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Author: Batty, G. David

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1.	Batty, G. David Der, Geoff Deary, Ian J.
1.	Effect of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Cognitive Ability: Empirical Evidence for Complete Confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Pediatrics 118,3 (September 2006): 943-950. Also: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/118/3/943 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Intelligence; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Variables, Independent - Covariate BACKGROUND. Numerous studies have reported that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is related to lower IQ scores in the offspring. Confounding is a crucial issue in interpreting this association. METHODS. In the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, IQ was ascertained serially during childhood using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, the total score for which comprises results on 3 subtests: mathematics, reading comprehension, and reading recognition. Maternal IQ was assessed by using the Armed Forces Qualification Test. There were 5578 offspring (born to 3145 mothers) with complete information for maternal smoking habits, total Peabody Individual Achievement Test score, and covariates. RESULTS. The offspring of mothers who smoked ≥1 pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy had an IQ score (Peabody Individual Achievement Test total) that was, on average, 2.87 points lower than children born to nonsmoking mothers. Separate control for maternal education (0.27-IQ-point decrement) and, to a lesser degree, maternal IQ (1.51-1Q-point decrement) led to marked attenuation of the maternal-smoking-offspring-IQ relation. A similar pattern of results was seen when Peabody Individual Achievement Test subtest results were the outcomes of interest. The only exception was the Peabody Individual Achievement Test mathematics score, in which adjusting for maternal IQ essentially led to complete attenuation of the maternal-smoking-offspring-IQ gradient (0.66-IQ-point decrement). The impact of controlling for physical, behavioral, and other social indices was much less pronounced than for maternal education or IQ. CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that previous studies that did not adjust for maternal education and/or IQ may have overestimated the association of maternal smoking with offspring cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Batty, G. David, Geoff Der and Ian J. Deary. "Effect of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Cognitive Ability: Empirical Evidence for Complete Confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Pediatrics 118,3 (September 2006): 943-950.

2.	Batty, G. David Der, Geoff Deary, Ian J.
2.	Effect of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Cognitive Ability: Empirical Evidence for Complete Confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46,3 (March 2007): 377-377. Also: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=24194980&site=ehost-live Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Children; Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Smoking (see Cigarette Use) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The article presents a study to find the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring's cognitive ability. In the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, IQ was determined during childhood using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, the total score for which comprises results on 3 subtests that is reading comprehension, mathematics and reading recognition.
	Bibliography Citation Batty, G. David, Geoff Der and Ian J. Deary. "Effect of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Cognitive Ability: Empirical Evidence for Complete Confounding in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46,3 (March 2007): 377-377.

3.	Der, Geoff Batty, G. David Deary, Ian J.
3.	Effect of Breast Feeding on Intelligence in Children: Prospective Study, Sibling Pairs Analysis, and Meta-Analysis British Medical Journal 333,7575 (4 November 2006): 945-948. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/333/7575/945.full Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Breastfeeding; Cognitive Ability; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); I.Q.; Pairs (also see Siblings); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To assess the importance of maternal intelligence, and the effect of controlling for it and other important confounders, in the link between breast feeding and children's intelligence. Design: Examination of the effect of breast feeding on cognitive ability and the impact of a range of potential confounders, in particular maternal IQ, within a national database. Additional analyses compared pairs of siblings from the sample who were and were not breast fed. The results are considered in the context of other studies that have also controlled for parental intelligence via meta-analysis. Setting: 1979 US national longitudinal survey of youth. Subjects: Data on 5475 children, the offspring of 3161 mothers in the longitudinal survey. Main outcome measure: IQ in children measured by Peabody individual achievement test. Results: The mother's IQ was more highly predictive of breastfeeding status than were her race, education, age, poverty status, smoking, the home environment, or the child's birth weight or birth order. One standard deviation advantage in maternal IQ more than doubled the odds of breast feeding. Before adjustment, breast feeding was associated with an increase of around 4 points in mental ability. Adjustment for maternal intelligence accounted for most of this effect. When fully adjusted for a range of relevant confounders, the effect was small (0.52) and non-significant (95% confidence interval -0.19 to 1.23). The results of the sibling comparisons and meta-analysis corroborated these findings. Conclusions: Breast feeding has little or no effect on intelligence in children. While breast feeding has many advantages for the child and mother, enhancement of the child's intelligence is unlikely to be among them. Policy summary: Breast feeding does not increase children's intelligence Despite its many advantag es, breast feeding has little effect on children's intelligence. In a cohort study of 3161 mothers and 5475 children, Der and colleagues (p. 945) found that breast feeding was associated with higher IQ in children, but that this effect was almost entirely accounted for by maternal IQ. More intelligent mothers were more likely to breast feed, and maternal IQ was more predictive of feeding choice than mothers' age, education, home environment, and antenatal smoking status, or children's birth weight and birth order.
	Bibliography Citation Der, Geoff, G. David Batty and Ian J. Deary. "Effect of Breast Feeding on Intelligence in Children: Prospective Study, Sibling Pairs Analysis, and Meta-Analysis." British Medical Journal 333,7575 (4 November 2006): 945-948.

4.	Der, Geoff Batty, G. David Deary, Ian J.
4.	The Association Between IQ in Adolescence and a Range of Health Outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth Intelligence 37,6 (November-December 2009): 573-580. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289608001669 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Morbidity; Mortality A link between pre-morbid intelligence and all cause mortality is becoming well established, but the aetiology of the association is not understood. Less is known about links with cause specific mortality and with morbidity. The aim of this study is to examine the association between intelligence measured in adolescence and a broad range of health outcomes ascertained at 40 years of age. We use data on 7476 participants in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who had their cognitive ability measured at baseline and completed the 'Health at 40' interview module between 1998 and 2004. The Health at 40 module includes assessments of general health and depression, nine medically diagnosed conditions, and 33 common health problems. Higher mental test scores were associated with lower depression scores, better general health, significantly lower odds of having five of the nine diagnosed conditions and 15 of the 33 health problems. A health disadvantage of higher cognitive ability was evident for only three of the 33 health problems.
	Bibliography Citation Der, Geoff, G. David Batty and Ian J. Deary. "The Association Between IQ in Adolescence and a Range of Health Outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth." Intelligence 37,6 (November-December 2009): 573-580.

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