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Author: Morgan, Leslie A.

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1.	Morgan, Leslie A.
1.	After Marriage Ends: Economic Consequences for Midlife Women Belmont, CA: Sage Publications, 1991 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Divorce; Income; Labor Force Participation; Marital Disruption; Marital Dissolution; Widows Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This book examines the economic transitions of mid-life women as they experience the end of marriage from separation, divorce, or widowhood. Research has typically focused on either younger women as they experienced separation/divorce or older women as they were widowed, leaving aside the issue of whether there are similarities in these outcomes. Using data drawn from the NLS of Mature Women, this study follows hundreds of women through marital transitions and examines the loss of income, changes in employment patterns, and subsequent remarriage following widowhood, separation, or divorce. There are two unique contributions of the analysis: 1) it permits direct comparison of the different marital status groups, without the difficulties imposed by serious age differences or different study designs, samples or questions; and 2) the length of time that is studied. Much of the prior research has looked only at one time period following the ending of marriage. This analysis uses repeated measurements after marriages end compared with baseline years during the marriage to establish true changes in the circumstances of mid-life women and their families. Results suggest that there are indeed parallels in the experiences of widowed and divorced women in terms of the outcomes they face after their marriages end. Incomes and their adequacy to needs both decrease substantially, with corresponding rises in poverty. Return to work and remarriage are also discussed in terms of these events. Policy issues and underlying causes in the gender/family role system point to possible avenues for preventing economic distress after marriage ends.
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. After Marriage Ends: Economic Consequences for Midlife Women. Belmont, CA: Sage Publications, 1991.

2.	Morgan, Leslie A.
2.	Economic Change at Mid-Life Widowhood: A Longitudinal Analysis Journal of Marriage and Family 43,4 (November 1981): 899-907. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/351346 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Family Resources; Marital Disruption; Poverty; Social Security; Well-Being; Widows Widowhood has been found to have a negative association with the financial well-being of women in cross-sectional studies. In this study cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses are compared in a national sample of mature women widowed in mid-life. Results of the cross-sectional analysis replicate previous findings, but longitudinal comparisons fail to demonstrate a significant decline in income or financial well-being upon the death of spouses. The data also show the anticipated shift toward major reliance on earnings of the widow and Social Security benefits. Longitudinal findings suggest that many sample members were already poor prior to widowhood; consequently, widowhood is not the major cause of poverty in this group.
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. "Economic Change at Mid-Life Widowhood: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Marriage and Family 43,4 (November 1981): 899-907.

3.	Morgan, Leslie A.
3.	Economic Well-Being Following Marital Termination: A Comparison of Widowed and Divorced Women Journal of Family Issues 10,1 (March 1989): 86-101. Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/10/1/86.abstract Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Divorce; Marital Instability; Marital Status; Poverty; Transfers, Skill; Well-Being; Widows Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Separate studies of divorced and widowed women show increased odds of becoming poor following the termination of marriage. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggest that the end of marriage is correlated with higher poverty rates. Less is known, however, about factors which influence economic well-being over time, and whether these factors are similar across the two types of marital transition. This analysis uses data from the NLS cohort of Mature Women (1967-1982) to examine the probability of becoming poor after widowhood or divorce among midlife women, and factors which influence economic well-being. Findings show that 40% of widows and over one quarter of divorced women fall into poverty for at least some time during the first five years after leaving marriage. The type of marital transition experienced by the women is not a significant factor in economic well-being, but both age and prior economic standing have positive effects.
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. "Economic Well-Being Following Marital Termination: A Comparison of Widowed and Divorced Women." Journal of Family Issues 10,1 (March 1989): 86-101.

4.	Morgan, Leslie A.
4.	Locus of Control and Marital Termination: Comparing Divorced and Widowed Women Journal of Divorce 11,3-4 (Spring-Summer 1988): 35-47. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J279v11n03_03 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Internal-External Attitude; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Dissolution; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control) Survey data collected during 1967-1982 for a nationally representative, longitudinal study of mid-life women (N = 232) are used to examine whether termination of marriage was associated with change in locus of control orientation. Orientations both before and after termination are compared for divorced and widowed women and those who remained married. Both descriptive statistics and covariance analysis reveal that locus of control was stable following transitions out of marriage and their associated changes in lifestyle, family relations, and economic status. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. "Locus of Control and Marital Termination: Comparing Divorced and Widowed Women." Journal of Divorce 11,3-4 (Spring-Summer 1988): 35-47.

5.	Morgan, Leslie A.
5.	Methodological Problems with Event Histories in Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Data: The Case of Marital Transitions in the NLS Presented: Chicago, IL, Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, 1986 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Life Course; Longitudinal Data Sets; Marital Status; Self-Reporting; Women Secondary analyses of existing longitudinal data sets allow examination of important questions on transitions over the life course. Data are available in many studies on a variety of topics other than the study's original focus. This research examines the process and problems encountered in developing 15 year marital transition histories for the NLS Mature Women's cohort. Marital status and marital history were routinely collected as important control variables. Initial examination of current marital statuses over time revealed nearly 400 patterns of response among the 3832 women respondents. Among the problems encountered were: 1) the potential for undetected transitions between surveys; 2) nonnormative sequences of self-reported marital status; 3) illogical marital status sequences; 4) interruptions in participating/missing data; and 5) gaps in retrospective question design. Steps taken to address these problems and implications for secondary analysis of panel data are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. "Methodological Problems with Event Histories in Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Data: The Case of Marital Transitions in the NLS." Presented: Chicago, IL, Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, 1986.

6.	Morgan, Leslie A.
6.	Outcomes of Marital Separation: A Longitudinal Test of Predictors Journal of Marriage and Family 50,2 (May 1988): 493-498. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352014 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Divorce; Education; Marital Stability; Marital Status; NLS Description Studies of marital separation have often combined it with divorce or assumed that separation represents only a stepping stone to other marital statuses. This analysis examines three types of separation: those leading to divorce, those leading to reconciliation, and long-term unresolved separations. Demographic variables are used to predict which women, out of those reporting any period of separation during a 15-year longitudinal panel, move toward each outcome. Data from the NLS cohort of Mature Women from 1967-1982, analyzed with logit techniques, show important differences among these groups of separating women in education, income, and race.
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. "Outcomes of Marital Separation: A Longitudinal Test of Predictors." Journal of Marriage and Family 50,2 (May 1988): 493-498.

7.	Morgan, Leslie A.
7.	Work in Widowhood: A Viable Option? Gerontologist 20,5 Part 1 (October 1980): 581-587. Also: http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/5_Part_1/581.abstract Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Marital Disruption; Widows Employment is often suggested as an important adaptive option for women who become widows. This paper evaluates the viability of working as an option for widows in mid-life. Findings from a panel of women show that relatively few widows enter the labor force, but this is due to the high percentage who are already working. Results suggest a probable overestimation of the usefulness of jobs as role replacements or income producers for widows, and an examination of other avenues of adaptation for future cohorts of widowed women.
	Bibliography Citation Morgan, Leslie A. "Work in Widowhood: A Viable Option?" Gerontologist 20,5 Part 1 (October 1980): 581-587.

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