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Author: Biello, Katie Brooks
Resulting in 5 citations.
1. Biello, Katie Brooks
Residential Racial Segregation and Sexual Risk in the United States
Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, December 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Racial Differences; Residential Segregation; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Adolescents and young adults continue to have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the United States, and blacks bear a disproportionate burden. While most sexual risk research has focused on understanding individual-level risk factors and intervening on individual behaviors, these individual-level differences do not completely explain the racial disparities in sexual risk. Determining the underlying causes of racial disparities in sexually transmitted infections is important to reduce the burden overall and eliminate inequities in health. Residential racial segregation results in very different contexts for individuals, largely stratified by race, and may be an important determinant of sexual risk. This dissertation examined whether residential racial segregation - as measured using indices obtained from the US Census Bureau - is associated with sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behaviors, and whether it could help explain the racial disparities in these health outcomes.

In the first study, which was ecologic in nature, using data on reported cases of gonorrhea provided by special request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), I demonstrated that certain dimensions of segregation were associated with rates of gonorrhea among blacks in the United States.

In an attempt to determine whether segregation impacted sexual risk by impacting sexual risk behaviors, the remainder of the dissertation examined whether segregation could help explain black-white differences in sexual risk behaviors in a population-based, 11-year prospective study of adolescents in the United States (NLSY97). Specifically, for the second study, we used 2-level hierarchical survival analysis to simultaneously examine whether MSA-level residential racial segregation is associated with age at sexual initiation, after accounting for other area-level covariates, such as area socioeconomic position, and individual-level covariates, such as gender and family income. We determined that segregation was not associated with early age at sexual initiation overall but that it did help to explain the racial disparity in this outcome. In more segregated areas, blacks were at higher risk than whites, whereas no racial disparity existed in less segregated areas.

In the third study, we performed 3-level hierarchical linear regression to examine whether residential racial segregation was associated with a sexual risk index over 11 years of follow up. In this study, we did not find any evidence that segregation was associated with the sex risk index or that it modified the trajectory of the race-sex risk association.

Bibliography Citation
Biello, Katie Brooks. Residential Racial Segregation and Sexual Risk in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, December 2011.
2. Biello, Katie Brooks
Ickovics, Jeannette R.
Niccolai, Linda
Lin, Haiqun
Kershaw, Trace
Racial Differences in Age at First Sexual Intercourse: Residential Racial Segregation and the Black-White Disparity Among U.S. Adolescents
Public Health Reports 128,S1 (March-April 2013): 23-32.
Also: http://www.publichealthreports.org/issuecontents.cfm?Volume=128&Issue=7
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Association of Schools of Public Health
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Census of Population; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences; Residential Segregation; Sexual Activity; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives. The age of adolescents at first sexual intercourse is an important risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and adolescent pregnancy. Black adolescents are at higher risk than white adolescents for first sexual intercourse at younger ages as well as STDs and pregnancy. Individual- and family-level factors do not fully explain this disparity. We examined whether five dimensions of black-white residential racial segregation can help explain the racial disparity in age at first sexual intercourse.

Methods. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and U.S. Census 2000 data, we performed multiple hierarchical discrete time-to-event analyses on a nationally representative cohort of adolescents followed since 1997. Although the cohort study is ongoing, we used data from 1997 through 2005.

Results. Concentration and unevenness significantly modified the association of race and age at first sexual intercourse. However, stratified results suggested differences in the effect of race on age at first sexual intercourse at each level of segregation across dimensions of segregation.

Conclusions. Residential racial segregation may modify the black-white disparity in risk of first sexual intercourse at younger ages, but these associations are complex. Future studies should be conducted to elucidate the causal mechanisms.

Bibliography Citation
Biello, Katie Brooks, Jeannette R. Ickovics, Linda Niccolai, Haiqun Lin and Trace Kershaw. "Racial Differences in Age at First Sexual Intercourse: Residential Racial Segregation and the Black-White Disparity Among U.S. Adolescents." Public Health Reports 128,S1 (March-April 2013): 23-32.
3. Biello, Katie Brooks
Niccolai, Linda
Kershaw, Trace S.
Lin, Haiqun
Ickovics, Jeannette R.
Residential Racial Segregation and Racial Differences in Sexual Behaviours: An 11-year Longitudinal Study of Sexual Risk of Adolescents Transitioning to Adulthood
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67,1 (January 2013): 28-34.
Also: http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/1/28.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Determining the underlying causes of racial disparities in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important. In the USA, rates of the most common STIs range from 5 to 20 times higher for African–Americans compared to Caucasians, and the health consequences of STIs can be serious. Residential racial segregation results in very different contexts for individuals and may be an important determinant of sexual risk. The purpose of this study was to examine how segregation and race interact to impact the age trajectory of sexual risk behaviours.

