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Author: Caudy, Michael S.

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1.	Caudy, Michael S.
1.	Assessing Racial Differences in Offending Trajectories: A Life-Course View of the Race-Crime Relationship Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Crime; Ethnic Differences; Life Course; Modeling; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The developmental and life-course criminology (DLC) paradigm has become increasingly popular over the last two decades. A primary limitation of this paradigm is the lack of consideration of race and ethnicity within its framework. Race unquestionably matters in today's society and yet it has generally been ignored within the context of DLC theories. The current study aims to contribute to the literature informing DLC by viewing life-course theories through the lens of race and ethnicity. Utilizing nationally-representative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the current study examines race-specific developmental trajectories of offending over 11 years during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The current study employs semiparametric group-based mixture modeling (SPGM) in order to assess heterogeneity in the development of offending both in general and across race and ethnicity. Racial and ethnic differences in offending trajectories are explored and the relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to extant DLC theories. Additionally, the current study explores the utility of theoretically relevant risk and protective factors for distinguishing between offending trajectories and examines whether or not the ability of these factors to distinguish trajectories varies across race and ethnicity. In examining the generality of risk factors across offending trajectories, the current research also explores the utility of general versus developmental theories of offending. The results of the current study indicate that there are stark similarities in the number and patterns of offending trajectories that emerge across race and ethnicity. Additionally, the current study finds support for both general and race-specific effects regarding the ability of risk and protective factors to distinguish offending trajectories. The finding that some risk factors have race-specific effects has implications for DLC theories which predict racial invariance in the causal processes that influence offending throughout the life-course. Additionally, the current study finds little evidence of trajectory-specific etiologies across the full study sample. This finding supports general over developmental theories and is consistent with prior research which indicates that risk factors are best able to distinguish between offenders and non-offenders rather than between offenders who follow divergent developmental trajectories. Overall, the current study findings contribute to the growing body of empirical research examining key DLC issues in the context of race and ethnicity.
	Bibliography Citation Caudy, Michael S. Assessing Racial Differences in Offending Trajectories: A Life-Course View of the Race-Crime Relationship. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, 2011.

2.	Mitchell, Ojmarrh Caudy, Michael S.
2.	Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests Justice Quarterly 32,2 (2015): 288-313. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2012.761721#abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Drug Use; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The War on Drugs popularized a set of policies and practices that dramatically increased the number of drug arrests, particularly for low-level drug offenses. The War's tactics have affected Americans of every race; however, minorities have been most dramatically affected. There are several explanations for the observed racial disparity in drug arrests, but relatively little research directly tests these explanations. In this study, we test three common explanations of racial disparities in drug arrest rates. We find that racial disparities in drug arrests cannot be explained by differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, or residing in the kinds of neighborhoods likely to have heavy police emphasis on drug offending. Our findings are most consistent with explanations focusing on racial bias in drug sanctions.
	Bibliography Citation Mitchell, Ojmarrh and Michael S. Caudy. "Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests." Justice Quarterly 32,2 (2015): 288-313.

3.	Mitchell, Ojmarrh Caudy, Michael S.
3.	Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests Crime and Delinquency 63,2 (February 2017): 91-112. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011128714568427 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The War on Drugs' emphasis on apprehending low-level drug offenders dramatically increased the number of arrests for drug distribution and exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in such arrests. Although these disparities have been the topic of much discussion, they rarely have been the subject of multivariate empirical scrutiny. This research examines the degree to which race differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, and community context explain race differences in the likelihood of experiencing a drug distribution arrest in a longitudinal sample of youthful respondents (age 12-29). Our results indicate that in comparison with White drug offenders, Hispanic drug offenders' greater likelihood of arrest is largely due to differences in community context; however, African Americans' greater likelihood of arrest is not explained by differences in offending or community context. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Mitchell, Ojmarrh and Michael S. Caudy. "Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests." Crime and Delinquency 63,2 (February 2017): 91-112.

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