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Author: Mulligan, Karen Michelle

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1.	Mulligan, Karen Michelle
1.	Access to Emergency Contraception and its Impact on Fertility and Sexual Behavior Health Economics 25,4 (April 2016): 455-469. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.3163/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Abortion; Contraception; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Half of all pregnancies in the USA are unintended, suggesting a high incidence of either improper or nonuse of contraceptives. Emergency birth control (EBC) provides individuals with additional insurance against unplanned pregnancy in the presence of contraception failure. This study is the first to estimate the impact of switching EBC from prescription to nonprescription status in the USA on abortions and risky sexual behavior as measured by STD rates. Utilizing state-level variation in access to EBC, we find that providing individuals with over-the-counter access to EBC leads to increase STD rates and has no effect on abortion rates. Moreover, individual-level analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicates that risky sexual behavior such as engaging in unprotected sex and number of sexual encounters increases as a result of over-the-counter access to EBC, which is consistent with the state-level STD findings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
	Bibliography Citation Mulligan, Karen Michelle. "Access to Emergency Contraception and its Impact on Fertility and Sexual Behavior." Health Economics 25,4 (April 2016): 455-469.

2.	Mulligan, Karen Michelle
2.	Essays in Health Economics Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, May 2012 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Abortion; Birth Rate; Contraception; Geocoded Data; Insurance, Health; Sexual Behavior; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation consists of three chapters on health economics, two of which focus on contraception and the third on vaccination. Chapter one examines the impact of state-level contraception insurance coverage mandates on women's fertility outcomes. It utilizes variation in mandated insurance coverage for contraception across states and over time to determine the causal impact of insurance coverage of contraception on fertility outcomes, specifically abortion rates and birth rates. State level results indicate that a mandate decreases abortion rates by 6% in the year of introduction and decreases birth rates by 3% two years following introduction, with the magnitude of both effects remaining steady over the long run. Chapter three utilizes variations in access to emergency contraception (EC) across states to determine the impact of over the counter access on abortion rates, birth rates, and risky sexual behavior. Using state-level data, a flexible time specification finds that giving individuals over the counter access to EC reduces births and increases risky behavior, which is captured by STD rates. These effects are larger for adults compared with teenagers, however, there are not significant differential effects by race. Finally, the effects are increasing over time following the legislation.
	Bibliography Citation Mulligan, Karen Michelle. Essays in Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, May 2012.

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