviant Behavior: A Study of Adolescence." Presented: Phoenix AZ, Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) Conference, January 2023.