Methods: Using 11 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (1997–2007) and 2000 Census data, the authors performed three-level hierarchical linear regression to examine the associations between hypersegregation, race and a sexual risk behaviour index among black and white non-Hispanic adolescents as they transition to adulthood.

Results: Through most of the teenage years, African–Americans are at higher sexual risk than Caucasians. However, by age 19, Caucasians are at higher risk. Hypersegregation was not associated with increased sexual risk index score on average and did not impact the trajectory of the race–sexual risk association.

Conclusions: The authors did not find any evidence that hypersegregation was associated with the sex risk index or that it modified the race–sex risk association as individuals got older. Future studies should examine whether segregation is associated with other causes of STI/HIV acquisition risk, such as sexual network patterns.

Bibliography Citation
Biello, Katie Brooks, Linda Niccolai, Trace S. Kershaw, Haiqun Lin and Jeannette R. Ickovics. "Residential Racial Segregation and Racial Differences in Sexual Behaviours: An 11-year Longitudinal Study of Sexual Risk of Adolescents Transitioning to Adulthood ." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67,1 (January 2013): 28-34.
4. Biello, Katie Brooks
Sipsma, Heather L.
Kershaw, Trace
Effect of Teenage Parenthood on Mental Health Trajectories: Does Sex Matter?
American Journal of Epidemiology 172,3 (1 August 2010): 279-287.
Also: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/172/3/279.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenthood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Teenagers

Rates of teenage pregnancy and parenthood in the United States remain high. Although many consequences of teenage parenthood have been well studied, little prospective research has examined its effect on mental health. This study aims to better understand the impact of teenage parenthood on mental health and to determine whether sex modifies this relation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 (1997-2006), and a matched cohort design, the authors compared changes in the mental health of parenting teenagers and nonparenting teenagers over 6 years of follow-up with mixed-effects regression. The results indicate that mental health improved for all teenagers over 6 years of follow-up. Furthermore, overall, teenage parenthood was not associated with changes in mental health; however, sex modified this relation. Although the mental health of teenage fathers improved at a faster rate compared with nonparenting teenage males, teenage mothers improved at a slower rate compared with nonparenting teenage females. Psychological health has important implications for both the teenage parent and the child. Future studies should aim to better understand the mechanisms through which teenage parenthood impacts mental health among both males and females, and interventions should be developed to ensure mental health among young parents.

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Bibliography Citation
Biello, Katie Brooks, Heather L. Sipsma and Trace Kershaw. "Effect of Teenage Parenthood on Mental Health Trajectories: Does Sex Matter?" American Journal of Epidemiology 172,3 (1 August 2010): 279-287.
5. Sipsma, Heather L.
Biello, Katie Brooks
Cole-Lewis, Heather
Kershaw, Trace
Like Father, Like Son: The Intergenerational Cycle of Adolescent Fatherhood
American Journal of Public Health 100,3 (March 2010): 517-524
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Dating; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Fatherhood; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Studies; Risk-Taking

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives. Strong evidence exists to support an intergenerational cycle of adolescent fatherhood, yet such a cycle has not been studied. We examined whether paternal adolescent fatherhood (i.e., father of study participant was age 19 years or younger when his first child was born) and other factors derived from the ecological systems theory predicted participant adolescent fatherhood.

Methods. Data included 1496 young males who were interviewed annually from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Cox regression survival analysis was used to determine the effect of paternal adolescent fatherhood on participant adolescent fatherhood.

Results. Sons of adolescent fathers were 1.8 times more likely to become adolescent fathers than were sons of older fathers, after other risk factors were accounted for. Additionally, factors from each ecological domain-individual (delinquency), family (maternal education), peer (early adolescent dating), and environment (race/ethnicity, physical risk environment)-were independent predictors of adolescent fatherhood.

Conclusions. These findings support the need for pregnancy prevention interventions specifically designed for young males who may be at high risk for continuing this cycle. Interventions that address multiple levels of risk will likely be most successful at reducing pregnancies among partners of young men.

Bibliography Citation
Sipsma, Heather L., Katie Brooks Biello, Heather Cole-Lewis and Trace Kershaw. "Like Father, Like Son: The Intergenerational Cycle of Adolescent Fatherhood." American Journal of Public Health 100,3 (March 2010): 517-524 .