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Author: Fernandes, April

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1.	Fernandes, April
1.	How Far up the River? Assessing the Health Consequences of Criminal Justice Contact Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Health Care; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The rapid and steady increase of incarceration has had substantial consequences on health outcomes due to exposure and transmission of disease. Research has shown that physical and mental health outcomes for imprisoned populations are affected by residence in a carceral institution. The exposure to individuals with communicable diseases facilitates the transmission of disease while the stress of incarceration and lack of adequate medical facilities assist in exacerbating existing conditions. Given that the jail population grew in line with prison incarceration during this period, the health effects of less severe forms of criminal justice contact should be investigated. Using the NLSY97, I will explore both the transmission and exacerbation of previous medical illnesses as a result of short jail stays, arrests and convictions. In addition, I will also ascertain the effect on mental health as a result of criminal justice contact, controlling for treatment availability inside and outside of the institution. [Also presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017]
	Bibliography Citation Fernandes, April. "How Far up the River? Assessing the Health Consequences of Criminal Justice Contact." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.

2.	Fernandes, April
2.	How Far Up the River? Criminal Justice Contact and Health Outcomes Social Currents 7,1 (February 2020): 29-45. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2329496519870216 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research has shown negative health outcomes from felony imprisonment. The conditions that create and exacerbate physical and mental health outcomes on the felony side--exposure to disease, lack of health care, and stress--are reflected in other less severe forms of criminal justice contact. Given that the low-level contact has grown along with prison incarceration, the health effects of less severe forms of criminal justice contact should be investigated. Using 10 waves from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 ([NLSY97), this project explores the impact on self-reported physical and mental health from the continuum of contact, namely, an arrest, conviction, and jail sentence. The results show that low-level forms of contact negatively affect both physical and mental health throughout the continuum of contact. The role of the type of conviction is investigated, providing a more nuanced understanding of how points of contact operate on essential outcomes such as physical and mental health.
	Bibliography Citation Fernandes, April. "How Far Up the River? Criminal Justice Contact and Health Outcomes." Social Currents 7,1 (February 2020): 29-45.

3.	Fernandes, April
3.	In the Wind: Low-level Criminal Justice Contact & Housing Instability Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical evidence has shown that the prison boom has an appreciable effect on the livelihoods of those incarcerated. Imprisonment, in conjunction with other economic factors, impacts the ability of the formerly incarcerated to procure and sustain housing. The impact on those with minor forms of criminal justice contact, in particular an arrest, conviction or jail stay, could parallel the experience of the formerly incarcerated. Similar to prison, an arrest or jail stay can incapacitate an individual, making it difficult to pay rent. Additionally, criminal record checks have become a mainstay of rental applications, barring individuals from renting on the basis of an arrest or misdemeanor drug conviction. Using ten waves of the NLSY97, I investigate the effect a misdemeanor arrest, charge, conviction or jail sentence on an individual's ability to maintain or procure housing after their release. Initial results show detrimental effects on housing situations, suggesting that even an arrest or jail stay could jeopardize stability.
	Bibliography Citation Fernandes, April. "In the Wind: Low-level Criminal Justice Contact & Housing Instability." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018.

4.	Fernandes, April
4.	On the Job or in the Joint: Criminal Justice Contact and Employment Outcomes Crime and Delinquency 66,12 (2020): 1678-1702. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011128719901112 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; Employment History; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research has shown that the rise of incarceration had a substantial effect on the stabilizing forces of employment. The conditions and circumstances that render felony imprisonment impactful are also present for less severe points of contact. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97), this project explores the effects of the continuum of contact, namely, an arrest, conviction, and jail sentence, on employment stability and wages. Results show that the consistency of employment is detrimentally affected by all points of low-level contact, with an added penalty for African Americans. These results point to the salience of exploring all levels of contact to fully ascertain how the criminal justice system can increase stratification and occupational inequality.
	Bibliography Citation Fernandes, April. "On the Job or in the Joint: Criminal Justice Contact and Employment Outcomes." Crime and Delinquency 66,12 (2020): 1678-1702.

5.	Fernandes, April
5.	On the Job or in the Joint: Employment Outcomes and Criminal Justice Contact Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Arrests; Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research has shown that the rise of incarceration that occurred during the prison boom had a substantial effect on the ability of former inmates to retain and procure employment. Given that the jail population grew in line with prison incarceration during this period, the effects of less severe forms of criminal justice contact should be investigated. The conditions and circumstances that render long-term incarceration impactful are also present for arrests, convictions and jail stays. Contact of any form causes separation from society, which can hinder the attainment and maintenance of employment. Furthermore, the stigma from a criminal or arrest record can inhibit employment prospects due to the proliferation of background checks for potential employees. Using the NLSY97, this project explores employment outcomes as a result of arrests, convictions and jail stays. Preliminary results suggest that both employment and wages are negatively affected across all lower level forms of contact.
	Bibliography Citation Fernandes, April. "On the Job or in the Joint: Employment Outcomes and Criminal Justice Contact." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.

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