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Author: Gregory, Paul R.

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1.	Gregory, Paul R.
1.	Educational Input and Fertility Response Final Report, National Institute of Education, 1975. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED113252&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED113252 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: National Institute of Education, U.S. Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Size; Fertility; First Birth; Marriage; Schooling; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report summarizes the most important findings in a study designed to investigate the linkages between education and fertility in the United States. The data base for this investigation is the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of women aged 30 through 44 by the Bureau of Census. The basic hypothesis is that education will affect fertility and that fertility and marriage decisions will affect educational choice. Results indicate that a woman marrying and having her first child at age 16 will complete 3.5 fewer years education than a woman who never marries. Educational choice is significantly affected by the individual's socioeconomic status--as reflected in parents' education and occupation--and by attitudes towards housework and child care activities. The total cost of children, both explicit and implicit, varies not only with family size, but also with the timing of family formation. It is apparent that if child births are delayed until the mother has completed her formal education, then the foregone education costs of fertility will be minimal. (Author/DE) Eric Document: ED113252
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R. "Educational Input and Fertility Response." Final Report, National Institute of Education, 1975.

2.	Gregory, Paul R. Moore, William J.
2.	Earnings, Occupational Choice, and the Early Years of Family Formation, White and Black Women: A Study from the NLS Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1977 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Assets; Children; Earnings; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Marriage; Occupational Aspirations; Schooling; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Work Attitudes This project emphasizes the impacts of children and economic variables upon the labor force participation, hours and weeks worked, occupational and educational choices, and market wages of young women (NLS Young Women, l4-24). We find that the presence of young children in the home has a more important impact on the labor supply of young married women than do standard economic variables and that the impact of children and economic variables such as wages and husband's income is greater for young than for the mature women NLS sample. As to market wages, we find that the presence of a child under three reduces market wages and results in a lifetime earnings loss equal to roughly two years earnings. We also find differential child effects on white and black wages. We find that occupational and educational choices of young women are strongly interrelated and are influenced by home environment and family assets. Comparisons of married and singles and whites and blacks reveal significant differences.
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R. and William J. Moore. "Earnings, Occupational Choice, and the Early Years of Family Formation, White and Black Women: A Study from the NLS." Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1977.

3.	Gregory, Paul R. Thomas, R. William
3.	A Model of Educational Choice Responses to Economic, Attitudinal, and Family Responsibility Factors Working Paper #3. Houston, TX: Fertility, Education, and Labor Force Project, University of Houston, 1975 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Fertility; Parental Influences; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the impact of socioeconomic background, attitudes, and family responsibilities on the educational choices of women. Women who undertake family responsibilities early in life tend to sacrifice education and acquisition of human capital. Striking differences occur when comparing black and white educational choice models: (1) rural blacks acquire one year less education than rural whites; (2) different black-white attitudes exist toward children: (3) the black model fails to be affected by the father's occupation; (4) black females' education is retarded more by early births and less by early marriage than is white female education; and (5) parent's education has similar effects on both black and white educational choice.
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R. and R. William Thomas. "A Model of Educational Choice Responses to Economic, Attitudinal, and Family Responsibility Factors." Working Paper #3. Houston, TX: Fertility, Education, and Labor Force Project, University of Houston, 1975.

4.	Gregory, Paul R. Thomas, R. William
4.	An Eclectic Model of Fertility: Economic, Attitudinal, and Demographic Factors Working Paper #1, Fertility, Education, and Labor Force Project, University of Houston, Houston TX, 1975 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: University of Houston Keyword(s): Chicago-Columbia Fertility; Family Income; Family Size; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Status; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The authors examine fertility determinants of married women (30-44) with spouse present. First, findings show economic variables are significant; however, non-economic variables dominate the explanation of variation in complete fertility. Second, evidence is lacking of a strong positive income effect on complete family size; however, there is substantial evidence of price effects on fertility. Third, wife's age at marriage is the single most important factor in the analysis, and attitudes toward children have a substantial effect. Finally, being black has an impact on family size in that blacks have more children. The hypothesis that completed family size varies directly with relative intergenerational income is not supported by the results.
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R. and R. William Thomas. "An Eclectic Model of Fertility: Economic, Attitudinal, and Demographic Factors." Working Paper #1, Fertility, Education, and Labor Force Project, University of Houston, Houston TX, 1975.

5.	Gregory, Paul R. Thomas, R. William
5.	Economics of Fertility, Educational Choice and Labor Force Behavior Working Draft, National Institute of Education Monograph, 1976 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: National Institute of Education, U.S. Keyword(s): Children; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Fertility; Marriage; Schooling; Simultaneity; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This monograph summarizes the findings of the investigation of the relationships among family size, educational choice, marital patterns, and labor force behavior of American women between the ages of 30 to 44 in l967. This study, which concentrates on the linkages between fertility and other aspects of household activity, seeks to integrate models of fertility and home and market activities into a comprehensive model of household behavior. To this end, we attempt to develop a household behavior model which reveals the simultaneous linkages among family size, education of parents and children, female earnings patterns, the timing of marriage, and the allocation of time for working, caring for children, and other activities.
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R. and R. William Thomas. "Economics of Fertility, Educational Choice and Labor Force Behavior." Working Draft, National Institute of Education Monograph, 1976.

6.	Gregory, Paul R. Thomas, R. William
6.	Fertility Behavior of Black and White Families: Some Evidence from the NLS Fertility, Education, and Labor Force Project, Working Paper #2. Houston, TX: University of Houston, 1975 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: University of Houston Keyword(s): Behavior; Black Family; Chicago-Columbia Fertility; Family Income; Family Size; Fertility; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This analysis estimates separate black-white models of fertility using an expanded version of the Chicago-Columbia fertility model. Attitudes toward children (ATC) do not significantly affect black families; however, white families with positive ATC have larger families than those with negative ATCs. The husband's education exerts little effect on black fertility; however, it exerts a strong negative impact on white fertility. For couples without children, involuntary sterility and lack of contraception have a greater incidence among blacks. Income also plays a more important role in determining blacks not having children than black family size. Finally, black-white endowments account for close to one half of the differential; coefficient difference and an unexplained residual accounts for the remainder. This finding suggests that if blacks were to achieve economic parity with whites, only one half of the fertility differential would disappear.
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R. and R. William Thomas. "Fertility Behavior of Black and White Families: Some Evidence from the NLS." Fertility, Education, and Labor Force Project, Working Paper #2. Houston, TX: University of Houston, 1975.

7.	Gregory, Paul R. Thomas, R. William Moore, William J.
7.	Relationship Between Fertility and Labor Participation of Married Women, White and Black Women Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1976 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Children; Earnings; Fertility; Modeling, Probit; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Work Attitudes The report contains results of a study of the impact of fertility (number of children and child spacing) on the labor force participation, labor supply, and hourly earnings of married women 30-44 in l967. Literature surveys are included. The data source is the NLS of Mature Women. Regression models (OLS and Probit) of labor force participation, hours (weeks) worked, lifetime labor supply, and hourly earnings are estimated for white and black samples to determine the impacts of children, attitudinal and socioeconomic variables on labor supply and earnings. The sources of the black earnings differential are analyzed.
	Bibliography Citation Gregory, Paul R., R. William Thomas and William J. Moore. "Relationship Between Fertility and Labor Participation of Married Women, White and Black Women." Final Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1976.

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