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Author: Bares, Kyle J.

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1.	Bares, Kyle J. Mowen, Thomas Boman, John H.
1.	National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 In: The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Volume I. C. Barnes and D. Forde, eds. New York: Wiley and Sons, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Data Sets Documentation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Summary of Chapter 19: Longitudinal panel data offer criminologists and criminal justice scholars the opportunity to investigate the causes and consequences of offending across time. One of the most popular longitudinal data sets used in the fields of criminology and criminal justice is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). This chapter provides an overview of the NLSY97, outlines the rationale and strategy for the data collection, and describes the structure and measures included within this data set. NLSY97 researchers used a stratified multistage probability sample consisting of two phases. Phase one focused on identifying households for the screening process, which consisted of a total of 96512 households. Phase two of collection focused on identifying eligible respondents within those households. The NLSY97 contains an array of data on delinquency and criminal offending, family and peer behavior, school experiences and punishment, as well as criminal justice contact such as arrest and incarceration experiences.
	Bibliography Citation Bares, Kyle J., Thomas Mowen and John H. Boman. "National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997" In: The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Volume I. C. Barnes and D. Forde, eds. New York: Wiley and Sons, 2021

2.	Bares, Kyle J. Mowen, Thomas Brent, John
2.	Youth Arrest as a Turning Point in Delinquency: The Role of Labeling across Time Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Life Course Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Past research on delinquency has shown that punishment and sanctions have become more punitive over time. While these punishments are meant to serve as a deterrent, research on the topic is mixed with some scholars finding that punishment functions as a deterrent in certain social milieus. Contrary to these findings, other research has found that punishment and sanctions may lead to worse outcomes. While past research has examined the effects of punishment on offending, what is still unknown is the long term affects that punishments--such as arrest--have on youth offending over time. Using the life-course perspective and labeling theory, we examine the relationship between arrest and offending, hypothesizing that arrest serves as a turning point where youth are labeled as delinquent and thus perform more delinquent behavior. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997), we find that youth who are arrested report higher levels of delinquency than youth who are not arrested. Further, we find that arrest increases offending within youth across time even when accounting for baseline levels of delinquency. Finally, we find that arrest presents a cumulative effect on delinquency whereby each arrest is accompanied by a proportional increase in delinquency.
	Bibliography Citation Bares, Kyle J., Thomas Mowen and John Brent. "Youth Arrest as a Turning Point in Delinquency: The Role of Labeling across Time." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017.

3.	Mowen, Thomas Brent, John Bares, Kyle J.
3.	How Arrest Impacts Delinquency Over Time Between and Within Individuals Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16,4 (October 2018): 358-377. Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1541204017712560 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Crime; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. While some studies find that criminal justice contact may deter future offending, another body of research indicates that contact with the criminal justice system can increase delinquency among youth. Although research has examined the relationship between punishment and offending, from a life-course perspective, we know little about between-individual and within-individual effects of punishment across time. Using a cross-lagged dynamic panel model, results from an analysis of four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 demonstrate that arrest contributes to within-individual increases in delinquency across time even after baseline levels of delinquency are controlled. Between-individual results show that youth who were arrested experience significant increases in offending compared to youth never arrested even after accounting for prior offending. Finally, this study uncovers a "cumulative effect" of arrest in that each subsequent year the youth is arrested relates to increased offending irrespective of prior offending. Overall, findings suggest that arrest contributes to significant increases in delinquency even after baseline levels of offending are directly modeled.
	Bibliography Citation Mowen, Thomas, John Brent and Kyle J. Bares. "How Arrest Impacts Delinquency Over Time Between and Within Individuals." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16,4 (October 2018): 358-377.

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